CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Salar people - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d1f14ee5-f8a0-434a-b651-f41e83eaf5f8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Salar_people","wgTitle":"Salar people","wgCurRevisionId":1253237567,"wgRevisionId":1253237567,"wgArticleId":330836,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing undetermined-language text","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: others","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Salar-language text","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Salar people","Ethnic groups officially recognized by China","Muslim communities of China"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Salar_people","wgRelevantArticleId":330836,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q336258","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1544"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1030"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="824"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Salar people - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_people"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_people"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Salar_people rootpage-Salar_people skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Salar+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Salar+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Salar+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Salar+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Islamic legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ming dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Salar people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureu%C3%ABng_Salar" title="Ureuëng Salar – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ureuëng Salar" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سالار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سالار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salars" title="Salars – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Salars" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarlar" title="Salarlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Salarlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سا‌لار‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سا‌لار‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Salar-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Salar-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саларҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Саларҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Салары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Салары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Салари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Салари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ས་ལར་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ས་ལར་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salars" title="Salars – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salars" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarov%C3%A9" title="Salarové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Salarové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar" title="Salar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar" title="Salar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_(etnia)" title="Salar (etnia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salar (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_etnia" title="Salar etnia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Salar etnia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قوم سالار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوم سالار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_(ethnie)" title="Salar (ethnie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salar (ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarlar" title="Salarlar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Salarlar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Salar-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Salar-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="살라르족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="살라르족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Salar" title="Suku Salar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Salar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_(popolo)" title="Salar (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salar (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саларлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саларлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саларлар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саларлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarai" title="Salarai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Salarai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Саларци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саларци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar-c%C5%ADk" title="Salar-cŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Salar-cŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Салар ястан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Салар ястан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_(volk)" title="Salar (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salar (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%97%8F" title="サラール族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラール族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Салараш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Салараш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salorlar" title="Salorlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Salorlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سالار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سالار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سالار تورکان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سالار تورکان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarowie" title="Salarowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Salarowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Салары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Салары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Салардар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Салардар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Салари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Салари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaarit" title="Salaarit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salaarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саларлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саларлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salarlar" title="Salarlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Salarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Салари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Салари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="سالار مىللىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سالار مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Salar" title="Người Salar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Salar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E6%97%8F" title="撒拉族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="撒拉族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E6%97%8F" title="撒拉族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="撒拉族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q336258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Salar_people" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Salar_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Salar_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Salar_people" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Salar_people" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&oldid=1253237567" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Salar_people&id=1253237567&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSalar_people"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSalar_people"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Salar_people&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salar_people" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q336258" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic ethnic group of China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Salar people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">撒拉族</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span><br /><span title="Salar-language text"><i lang="slr">Salırlar</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG/330px-ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG/500px-ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG/520px-ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="686" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Salars celebrating <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Novruz</a> in China</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">165,159<sup id="cite_ref-2021_Chinese_stats_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Chinese_stats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetan Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal; padding-left:28px;">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_templates" title="Category:Islamism templates">series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an"><img alt="Top of the Great Mosque of Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/210px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/315px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/420px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Song_dynasty" title="Islam during the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Rebellions and revolts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1856–1873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">First Dungan Revolt <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1862–1877)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan Revolt <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1895–1896)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Post-dynastic China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)" title="Islam in China (1912–present)">1912–<span style="font-size: 85%;">present</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Dahai" title="Hu Dahai">Hu Dahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasim_Tuet" title="Kasim Tuet">Kasim Tuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Gui_(general)" title="Ma Gui (general)">Ma Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Shams al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_fei-erh" title="Su fei-erh">Su fei-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheidie%27erding" title="Yeheidie'erding">Yeheidie'erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chengzhi" title="Zhang Chengzhi">Zhang Chengzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Cities</li><li>Regions</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sichuan" title="Islam in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_China" title="Ahmadiyya in China">Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #21643d;padding-top:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #21643d;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_China" title="Template talk:Islam in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Salar people</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minority in China</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz sub-branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They numbered 165,159 people in 2020, according to that year's national census.<sup id="cite_ref-2021_Chinese_stats_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Chinese_stats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Salars live mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> border region, on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, namely in <a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua Salar Autonomous County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hualong_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Hualong Hui Autonomous County">Hualong Hui Autonomous County</a> of Qinghai and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Jishishan_Bonan,_Dongxiang_and_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County">Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County</a> of Gansu.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also Salars in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, as well as in northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a>. They are a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> agricultural society and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Salar tradition and Chinese chronicles, the Salars are the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Salur_(tribe)" title="Salur (tribe)">Salur tribe</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turk</a> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the Salur tribe moved within China's borders and have lived since then in the Qinghai-Gansu border region.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minority_culture_China_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minority_culture_China-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, they mixed with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiangs</a>, developing the distinctive modern <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar language</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_legend">Islamic legend</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islamic legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a legend, two brothers named Haraman and Ahman, possibly forefathers of the present day Salar tribe, lived in the <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> area. They were highly ranked at local Islamic mosques, which led to persecution from local rulers. The two brothers fled along with eighteen members of the tribe on a white camel with water, soil and a <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> before heading east. The group trekked through the northern route of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> range into the <a href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayu Pass</a>, passing through what is now <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou,_Zhangye" title="Ganzhou, Zhangye">Ganzhou, Zhangye</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinzhou,_Tianshui" title="Qinzhou, Tianshui">Qinzhou, Tianshui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gangu_County" title="Gangu County">Gangu County</a>), eventually stopping at the present <a href="/wiki/Xiahe_County" title="Xiahe County">Xiahe County</a>. Later, another forty people from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> joined the group. The group passed through the southern route of the Tian Shan and entered <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. They arrived at the present <a href="/wiki/Guide_County" title="Guide County">Guide County</a> and twelve of them settled there.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> the two brothers brought on their journey to China is to this day still preserved in <a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua Salar Autonomous County</a> at Jiezi Grand Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a>, Qinghai<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Museum" title="Nanjing Museum">Nanjing Museum</a> has repaired the Quran to protect it from decaying.