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id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects/Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects/Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects/Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects/Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Special features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Borrowed_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Borrowed words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taboo_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taboo_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Taboo words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taboo_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Written_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Written sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإشكاشمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإشكاشمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fka%C5%9Fim_dili" title="İşkaşim dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşkaşim dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایشکاشیم دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایشکاشیم دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইশকাশিমি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইশকাশিমি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ишкашимски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ишкашимски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkashimi" title="Ishkashimi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ishkashimi" title="Idioma ishkashimi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان اشکاشمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اشکاشمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkashimi" title="Ishkashimi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ixcaxim%C3%AD" title="Lingua ixcaximí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ixcaximí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ishkashimi" title="Bahasa Ishkashimi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ишкашимаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ишкашимаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="イシュコシム語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イシュコシム語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkashimi" title="Ishkashimi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_iszkaszmi" title="Język iszkaszmi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język iszkaszmi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ishkashimi" title="Língua ishkashimi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ишкашимский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ишкашимский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ishkashimi language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1ka%C5%A1imin_kieli" title="Iškašimin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iškašimin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาอิสกาซมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอิสกาซมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Забони ишкошимӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ишкошимӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fka%C5%9Fimce" title="İşkaşimce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşkaşimce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ішкашимська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ішкашимська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Ishkashimi" title="Vah Ishkashimi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Ishkashimi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33419#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iranian language primarily spoken in Badakhshan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ishkashimi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>škošmi zəvůk</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg/250px-%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg/330px-%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg/500px-%C5%A0ko%C5%A1mi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ishkashimi_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Ishkashimi language">discuss</a></i>]</sup> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi-Ishkashimi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanglechi-Ishkashimi language">Sanglechi-Ishkashimi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ishkashimi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/isk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:isk">isk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ishk1244">ishk1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5855">Ishkashimi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=58-ABD-db">58-ABD-db</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_OVER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tajikistan_OVER.jpg/266px-Tajikistan_OVER.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tajikistan_OVER.jpg/399px-Tajikistan_OVER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tajikistan_OVER.jpg/532px-Tajikistan_OVER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>The Badakhshan, Gorno-Badakhshan, and Chitral regions together</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ishkashimi</b> (Ishkashimi: <i>škošmī zəvuk/rənīzəvuk</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a> spoken by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishkashimi people (page does not exist)">Ishkashimi people</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Ишкашимцы">ru</a>]</span> who live predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of speakers is c. 2,500, most of whom are now dispersed throughout Tajikistan and Afghanistan and small villages within the vicinity. Based on this number, Ishkashimi is threatened to becoming critically endangered or extinct in the next 100 years whereas other significant languages are being spoken in schools, homes, etc. These languages are the Tajik language in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari language</a> in Afghanistan, and they are contributing to the decline in the use of Ishkashimi, which at the moment has a status of endangered language. Besides, information about Ishkashimi language is limited due to the lack of extensive and systematic research and the lack of a written system.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ishkashimi is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Zebaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebaki">Zebaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanglechi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanglechi">Sanglechi</a> dialects (in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>). It was grouped until recently with the Sanglechi dialect under the parent family <a href="/wiki/Sanglechi-Ishkashimi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanglechi-Ishkashimi language">Sanglechi-Ishkashimi</a> (sgl), but a more comprehensive linguistic analysis showed significant differences between these speech varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phonology and grammar of Ishkashimi language is similar to phonology and grammar of the closely related Zebaki dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Ishkashimi (natively called <i>Škošmi</i>) may be borrowed from an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> form <i>*śaka-kṣamā</i>, meaning "land of the Saka".