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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Quim%C3%B2graf" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Quim%C3%B2graf" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Quim%C3%B2graf" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Quim%C3%B2graf" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avantatges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avantatges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Avantatges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avantatges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quimògraf</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 11 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="ممواج - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ممواج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymograph" title="Kymograph - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kymograph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymograph" title="Kymograph - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kymograph" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quim%C3%B3grafo" title="Quimógrafo - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quimógrafo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymographe" title="Kymographe - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kymographe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кимограф - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кимограф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymograaf" title="Kymograaf - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kymograaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimograf" title="Kimograf - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kimograf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="அலைவரைவி - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலைவரைவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D" title="కైమోగ్రాఫ్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కైమోగ్రాఫ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кімограф - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кімограф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1795115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quim%C3%B2graf" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Quim%C3%B2graf" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quim%C3%B2graf"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quim%C3%B2graf"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Quim%C3%B2graf" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Quim%C3%B2graf" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&oldid=34036034" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Quim%C3%B2graf&id=34036034&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuim%25C3%25B2graf"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuim%25C3%25B2graf"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Quim%C3%B2graf"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kymographs" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1795115" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:General_physiology;_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_(1899)_(14779699911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg/240px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg/360px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg/480px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814779699911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption> Kymographion de Ludwig (a dalt) amb un registre de pressió arterial (a baix).</figcaption></figure> <p>Un<b>quimògraf</b> (del <a href="/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic">grec</a> <span lang="grc">κῦμα</span>, <i>kyma</i> 'ona' i <span lang="grc">γραφή</span>, <i>graphé</i> 'escriptura'), és un dispositiu que dibuixa una representació gràfica de la posició espacial al llarg del temps. Consisteix en un cilindre giratori mecanitzat embolicat amb un full de paper de carbó, sobre el qual es mou un <a href="/wiki/Estil_(punx%C3%B3)" title="Estil (punxó)">estil</a> que registra els canvis en fenòmens com la pressió arterial, el moviment muscular, l'activitat nerviosa o la respiració.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El quimògraf té la capacitat de registrar, per a després poder quantificar i estudiar els canvis temporals en els fenòmens fisiològics i la interacció entre ells. Durant un segle, va ser tecnologia de punta en instruments de mesurament en biologia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els grans avanços tècnics al costat de la concepció positivista van afavorir el desenvolupament de la medicina instrumental. Més de la meitat de la fisiologia que s'ensenya avui correspon a resultats obtinguts entre 1850-1950, en què es van inventar els aparells de registre de la fisiologia clàssica.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creat com ‘’Kymographion’’ pel <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiòleg</a> alemany Carl Ludwig l'any 1847, el quimògraf va ser inicialment un dispositiu mecànic i hidràulic. Mitjançant l'acoblament d'un manòmetre de mercuri amb forma de "O", a un flotador que transmetia les oscil·lacions del mercuri, que llavors podien registrar-se mitjançant una ploma sobre un tambor giratori.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Kymograph,_cased,_Europe,_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kymograph%2C_cased%2C_Europe%2C_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg/240px-Kymograph%2C_cased%2C_Europe%2C_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kymograph%2C_cased%2C_Europe%2C_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg/360px-Kymograph%2C_cased%2C_Europe%2C_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kymograph%2C_cased%2C_Europe%2C_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg/480px-Kymograph%2C_cased%2C_Europe%2C_1880-1930_Wellcome_L0057897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>Quimògraf (ca. 1900).</figcaption></figure> <p>Va trobar el seu primer ús com un mitjà per registrar les variacions de la pressió sanguínia. L'ona de pressió arterial era transportada pel sistema hidràulic i llavors les palanques movien un plomí que registrava una empremta blanca en un paper cobert de <a href="/wiki/Sutge" title="Sutge">sutge</a> sobre el tambor de gir constant. El temps estava representat per la velocitat de rotació del tambor, impulsat per un mecanisme de rellotgeria i era <a href="/wiki/Gravat" title="Gravat">gravat</a> per una ploma tàctil addicional. El disseny de Ludwig tenia defectes, era lent a causa de la inèrcia de la massa de mercuri dins del tub a U. La reproducció de l'ona de pressió arterial que transmetia no era fidel. Marey i Chauveau van dissenyar un sistema de transducció pneumàtic que va solucionar el problema. </p> <blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote">"...we no longer estimate the force of the heart's action merely by feeling the pulse, or by observing the distance to which blood is projected from a severed artery... movements are recorded on rotating cylinders or flat surfaces, and thus a tracing or record, indicating the character and extent of the movement, may be preserved.."</div> </div><div class="cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rutherford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Rutherford (encara no existeix)">William Rutherford</a>, <i>Introductory Lecture to the Course of Physiology in King’s College, London, 1869.