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Salar clan leaders voluntarily capitulated to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> around 1370. The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Baoyuan and the Ming government granted him office of centurion, it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other chief, Han Shanba, of the four lower Salar clans got the same office from the Ming government and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnogenesis of the Salar started from when they pledged allegiance to the Ming dynasty under their leader Han Bao.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han Bao's father was Omar and Omar's father was Haraman, who led the Salars on their journey from Central Asia to China.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Salar oral history, Tibetan women were the original wives of the first Salars to arrive in the Qinghai region. Supposedly, they were only permitted to marry the women after a compromise between the Tibetan ruler of Wimdo Valley and the newcomers. He demanded that the Salars install <a href="/wiki/Prayer_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer flags">prayer flags</a>, which are a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> practice, on the four corners of their homes, that they pray with <a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer wheels">prayer wheels</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> on them, and to bow before statues of <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a>. The Salars initially refused the demands based on their religion but eventually compromised on the flags by placing stones on the corners of their houses instead, which is still practiced to this day. For this reason, Salars are often bilingual in <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two groups often use the term "maternal uncle" to refer each other, referencing the Salars' Tibetan ancestry. Many Salar customs and practices have been influenced by Tibetan culture<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are numerous Tibetan loanwords in the Salar language. </p><p>In eastern Qinghai and Gansu, there were cases of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan women</a> who remained Buddhists while marrying <a href="/wiki/Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui">Hui</a> men; they had sons who would be Buddhist or Muslim. The Buddhist sons became <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> while the other sons were Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-tibet_journal_20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tibet_journal_20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Kargan Tibetans</a>, who live next to the Salar, have mostly become Muslim due to their influence. </p><p>Hui and Salar often intermarry due to their cultural similarities and shared religion, especially after the Ming Dynasty established control over the Xunhua Salars in 1370 and gave control to Hezhou officials. Many Hezhou Hui began to migrate to the region afterwards On the other hand, there are comparatively few Han-Salar marriages. The Salars do use Han surnames, however. Compared to Salar men, few Salar women married outside; the sole exception is Hui men taking Salar women as their wives while Tibetan women make up the majority of the spouses of Salar men who marry outside their ethnicity and it has been reported that Salars have a total avoidance of marriages with Han.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Salars are heavily mixed with other ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-caj_1999_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caj_1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_Muslim_settlement,_outside_of_Jishi_Town,_Xunhua_(Shunhua),_Qinghai,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Salar_Muslim_settlement%2C_outside_of_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua_%28Shunhua%29%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg/220px-Salar_Muslim_settlement%2C_outside_of_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua_%28Shunhua%29%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Salar_Muslim_settlement%2C_outside_of_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua_%28Shunhua%29%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg/330px-Salar_Muslim_settlement%2C_outside_of_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua_%28Shunhua%29%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Salar_Muslim_settlement%2C_outside_of_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua_%28Shunhua%29%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg/440px-Salar_Muslim_settlement%2C_outside_of_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua_%28Shunhua%29%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3447" /></a><figcaption>Salar Muslim settlement, outside of Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p>Salars in Qinghai live on both the northern and southern banks of the Yellow River; northern Salars are called Hualong or Bayan Salars while southern Salars are called Xunhua Salars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The northern region is a mix between discontinuous Salar and Tibetan villages while the southern region is more solidly Salar, as the Hui and Salars pushed out the Tibetans prior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After moving in, the Salars originally practiced the same <a href="/wiki/Gedimu" title="Gedimu">Gedimu</a> variant of Sunni Islam as the Hui did and adopted Hui practices, such as Hui Islamic educational practices, which were derived from Yuan Dynasty era Arabic and Persian primers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One such Salar primer was called the "Book of Diverse Studies" (雜學本本).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Salars were often multilingual, having knowledge of Salar, Mongol, Chinese, Tibetan due to historically trading on the Yellow River in Ningxia and Lanzhou in Gansu.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Salars were permitted an enormous amount of autonomy and self-rule by the Ming dynasty, which gave them command of taxes, military and the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ming and Qing dynasties often mobilized Salars into their militaries as soldiers, with the Ming government recruiting them at 17 different times for service and the Qing government at 5 different times.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwyer_2007_14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer_2007_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> Emperor incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> in order to gain support against the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan</a>. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China, such as Turkic Muslims in Qinghai, were plotting with <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan</a>, who he claimed had turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama in favor of Islam. According to Kangxi, Galdan was plotting to invade in conspiracy with Chinese Muslims and wished to install a Muslim as ruler of China.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1670s, the <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> master <a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Āfāq Khoja</a> (and possibly his father <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yusuf_Khoja" title="Muhammad Yusuf Khoja">Muhammad Yūsuf</a>) preached to the Salars and introduced <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> into their community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman199859_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman199859-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-18th century, one of Āfāq Khoja's <a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">spiritual descendants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a>, began to spread his teachings, known as <a href="/wiki/Khufiyya" title="Khufiyya">Khufiyya</a> among the Salars, as well among their <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese-speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetan-speaking</a> neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman199867_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman199867-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1760s and 1770s, another Chinese Sufi master, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a>, was spreading his version of Sufi teaching, known as <a href="/wiki/Jahriyya" title="Jahriyya">Jahriyya</a> throughout the Gansu province (which then included Salar's homeland in today's Qinghai). Many Salars became adherents of Jahriyya or the "New Teaching", as the Qing government officials dubbed it (in opposition to the "Old Teaching", i.e. both the Khufiyya Sufi order and the non-Sufi <a href="/wiki/Gedimu" title="Gedimu">Gedimu</a> Islam). While the external differences between the Khufiyya and the Jahriyya would look comparatively trivial to an outsider (the two <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">orders</a> were most known for, respectively, the silent or vocal <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a></i>, i.e. invocation of the name of God), the conflict between their adherents often became violent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998103–107_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998103–107-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sectarian violence between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya broke out repeatedly until the major episode of violence in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1781, the authorities, concerned with the spread of the "subversive" "New Teaching" among the Salars, whom they (perhaps unfairly) viewed as a fierce and troublesome lot, arrested Ma Mingxin and sent an expedition to the Salar community of <a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua County</a> to round up his supporters there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a> sectarian violence between two suborders of the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in China crushed with the help of the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-LipmanLipman1990_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LipmanLipman1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jahriyya" title="Jahriyya">Jahriyya</a> Salars of Xunhua, led by their <i><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">ahong</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>) nicknamed Su Sishisan ("Su Forty-three", 苏四十三), responded by killing the government officials and destroying their task force at the place called Baizhuangzi and then rushed across the <a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Hezhou region</a> to the walls of <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, where Ma Mingxin was imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the besieged officials brought Ma Mingxin, wearing chains, to the Lanzhou city wall, to show him to the rebels, Su's Salars at once showed respect and devotion to their imprisoned leaders. Scared officials took Ma down from the wall and beheaded him right away. Su's Salars tried attacking the Lanzhou city walls, but, not having any siege equipment, failed to penetrate into the walled city. The Salar fighters (whose strength at the time is estimated by historians to be in 1,000–2,000 range) then set up a fortified camp on a hill south of Lanzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a> (Santa) joined the Salar in the rebellion against the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To deal with the rebels, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioners</a> <a href="/wiki/Agui" title="Agui">Agui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heshen" title="Heshen">Heshen</a> were sent to Lanzhou. Unable to dislodge the Salars from their fortified camp with his regular troops, Agui sent the "incompetent" Heshen back to Beijing and recruited <a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alashan</a> Mongols and <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Southern Gansu</a> Tibetans to aid the Lanzhou garrison. After a three months' siege of the rebel camp and cutting off the Salars' water supply, Agui's joint forces destroyed the Jahriya rebels; Su and all his fighters were all killed in the final battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, it is said that as much as 40% of their entire population was killed in the revolt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As late as 1937, a folk <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a> was still told by the Salars about the rebellion of 1781 and Su Sishisan's suicidal decision to go to war against the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qing Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing government deported some of the Salar Jahriyya rebels to the Ili valley which is in modern-day Xinjiang. Today, a community of a few thousand Salars speaking a distinct dialect of Salar still live there. Salar migrants from Amdo (<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants and as soldiers enlisted in the Qing army to fight rebels in Ili, often following the Hui.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinctive dialect of the Ili Salar differs from the other Salar dialects because the neighboring Kazakh and Uyghur languages in Ili influenced it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ili Salar population numbers around 4,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been instances of misunderstanding between speakers of Ili Salar and Qinghai Salar due to the divergence of the dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences between the two dialect result in a "clear isogloss".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1880s to the 1890s, sectarian strife was rife in the Salar community of Xunhua again. This time, the conflict was among two factions of the <a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Hua Si</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">menhuan</a></i> (order) of the <a href="/wiki/Khufiyya" title="Khufiyya">Khufiyya</a> and in 1895 the local Qing officials ended up siding with the reformist faction within the order. Although the factional conflict was evident not only in Salar Xunhua but in <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Hezhou</a> as well, the troops were first sent to Xunhua – which again precipitated a Salar rebellion, which spread to many Hui and <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a> communities of Gansu too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998142–143_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998142–143-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It turned into the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895)</a>, which was crushed by a loyalist <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> army. </p><p>The later Qing dynasty and Republic of China Salar General Han Youwen was born to a Tibetan woman named Ziliha (孜力哈) and a Salar father named Aema (阿額瑪).