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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Deviation and bandpass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deviation_and_bandpass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OIRT_bandplan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OIRT_bandplan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>OIRT bandplan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OIRT_bandplan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_bandplan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_bandplan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Japanese bandplan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_bandplan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_U.S._bandplan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_U.S._bandplan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historic U.S. bandplan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_U.S._bandplan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FM_radio_switch-off" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FM_radio_switch-off"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>FM radio switch-off</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FM_radio_switch-off-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_band&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM band</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radio broadcast band</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg/440px-FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg/660px-FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg/880px-FM_BCST_ALLOTMENTS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Graphical depiction of FM broadcasting allotments.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>FM broadcast band</b> is a range of <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequencies</a> used for <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>. The range of frequencies used differs between different parts of the world. In Europe and Africa (defined as <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) <a href="/wiki/ITU_region" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU region">region</a> 1) and in Australia and New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it spans from 87.5 to 108 <a href="/wiki/Hertz#SI_multiples" title="Hertz">megahertz</a> (MHz) - also known as VHF <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">Band II</a> - while in the Americas (ITU region 2) it ranges from 88 to 108 MHz. The FM broadcast band in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> uses 76 to 95 MHz, and in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 76 to 108 MHz. The <a href="/wiki/International_Radio_and_Television_Organisation" title="International Radio and Television Organisation">International Radio and Television Organisation</a> (OIRT) band in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> is from 65.9 to 74.0 MHz, although these countries now primarily use the 87.5 to 108 MHz band, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Some other countries have already discontinued the OIRT band and have changed to the 87.5 to 108 MHz band. </p><p>Narrow band <a href="/wiki/Frequency_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency Modulation">Frequency Modulation</a> was developed and demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Hanso_Idzerda" title="Hanso Idzerda">Hanso Idzerda</a> in 1919. </p><p>Wide band <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a> radio originated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the 1930s; the system was developed by the American <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a>. However, FM broadcasting did not become widespread, even in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, until the 1960s. </p><p>Frequency-modulated radio waves can be generated at any frequency. All the bands mentioned in this article are in the <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a> (VHF) range, which extends from 30 to 300 MHz. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CCIR_band_plan">CCIR band plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: CCIR band plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_frequencies">Center frequencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Center frequencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While all countries use FM <a href="/wiki/Channel_(broadcasting)" title="Channel (broadcasting)">channel</a> center frequencies ending in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 MHz, some countries also use center frequencies ending in 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 MHz. A few others also use 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.85, and 0.95 MHz. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, on December 7, 1984, resolved to discontinue the use of 50 kHz channel spacings throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Most countries have used 100 kHz or 200 kHz channel spacings for FM broadcasting since this ITU conference in 1984.</li> <li>Some digitally-tuned FM radios are unable to tune using 50 kHz or even 100 kHz increments. Therefore, when traveling abroad or importing receivers, stations that broadcast on certain frequencies using such increments may not be heard clearly. This problem will not affect reception on an analog-tuned radio.</li> <li>A few countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which have heavily congested FM bands, still allow a station on any multiple of 50 kHz wherever one can be squeezed in.</li> <li>The 50 kHz channel spacings help prevent <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">co-channel interference</a>, and these take advantage of FM's <a href="/wiki/Capture_effect" title="Capture effect">capture effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a> <a href="/wiki/Selectivity_(radio)" title="Selectivity (radio)">selectivity</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ITU_Region_2_bandplan_and_channel_numbering">ITU Region 2 bandplan and channel numbering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ITU Region 2 bandplan and channel numbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original frequency allocation in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a> used the frequency band from 42 through 50 MHz, but this allocation was changed to a higher band beginning in 1945. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, etc., there are 101 <a href="/wiki/List_of_channel_numbers_assigned_to_FM_frequencies_in_North_America" title="List of channel numbers assigned to FM frequencies in North America">FM channels</a> numbered from <i>200</i> (center frequency 87.9 MHz) to <i>300</i> (center frequency 107.9 MHz), though these numbers are rarely used outside the fields of <a href="/wiki/Radio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio engineering">radio engineering</a> and government. </p><p>The center frequencies of the FM channels are spaced in increments of 200 kHz. The frequency of 87.9 MHz, while technically part of TV channel 6 (82 to 88 MHz), is used by just two <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes" title="List of North American broadcast station classes">FM class-D</a> stations in the United States. Portable radio <a href="/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">tuners</a> often tune down to 87.5 MHz, so that the same radios can be made and sold worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a> usually have FM radios that can tune down to 87.7 MHz, so that TV channel 6's audio at 87.75 MHz (±10 kHz) could be received while driving. This is largely no longer possible due to the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television in the United States">digital television transition</a>, though in 2023 the FCC authorized fourteen <a href="/wiki/Channel_6_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Channel 6 radio stations in the United States">low-powered Channel 6 television stations</a> to continue to operate radio services indefinitely. </p><p>In the United States, the twenty-one channels with center frequencies of 87.9–91.9 MHz (channels 200 through 220) constitute the <i><a href="/wiki/Reserved_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved band">reserved band</a></i>, exclusively for <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> (<i>NCE</i>) stations. The other channels (92.1 MHz through 107.9 MHz (Channels 221–300) may be used by both commercial and non-commercial stations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note that in Canada and in Mexico this reservation does not apply; Mexico introduced a reservation of 106.1–107.9 MHz for community and indigenous stations in 2014, though dozens of stations are grandfathered due to lack of space to relocate them.) </p><p>Originally, the American <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) devised a <a href="/wiki/Bandplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandplan">bandplan</a> in which FM radio stations would be assigned at intervals of four channels (800 kHz separation) for any one geographic area. Thus, in one area, stations might be at 88.1, 88.9, 89.7, etc., while in an adjacent area, stations might be at 88.3, 89.1, 89.9, 90.7 etc. Certain frequencies were designated for Class A only (see <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a>), which had a limit of three <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kilowatts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">effective radiated power</a> (ERP) and an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> height limit for the center of radiation of 300 feet (91.4 m) height above average terrain (<a href="/wiki/HAAT" class="mw-redirect" title="HAAT">HAAT</a>). These frequencies were 92.1, 92.7, 93.5, 94.3, 95.3, 95.9, 96.7, 97.7, 98.3, 99.3, 100.1, 100.9, 101.7, 102.3, 103.1, 103.9, 104.9, 105.5, 106.3 and 107.1. On other frequencies, a station could be Class B (50 kW, 500 feet) or Class C (100 kW, 2,000 feet), depending on which zone it was in. </p><p>In the late 1980s, the FCC switched to a bandplan based on a distance separation table using currently operating stations, and subdivided the class table to create extra classes and change antenna height limits to meters. Class A power was doubled to six kilowatts, and the frequency restrictions noted above were removed. As of late 2004, a station can be "squeezed in" anywhere as long as the location and class conform to the rules in the FCC separation table.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules for second-adjacent-channel spacing do not apply for stations licensed before 1964. </p><p>In 2017, Brazil laid the groundwork to reclaim channels 5 and 6 (76.1–87.5 MHz) for sound broadcasting use and required new radio receivers to be able to tune into the new <a href="/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">extended band</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">faixa estendida</i>, abbreviated eFM). Five transmitters of public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Brazil_Communication_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil Communication Company">Brazil Communication Company</a> were the first extended-band stations to begin broadcasts on May 7, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Chile announced the expansion of the FM band to 76-108 MHz as part of the analog TV shutdown, scheduled for April 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deviation_and_bandpass">Deviation and bandpass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deviation and bandpass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally each channel is 200 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> (0.2 MHz) wide, and can pass <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> frequencies up to 100 kHz. <a href="/wiki/Frequency_deviation" title="Frequency deviation">Deviation</a> is typically limited to 150 kHz total (±75 kHz) in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Adjacent-channel_interference" title="Adjacent-channel interference">adjacent-channel interference</a> on the band. Stations in the U.S. may go up to 10% over this limit if they use non-stereo <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a>, increasing total <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> by 0.5% for each 1% used by the subcarriers. Some stations may limited to (±50 kHz) deviation in order to reduce transmitted bandwidth so that additional stations can be squeezed in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OIRT_bandplan">OIRT bandplan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: OIRT bandplan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/OIRT" class="mw-redirect" title="OIRT">OIRT</a> FM broadcast band covers 65.8 to 74 MHz. It was used in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and most of the other <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> member countries of the <a href="/wiki/International_Radio_and_Television_Organisation" title="International Radio and Television Organisation">International Radio and Television Organisation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> (OIRT), with the exception of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, which always used the 87.5 to 100 (later 104) MHz broadcast band—in line with Western Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">lower portion of the VHF band</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">behaves</a> a bit like <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a> in