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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Atenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monolatrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monolatrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Monolatrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monolatrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-creationism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-creationism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-creationism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polytheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polytheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Polytheism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polytheism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polytheism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platonic_demiurge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platonic_demiurge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Platonic demiurge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platonic_demiurge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kongo_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kongo_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kongo religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kongo_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_traditional_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_traditional_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chinese traditional cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_traditional_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Kazakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Creator deity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scieppend" title="Scieppend – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Scieppend" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82" title="إله خالق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إله خالق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deid%C3%A1_creadora" title="Deidá creadora – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deidá creadora" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarad%C4%B1c%C4%B1_ilah" title="Yaradıcı ilah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaradıcı ilah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সৃষ্টিকর্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৃষ্টিকর্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सृष्टिकर्ता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सृष्टिकर्ता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFtat_creadora" title="Deïtat creadora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deïtat creadora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83" title="Тăвавçă Турă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăвавçă Турă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stvo%C5%99itelsk%C3%A9_bo%C5%BEstvo" title="Stvořitelské božstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stvořitelské božstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidad_creadora" title="Deidad creadora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deidad creadora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainko_sortzaile" title="Jainko sortzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainko sortzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4" title="الهه آفرینش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الهه آفرینش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepper-god" title="Skepper-god – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skepper-god" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A0" title="창조신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창조신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Արարիչ աստված – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արարիչ աստված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="स्रष्टा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्रष्टा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stvoritelj" title="Stvoritelj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stvoritelj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineke" title="Chineke – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chineke" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan_pencipta" title="Tuhan pencipta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuhan pencipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMdali" title="UMdali – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMdali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A0_della_creazione" title="Divinità della creazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Divinità della creazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muumba" title="Muumba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muumba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedificator_mundi" title="Aedificator mundi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aedificator mundi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievas_k%C5%ABr%C4%97jas" title="Dievas kūrėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dievas kūrėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_mpamorona" title="Andriamanitra mpamorona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra mpamorona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്രഷ്ടാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്രഷ്ടാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E7%A5%9E" title="創造神 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="創造神" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinitate_creatoare" title="Divinitate creatoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Divinitate creatoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3-%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Бог-Творец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бог-Творец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator" title="Creator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Creator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>creator deity</b> or <b>creator god</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> responsible for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/World#Theology" title="World">world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> in human religion and mythology. In <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, the single <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is often also the creator. A number of <a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrism">monolatristic</a> traditions separate a secondary creator from a primary <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> being, identified as a primary creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monotheism">Monotheism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atenism">Atenism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></div> <p>Initiated by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Queen Nefertiti</a> around 1330 BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom period</a> in ancient Egyptian history. They built an entirely new capital city (<a href="/wiki/Akhetaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhetaten">Akhetaten</a>) for themselves and worshippers of their sole creator god in a wilderness. His father used to worship <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> alongside other gods of their polytheistic religion. Aten, for a long time before his father's time, was revered as a god among the many gods and goddesses in Egypt. Atenism was countermanded by later pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, as chronicled in the artifact, the Restoration Stela.