<sup id="cite_ref-韩有文传奇_然_也_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-韩有文传奇_然_也-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a>, also known as the "white capped Hui", used incense during worship, while the Salar, also known as "black capped Hui", considered this to be a heathen ritual and denounced it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox,_and_Tibetans_in_the_market,_Labrang,_Xiahe_County,_Gansu,_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox%2C_and_Tibetans_in_the_market%2C_Labrang%2C_Xiahe_County%2C_Gansu%2C_1934.jpg/250px-A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox%2C_and_Tibetans_in_the_market%2C_Labrang%2C_Xiahe_County%2C_Gansu%2C_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox%2C_and_Tibetans_in_the_market%2C_Labrang%2C_Xiahe_County%2C_Gansu%2C_1934.jpg/330px-A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox%2C_and_Tibetans_in_the_market%2C_Labrang%2C_Xiahe_County%2C_Gansu%2C_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox%2C_and_Tibetans_in_the_market%2C_Labrang%2C_Xiahe_County%2C_Gansu%2C_1934.jpg/500px-A_Salar_Muslim_with_a_captured_fox%2C_and_Tibetans_in_the_market%2C_Labrang%2C_Xiahe_County%2C_Gansu%2C_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>A Salar Muslim with a captured fox at the market, Labrang, Xiahe County, Gansu, 1934.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salars served in general <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Kansu Braves</a> army against the foreign western and Japanese Eight Nation Alliance in the Boxer rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-韩有文传奇_然_也_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-韩有文传奇_然_也-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-怀念我的父亲──韩有文_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-怀念我的父亲──韩有文-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Muslims like Dongxiang, <a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a> and Hui also served in the Kansu-Tibetan Braves. </p><p>Like other Muslims in China, the Salars served extensively in the Chinese military. It was said that they and the <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a> were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Salar troops and officers served in the Qinghai army of the Muslim general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao</a> and they battled extensively in bloody battles against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province. In 1937, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">Battle of Beiping–Tianjin</a> the Chinese government was notified by Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma clique</a> that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese in a telegram message.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under Ma Biao to be sent east to battle the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salars made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qinghai Chinese, Salar, Chinese Muslim, Dongxiang and Tibetan troops Ma Biao led fought to the death against the Japanese or committed suicide refusing to be taken as prisoner. In September 1940, when the Japanese made an offensive against the Muslim Qinghai troops, they ambushed them and killed so many of them the Japanese soldiers that they were forced to retreat. The Japanese could not even pick up their dead, they instead cut an arm from their corpses limbs for cremation to send back to Japan. The Japanese did not dare make an offensive like that again.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Han_Youwen" title="Han Youwen">Han Youwen</a>, a Salar general in the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Nationalist Party), directed the defense of the city of <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone from Ma Bufang, who hid in an air raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in human flesh splattering a <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Blue Sky with a White Sun</a> flag and Han being buried in rubble. Han Youwen was dragged out of the rubble while bleeding and he managed to grab a machine gun while he was limping and fired back at the Japanese warplanes. He later defected to the Communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, serving in numerous military positions and as vice chairman of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. He had led Chinese Muslim forces against Soviet and Mongol forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baitag_Bogd" title="Battle of Baitag Bogd">Pei-ta-shan Incident</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Qinghai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/China_Qinghai.svg/250px-China_Qinghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/China_Qinghai.svg/330px-China_Qinghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/China_Qinghai.svg/500px-China_Qinghai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Most Salars live in Qinghai province</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volumes_!_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Volumes_%21_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg/250px-Volumes_%21_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Volumes_%21_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Volumes_%21_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Volumes_%21_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg/500px-Volumes_%21_and_II_of_Salar_Quran_in_Kehtsikung_Qinghai_brought_in_1371_from_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Copy of the Quran brought by Salar Muslims from Samarkand in 1371. (In 2 volumes)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Salar had their own unique kinship clanships.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matchmakers and parents arrange marriages among the Salar.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Salar are an entrepreneurial people, going into multiple businesses and industries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They practice agriculture and horticulture. They cultivate chili and pepper in their gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_Museums_S-Z_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch_Museums_S-Z-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buckwheat, millet, wheat and barley are among the crops they grow.<sup id="cite_ref-minority_culture_China_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minority_culture_China-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important crops include melons, grapes, apples, apricots and walnuts. A few Salar raise livestock and the local timber industry is also another source of income for some villages.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a> recruited Salars into his army, and said they moved to China since the Tang dynasty. His classification of them is in two groups, five inner clans, eight outer clans. Ma said the outer group speaks Tibetan, no longer knowing their native language. Salars only married other Salars. Uighurs have said that they were unable to understand the Salar language.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ma and Han are the two most widespread names among the Salar. Like the Hui, Ma is meant to substitute for Muhammad; however, many Salars also have the surname Ma due to intermarriage with the Hui.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper four clans of the Salar assumed the surname Han and lived west of Xunhua.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these Salar surnamed Han was Han Yimu, a Salar officer who served under General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)</a>, leading Salars in a revolt in 1952 and 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Bufang, enlisted Salars as officers in his army by exclusively targeting Xunhua and Hualong as areas to draw officers from.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>18.69 years was the average first marriage age for Salar women in 2000, while Tibetan women were married at 23.8 years on average in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical clothing of the Salar is very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> in the region. The men are commonly bearded and dress in white shirts and white or black skullcaps. The traditional clothing for men is jackets and gowns.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinese_Class_–_Salar_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinese_Class_–_Salar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young single women are accustomed to dressing in Chinese dress of bright colors. Married women utilize the traditional veil in white or black colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singing is part of Salar culture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China_gov_cultural_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_gov_cultural-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A style of singing called Hua'er is shared among the Han, Hui, Salar and Tibetans in Qinghai province. They have a musical instrument called the <i>Kouxuan</i>. It is a string instrument manufactured in silver or in copper and only played by the women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar language</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salur.svg/150px-Salur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salur.svg/225px-Salur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salur.svg/300px-Salur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">Tamga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salur_(tribe)" title="Salur (tribe)">Salur (tribe)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of China and Salar themselves regard the <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar language</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Tujue</a></i> language (Turk language) (突厥語言).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar language</a> has two large dialect groups. The divergence is due to the fact that one branch in Xunhua county of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai province</a> and Gansu province was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> languages and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and the other branch in <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, it was estimated that out of the some 89,000 Salars, around 60,000 spoke the Salar language.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Salar do not use any written script for the Salar language,<sup id="cite_ref-Branch_Museums_S-Z_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch_Museums_S-Z-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead they use Chinese characters for practical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-China_gov_cultural_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_gov_cultural-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salar serves as their spoken language, while Chinese serves as a both spoken and written language.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the current generation of Salars are fluent in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Salar language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo Tibet</a> (Qinghai) is a language of Turkic origin that has been heavily influenced by the Chinese and Tibetan languages. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin and 10% is of Tibetan origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic structures</a> have been fully borrowed from these latter languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, according to author <a href="/wiki/William_Safran" title="William Safran">William Safran</a>, linguistic works published in China treat Salar as if it has few <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from these languages, omitting most Chinese and Tibetan features.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Salar mostly use the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese writing system</a>, although Latin and Arabic alphabets are used on occasion. The Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese varieties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is neighboring variants of Chinese which have loaned words to the Salar language.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Qinghai, many Salar men speak both the Qinghai dialect of Chinese and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar fluently while urban Salars often assimilate into the Chinese speaking Hui population.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ili Salar, the i and y high front vowels, when placed after an initial glides are spirantized with j transforming into ʝ.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qinghai and Ili Salar have mostly the same consonantal development.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salars profess Sunni Islam and follow the Hanafi school of law. In addition to their traditional places, they live in cities, mainly inhabited by other Muslims – <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a>. Islamic Education Received at Gaizi Mişit Madrasah in Jiezi Village.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Salar adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> Sufi order, which spread throughout the region in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroups</a> and therefore the <a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">paternal</a> genetic lineages of the Salar people, exhibit a mix of West Eurasian and East Asian haplogroups. Their <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">maternal</a> lineages are overwhelmingly East Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-yao_wang2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yao_wang2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 24–30% <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a> of Salar belong to the East Asian specific haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122" title="Haplogroup O-M122">O3-M122</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> prevalent <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">Y chromosomal lineage R-M17</a> comprises only 17%. Other Y-DNA haplogroups among the Salars are D1 and C3.<sup id="cite_ref-yao_wang2_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yao_wang2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study showed that the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">haplogroup O1b1a1a1b2</a> was also present in Salars.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An autosomal genetic study (Ma <i>et al.</i> 2021) estimated that <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">West Eurasian</a>-related admixture (represented by ancient <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo samples</a>) among Salars was at ~9.1% to ~11.8%, with the remainder being dominant <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">East Eurasian</a> ancestry; might derive from "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River Basin</a> farmers" (YR_LBIA) or "<a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> farmers" (WLR_LN) at ~88.2 to ~90.9%. The study also showed that there is a close genetic affinity among ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwestern China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Huis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a> and Salars) and that these cluster closely with other <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian people</a>, especially with other <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Chinese Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic speakers</a>, indicating the probability of a shared recent common ancestor of "Altaic speakers".