that it has a longer reach than the upper portion of the VHF band. It was ideally suited for reaching vast and remote areas that would otherwise lack FM radio reception. In a way, FM suited this band because the capture effect of FM could mitigate interference from <a href="/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">skywaves</a>. </p><p>Transition to the 87.5 to 108 MHz band started as early as the 1980s in some East European countries. Following the collapse of the communist governments, that transition was remarkably accelerated as private stations have been established. This was also prompted by the lack of equipment for the OIRT band and the modernisation of existing transmission networks. </p><p>Many countries have completely ceased broadcasting on the OIRT FM band, although use continues in others, mainly the former republics of the USSR. The future of broadcasting on the OIRT FM band is limited, due to the lack of new consumer receivers for this band outside of Russia. </p><p>Countries which still use the OIRT band are <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>), <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, the decision to use the 87.5 to 108 MHz band instead of 65.9 to 74 MHz band was made in the beginning of the eighties. The frequency plan was created, which was internationally coordinated at Regional Administrative Conference for FM Sound Broadcasting in the VHF band in Geneva, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allocated frequencies are still valid and are used in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. The first transmitter was put into operation on 102.5 MHz near Prague in November 1984. Three years later, there were eleven transmitters in service across the country, including three in the Prague neighborhood of Žižkov. In 1988, the plan was to set up 270 transmitters in 45 locations eventually.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition was finished in 1993. </p><p>In Poland all OIRT broadcast transmitters were closed down at the end of 1999. </p><p>Hungary closed down its remaining broadcast transmitters in 2007, and for thirty days in July of that year, several Hungarian amateur radio operators received a temporary experimental permit to perform propagation and interference experiments in the 70–70.5 MHz band. </p><p>In Belarus, only government-run public radio stations are still active on OIRT. All stations on OIRT in Belarus are a mirror of normal FM broadcasts. The main purpose of those stations is compatibility with older equipment. </p><p>In 2014, Russia began replacing OIRT-banded transmitter with CCIR-banded (the "western") FM transmitters. The main reason for the change to CCIR FM is to reach more listeners. </p><p>Unlike Western practice, OIRT FM frequencies are based on 30 kHz rather than 50, 100 or 200 kHz multiples. This may have been to reduce co-channel interference caused by <a href="/wiki/Sporadic_E_propagation" title="Sporadic E propagation">Sporadic E propagation</a> and other atmospheric effects, which occur more often at these frequencies. However, multipath distortion effects are less annoying than on the CCIR band. </p><p>Stereo is generally achieved by sending the stereo difference signal, using a process called <a href="/wiki/Polar_modulation" title="Polar modulation">polar modulation</a>. Polar modulation uses a reduced subcarrier on 31.25 kHz with the audio on both side-bands. This gives the following signal structure: L + R --> 31.25 kHz reduced subcarrier L - R. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/4-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="4-meter band">4-meter band</a> (70–70.5 MHz) <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> allocation used in many European countries is entirely within the OIRT FM band. Operators on this band and the <a href="/wiki/6-meter_band" title="6-meter band">6-meter band</a> (50–54 MHz) use the presence of broadcast stations as an indication that there is an "opening" into Eastern Europe or Russia. This can be a mixed blessing because the 4 meter amateur allocation is only 0.5 MHz or less, and a single broadcast station causes considerable interference to a large part of the band. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies#Eastern_Europe,_North_Korea" title="Television channel frequencies">System D</a> television channels R4 and R5 lie wholly or partly within the 87.5–108 MHz FM audio broadcast band. Countries which still use System D therefore have to consider the re-organisation of TV broadcasting in order to make full use of this band for audio broadcasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_bandplan">Japanese bandplan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japanese bandplan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_Japan" title="FM broadcasting in Japan">FM broadcasting in Japan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/FM_broadcast_band" title="Special:EditPage/FM broadcast band">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The FM band in Japan is 76–95 MHz (previously 76–90). The 90–108 MHz section was used for analog VHF TV Channels 1, 2 and 3 (each <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television channel is 6 MHz wide). The narrowness of the Japanese band (19 MHz compared to slightly more than 20 MHz for the CCIR band) limits the number of FM stations that can be accommodated on the dial with the result that many commercial radio stations are forced to use <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a>. </p><p>Many Japanese radios are capable of receiving both the Japanese FM band and the CCIR FM band, so that the same model can be sold within Japan or exported. The radio may cover 76 to 108 MHz, the frequency coverage may be selectable by the user, or during assembly the radio may be set to operate on one band by means of a specially placed diode or other internal component. </p><p>Conventional analog-tuned (dial & pointer) radios were formerly marked with "TV Sound" in the 76–88 section. If these radios were sold in the US, for example, the 76–88 section would be marked TV sound for VHF channels 5 and 6 (as two 6 MHz-wide NTSC TV channels), with the 88–108 section band as normal FM. The compatibility of "TV sound" with conventional FM radio ended with the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">U.S. digital TV transition</a> in 2009, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_6_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Channel 6 radio stations in the United States">limited number of low-power stations on channel 6</a> that still use analog; these low-power stations will switch to digital in 2021. </p><p>Second-hand automobiles imported from Japan contain a radio designed for the Japanese FM band, and importers often fit a "converter" to down-convert the 87.5 