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ishkashimi language has approximately 2500 speakers, of which 1500 speakers are in the Ishkashim and Wakhan districts and a variety of villages in the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and 1000 speakers are in the <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ishkoshim,_Tajikistan" title="Ishkoshim, Tajikistan">Ishkoshim</a> town and neighboring Ryn and Sumjin villages.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishkashimi is an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European Languages">Indo-European family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally Ishkashimi was considered to belong to the Sanglechi-Ishkashimi family of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>. But recent research showed that such a combination was inappropriate for these dialects due to the significant linguistic differences between them. And on January 18, 2010 the parent language had retired and been split into what are now <a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a> and Ishkashimi dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subfamily has furthermore been considered a part of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir languages</a> group, together with the <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi language</a>, and of the subgroup comprising <a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rushani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushani">Rushani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazgulyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazgulyam language">Yazgulyam</a>, etc. However, this is an areal rather than genetic grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishkashimi is a threatened language that does not have a status of official language in the regions of its use.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_domain">Language domain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ishkashimi language vitality, despite the positive attitudes towards the language, is declining due to increasing use by native speakers of other languages like Dari in Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> in Tajikistan in a variety of domains, such as education, religious, private domain and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, due to Dari being the language of the education system, almost all Ishkashimi speakers, and especially the younger ones, have high Dari proficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education can get complicated with the use of two languages, therefore schools prefer to use Dari. Instructions are solely in Dari, but rarely will teachers speak Ishkashimi to students for explanations. Similar to schools, religion is widely practiced with Dari especially for preaching and prayers, and when it comes to mass media and the government, Dari is exclusively used.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in the private and community domains both Dari and Ishkashimi languages are used equally.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tajikistan areas Ishkashimi is a first choice for communication between family members and in private conversations between friends and coworkers, however the use of Tajik and Wakhi languages in other domains leads to decline in Ishkashimi use.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an understanding in the Ishkashimi speaking community that the language can face a possible extinction because of its limited use .<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects/Varieties"><span id="Dialects.2FVarieties"></span>Dialects/Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialects/Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an Afghan and Tajik Ishkashimi varieties of Ishkashimi language, and they are considered to be mutually comprehensible, as some sociolinguistic questionnaires demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are seven vowel phonemes: a, e, i, o, u, u, and ə <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">3 Groups </th></tr> <tr> <th>Long and stable </th> <td><i>e</i> </td> <td><i>i,</i> </td> <td><i>o</i> </td> <td><i>u</i> </td> <td><i>u ⟨о, u⟩</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Varying </th> <td colspan="5"><i>a ⟨a, å⟩</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Short </th> <td colspan="5"><i>ə</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thirty two consonant phonemes:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <p><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/ <p><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_features">Special features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Special features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the consonant [h] in the language is optional.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many exceptions, but as a rule stress falls on the last syllable in a word with multiple syllables. Sometimes, as a result of the rhythm in the phrase, the stress will freely move to syllables other than the last syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grammatical gender is not used.</li> <li>There is no variation between adjectives and no distinction in number.</li> <li>The expression of comparatives and superlatives is done through syntax and adverbial modifiers, while pre- and postpositions and suffixes are used for case relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffixes">Suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Function </th> <th>Suffixes </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><i>-ó</i> </td> <td><i>olax-ó (mountains)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite article </th> <td><i>-(y)i</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Derivation </th> <td><i>-don, -dor, -bon</i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:90%; margin:auto; width:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Personal pronouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <th>we </th> <th>you </th> <th>they </th></tr> <tr> <td>az (i) </td> <td><i>məx(o)</i> </td> <td><i>təməx</i> </td> <td><i>tə</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:90%; margin:auto; width:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Demonstrative pronouns (used for third person pronouns*) </th></tr> <tr> <th>this (near me) </th> <th>that (near