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Salar Muslim from Xunhua, 1933"><img alt="A Salar Muslim from Xunhua, 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg/85px-Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg/128px-Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg/171px-Old_Chinese_Muslim_from_Xunhua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Salar Muslim from Xunhua, 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town,_Xunhua,_Qinghai,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Salar Muslim manager in Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932"><img alt="A Salar Muslim manager in Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg/86px-A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg/129px-A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg/172px-A_Salar_Muslim_manager_who_works_in_a_sales_company_in_Jishi_Town%2C_Xunhua%2C_Qinghai%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Salar Muslim manager in Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMa_JianzhongStuart1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ma Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin (1996). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Stone Camels and Clear Springs': The Salar's Samarkand Origins". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178823">10.2307/1178823</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178823">1178823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Stone+Camels+and+Clear+Springs%27%3A+The+Salar%27s+Samarkand+Origins&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178823%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ma+Jianzhong&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMa_WeiMa_JianzhongStuart2001" class="citation book cs1">Ma Wei; Ma Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin, eds. (2001). <i>Folklore of China's Islamic Salar Nationality</i>. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+of+China%27s+Islamic+Salar+Nationality.&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMa_WeiMa_JianzhongStuart1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ma Wei; Ma Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin (1999). "The Xunhua Salar Wedding". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178890">10.2307/1178890</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178890">1178890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Xunhua+Salar+Wedding&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ma+Wei&rft.au=Ma+Jianzhong&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC"><i>Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-468-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-468-0"><bdi>978-962-209-468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-962-209-468-0&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_FGPtLEoYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTenišev1976" class="citation book cs1">Tenišev, E.R (1976). <i>Stroj salarskogo âzyka</i> [<i>The structure of the Salar language</i>]. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stroj+salarskogo+%C3%A2zyka&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Teni%C5%A1ev&rft.aufirst=E.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLin_Lianyun_(林莲云)1992" class="citation book cs1">Lin Lianyun (林莲云) (1992). <i><span></span></i>汉撒拉、撒拉汉词汇<i><span></span></i> [<i>Chinese-Salar Salar-Chinese lexicon</i>]. Chengdu: People's Press of Sichuan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E3%80%81%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87&rft.place=Chengdu&rft.pub=People%27s+Press+of+Sichuan&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Lin+Lianyun+%28%E6%9E%97%E8%8E%B2%E4%BA%91%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Tibet Journal, Volume 20, p. 101: "Central Asian Sufi Masters who gave to the founder of the Chinese Qādiriyya his early training.25 Gladney wrote in his book Chinese Muslims that Afāq Khvāja preached to the northeastern Tibetans but he does not tell us what are his sources. ... The cities of northwestern China visited by the khvāja are Xining (in Qinghai), Hezhou (the old name for Linxia, the Chinese Mecca) in Gansu and Xunhua near the Gansu-Qinghai border where the Salar Turks live amidst a predominantly Tibetan Buddhist population. Gansu is a natural corridor linking China with Eastern Turkestan and Central Asia It is a ... passageway through which the silk road slipped between the Tibetan plateau to the west and the Mongolian grasslands to the north. In addition to the Chinese and the Tibetans, Gansu was also home to different people like the Salar Turks and the Dongxiang or Mongol Muslims, both preached to by Afāq Khvāja. ... (actually the city of Kuna according to Nizamüddin Hüsäyin.26 Although the Salars intermarried with the Tibetans, Chinese and Hui, they have maintained their customs until now. From the Mission d'Ollone who explored this area at the beginning of the century, we learn that some Chinese Muslims of this area married Tibetan women who had kept their religion, i.e. Lamaism, and that their sons were either Muslim or Buddhist. We are told for example that in one of these families, there was one son who was a Muslim and the other who became a Lama. Between the monastery of Lha-brang and the city of Hezhou (Linxia, it is also indicated that there were Muslims living in most of the Chinese and Tibetan..."<sup id="cite_ref-tibet_journal_20_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tibet_journal_20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Central Asiatic Journal, Volume 43–44, p. 212: "... towards outsiders, the Salar language has been retained. Additionally, the ethnic group has been continuously absorbing a great amount of new blood from other nationalities. In history, with the exception of Hui, there is no case of a Salar's daughter marrying a non-Salar. On the contrary, many non-Salar females married into Salar households. As folk accounts and historical records recount, shortly after Salar ancestors reached Xunhua, they had relationships with neighbouring Tibetans through marriage . Tibetan women primarily married into Salar males ' households and , af- terwards , brides were expected to convert to Islam"<sup id="cite_ref-caj_1999_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caj_1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipman's source for this is <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">Qianlong Sishiliu Nian</i></span> (translation: <i>The 46th year of the Qianlong era</i>), by Wang Shumin, the ethnographer who recorded the ballad in 1937.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Geographical journal, Volume 3<i>, by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), a publication from 1894, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Geographical journal, Volume 3.<i>, a publication from 1894, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church, Volume 3<i>, by Knights of Columbus. Catholic Truth Committee, a publication from 1913, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Moslem World, Volume 10<i>, by Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, a publication from 1920, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8<i>, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021_Chinese_stats-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Chinese_stats_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Chinese_stats_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120937/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/indexch.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中国统计年鉴—2021</bdi></a> [China Statistical Yearbook – 2021]. <i>National Bureau of Statistics of China</i> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/indexch.htm">the original</a> on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4%E2%80%942021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Fndsj%2F2021%2Findexch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFatlasofhumanity.com" class="citation web cs1">atlasofhumanity.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasofhumanity.com/salar">"China, Salar People"</a>. <i>Atlas Of Humanity</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Of+Humanity&rft.atitle=China%2C+Salar+People&rft.au=atlasofhumanity.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasofhumanity.com%2Fsalar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandmanSimon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-03427697/document">"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun"</a>. <i>Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjsall-2016-0003">10.1515/jsall-2016-0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146919944">146919944</a>. hal-03427697.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Asian+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Tibetan+as+a+%22model+language%22+in+the+Amdo+Sprachbund%3A+evidence+from+Salar+and+Wutun&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjsall-2016-0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146919944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sandman&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft.au=Simon%2C+Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-03427697%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandmanSimon2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (23 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31665301">"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun"</a>. <i>Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjsall-2016-0003">10.1515/jsall-2016-0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146919944">146919944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Asian+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Tibetan+as+a+%22model+language%22+in+the+Amdo+Sprachbund%3A+Evidence+from+Salar+and+Wutun&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjsall-2016-0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146919944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sandman&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft.au=Simon%2C+Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31665301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandman" class="citation thesis cs1">Sandman, Erika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78563017.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Wutun</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Grammar+of+Wutun&rft.degree=PhD+Thesis.+Department+of+World+Cultures&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.aulast=Sandman&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F78563017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHan1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HZxAAAAMAAJ&q=,+with+the+exception+of+Hui+,+there+is+no+case+of+a+Salar%27s+daughter+marrying+a+non+-+Salar+.+On+the+contrary+,+many+non+-+Salar+females+married+into+Salar+households+.+As+folk+acounts+and+historical+records+recount+,+shortly+after+Salar+ancestors+reached+Xunhua+,+they+had+relation-+ships+with+neighbouring+Tibetans+through+marriage+.+Tibetan+women+primarily+married+into+Salar+males+%27+households+and+,+af-+terwards+,+brides+were+expected+to+convert+to">"The Salar Khazui System"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44. Translated by Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Salar+Khazui+System&rft.volume=43%E2%80%9344&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Deyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HZxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2C%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bexception%2Bof%2BHui%2B%2C%2Bthere%2Bis%2Bno%2Bcase%2Bof%2Ba%2BSalar%2527s%2Bdaughter%2Bmarrying%2Ba%2Bnon%2B-%2BSalar%2B.%2BOn%2Bthe%2Bcontrary%2B%2C%2Bmany%2Bnon%2B-%2BSalar%2Bfemales%2Bmarried%2Binto%2BSalar%2Bhouseholds%2B.%2BAs%2Bfolk%2Bacounts%2Band%2Bhistorical%2Brecords%2Brecount%2B%2C%2Bshortly%2Bafter%2BSalar%2Bancestors%2Breached%2BXunhua%2B%2C%2Bthey%2Bhad%2Brelation-%2Bships%2Bwith%2Bneighbouring%2BTibetans%2Bthrough%2Bmarriage%2B.%2BTibetan%2Bwomen%2Bprimarily%2Bmarried%2Binto%2BSalar%2Bmales%2B%2527%2Bhouseholds%2Band%2B%2C%2Baf-%2Bterwards%2B%2C%2Bbrides%2Bwere%2Bexpected%2Bto%2Bconvert%2Bto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan, ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5uBAAAAMAAJ&q=tibetan+women+salar+marriage"><i>Peoples of the Earth: China (including Tibet), Japan and Korea</i></a>. Vol. 13 of Peoples of the Earth. Danbury Press. p. 142. <q>The Sa-la (also known as Salar) live in Hsun-hus Salar county of Tsing-hai, Hua-ling Hui Autonomous County of Tsing-hai, Lin-hsia ... Language group: Tibetan. ... Married women are mourned only by their husband's family, never by their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Earth%3A+China+%28including+Tibet%29%2C+Japan+and+Korea&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Danbury+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5uBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErdalNevskaya2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Erdal, Marcel; Nevskaya, Irina, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YWAERgYmFgC&pg=PR11"><i>Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic</i></a>. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447053105" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447053105"><bdi>978-3447053105</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Eastern+Frontiers+of+Turkic&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3447053105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YWAERgYmFgC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minority_culture_China-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minority_culture_China_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minority_culture_China_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005111325/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html">"China's Minority Peoples - The Salars: Traditions -> Ethnic Minority"</a>. <i>Cultural-china.com</i>. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural-china.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Minority+Peoples+-+The+Salars%3A+Traditions+-%3E+Ethnic+Minority&rft.date=2007%2F2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditions.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F127Traditions9610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2016" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364"><i>Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-954-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World%2C+2nd+Edition%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-954-9&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGClDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShoujiang_MiJia_You2004" class="citation book cs1">Shoujiang Mi; Jia You (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XULERYYEJo0C&pg=PA52"><i>Islam in China</i></a>. 五洲传播出版社. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0533-6"><bdi>978-7-5085-0533-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+China&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0533-6&rft.au=Shoujiang+Mi&rft.au=Jia+You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXULERYYEJo0C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130901164631/http://english.cri.cn/2237/2005-3-29/81@222018_1.htm"><i>Totem Admiration in China's Ethnic Groups</i></a>. crienglish.com. 1 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cri.cn/2237/2005-3-29/81@222018_1.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Totem+Admiration+in+China%27s+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pub=crienglish.com&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cri.cn%2F2237%2F2005-3-29%2F81%40222018_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/20/content_384056.htm">"Oldest handwritten Koran needs protection"</a>. China Daily. 