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title="Kymographe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kymographe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кимограф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кимограф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymograaf" title="Kymograaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kymograaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimograf" title="Kimograf – Polish" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Kymograph</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_physiology;_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_(1899)_(14779699911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg/290px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg/435px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg/580px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1942" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Ludwigs kymograph.</i> One limb of the manometer is connected to a stylus which writes on the kymograph. Below: kymograph recording</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007734">D007734</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>kymograph</b> (from Greek κῦμα, swell or wave + γραφή, writing; also called a <b>kymographion</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog device</a> that draws a graphical representation of spatial position over time. The graphical representation is a <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">graph</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">y axis</a> shows position and the x axis shows time. A kymograph consists of a revolving drum wrapped in paper on which a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> draws to record measured changes of phenomena such as motion or pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kymograph was initially a mechanical and hydraulic device, invented by German <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> in the 1840s, and found its first use as a means to monitor <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>. The blood pressure was conveyed by hydraulics and levers to move a stylus that scratched a white trace into soot-covered paper on the revolving drum. Time is represented by the drum's rotation rate, and was recorded by a second stylus driven by a clock or tuning fork. The kymograph almost immediately became the central instrument in physiology and physiology education. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, researchers and technicians devised many improvements to the device, plus numerous new sensory components to measure a wide range of physiological phenomena such as breathing, muscle movement, and speech. New detection and registration systems included electrical and electronic methods, and plotted in ink.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kymographs were also used outside medical science to measure atmospheric pressure, tuning fork vibrations, the functioning of steam engines, animal habits, and the movement of molecules in cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kymography_in_experimental_physiology">Kymography in experimental physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kymograph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Kymography in experimental physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kymograph is generally used to study the effects of <a href="/wiki/Xenobiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenobiotics">xenobiotics</a> on tissue preparations. It is a standalone recording apparatus used alongside other apparatuses such as organ baths. Writing levers are used to trace the recording from muscle contractions. Some of the commonly used writing levers are the simple lever, the frontal writing lever and the starling heart lever. These writing levers are connected to a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fulcrum" class="extiw" title="wikt:fulcrum">fulcrum</a> which is found on a secondary apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kymograph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videokymography" title="Videokymography">Videokymography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_kymography" title="Depth kymography">Depth kymography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kymograph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Toronto_Scientific_Instruments_Collection" class="citation web cs1">University of Toronto Scientific Instruments Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211194749/http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/museum/verticalkym.htm">"Vertical Kymograph"</a>. <i>www.psych.utoronto.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/museum/verticalkym.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.psych.utoronto.ca&rft.atitle=Vertical+Kymograph&rft.au=University+of+Toronto+Scientific+Instruments+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.utoronto.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fverticalkym.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKymograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Science Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405043732/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=11528">"Kymograph, London, England, 1925-1935"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=11528">the original</a> on 2017-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kymograph%2C+London%2C+England%2C+1925-1935&rft.au=Science+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fbroughttolife%2Fobjects%2Fdisplay%3Fid%3D11528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKymograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kwan, Alistair (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/article/view/345">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Do not kill guinea pig before setting up apparatus": the kymograph's lost educational context"</a>. <i>Teorie Vědy</i>. <b>38</b>: 301–335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teorie+V%C4%9Bdy&rft.atitle=%22Do+not+kill+guinea+pig+before+setting+up+apparatus%22%3A+the+kymograph%27s+lost+educational+context&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=301-335&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteorievedy.flu.cas.cz%2Findex.php%2Ftv%2Farticle%2Fview%2F345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKymograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.N._Ghosh;_J.R._Vedasiromoni2015" class="citation book cs1">M.N. Ghosh; J.R. Vedasiromoni (2015). <i>Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology</i> (Sixth ed.). Kolkata. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8190296502" title="Special:BookSources/978-8190296502"><bdi>978-8190296502</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949350586">949350586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+experimental+pharmacology&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949350586&rft.isbn=978-8190296502&rft.au=M.N.+Ghosh%3B+J.R.+Vedasiromoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKymograph" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filled_Syringe_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Filled_Syringe_icon.svg/30px-Filled_Syringe_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Filled_Syringe_icon.svg/45px-Filled_Syringe_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Filled_Syringe_icon.svg/60px-Filled_Syringe_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical equipment</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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