you) </th> <th>that (near him/them)(near him/them) </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerals">Numerals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Value </th> <th>Composition </th></tr> <tr> <td>uk (ug) </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>də(w) </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ru(y) </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cəfur </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>punz </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>xul/lá </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uvd </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ot </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nao </td> <td>9 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>da </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Loan from Persian </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenses">Tenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>STEM </th> <th>FORMATION </th> <th>EXAMPLE </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Present Stem</b> </td> <td>personal endings </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past Stem</b> </td> <td>endings are movable </td> <td>γažd-əm (“I said”) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Perfect Stem</b> </td> <td>endings are movable </td> <td>γaž-əm ("I say") </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word order in Ishkashimi is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (Subject–object–verb), however the order can be influenced by the varieties of the information structure in the sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowed_words">Borrowed words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Borrowed words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant part of Ishkashimi vocabulary contains words and syntactic structures that were borrowed from other languages, the reason behind it is a regular and close contact of Ishkashimi speakers with other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taboo_words">Taboo words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Taboo words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Word_taboo" title="Word taboo">Taboo words</a> were formed and added into Ishkashimi language as a result of use of ancient epithets and of derivation of the words from other languages, often followed by the change of their meaning and pronunciation. Some of the taboo Ishkashimi words, which are also similarly seen as taboo in other <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir languages</a>, are:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Xirs - for bear</li> <li>Sabilik - for wolf</li> <li>Urvesok - for fox</li> <li>Si - for hare</li> <li>Purk - for mouse/rat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishkashimi is a non-written language that does not have a writing system or literature, and in the previous centuries the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, which dominated the region, was used to write down some of the traditional folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were, however, some efforts made at the end of the twentieth century to implement a writing system based on <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_sources">Written sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Written sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first attempts by linguists to collect and organize data about the Ishkashimi language were made around the beginning of the 19th century, and were later continued by Russian and Ishkashimi linguists, like T. Pakhalina.<sup id="cite_ref-Ishkashimi:_a_father's_language_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishkashimi:_a_father's_language-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before any systematic description and documentation of Ishkashimi language, the researchers collected some random vocabulary examples and mentioned the language in the works about Iranian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in the end of the twentieth century linguists created a more comprehensive description of Ishkashimi language.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck2_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabets">Alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Table of correspondence between Ishkashimi alphabets: </p> <table class="standard" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Karamshoyev<br />1992</th> <th>Latifov<br />2019</th> <th>Nazarova,<br />Nazarov<br />2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>[a]</td> <td colspan="3">А а </td></tr> <tr> <td>[b]</td> <td colspan="3">Б б </td></tr> <tr> <td>[v]</td> <td colspan="3">В в </td></tr> <tr> <td>[w]</td> <td>Въ въ</td> <td>В̌ в̌</td> <td>Ԝ ԝ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[g]</td> <td colspan="3">Г г </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʁ]</td> <td colspan="3">Ғ ғ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[d]</td> <td colspan="3">Д д </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ɖ]</td> <td>Дъ дъ</td> <td>Д̈ д̈</td> <td>Д̣ д̣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[e]</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Е е, Э э</td> <td>Е е </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ə]</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td colspan="2">Ә ә </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʒ]</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Җ җ</td> <td>Ж ж </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʐ]</td> <td>Жъ жъ</td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>Ж̣ ж̣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[z]</td> <td colspan="3">З з </td></tr> <tr> <td>[d͡z]</td> <td>Зъ зъ</td> <td>Ц̌ ц̌</td> <td>Ӡ ӡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[i], [ɪ]</td> <td colspan="3">И и </td></tr> <tr> <td>[j]</td> <td colspan="3">Й й </td></tr> <tr> <td>[k]</td> <td colspan="3">К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>[q]</td> <td colspan="3">Қ қ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[l]</td> <td colspan="3">Л л </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ɭ]</td> <td>Лъ лъ</td> <td>—</td> <td>Л̣ л̣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[m]</td> <td colspan="3">М м </td></tr> <tr> <td>[n]</td> <td colspan="3">Н н </td></tr> <tr> <td>[o], [ɔ]</td> <td colspan="3">О о </td></tr> <tr> <td>[p]</td> <td colspan="3">П п </td></tr> <tr> <td>[r]</td> <td colspan="3">Р р </td></tr> <tr> <td>[s]</td> <td colspan="3">С с </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t]</td> <td colspan="3">Т т </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʈ]</td> <td>Тъ тъ</td> <td>Т̈ т̈</td> <td>Т̣ т̣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[u]</td> <td colspan="3">У у </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ů], [ʊ]</td> <td>—</td> <td>О̃ о̃</td> <td>У̊ у̊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[f]</td> <td