20 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+handwritten+Koran+needs+protection&rft.date=2004-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2004-10%2F20%2Fcontent_384056.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/25/content_813491.htm">"China restores oldest handwritten copy of Quran"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. Xinhua. 25 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China+restores+oldest+handwritten+copy+of+Quran&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2007-02%2F25%2Fcontent_813491.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Ewart_GladstoneBaron_Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon_Stanmore1961" class="citation book cs1">William Ewart Gladstone; Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEMeAQAAIAAJ&q=salar+han+ma+surname"><i>Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871695147" title="Special:BookSources/9780871695147"><bdi>9780871695147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone-Gordon+correspondence%2C+1851%E2%80%931896%3A+selections+from+the+private+correspondence+of+a+British+Prime+Minister+and+a+colonial+Governor%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780871695147&rft.au=William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.au=Baron+Arthur+Hamilton-Gordon+Stanmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEMeAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsalar%2Bhan%2Bma%2Bsurname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span> (Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, American Philosophical Society Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions Series Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new ser v. 51, no. 4) (Original from the University of California)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Ewart_GladstoneBaron_Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon_Stanmore1961" class="citation book cs1">William Ewart Gladstone; Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEMeAQAAIAAJ&q=The+clan+chief+Han+Shan-pa+had+also+received+the+office+of+centurion.+He+controlled+the+four+lower+Salar+clans%2C+which+had+adopted+the+surname+Ma%2C+and+inhabited+the+region+"><i>Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871695147" title="Special:BookSources/9780871695147"><bdi>9780871695147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone-Gordon+correspondence%2C+1851%E2%80%931896%3A+selections+from+the+private+correspondence+of+a+British+Prime+Minister+and+a+colonial+Governor%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780871695147&rft.au=William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.au=Baron+Arthur+Hamilton-Gordon+Stanmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEMeAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bclan%2Bchief%2BHan%2BShan-pa%2Bhad%2Balso%2Breceived%2Bthe%2Boffice%2Bof%2Bcenturion.%2BHe%2Bcontrolled%2Bthe%2Bfour%2Blower%2BSalar%2Bclans%252C%2Bwhich%2Bhad%2Badopted%2Bthe%2Bsurname%2BMa%252C%2Band%2Binhabited%2Bthe%2Bregion%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span> (Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, American Philosophical Society Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions Series Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new ser v. 51, no. 4) (Original from the University of California)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA9"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&q=salars+oghuz&pg=PA6"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26q%3Dsalars%2Boghuz%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon2015" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Camille (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxxBCwAAQBAJ&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA264">"Chapter 4 Linguistic Evidence of Salar-Tibetan Contacts in Amdo"</a>. In M Hille, Marie-Paule; Horlemann, Bianca; Nietupski, Paul K. (eds.). <i>Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society: Multidisciplinary Approaches</i>. Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski, Chang Chung-Fu, Andrew M. Fischer, Max Oidtmann, Ma Wei, Alexandre Papas, Camille Simon, Benno R. Weiner, Yang Hongwei. Lexington Books. pp. 90, 91, 264, 267, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739175309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739175309"><bdi>978-0739175309</bdi></a>. <q>... 146, 151n36; between Muslim tradesmen and local women, 149n15; oral history of the first matrimonial alliances between Salar men and Tibetan women, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+Linguistic+Evidence+of+Salar-Tibetan+Contacts+in+Amdo&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Amdo+Tibetan+Society%3A+Multidisciplinary+Approaches&rft.series=Studies+in+Modern+Tibetan+Culture&rft.pages=90%2C+91%2C+264%2C+267%2C+146&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0739175309&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxxBCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA18"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a>. Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series, Turcologica, Bd. 37 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNietupski2015" class="citation book cs1">Nietupski, Paul K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxxBCwAAQBAJ&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA264">"Chapter 6 Islam and Labrang Monastery A Muslim community in a Tibetan Buddhist Estate"</a>. In M Hille, Marie-Paule; Horlemann, Bianca; Nietupski, Paul K. (eds.). <i>Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society: Multidisciplinary Approaches</i>. Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski, Chang Chung-Fu, Andrew M. Fischer, Max Oidtmann, Ma Wei, Alexandre Papas, Camille Simon, Benno R. Weiner, Yang Hongwei. Lexington Books. pp. 90, 91, 264, 267, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739175309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739175309"><bdi>978-0739175309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+Islam+and+Labrang+Monastery+A+Muslim+community+in+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+Estate&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Amdo+Tibetan+Society%3A+Multidisciplinary+Approaches&rft.series=Studies+in+Modern+Tibetan+Culture&rft.pages=90%2C+91%2C+264%2C+267%2C+146&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0739175309&rft.aulast=Nietupski&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxxBCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA17"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tibet_journal_20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tibet_journal_20_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tibet_journal_20_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LAMAQAAMAAJ&q=tibetan+women+salar+marriage">"Title"</a>. <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. <b>20</b>. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives: 101. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Title&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LAMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYangWu2018" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Shengmin; Wu, Xiujie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7paDwAAQBAJ&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA291">"12 Theoretical Paradigm or Methodological Heuristic? Reflections on Kulturkreislehre with Reference to China"</a>. In Holt, Emily (ed.). <i>Water and Power in Past Societies</i>. SUNY Series, The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438468754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438468754"><bdi>978-1438468754</bdi></a>. <q>The Salar did and do not fully exclude intermarriage with other ethnic groups. ... reached that allowed Salar men to marry Tibetan women (Ma 2011, 63).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12+Theoretical+Paradigm+or+Methodological+Heuristic%3F+Reflections+on+Kulturkreislehre+with+Reference+to+China&rft.btitle=Water+and+Power+in+Past+Societies&rft.series=SUNY+Series%2C+The+Institute+for+European+and+Mediterranean+Archaeology+Distinguished+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1438468754&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Shengmin&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiujie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7paDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caj_1999-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caj_1999_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caj_1999_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HZxAAAAMAAJ&q=tibetan+women+salar+marriage">"Needs article title"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44. O. Harrassowitz: 212. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=Needs+article+title&rft.volume=43%E2%80%9344&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HZxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA12"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a>. Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series, Turcologica, Bd. 37 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a>. <q>Tibetans south of the Yellow river were displaced much earlier by Salar and ... intermarried extensively with local Tibetan women , under the condition that ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26dq%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Stuart_Olson1998" class="citation book cs1">James Stuart Olson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOM8qF34s4YC&q=salar+xinjiang&pg=PA297"><i>An ethnohistorical dictionary of China</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28853-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28853-1"><bdi>978-0-313-28853-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ethnohistorical+dictionary+of+China&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28853-1&rft.au=James+Stuart+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOM8qF34s4YC%26q%3Dsalar%2Bxinjiang%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwyer_2007_14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_2007_14_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA14"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Peter C (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA191"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a> (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674042025" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674042025"><bdi>978-0674042025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=191%2C+192&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674042025&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman199859-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman199859_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman1998">Lipman (1998)</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman199867-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman199867_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman1998">Lipman (1998)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998103–107-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998103–107_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman1998">Lipman (1998)</a>, pp. 103–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA20"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998107–111_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman1998">Lipman (1998)</a>, pp. 107–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LipmanLipman1990-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LipmanLipman1990_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_N._LipmanJonathan_Neaman_LipmanStevan_Harrell1990" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShGfcJiA-oAC&q=1781+jahriyya&pg=PA76"><i>Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0113-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-0113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+in+China%3A+Essays+in+Culture+and+Counterculture&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0113-2&rft.au=Jonathan+N.+Lipman&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft.au=Stevan+Harrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShGfcJiA-oAC%26q%3D1781%2Bjahriyya%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA21"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA79"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoeschotenRentzsch2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtW6cox7CIUC&pg=PA279"><i>Turcology in Mainz</i></a>. Vol. 82 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447061131" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447061131"><bdi>978-3447061131</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turcology+in+Mainz&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3447061131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtW6cox7CIUC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA77"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA82"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA86"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman1998142–143-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman1998142–143_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman1998">Lipman (1998)</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipman1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>10</b> (3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048401000302">10.1177/009770048401000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017">189017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143843569">143843569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Politics+in+Republican+China%3A+The+Ma+Family+Warlords+of+Gansu&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143843569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048401000302&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-韩有文传奇_然_也-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-韩有文传奇_然_也_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-韩有文传奇_然_也_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF秉默2008" class="citation web cs1">秉默, ed. (16 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102619/http://www.minge.gov.cn/minge/txt/2008-10/16/content_2523157.htm">"韩有文传奇然也"</a>. <i>中国国民党革命委员会中央委员会</i>. 民革中央. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minge.gov.cn/minge/txt/2008-10/16/content_2523157.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.atitle=%E9%9F%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%96%87%E4%BC%A0%E5%A5%87+%E7%84%B6+%E4%B9%9F&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minge.gov.cn%2Fminge%2Ftxt%2F2008-10%2F16%2Fcontent_2523157.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF朱2011" class="citation news cs1">朱, 国琳 (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313062936/http://szb.chinalxnet.com/html/2011-03/03/content_69672.htm">"马呈祥在新疆"</a>. <i>民族日报-民族日报一版 (民族日报数字报刊平台)</i>. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5-%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88+%28%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%8A%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%29&rft.atitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%91%88%E7%A5%A5%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=%E6%9C%B1&rft.aufirst=%E5%9B%BD%E7%90%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fszb.chinalxnet.com%2Fhtml%2F2011-03%2F03%2Fcontent_69672.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF朱2011" class="citation news cs1">朱, 国琳 (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313062936/http://szb.chinalxnet.com/html/2011-03/03/content_69672.htm">"马呈祥在新疆"</a>. <i>民族日报数字报刊平台</i>. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%8A%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0&rft.atitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%91%88%E7%A5%A5%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=%E6%9C%B1&rft.aufirst=%E5%9B%BD%E7%90%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fszb.chinalxnet.com%2Fhtml%2F2011-03%2F03%2Fcontent_69672.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-怀念我的父亲──韩有文-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-怀念我的父亲──韩有文_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF韩2009" class="citation web cs1">韩, 芝华 (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035505/http://www.xjmg.org/show.aspx?id=1081&cid=10">"怀念我的父亲──韩有文"</a>. <i>中国国民党革命委员会新疆维吾尔自治区委员会</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xjmg.org/show.aspx?id=1081&cid=10">the original</a> on 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.atitle=%E6%80%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E7%88%B6%E4%BA%B2%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E9%9F%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%96%87&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=%E9%9F%A9&rft.aufirst=%E8%8A%9D%E5%8D%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xjmg.org%2Fshow.aspx%3Fid%3D1081%26cid%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Literature_Society_for_India,_Hartford_Seminary_Foundation1920" class="citation book cs1">Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation (1920). Samuel Marinus Zwemer (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&q=salars++tunghsiang+eating+rations+military&pg=PA378"><i>The Moslem World, Volume 10</i></a>. New York: Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 379<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moslem+World%2C+Volume+10&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Hartford+Seminary+Foundation&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Christian+Literature+Society+for+India%2C+Hartford+Seminary+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5soAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dsalars%2B%2Btunghsiang%2Beating%2Brations%2Bmilitary%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Press1937" class="citation news cs1">Central Press (30 July 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RUosAAAAIBAJ&pg=3378,2521975&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">"He Offers Aid to Fight Japan"</a>. <i>Herald-Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald-Journal&rft.atitle=He+Offers+Aid+to+Fight+Japan&rft.date=1937-07-30&rft.au=Central+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DRUosAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3378%2C2521975%26dq%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaislam.net.cn/cms/whyj/mmxm/zmrs/201412/14-7574.html">让日军闻风丧胆地回族抗日名将</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702131936/http://www.chinaislam.net.cn/cms/whyj/mmxm/zmrs/201412/14-7574.html">Archived</a> 2 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://m.qulishi.com/news/201506/37626.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032920/http://m.qulishi.com/news/201506/37626.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimwww.com/html/2013/lishi_0411/13152.html">"还原真实的西北群马之马步芳骑八师中原抗日 – 历史 – 穆斯林在线"</a>. <i>Muslimwww.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslimwww.com&rft.atitle=%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%A4%E9%A9%AC%E4%B9%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A5%E8%8A%B3+%E9%AA%91%E5%85%AB%E5%B8%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5+%E2%80%93+%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2+%E2%80%93+%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimwww.com%2Fhtml%2F2013%2Flishi_0411%2F13152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411173043/http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html">"马家军悲壮的抗战：百名骑兵集体投河殉国(1)"</a>. <i>军事－中华网</i>. 19 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.atitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B%E6%82%B2%E5%A3%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%97%E6%88%98%EF%BC%9A%E7%99%BE%E5%90%8D%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E6%8A%95%E6%B2%B3%E6%AE%89%E5%9B%BD%281%29&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.china.com%2Fzh_cn%2Fdljl%2Fkrzz%2F01%2F11044207%2F20080919%2F15096066.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._West2008" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. West (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&q=salar+china&pg=PA701"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 701. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7109-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-7109-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8&rft.au=Barbara+A.+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26q%3Dsalar%2Bchina%26pg%3DPA701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319003321/http://www.studyinasia.cn/ChinaFeature/Custom/200972319964745.htm">"Chinese Marriage of Salar Ethnic Minority"</a>. <i>Study in China</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyinasia.cn/ChinaFeature/Custom/200972319964745.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+in+China&rft.atitle=Chinese+Marriage+of+Salar+Ethnic+Minority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyinasia.cn%2FChinaFeature%2FCustom%2F200972319964745.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Barbara_KrugHans_Hendrischke2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Barbara Krug; Hans Hendrischke (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elRPsxDLYRUC&q=salar+china&pg=PA186"><i>The Chinese Economy in the 21st Century: Enterprise and Business Behaviour</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-458-4"><bdi>978-1-84844-458-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Economy+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Enterprise+and+Business+Behaviour&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-458-4&rft.au=Paul+Barbara+Krug&rft.au=Hans+Hendrischke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelRPsxDLYRUC%26q%3Dsalar%2Bchina%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch_Museums_S-Z-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_Museums_S-Z_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branch_Museums_S-Z_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003331/http://www.emuseum.org.cn/en/book/export/html/206">"Branch Museums (S-Z)"</a>. <i>China Ethnic Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emuseum.org.cn/en/book/export/html/206">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Ethnic+Museum&rft.atitle=Branch+Museums+%28S-Z%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emuseum.org.cn%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliot2006" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Sheila Hollian (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinchina0000holl"><i>Muslims in China</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinchina0000holl/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59084-880-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59084-880-2"><bdi>1-59084-880-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+China&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Mason+Crest+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59084-880-2&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Hollian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimsinchina0000holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_M._J._Schram2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis M. J. Schram (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&q=ma+fu-hsiang&pg=PA23"><i>The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-5932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-5932-2"><bdi>978-1-4286-5932-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monguors+of+the+Kansu-Tibetan+Frontier%3A+Their+Origin%2C+History%2C+and+Social+Organization&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4286-5932-2&rft.au=Louis+M.+J.+Schram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsy2FOZy0kTsC%26q%3Dma%2Bfu-hsiang%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_AllatsonJo_McCormack2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DaLkNE_20a0C&q=salar+han+surname&pg=PA74"><i>Exile cultures, misplaced identities</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2406-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2406-9"><bdi>978-90-420-2406-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+cultures%2C+misplaced+identities&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2406-9&rft.au=Paul+Allatson&rft.au=Jo+McCormack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDaLkNE_20a0C%26q%3Dsalar%2Bhan%2Bsurname%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Barbara_KrugHans_Hendrischke2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Barbara Krug; Hans Hendrischke (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elRPsxDLYRUC&q=salar+han+surname&pg=PA196"><i>The Chinese Economy in the 21st Century: Enterprise and Business Behaviour</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-458-4"><bdi>978-1-84844-458-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Economy+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Enterprise+and+Business+Behaviour&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-458-4&rft.au=Paul+Barbara+Krug&rft.au=Hans+Hendrischke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelRPsxDLYRUC%26q%3Dsalar%2Bhan%2Bsurname%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Ewart_GladstoneBaron_Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon_Stanmore1961" class="citation book cs1">William Ewart Gladstone; Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEMeAQAAIAAJ&q=He+controlled+the+four+upper+Salar+clans+(Kung)+who+had+adopted+the+surname+Han+and+inhabited+the+region+west+of+Hsun+Hua+(Annals+of"><i>Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871695147" title="Special:BookSources/9780871695147"><bdi>9780871695147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone-Gordon+correspondence%2C+1851%E2%80%931896%3A+selections+from+the+private+correspondence+of+a+British+Prime+Minister+and+a+colonial+Governor%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780871695147&rft.au=William+Ewart+Gladstone&rft.au=Baron+Arthur+Hamilton-Gordon+Stanmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEMeAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DHe%2Bcontrolled%2Bthe%2Bfour%2Bupper%2BSalar%2Bclans%2B%28Kung%29%2Bwho%2Bhad%2Badopted%2Bthe%2Bsurname%2BHan%2Band%2Binhabited%2Bthe%2Bregion%2Bwest%2Bof%2BHsun%2BHua%2B%28Annals%2Bof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span> (Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, American Philosophical Society Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions Series Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new ser v. 51, no. 4) (Original from the University of California)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._G._Goodman2004" class="citation book cs1">David S. G. Goodman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbkfQATHikQC&q=han+yimu+salar&pg=PA73"><i>China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61349-1"><bdi>978-0-521-61349-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+campaign+to+%22Open+up+the+West%22%3A+national%2C+provincial%2C+and+local+perspectives&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61349-1&rft.au=David+S.+G.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbkfQATHikQC%26q%3Dhan%2Byimu%2Bsalar%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_AllatsonJo_McCormack2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DaLkNE_20a0C&q=salar+ma+bufang&pg=PA66"><i>Exile cultures, misplaced identities</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2406-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2406-9"><bdi>978-90-420-2406-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+cultures%2C+misplaced+identities&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2406-9&rft.au=Paul+Allatson&rft.au=Jo+McCormack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDaLkNE_20a0C%26q%3Dsalar%2Bma%2Bbufang%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._G._Goodman2004" class="citation book cs1">David S. G. Goodman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbkfQATHikQC&q=ma+bufang+ethnic+cleansing+tibetans&pg=PA72"><i>China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61349-1"><bdi>978-0-521-61349-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+campaign+to+%22Open+up+the+West%22%3A+national%2C+provincial%2C+and+local+perspectives&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61349-1&rft.au=David+S.+G.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbkfQATHikQC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bethnic%2Bcleansing%2Btibetans%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYanLv2020" class="citation book cs1">Yan, Yueping; Lv, Zhaohe (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81juDwAAQBAJ&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA46"><i>Chinese Ethnic Demography: Theory and Applications</i></a>. Xiaoling Yue, Yiyang Li, Simin Tan. Springer Nature. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811561535" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811561535"><bdi>978-9811561535</bdi></a>. <q>... while ethnic minorities such as Mongolian, Tibetan, and Uyghur people can ... In 2000, the average ages at first marriage for Salar and Uyghur women ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Ethnic+Demography%3A+Theory+and+Applications&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9811561535&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Yueping&rft.au=Lv%2C+Zhaohe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81juDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinese_Class_–_Salar-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_Class_–_Salar_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130901164628/http://blog.learnchineseonline.cn/2009/01/13/chinese-class-salar/">"Chinese Class – Salar"</a>. <i>Learn Chinese Online</i>. 13 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.learnchineseonline.cn/2009/01/13/chinese-class-salar/">the original</a> on 1 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Chinese+Online&rft.atitle=Chinese+Class+%E2%80%93+Salar&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.learnchineseonline.cn%2F2009%2F01%2F13%2Fchinese-class-salar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShelton2007" class="citation web cs1">Shelton, ed. (7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131214619/http://en.gxta.gov.cn/ReadArt.asp?Art_ID=532">"Salar Ethnic Group"</a>. <i>GUANGXI TRAVEL ONLINE</i>. Go China Adventure International Travel Service Co. Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.gxta.gov.cn/ReadArt.asp?Art_ID=532">the original</a> on 31 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GUANGXI+TRAVEL+ONLINE&rft.atitle=Salar+Ethnic+Group&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.gxta.gov.cn%2FReadArt.asp%3FArt_ID%3D532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_gov_cultural-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_gov_cultural_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_gov_cultural_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006191137/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html">"Traditions -> Ethnic Minority: The Salar Nationality"</a>. <i>Cultural-china.com</i>. Cultural China. 2014 [2007]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural-china.com&rft.atitle=Traditions+-%3E+Ethnic+Minority%3A+The+Salar+Nationality&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditions.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F127Traditions842.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010-09/27/content_21019799.htm">"General introduction to Salar people in China"</a>. <i>Global Times</i>. 27 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Times&rft.atitle=General+introduction+to+Salar+people+in+China&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Ftravel%2F2010-09%2F27%2Fcontent_21019799.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanseWorldTol2003" class="citation cs2">Janse, Mark; World, Linguistic Bibliography and the Languages of the; Tol, Sijmen (2003), Janse, Mark; Tol, Sijmen (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdzVePSApMgC&pg=PA147"><i>Language death and language maintenance: theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Volume 240 of Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series 4, Current issues in linguistic theory</i></a>, John Benjamins Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4752-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4752-0"><bdi>978-90-272-4752-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+death+and+language+maintenance%3A+theoretical%2C+practical+and+descriptive+approaches.+Volume+240+of+Amsterdam+studies+in+the+theory+and+history+of+linguistic+science.+Series+4%2C+Current+issues+in+linguistic+theory&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4752-0&rft.aulast=Janse&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=World%2C+Linguistic+Bibliography+and+the+Languages+of+the&rft.au=Tol%2C+Sijmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdzVePSApMgC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130901164641/http://lesson.mandarin.bj.cn/2009/01/08/study-chinese-salar-ethnic-minority/">"Study Chinese – Salar Ethnic Minority"</a>. <i>Chinese Lesson</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesson.mandarin.bj.cn/2009/01/08/study-chinese-salar-ethnic-minority/">the original</a> on 1 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Lesson&rft.atitle=Study+Chinese+%E2%80%93+Salar+Ethnic+Minority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flesson.mandarin.bj.cn%2F2009%2F01%2F08%2Fstudy-chinese-salar-ethnic-minority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319003426/http://no2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/aboutchina/nationality/200903/20090306117655.shtml">"Population and Ethnic Groups of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <i>Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Norway</i>. MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,PRC. 22 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://no2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/aboutchina/nationality/200903/20090306117655.shtml">the original</a> on 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Commercial+Counsellor%27s+Office+of+the+Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+the+Kingdom+of+Norway&rft.atitle=Population+and+Ethnic+Groups+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fno2.mofcom.gov.cn%2Farticle%2Faboutchina%2Fnationality%2F200903%2F20090306117655.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/203686.htm">"Basic Facts of Various Ethnic Groups"</a>. <i>China.org.cn</i>. China Facts & Figures<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China.org.cn&rft.atitle=Basic+Facts+of+Various+Ethnic+Groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Fchina%2F203686.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuo2012" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Rongxing (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWc2I03-UQIC&pg=PA39"><i>Understanding the Chinese Economies</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123978264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123978264"><bdi>978-0123978264</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Chinese+Economies&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0123978264&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Rongxing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWc2I03-UQIC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319003252/http://iel.cass.cn/english/Detail.asp?newsid=4571">"Salar Ethnic Minority"</a>. <i>Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Ethnic Literature</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iel.cass.cn/english/Detail.asp?newsid=4571">the original</a> on 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences+Institute+of+Ethnic+Literature&rft.atitle=Salar+Ethnic+Minority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiel.cass.cn%2Fenglish%2FDetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D4571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuo2020" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Rongxing (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2W38DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275"><i>China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-49024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-49024-9"><bdi>978-3-030-49024-9</bdi></a>. <q>Most Salar people can also speak Chinese and Tibetan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Ethnic+Statistical+Yearbook+2020&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.isbn=978-3-030-49024-9&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Rongxing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2W38DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Safran1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">William Safran (1998). William Safran (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=salar+han+chinese&pg=PA72"><i>Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China</i></a>. Vol. 1 of Cass series--nationalism and ethnicity (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4921-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-4921-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+ethnoregional+identities+in+China&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4921-4&rft.au=William+Safran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMT0VFdKklYoC%26q%3Dsalar%2Bhan%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Hickey2010" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&q=yellow+uyghurs&pg=PA664"><i>The Handbook of Language Contact</i></a> (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7580-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-7580-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Language+Contact&rft.pages=664&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7580-7&rft.au=Raymond+Hickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGZedef70zAC%26q%3Dyellow%2Buyghurs%26pg%3DPA664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Hickey2010" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&q=salar+xinjiang&pg=PA664"><i>The Handbook of Language Contact</i></a> (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7580-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-7580-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Language+Contact&rft.pages=664&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7580-7&rft.au=Raymond+Hickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGZedef70zAC%26q%3Dsalar%2Bxinjiang%26pg%3DPA664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA90"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA116"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA212"><i>Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447040914" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447040914"><bdi>978-3447040914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar%3A+A+Study+in+Inner+Asian+Language+Contact+Processes%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=212&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/salirlar">"SALIRLAR – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SALIRLAR+%E2%80%93+TDV+%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fsalirlar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapasMa2015" class="citation book cs1">Papas, Alexandre; Ma, Wei (2015). "Sufi Lineages among the Salar: An Overview". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/942519987"><i>Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society : Multidisciplinary Approaches</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7529-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7529-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-7529-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942519987">942519987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufi+Lineages+among+the+Salar%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Amdo+Tibetan+Society+%3A+Multidisciplinary+Approaches&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942519987&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7529-3&rft.aulast=Papas&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Ma%2C+Wei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F942519987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yao_wang2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yao_wang2_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yao_wang2_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYaoWangTaoShang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yao, Hong-Bing; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Tao, Xiaolan; Shang, Lei; Wen, Shao-Qing; Zhu, Bofeng; Kang, Longli; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5141421">"Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b>: 38656. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638656Y">2016NatSR...638656Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep38656">10.1038/srep38656</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5141421">5141421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27924949">27924949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+for+an+East+Asian+origin+of+Chinese+Muslim+populations+Dongxiang+and+Hui&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=38656&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5141421%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27924949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep38656&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...638656Y&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Hong-Bing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Tao%2C+Xiaolan&rft.au=Shang%2C+Lei&rft.au=Wen%2C+Shao-Qing&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Bofeng&rft.au=Kang%2C+Longli&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5141421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangWiseBaricBlack2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, W; Wise, C; Baric, T; Black, ML; Bittle, AH (August 2003). "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang". <i>Human Genetics</i>. <b>113</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">244–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-003-0948-y">10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12759817">12759817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11138499">11138499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+origins+and+genetic+structure+of+three+co-resident+Chinese+Muslim+populations%3A+the+Salar%2C+Bo%27an+and+Dongxiang.&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11138499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12759817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-003-0948-y&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Wise%2C+C&rft.au=Baric%2C+T&rft.au=Black%2C+ML&rft.au=Bittle%2C+AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaChenYangBai2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Bin; Chen, Jinwen; Yang, Xiaomin; Bai, Jingya; Ouyang, Siwei; Mo, Xiaodan; Chen, Wangsheng; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hai, Xiangjun (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8724515">"The Genetic Structure and East-West Population Admixture in Northwest China Inferred From Genome-Wide Array Genotyping"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>12</b>: 795570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.795570">10.3389/fgene.2021.795570</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-8021">1664-8021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8724515">8724515</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34992635">34992635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Structure+and+East-West+Population+Admixture+in+Northwest+China+Inferred+From+Genome-Wide+Array+Genotyping&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=795570&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8724515%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-8021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34992635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.795570&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jinwen&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiaomin&rft.au=Bai%2C+Jingya&rft.au=Ouyang%2C+Siwei&rft.au=Mo%2C+Xiaodan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wangsheng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Hai%2C+Xiangjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8724515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaChenYangBai2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Bin; Chen, Jinwen; Yang, Xiaomin; Bai, Jingya; Ouyang, Siwei; Mo, Xiaodan; Chen, Wangsheng; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hai, Xiangjun (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8724515">"The Genetic Structure and East-West Population Admixture in Northwest China Inferred From Genome-Wide Array Genotyping"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>12</b>: 795570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.795570">10.3389/fgene.2021.795570</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-8021">1664-8021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8724515">8724515</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34992635">34992635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Structure+and+East-West+Population+Admixture+in+Northwest+China+Inferred+From+Genome-Wide+Array+Genotyping&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=795570&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8724515%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-8021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34992635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.795570&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jinwen&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiaomin&rft.au=Bai%2C+Jingya&rft.au=Ouyang%2C+Siwei&rft.au=Mo%2C+Xiaodan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wangsheng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Hai%2C+Xiangjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8724515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salar_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salar people">Salar people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-salar.htm">The Salar ethnic minority</a> (Chinese government site); <ul><li>Above also mirrored at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120033122/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3584_665493/t17913.shtml">"The Salar ethnic minority"</a>. <i>www.fmprc.gov.cn</i>. [Chinese government site]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3584_665493/t17913.shtml">the original</a> on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmprc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=The+Salar+ethnic+minority&rft.au=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fmfa_eng%2Fljzg_665465%2F3584_665493%2Ft17913.