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite different views, Atenism is considered by some scholars to be one of the frontiers of monotheism in human history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of both <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeemingLeeming2004113_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeemingLeeming2004113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> is made up of two stories, roughly equivalent to the first two chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. In the first, <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a> (the Hebrew generic word for <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>) creates the heavens and the Earth, the animals, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">mankind</a> in six days, then rests on, blesses and sanctifies the seventh (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Biblical Sabbath</a>). In the second story, God, now referred to by the personal name <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, creates <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, the first man, from dust and places him in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, where he is given dominion over the animals. <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, the first woman, is created from Adam and as his companion. </p><p>It expounds themes parallel to those in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian mythology</a>, emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> people's <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">belief in one God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarna199750_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarna199750-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major comprehensive draft of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> (the series of five books which begins with Genesis and ends with <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>) was composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BCE (the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a> source) and was later expanded by other authors (the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a>) into a work very similar to Genesis as known today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200737_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sources can be identified in the creation narrative: Priestly and Jahwistic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200837_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200837-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined narrative is a critique of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian theology</a> of creation: Genesis affirms <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and denies <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham2003b37_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham2003b37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Robert Alter</a> described the combined narrative as "compelling in its archetypal character, its adaptation of myth to monotheistic ends".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2004xii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2004xii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">Ex nihilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos (Christianity)</a></div> <p>The Abrahamic creation narrative is made up of two stories, roughly equivalent to the two first chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first account (1:1 through 2:3) employs a repetitious structure of divine fiat and fulfillment, then the statement "And there was evening and there was morning, the [<i>x</i><sup>th</sup>] day," for each of the six days of creation. In each of the first three days there is an act of division: day one divides the darkness from light, day two the "waters above" from the "waters below", and day three the sea from the land. In each of the next three days these divisions are populated: day four populates the darkness and light with sun, moon, and stars; day five populates seas and skies with fish and fowl; and finally, land-based creatures and mankind populate the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiten20009–10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiten20009–10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first (the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly story</a>) was concerned with the cosmic plan of creation, while the second (the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Yahwist story</a>) focuses on man as cultivator of his environment and as a moral agent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second account, in contrast to the regimented seven-day scheme of Genesis 1, uses a simple flowing narrative style that proceeds from God's forming the first man through the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> to the creation of the first woman and the institution of marriage. In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a> God of Genesis 1 creating a god-like humanity, the God of Genesis 2 can fail as well as succeed. The humanity he creates is not god-like, but is punished for acts which would lead to their becoming god-like (Genesis 3:1-24) and the order and method of creation itself differs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199662–64_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199662–64-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Together, this combination of parallel character and contrasting profile point to the different origin of materials in Genesis 1:1 and Gen 2:4, however elegantly they have now been combined."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199664_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199664-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early conflation of Greek philosophy with the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">narratives</a> in the Hebrew Bible came from <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> (d. 50 CE), writing in the context of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>. Philo equated the Hebrew creator-deity <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">unmoved mover</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="First Cause">First Cause</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to prove that the Jews had held <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> views even before the Greeks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A similar theoretical proposition was demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, who linked Aristotelian philosophy with the Christian faith, followed by the statement that God is the First Being, the First Mover, and is Pure Act.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a> <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> has two relevant passages. At chapter 7, it narrows about the mother of a <a href="/wiki/Martyr#Judaism" title="Martyr">Jewish proto-martyr</a> telling to her son: "I beseech thee, my son, look upon heaven and earth, and all that is in them: and consider that God made them out of nothing, and mankind also";<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at chapter 1, it refers a solemn prayer hymned by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maccabee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Maccabee">Jonathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Priest of Israel</a>, while making sacrifices in honour of God: "O Lord, Lord God, Creator of all things, who art fearefull, and strong, and righteous, and mercifull, and the onely, and gracious king".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">Prologue to the Gospel of John</a> begins with: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. <sup>2</sup> The same was in the beginning with God. <sup>3</sup> All things were made by him, and without him was not any thing made that was made."