colspan="3">Ф ф </td></tr> <tr> <td>[χ]</td> <td colspan="3">Х х </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t͡s]</td> <td colspan="3">Ц ц </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t͡ʃ]</td> <td colspan="3">Ч ч </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʈ͡ʂ]</td> <td>Чъ чъ</td> <td>Ӵ ӵ</td> <td>Ч̣ ч̣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[d͡ʒ]</td> <td colspan="3">Ҷ ҷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʃ]</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ш ш </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʂ]</td> <td>Шъ шъ</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ш̣ ш̣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[d͡ʑ]</td> <td>Чъ Чъ</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the current versions of the Ishkashimi alphabet: </p> <table class="standard" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">А а </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Б б </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">В в </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">В̌ в̌ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Г г </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ғ ғ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Д д </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Д̈ д̈ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Е е </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ё ё </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ж ж </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">Җ җ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">З з </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">И и </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Й й </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">К к </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Қ қ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Л л </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">М м </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Н н </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">О о </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">О̃ о̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">П п </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Р р </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">С с </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Т т </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Т̈ т̈ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">У у </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ф ф </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Х х </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ц ц </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ц̌ ц̌ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ч ч </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ӵ ӵ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ҷ ҷ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ш ш </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Щ щ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ә ә </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Э э </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ю ю </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/isk/">Ishkashimi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteblin-Kamensky1998" class="citation web cs1">Steblin-Kamensky, I.M. 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Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110897722" title="Special:BookSources/9783110897722"><bdi>9783110897722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Time+and+Space%3A+A+Festschrift+for+Werner+Winter+on+the+Occasion+of+his+80th+Birthday&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=9783110897722&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Brigitte+L.+M.&rft.au=Pinault%2C+Georges-Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_WhLdCr3UEC%26q%3Dlanguage%2Bin%2Btime%2Band%2Bspace%2Bbauer%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIshkashimi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishkashimi:_a_father's_language-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ishkashimi:_a_father's_language_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTiessen,_C.,_Abbess,_E.,_Müller,_K.,_Paul,_D.,_Tiessen,_G.2010" class="citation web cs1">Tiessen, C., Abbess, E., Müller, K., Paul, D., Tiessen, G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9082">"Ishkashimi: a father's language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Survey report)</span>. <i>Sil.org</i>. Tajikistan. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sil.org&rft.atitle=Ishkashimi%3A+a+father%27s+language&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Tiessen%2C+C.%2C+Abbess%2C+E.%2C+M%C3%BCller%2C+K.%2C+Paul%2C+D.%2C+Tiessen%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fentry%2F9082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIshkashimi+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bauer, B. L., & Pinault, G. J. (Eds.). (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_WhLdCr3UEC&q=Language+in+time+and+space+bauer&pg=PR9">Language in time and space: a festschrift for Werner Winter on the occasion of his 80th birthday</a></i>. Mouton De Gruyter.</li> <li>Beck, S. (2012). The effect of accessibility on language vitality: the Ishkashimi and the Sanglechi speech varieties in Afghanistan. <i>Linguistic Discovery</i>, <i>10</i>(2), pp. 196–234. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2471720/Dodykhudoeva_L.R._Ivanov_V.B._Language_immersion_in_endangered_Pamiri_communities_History_and_Language_interrelations_in_Endangered_languages_and_history_proceedings_of_the_conference_FEL_XIII_24-26_September_2009_Khorog_Tajikistan">Data Elicitation in Endangered Pamiri communities: Interdependence of Language and History</a>. p. 3.</li> <li>Grierson, G. A. (1921). <i>Specimens of Languages of the Eranian Family: Compiled and Edited by George Abraham Grierson</i>. Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 505–508.</li> <li>Ishkashimi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sang1316">Glottolog</a></i>.</li> <li>Ishkashimi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/isk">Ethnologue</a></i>.</li> <li>Tiessen, C., Abbess, E., Müller, K., Paul, D., Tiessen, G., (2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9082">Ishkashimi: a father's language</a>" (Survey report). Sil.org. Tajikistan. p. 3.</li> <li>Windfuhr, G. (2013). "The Iranian Languages". Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797034" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797034">9781135797034</a>, pp. 773–777.