to 107.9 MHz band to the frequencies that the radio can accept. In addition to showing an incorrect frequency, there are two other disadvantages that can result in undesired performance; the converter cannot down-convert in full the regular international FM band (up to 20.5 MHz wide) to the only 14 MHz-wide Japanese band (unless the converter incorporates two user-switchable down-convert modes), and the car's <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> may perform poorly on the higher FM band. Some converters simply down-convert the FM band by 12 MHz, leading to logical frequencies (e.g. 78.9 for 90.9, 82.3 for 94.3, etc.), but leaving off the 102–108 MHz band. Also, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">RDS</a> is not used in Japan, whereas most modern car radios available in Europe have this system. Also the converter may not allow pass-through of the <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW band</a>, which is used for AM broadcasting. A better solution is to replace the radio and antenna with ones designed for the country where the car will be used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> had a similar situation with Australian TV channels 3, 4 and 5 that are between 88 and 108 MHz, and was intending to follow Japan, but in the end opted for the western bandplan, due to CCIR radios that entered the country. There were some radios sold in Australia for 76 to 90 MHz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_U.S._bandplan">Historic U.S. bandplan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historic U.S. bandplan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s investigations were begun into establishing radio stations transmitting on "Very High Frequency" (VHF) assignments above 30 MHz. In October 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) announced new frequency allocations, which included a band of experimental and educational "<a href="/wiki/Apex_(radio_band)" title="Apex (radio band)">Apex</a>" stations, that consisted of 75 channels spanning from 41.02 to 43.98 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-upper_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upper-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the existing AM band these stations employed amplitude modulation, however the 40 kHz spacing between adjacent frequencies was four times as much as the 10 kHz spacing on the standard AM broadcast band, which reduced adjacent-frequency interference, and provided more bandwidth for high-fidelity programming. </p><p>Also during the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> developed a competing transmission technology, "wide-band frequency modulation", which was promoted as being superior to AM transmissions, in particular due to its high-fidelity and near immunity to static interference. In May 1940, largely as the result of Armstrong's efforts, the FCC decided to eliminate the Apex band, and authorized an FM band effective January 1, 1941, operating on 40 channels spanning 42–50 MHz,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first five channels reserved for educational stations. There was significant interest in the new FM band by station owners, however, construction restrictions that went into place during World War II limited the growth of the new service. </p><p>Following the end of the war, the FCC moved to standardize its frequency allocations. One area of concern was the effects of <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_propagation" title="Tropospheric propagation">tropospheric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sporadic_E_propagation" title="Sporadic E propagation">Sporadic E propagation</a>, which at times reflected station signals over great distances, causing mutual interference. A particularly controversial proposal, spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA), which was headed by <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a>, was that the FM band needed to be shifted to higher frequencies in order to avoid this potential problem. Armstrong charged that this reassignment had the covert goal of disrupting FM radio development,<sup id="cite_ref-Lessing_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however RCA's proposal prevailed, and on June 27, 1945 the FCC announced the reassignment of the FM band to 90 channels from 88–106 MHz,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was soon expanded to 100 channels from 88–108 MHz, with the first 20 channels reserved for educational stations. A period of allowing existing FM stations to broadcast on both the original "low" and new "high" FM bands followed, which ended at midnight on January 8, 1949, at which time all low band transmissions had to end.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978 one additional frequency reserved for educational stations, 87.9 MHz, was allocated.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2008, the FCC requested public comment on turning the bandwidth currently occupied by analog television channels 5 and 6 (76–88 MHz) over to extending the FM broadcast band when the digital television transition was to be completed in February 2009 (ultimately delayed to June 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposed allocation would have effectively assigned frequencies corresponding to the existing Japanese FM radio service (which begins at 76 MHz) for use as an extension to the existing North American FM broadcast band.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several low-power television stations colloquially known as "<a href="/wiki/Channel_6_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Channel 6 radio stations in the United States">Franken-FMs</a>" operated primarily as radio stations on channel 6, using the 87.7 MHz audio carrier of that channel as a radio station receivable on most FM receivers configured to cover the whole of <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">Band II</a>, from 2009 to 2021; since then, a reduced number have received special temporary authority to carry a special audio carrier on their <a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a> signals to continue the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-estimated_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimated-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FM_radio_switch-off">FM radio switch-off</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: FM radio switch-off"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the gradual adoption of <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital radio broadcasting">digital radio broadcasting</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/DAB%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB+">DAB+</a>) radio, some countries have planned and started an <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting#FM_radio_switch-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">FM radio switch-off</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, in January 2018, was the first country to discontinue FM as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acma.gov.au/broadcasting-transmitter-apparatus-licences#where-you-can-broadcast">"Australian Broadcasting Licences"</a>. <i>www.acma.