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity affirms the creation by God since its early time in the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> ("I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth.", 1st century CE), that is symmetrical to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed#History#Comparison_between_creed_of_325_and_creed_of_381" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> (4th century CE). </p><p>Nowadays, theologians debate whether the Bible itself teaches if this creation by God is a creation <i>ex nihilo</i>. Traditional interpreters<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue on grammatical and syntactical grounds that this is the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:1, which is commonly rendered: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." However, other interpreters<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> understand creation <i>ex nihilo</i> as a 2nd-century theological development. According to this view, church fathers opposed notions appearing in <i>pre</i>-Christian <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>—notions of creation by a <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a> out of a primordial state of matter (known in religious studies as <i><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">chaos</a></i> after the Greek term used by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish thinkers took up the idea,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became important to Judaism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the creator deity, God, known in Arabic as <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, is the all-powerful and all-knowing Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer, and Judge of the universe. Creation is seen as an act of divine choice and mercy, one with a grand purpose: "And We <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not create the heaven and earth and that between them in play."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, the purpose of humanity is to be tested: "Who has created death and life, that He may test you which of you is best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Oft-Forgiving;"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who pass the test are rewarded with Paradise: "Verily for the Righteous there will be a fulfilment of (the heart's) desires;"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Islamic teachings, God exists above the heavens and the creation itself. The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> mentions, "He it is Who created for you all that is on earth. Then He Istawa (rose over) towards the heaven and made them seven heavens and He is the All-Knower of everything."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, God is unlike anything in creation: "There is nothing like unto Him, and He is the Hearing, the Seeing."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nobody can perceive God in totality: "Vision perceives Him not, but He perceives [all] vision; and He is the Subtle, the Acquainted."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God in Islam is not only majestic and sovereign, but also a personal God: "And indeed We have created man, and We know what his ownself whispers to him. And We are nearer to him than his jugular vein (by Our Knowledge)."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allah commands the believers to constantly remember Him ("O you who have believed, remember Allah with much remembrance"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and to invoke Him alone ("And whoever invokes besides Allah another deity for which he has no proof—then his account is only with his Lord. Indeed, the disbelievers will not succeed."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Islam teaches that God as referenced in the Qur'an is the only god and the same God worshipped by members of other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> such as Christianity and Judaism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh beliefs">Sikh beliefs</a></div> <p>One of the biggest responsibilities in the faith of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is to worship God as "The Creator", termed <i><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></i>, who is shapeless, timeless, and sightless, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Nirankar" title="Nirankar">Nirankar</a>, Akal, and <a href="/wiki/Alakh_Niranjan" title="Alakh Niranjan">Alakh Niranjan</a>. The religion only takes after the belief in "One God for All" or <a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is the source of all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-BFaith-74_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFaith-74-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all Revelation, eternal, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">almighty</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith106_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith111_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith111-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></i> (lit=The Great Life), or 'The Great Living God',<sup id="cite_ref-Nashmi_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the supreme God from which all things <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanate</a>. He is also known as 'The First Life', since during the creation of the material world, <a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a> emanated from Hayyi Rabbi as the "Second Life."<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The principles of the Mandaean doctrine: the belief of the only one great God, Hayyi Rabbi, to whom all absolute properties belong; He created all the worlds, formed the soul through his power, and placed it by means of angels into the human body. So He created <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, the first man and woman."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monolatrism">Monolatrism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatristic</a> traditions would separate a secondary creator from the primary <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> being, identified as a primary creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> is the secondary creator and not the supreme.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is the primary creator. According to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> belief Vishnu creates the basic universal shell and provides all the raw materials and also places the living entities within the material world, fulfilling their own independent will. Brahma works with the materials provided by Vishnu to actually create what are believed to be planets in Puranic terminology, and he supervises the population of them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monism">Monism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></div> <p>Monism is the philosophy that asserts oneness as its fundamental premise, and it contradicts the dualism-based theistic premise that there is a creator God that is eternal and separate from the rest of existence. There are two types of monism, namely spiritual monism which holds that all spiritual reality is one, and material monism which holds that everything including all material reality is one and the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2015monism_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2015monism-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-creationism">Non-creationism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator in Buddhism</a></div> <p>Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology_of_the_Theravada_school#Brahm.C4.81_Planes" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school">Mahabrahma</a> are misperceived to be a creator.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> does not support belief in a creator deity. According to Jain doctrine, the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and its constituents—soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion have always existed (a <a href="/wiki/Static_universe" title="Static universe">static universe</a> similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steady_State_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady State theory">steady state cosmological model</a>). All the constituents and actions are governed by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Law">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural laws">natural laws</a>. It is not possible to create matter out of nothing and hence the sum total of matter in the universe remains the same (similar to law of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">conservation of mass</a>). Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> of each living being is unique and uncreated and has existed since beginningless time.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Anone"><a href="#endnote_Anone">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jain theory of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a> holds that a cause and its effect are always identical in nature and therefore a conscious and immaterial entity like God cannot create a material entity like the universe. Furthermore, according to the Jain concept of divinity, any soul who destroys its karmas and desires achieves liberation. A soul who destroys all its passions and desires has no desire to interfere in the working of the universe. Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being, but a result of an innate moral order in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>; a self-regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas. </p><p>Through the ages, <a href="/wiki/Jain_Philosophy#Jain_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Philosophy">Jain philosophers</a> have adamantly rejected and opposed the concept of creator and omnipotent God and this has resulted in Jainism being labeled as <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">nāstika darsana</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist philosophy</a> by the rival <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">religious philosophies</a>. The theme of non-creationism and absence of omnipotent God and divine grace runs strongly in all the philosophical dimensions of Jainism, including its <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksa_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa (Jainism)">moksa</a> and its moral code of conduct. Jainism asserts a religious and virtuous life is possible without the idea of a creator god.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polytheism">Polytheism</h2></div> <p>In polytheistic creation, the world often comes into being organically, e.g. sprouting from a primal seed, sexually, by <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous birth">miraculous birth</a> (sometimes by <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a>, violently, by the slaying of a <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">primeval monster</a>, or artificially, by a divine <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a> or "craftsman". Sometimes, a god is involved, wittingly or unwittingly, in bringing about creation. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><b>Sub-Saharan African contexts:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbombo" title="Mbombo">Mbombo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuba_Kingdom" title="Kuba Kingdom">Bakuba</a> mythology, who vomited out the world upon feeling a stomachache</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu mythology">Zulu mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>American contexts:</b> <ul><li><span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj"><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></i></span> (Great Rabbit), <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> deity, a <a href="/wiki/Shape-shifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape-shifter">shape-shifter</a> and a cocreator of the world<sup id="cite_ref-greathare_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greathare-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlicue">Cōātlīcue</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a></li> <li><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/Chiminigagua" title="Chiminigagua">Chiminigagua</a></i></span> (and/or Bague) in <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion_and_mythology" title="Muisca religion and mythology">Muisca mythology</a></li> <li><span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci"><a href="/wiki/I%27itoi" title="I'itoi">I'itoi</a></i></span> in cosmology of the <a href="/wiki/O%27odham" title="O'odham">O'odham</a> peoples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster deity</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Near Eastern contexts:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a>, whose semen becomes the primal component of the universe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> creating the universe by the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a>, who wove all of the universe and existence into being on her <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem"><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">’Ēl</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a></li> <li><span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></i></span> killing <span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a></i></span> in the Babylonian <span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><b>Asian contexts:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atingkok_Maru_Sidaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Atingkok Maru Sidaba">Atingkok Maru Sidaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri mythology">Manipuri mythology</a>, the creator of the universe</li> <li><span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Esege_Malan" title="Esege Malan">Esege Malan</a></i></span> in Mongolian mythology, king of the skies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskeri" title="Eskeri">Eskeri</a> - in Tungusic mythology</li> <li><span title="Ainu (Japan)-language text"><i lang="ain-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamuy" title="Kamuy">Kamuy</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Ainu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu mythology">Ainu mythology</a>, who built the world on the back of a trout</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Izanami-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Izanami-no-Mikoto">Izanami-no-Mikoto</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>, who churned the ocean with a spear, creating the islands of Japan</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, he is the one who separated heaven and earth and became geographic features such as mountains and rivers</li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%A5_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Thần Trụ Trời">Thần Trụ Trời</a></i></span> the god who created the world in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology" title="Vietnamese mythology">Vietnamese mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>European contexts:</b> <ul><li>The sons of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></i></span> slaying the primeval giant <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rod_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod (god)">Rod</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a></li> <li><span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se"><a href="/wiki/Ipmil" title="Ipmil">Ipmil</a></i></span> or <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se"><a href="/wiki/Radien-%C3%81h%C4%8Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Radien-Áhči">Radien-Áhči</a></i></span> (Radien Father) in <a href="/wiki/Sami_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami religion">Sámi mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Oceanic contexts:</b> <ul><li><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap"><a href="/wiki/Makemake_(deity)" title="Makemake (deity)">Makemake</a></i></span>, creator of humanity, the god of fertility and the chief god of the "<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap"><a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">Tangata manu</a></i></span>" or "bird-man" cult of <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui mythology</a>.