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/40px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/60px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/120px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/isk" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/isk">Ishkashimi language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Tajling/Tajling.html">The Languages of Tajikistan in Perspective</a> by Iraj Bashiri</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/ishstory.html">Ishkashimi story with English translation recorded</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a> (1920)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/isheng.html">Ishkashimi-English Vocabulary List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/engpamirlanguages.html">English-Ishkashimi- Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghulami Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/cu31924026915441" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cu31924026915441">Grierson G. A. Ishkashmi, Zebaki, and Yazghulami, an account of three Eranian dialects. (1920)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026915441">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/ishkashmizebakiy00grieuoft">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=10&pages=567#page/1/mode/1up">Grierson G. A. Specimens of Languages of the Eranian Family. Vol X. Linguistic Survey of India. (1968)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Tajikistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> (state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (interethnic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uzbek5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages">Indigenous languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pamir25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimaqi">Aimaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartangi">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroshani language">Oroshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushani">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi-Ishkashimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanglechi-Ishkashimi">Sanglechi-Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazgulyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazgulyam language">Yazgulyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional/Minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed-speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iranian style</li> <li>Russian-Tajik mixed speech</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Afghanistan96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Afghanistan96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> (language family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Ashkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%AB_language" title="Katë language">Katë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala" title="Kalasha-ala">Nuristani Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamiri</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ishkashimi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Prasun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alanic_language" title="Alanic language">Alanic</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_language" title="Cimmerian language">Cimmerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koroshi_dialect" title="Koroshi dialect">Koroshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_language" title="Gazi language">Gazi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Esfahani" title="Judeo-Esfahani">Judeo-Esfahani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Gilaki" title="Eastern Gilaki">Eastern Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Gilaki" title="Western Gilaki">Western Gilaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozarkhani_language" title="Gozarkhani language">Gozarkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani%E2%80%93Borujerdi" title="Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi">Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajali_language" title="Kajali language">Kajali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_language" title="Karan language">Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavir_languages" title="Kavir languages">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khunsari_language" title="Khunsari language">Khunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Razi_dialect" title="Razi dialect">Razi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natanzi_language" title="Natanzi language">Natanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayini_language" title="Nayini language">Nayini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razajerdi_language" title="Razajerdi language">Razajerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrudi_language" title="Shahrudi language">Shahrudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivandi_language" title="Sivandi language">Sivandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soi_language" title="Soi language">Soi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuzaydabadi_dialect" title="Abuzaydabadi dialect">Abuzaydabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judeo-Kashani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alviri-Vidari_dialect" title="Alviri-Vidari dialect">Alviri-Vidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzandi_dialect" title="Harzandi dialect">Harzandi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho%27ini_dialect" title="Kho'ini dialect">Kho'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraghei_dialect" title="Maraghei dialect">Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vafsi_dialect" title="Vafsi dialect">Vafsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province#Languages" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestani Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dezfuli_dialect" title="Dezfuli dialect">Dezfuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtari_dialect" title="Shushtari dialect">Shushtari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language#Northern_Luri" title="Luri language">Northern Luri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language#Southern_Luri" title="Luri language">Southern Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_dialect" title="Mamasani dialect">Mamasani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basseri_dialect" title="Basseri dialect">Basseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfahani_accent" title="Esfahani accent">Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermanshahi_Persian" title="Kermanshahi Persian">Kermanshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_dialect" title="Khorasani dialect">Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats#Language" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unclassified)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&oldid=1283288537">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishkashimi_language&oldid=1283288537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pamir_languages" title="Category:Pamir languages">Pamir 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