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kwan,2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan,2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote><p>A finals del segle XIX els avanços en el disseny van agregar <a href="/wiki/Electroimant" title="Electroimant">electroimants</a> per al capçal de registre múltiple simultani.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan,2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan,2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durant la primera meitat del segle XX el quimògraf va ser part fonamental de l'instrumental dels estudiants de <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologia</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avantatges">Avantatges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Avantatges"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els quimògrafs presenten els resultats en temps real, per la qual cosa permeten veure primer i després estudiar els resultats, a més de les relacions temporals que presenten els fenòmens que s'estan estudiant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'avantatge del registre gràfic és la seva objectivitat, que permet una etapa posterior (mediata), en la qual altres investigadors poden quantificar i estudiar els traçats obtinguts, encara que no fossin presents durant l'observació original. D'aquest estudi posterior es veuen sorgir consistències i inconsistències i s'aprecien els canvis relacionats amb el temps. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:General_physiology;_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_(1899)_(14760000426).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814760000426%29.jpg/240px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814760000426%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814760000426%29.jpg/360px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814760000426%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814760000426%29.jpg/480px-General_physiology%3B_an_outline_of_the_science_of_life_%281899%29_%2814760000426%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Registre d'una ona de contracció muscular, obtingut mitjançant un quimògrafo. Dins del rectangle blanc: la línia recta de baix és la unitat de temps, damunt la gràfica dibuixada d'una contracció muscular mantinguda.</figcaption></figure> <p>El quimògraf es va convertir en l'instrument central en l'ensenyament de la fisiologia. Entre 1875 i 1950 els investigadors i tècnics van idear moltes millores en el dispositiu, a més de nombrosos components sensorials nous, per a mesurar una àmplia gamma de fenòmens fisiològics com la respiració, el moviment muscular o la parla. </p><p>Els primers registres que es van realitzar per a mesurar la durada i la força de la contracció muscular, van utilitzar un quimògraf connectat a la preparació biològica, així es podien registrar els fenòmens fisiològics. </p><p>Els nous sistemes de detecció i registre inclouen mètodes elèctrics i electrònics, i traçats en tinta.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGonzález2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">González</span>, Daniela «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6213354.pdf">El fonógrafo: entre el registro etnográfico y el anuncio de lo radiofónico</a>». <i>LIS. Letra. Imagen. Sonido. Ciudad mediatizada. Año IX, #17, Primer semestre 2017. Buenos Aires, ARG</i>, 2017, pàg. 199-214.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Apuntes de Historia de la Medicina, Medicina del positivismo</span>. «cap:La fisiología». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicacionesmedicina.uc.cl/HistoriaMedicina/PositivismoFisiologia.html"><i></i></a>.  Universidad Católica de Chile.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=cap%3ALa+fisiolog%C3%ADa&rft.aulast=Apuntes+de+Historia+de+la+Medicina%2C+Medicina+del+positivismo&rft.pub=Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicacionesmedicina.uc.cl%2FHistoriaMedicina%2FPositivismoFisiologia.html"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630234539/http://publicacionesmedicina.uc.cl/HistoriaMedicina/PositivismoFisiologia.html">Arxivat</a> 2020-06-30 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJuan_José_Puigbó2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Juan José Puigbó</span>. «cap.19: Las bases de la fisiología contemporánea, Carl Ludwig 1816-1895». A: <i>La fragua de la Medicina Clínica y de la Cardiología</i>.  Universidad Central Venezuela., 2002, p. 681-683.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fragua+de+la+Medicina+Cl%C3%ADnica+y+de+la+Cardiolog%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=cap.19%3A+Las+bases+de+la+fisiolog%C3%ADa+contempor%C3%A1nea%2C+Carl+Ludwig+1816-1895&rft.aulast=Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Puigb%C3%B3&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Universidad+Central+Venezuela.&rft.pages=681-683"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwan,2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kwan,2016_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kwan,2016_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAlistair_Kwan2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Alistair Kwan</span> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/article/view/345/397">Do Not Kill Guinea Pig Before Setting Up Apparatus”: The Kymograph’s Lost Educational Context</a>». <i>Teorie Vědy</i>. Czech Academy of Sciences, 38, 3, 2016, pàg. 301-310 [Consulta: 14 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFIñesta,_E._R.1994"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Iñesta, E. R.</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passeidireto.com/arquivo/6707509/inesta-e-r-1994-b-f-skinner-in-memoriam/5"><i>B. F. Skinner - In Memoriam</i></a>.  Universidad de Guadalajara, 1994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B.+F.+Skinner+-+In+Memoriam&rft.aulast=I%C3%B1esta%2C+E.+R.&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Guadalajara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.passeidireto.com%2Farquivo%2F6707509%2Finesta-e-r-1994-b-f-skinner-in-memoriam%2F5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514000005/https://www.passeidireto.com/arquivo/6707509/inesta-e-r-1994-b-f-skinner-in-memoriam/5">Arxivat</a> 2019-05-14 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursehero.com/file/32823691/02-Sistema-de-registro-BIOPACpdf/"><i>Registro de fenómenos fisiológicos el sistema de adquisición de datos mp150 de biopac systems inc</i></a>.  Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Laboratorio de Fisiología.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Registro+de+fen%C3%B3menos+fisiol%C3%B3gicos+el+sistema+de+adquisici%C3%B3n+de+datos+mp150+de+biopac+systems+inc&rft.pub=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Aguascalientes%2C+Centro+de+Ciencias+B%C3%A1sicas%2C+Departamento+de+Fisiolog%C3%ADa+y+Farmacolog%C3%ADa%2C+Laboratorio+de+Fisiolog%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coursehero.com%2Ffile%2F32823691%2F02-Sistema-de-registro-BIOPACpdf%2F"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quim%C3%B2graf&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H29quWG5Vvg">Vídeo amb utilització de quimògraf modern (minut 10). Universitat de Guayaquil.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museovirtual.csic.es/csic75/instrumentos/quimografo/quimografo.html">Quimògraf portàtil de 1913. Museu virtual d'instruments, CSIC.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistaciencias.unam.mx/pt/135-revistas/revista-ciencias-1/1047-el-quim%C3%B3grafo.html">Quimògrafo. 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