</li> <li><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Ranginui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranginui">Ranginui</a></i></span>, the Sky Father, and <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Papatūānuku</i></span>, the Earth Mother in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori mythology</a></li> <li><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platonic_demiurge">Platonic demiurge</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, in his dialogue <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)"><i>Timaeus</i></a>, describes a creation myth involving a being called the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δημιουργός</span></span> "craftsman"). <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> continued and developed this concept. In Neoplatonism, the demiurge represents the second cause or <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyad (Greek philosophy)">dyad</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monad (Greek philosophy)">monad</a>. In Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a>, the demiurge is an imperfect spirit and possibly an evil being, transcended by divine Fullness (<a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a>). Unlike the Abrahamic God, Plato's demiurge is unable to create <a href="/wiki/Ex-nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-nihilo">ex-nihilo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu views on evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_roundel_of_Brahma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_roundel_of_Brahma.jpg/220px-A_roundel_of_Brahma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_roundel_of_Brahma.jpg/330px-A_roundel_of_Brahma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/A_roundel_of_Brahma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Brahma is often associated with Creation in Hinduism; however, has been demoted to a secondary creator in post-Vedic period.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_Pantheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on Pantheism">pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">atheism</a> among others;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBpolytheism_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpolytheism-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its concept of creator deity is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed. Hinduism is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Henotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Henotheistic">henotheistic</a> (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralization.<sup id="cite_ref-heno_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heno-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a></i> (<i>Creation Hymn</i>) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a></i> is one of the earliest texts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which "demonstrates a sense of metaphysical speculation" about what created the universe, the concept of god(s) and The One, and whether even The One knows how the universe came into being.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3translations_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3translations-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Rig Veda</i> praises various deities, none superior nor inferior, in a henotheistic manner.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymns repeatedly refer to One Truth and Reality. The "One Truth" of Vedic literature, in modern era scholarship, has been interpreted as monotheism, monism, as well as a deified Hidden Principles behind the great happenings and processes of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-Vedic texts of Hinduism offer multiple theories of <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>, many involving <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. These include <i>Sarga</i> (primary creation of universe) and <i>Visarga</i> (secondary creation), ideas related to the Indian thought that there are two levels of reality, one primary that is unchanging (<a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a>) and other secondary that is always changing (<a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a>), and that all observed reality of the latter is in an endless repeating cycle of existence, that cosmos and life we experience is continually created, evolved, dissolved and then re-created.<sup id="cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpinchman125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary creator is extensively discussed in Vedic cosmogonies with <i>Brahman</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></i> among the terms used for the primary creator,<sup id="cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpinchman125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Vedic and post-Vedic texts name different gods and goddesses as secondary creators (often Brahma in post-Vedic texts), and in some cases a different god or goddess is the secondary creator at the start of each cosmic cycle (<i>kalpa</i>, aeon).<sup id="cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpinchman125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahma is a "secondary creator" as described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, and among the most studied and described.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born from a lotus emerging from the navel of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, Brahma creates all the forms in the universe, but not the primordial universe itself.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>-focused Puranas describe Brahma and Vishnu to have been created by <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>, that is half Shiva and half Parvati; or alternatively, Brahma was born from <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, or Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma creating each other cyclically in different aeons (<a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in most Puranic texts, Brahma's creative activity depends on the presence and power of a higher god.<sup id="cite_ref-Continuum_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Continuum-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other versions of creation, the creator deity is the one who is equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the metaphysical reality in Hinduism. In <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, Vishnu creates Brahma and orders him to order the rest of universe. In <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, Shiva may be treated as the creator. In <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Great Goddess</a> creates the Trimurti.<sup id="cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpinchman125-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kongo_religion">Kongo religion</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Bakongo people</a> traditionally believe in <a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi Mpungu</a>, the Creator God, whom the Portuguese compared to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">the Christian God</a> during colonization. They also believe his female counterpart called <i>Nzambici</i>, the ancestors (<i>bakulu</i>) as well as guardian spirits, such as Lemba, the <a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">basimbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">bakisi</a> and bakita.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral tradition accounts that in the beginning, there was only a circular void (<i>mbûngi</i>) with no life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nzambi Mpungu summoned a spark of fire (<i>Kalûnga</i>) that grew until it filled the mbûngi. When it grew too large, Kalûnga became a great force of energy and unleashed heated elements across space, forming the universe with the sun, stars, planets, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, Kalûnga is seen as the origin of life and a force of motion. The Bakongo believe that life requires constant change and perpetual motion. Nzambi Mpunga is also referred to as Kalûnga, the God of change.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities between the Bakongo belief of Kalûnga and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang Theory</a> have been studied.