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalar+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821111044/http://www.salars.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2729&extra=page%3D1">Hasan Bulent Paksoy'in Turk Tarihi</a> posted by Salar people</li> <li>Arienne M. Dwyer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071724/http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/salar/salar.pdf">Salar Grammatical Sketch</a> (PDF)</li> <li>Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart, editors. 2001. Folklore of China's Islamic ' Nationality. Lewiston, Edwin Mellen.</li> <li>Ma Quanlin, Ma Wanxiang, and Ma Zhicheng (Kevin Stuart, editor). 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp043_salar_language.pdf">Salar Language Materials</a>. Sino-Platonic Papers. Number 43.</li> <li>Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart. 1999. The Xunhua Salar Wedding. Asian Folklore Studies 58:31–76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1178890">https://doi.org/10.2307/1178890</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178890">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178890</a></li> <li>Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1996. 'Stone Camels and Clear Springs': The Salar's Samarkand Origins. Asian Folklore Studies. 55:2, 287–298. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1178823">https://doi.org/10.2307/1178823</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178823">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178823</a></li> <li>Han Deyan (translated by Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart). 1999. The Salar Khazui System. Central Asiatic Journal 43 (2): 204–214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928197">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928197</a></li> <li>Feng Lide and Kevin Stuart. 1991. Ma Xueyi and Ma Chengjun. Salazu Fengsuzhi [Records of Salar Customs]; Han Fude, general editor. Salazu Minjian Gushi [Salar Folktales]; Han Fude, general editor. Minjian Geyao [Folk Songs]; and Han Fude, general editor. Minjian Yanyu [Folk Proverbs]. Asian Folklore Studies. 50:2, 371–373.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_of_China827" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_of_China827" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong" title="Kucong">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_people" title="Baima people">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Deng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in China">Vietnamese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Gin</a>)</u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Ta'ang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu" title="Bolyu">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Kunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Pakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Gaoshan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China#Subgroups" title="Mongols in China">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mulao_people" title="Mulao people">Mulao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maonan_people" title="Maonan people">Maonan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_people" title="Buyang people">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></u></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salars</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_people" title="Dolan people">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk People">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Tajiks</a>)</u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daman_people" title="Daman people">Daman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoxianzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoxianzu">Chaoxian</a>)</u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">African Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law#Acquisition_and_loss_of_nationality" title="Chinese nationality law">Naturalised citizens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template talk:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Chinese213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Algeria" title="Chinese people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Egypt" title="Chinese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Libya" title="Chinese people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Morocco" title="Chinese people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cape_Verde" title="Chinese people in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Mali" title="Chinese people in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania" title="Chinese people in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uganda" title="Chinese people in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon" title="Chinese people in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in the DRC">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Republic_of_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angola" title="Chinese people in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Botswana" title="Chinese people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Lesotho" title="Chinese people in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Malawi" title="Chinese people in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin" title="Mauritians of Chinese origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mozambique" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Réunion</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zambia" title="Chinese people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="Chinese people in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Belize" title="Ethnic Chinese in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Chinese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Americans_by_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Chinese Americans by location">by city and state</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Costa_Rica" title="Chinese people in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguans" title="Chinese Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvians" title="Chinese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelans" title="Chinese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mongolia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Timor-Leste" title="Chinese people in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Bangka-Belitung_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Bangka-Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokang people">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthay">Panthay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Pashu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese nationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Phuket Baba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Chinese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoa Chinese people">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">San Diu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Denmark" title="Chinese people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Norway" title="Chinese people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sweden" title="Chinese people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Belgium" title="Chinese people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora_in_France" title="Chinese diaspora in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Spain" title="Chinese people in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Chinese people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chinese people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania" title="Chinese of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Serbia" title="Chinese people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Australia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">from Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Palau" title="Chinese in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Samoa" title="Chinese in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France in the western Indian Ocean. <i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hongkong_Disapora" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Hongkong Disapora">Hong Kong Diaspora</a><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chinese nationalism">Han Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_China55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_China" title="Template talk:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_China55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigration to China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_China" title="Burmese people in China">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_China" title="Israelis in China">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_China" title="Ukrainians in China">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_immigration_policy" title="Hong Kong immigration policy">Immigration to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration to Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><u>Underlined</u>: the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups ranked by population in their language families according to <a href="/wiki/2020_Chinese_census" title="2020 Chinese census">2020 census</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">Unrecognized ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Historic ethnic groups</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples437" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336258#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92000830">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516513t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516513t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548927805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&oldid=1253237567">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&oldid=1253237567</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salar_people" title="Category:Salar people">Salar people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_officially_recognized_by_China" title="Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China">Ethnic groups officially recognized by China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_of_China" title="Category:Muslim communities of China">Muslim communities of China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_undetermined-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing undetermined-language text">Articles containing undetermined-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2024">Articles with dead external links from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Salar-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Salar-language text">Articles containing Salar-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 00:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salar_people&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Salar people</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>47 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-t22cf","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.448","walltime":"1.707","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9561,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":436014,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14809,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":421671,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1433.932 1 -total"," 35.17% 504.347 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.58% 280.812 50 Template:Cite_book"," 12.12% 173.851 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 10.45% 149.867 1 Template:Islam_and_China"," 9.97% 142.983 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.61% 137.863 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.65% 123.992 2 Template:Native_name"," 7.55% 108.267 10 Template:Navbox"," 5.91% 84.769 8 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.910","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18401297,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_A._West2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeschotenRentzsch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Press1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_Literature_Society_for_India,_Hartford_Seminary_Foundation1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_S._G._Goodman2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2007\"] = 15,\n [\"CITEREFElliot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdalNevskaya2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Stuart_Olson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanseWorldTol2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_N._LipmanJonathan_Neaman_LipmanStevan_Harrell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin_Lianyun_(林莲云)1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_M._J._Schram2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaChenYangBai2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMa_JianzhongStuart1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa_WeiMa_JianzhongStuart1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa_WeiMa_JianzhongStuart2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People\u0026#039;s_Republic_of_China\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNietupski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapasMa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_AllatsonJo_McCormack2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Barbara_KrugHans_Hendrischke2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_Hickey2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSandman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandmanSimon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandmanSimon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoujiang_MiJia_You2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenišev1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangWiseBaricBlack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Ewart_GladstoneBaron_Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon_Stanmore1961\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Safran1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanLv2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangWu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaoWangTaoShang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFatlasofhumanity.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF朱2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREF秉默2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF韩2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CEG\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam and China\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-old-text\"] = 5,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-k76bd","timestamp":"20250331190705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Salar people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salar_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q336258","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q336258","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-29T04:39:34Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T00:30:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/50\/ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG","headline":"Ethnic group in China"}</script> </body> </html>