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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J. B. Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+Of+High+Fidelity&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Lawrence+Lessing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+broadcast+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broadcasting291unse/page/n16/mode/1up">"FCC Allocates 88-106 mc Band to FM"</a> by Bill Bailey, <i>Broadcasting</i>, July 2, 1945, pages 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broadcasting291unse/page/n67/mode/1up">"FCC Allocations Order Text"</a>, <i>Broadcasting</i>, July 2, 1945, pages 64-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFINS1945" class="citation news cs1">INS (June 27, 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/93688720">"395,000 FM Radio Sets Must Be Replaced"</a>. <i>Journal Gazette</i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-14</span></span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Gazette&rft.atitle=395%2C000+FM+Radio+Sets+Must+Be+Replaced&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1945-06-27&rft.au=INS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F93688720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+broadcast+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-06-12-BC.pdf#page=50">"FCC moves to overhaul rules for noncommercial radio and TV"</a>, <i>Broadcasting</i>, June 12, 1978, page 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Communications_Commission2008" class="citation web cs1">Federal Communications Commission (2008-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227021445/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=090000648064a653">"In the Matter of Promoting Diversification of Ownership in the Broadcasting Services"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=090000648064a653">the original</a> on 2008-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-26</span></span>. <q>Certain commenters have urged the Commission to give a "hard look" to a proposal that the Commission re-allocate TV Channels 5 and 6 for FM broadcasting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+Promoting+Diversification+of+Ownership+in+the+Broadcasting+Services&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.au=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regulations.gov%2Ffdmspublic%2Fcomponent%2Fmain%3Fmain%3DDocumentDetail%26o%3D090000648064a653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+broadcast+band" class="Z3988"></span> 73 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/73-FR-28400">28400</a>, 28403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioworld.com/article/67266">Could EXB Band Be Your New Home?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506025738/http://radioworld.com/article/67266">Archived</a> 2009-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><i>Radio World</i> September 10, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-estimated-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-estimated_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insideradio.com/free/franken-fms-have-a-week-left-to-live-two-will-remain-in-test-of-new/article_f1d52bcc-def6-11eb-b3d3-0b70f11a6f0a.html">"Franken FMs Have A Week Left To Live; Two Will Remain In Test Of New Technology"</a>, July 7, 2021 (insideradio.com)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">LW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">SW</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">mid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">high</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAM-D" title="CAM-D">CAM-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB/DAB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DRM/DRM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T#ISDB-Tsb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-Tsb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a></li> <li>CDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2 Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency allocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">SDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codecs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Coding" title="High-Definition Coding">HDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_signalling_system" title="Amplitude modulation signalling system">AMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectBand" title="DirectBand">DirectBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program-associated_data" title="Program-associated data">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">RDS/RBDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_communications_authority" title="Subsidiary communications authority">SCA/SCMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Radio_Channel" title="Data Radio Channel">DARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (audio)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">Audio data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (<a href="/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> formats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Belar_System" title="AM stereo">Belar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-QUAM" title="C-QUAM">C-QUAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Harris_System" title="AM stereo">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Kahn-Hazeltine" title="AM stereo">Kahn-Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Magnavox_System" title="AM stereo">Magnavox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (emission)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_expanded_band" title="AM expanded band">AM expanded band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FM broadcast band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">Multipath propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_relay_station" title="Shortwave relay station">Shortwave relay station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_radio_systems" title="Comparison of radio systems">Comparison of radio systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&oldid=1259771285">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcast_band&oldid=1259771285</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bandplans" 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