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nzambi is also said to have created two worlds. As Kalûnga filled mbûngi, it created an invisible line that divided the circle in half.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top half represents the physical world (<i>Ku Nseke</i> or <i>nsi a bamôyo</i>), while the bottom half represents the spiritual world of the ancestors (<i>Ku Mpèmba</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalûnga line separates these two worlds, and all living things exists on one side or another.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After creation, the line and the mbûngi circle became a river, carrying people between the worlds at birth and death. Then the process repeats and a person is reborn.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simbi (pl. bisimbi) is a water spirit that is believed to inhabit bodies of water and rocks, having the ability to guide <i>bakulu</i>, or the ancestors, along the Kalûnga line to the spiritual world after death. They are also present during the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptisms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">African American Christians</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_traditional_cosmology">Chinese traditional cosmology</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a> can be interpreted as another creator deity. In the beginning there was nothing in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> except a formless <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a>. However this chaos began to coalesce into a <a href="/wiki/World_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="World egg">cosmic egg</a> for eighteen thousand years. Within it, the perfectly opposed principles of <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> became balanced and Pangu emerged (or woke up) from the egg. Pangu is usually depicted as a primitive, hairy <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giant</a> with horns on his head and clad in furs. Pangu set about the task of creating the world: he separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> (murky <i>Yin</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">Sky</a> (clear <i>Yang</i>). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. This task took eighteen thousand years, with each day the sky grew ten feet higher, the Earth ten feet wider, and Pangu ten feet taller. In some versions of the story, Pangu is aided in this task by the four most prominent beasts, namely the <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Qilin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese phoenix">Phoenix</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragon</a>. </p><p>After eighteen thousand years<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had elapsed, Pangu was laid to rest. His breath became the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>; his voice the <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>; left eye the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> and right eye the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>; his body became the <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a> and extremes of the world; his blood formed rivers; his muscles the fertile lands; his facial hair the stars and milky way; his fur the bushes and forests; his bones the valuable minerals; his bone marrows sacred diamonds; his sweat fell as rain; and the fleas on his fur carried by the wind became <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human beings</a> all over the world. </p><p>The first writer to record the myth of Pangu was <a href="/wiki/Xu_Zheng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Xu Zheng (Eastern Wu)">Xu Zheng</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a> is another creator deity, possibly prior to Pangu; sharing concepts similar to Abrahamic faiths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakh">Kazakh</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> folk tales, Jasagnan is the creator of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian mythology">Aboriginal Australian mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a> – Sacred era in Australian Aboriginal mythology<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological argument</a> – Argument for the existence of God</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a> – Belief that nature originated through supernatural acts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">Dating creation</a> – Using creation myths to date the Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> – Belief in a God based on rational thought</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a> – State of being real</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_designer" title="Intelligent designer">Intelligent designer</a> – In neo-creationism, the creator of life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a> – Lurianic Kabbalah doctrine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_is_there_anything_at_all" class="mw-redirect" title="Why is there anything at all">Why is there anything at all</a> – Metaphysical question<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></i> is used here in its academic sense, meaning "a traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon." It is <i>not</i> being used to mean "something that is false".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Majestic_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Majestic plural">majestic plural</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBpolytheism-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBpolytheism_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNinian_Smart2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ninian Smart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38143/polytheism">"Polytheism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polytheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Ninian+Smart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-38143%2Fpolytheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hindus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(2004) Sacred Books of the Hindus Volume 22 Part 2: Pt. 2, p. 67, R.B. Vidyarnava, Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vidyarnava</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, J. (1939). The Restoration Inscription of Tut'ankhamūn. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 25(1), 8–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeemingLeeming2004113-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeemingLeeming2004113_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeemingLeeming2004">Leeming & Leeming 2004</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarna199750-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarna199750_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarna1997">Sarna 1997</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200737-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200737_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2007">Davies 2007</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200837-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200837_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2008">Bandstra 2008</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenham2003b37-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenham2003b37_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenham2003b">Wenham 2003b</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2004xii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2004xii_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlter2004">Alter 2004</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter1981141_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlter1981">Alter 1981</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiten20009–10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuiten20009–10_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiten2000">Ruiten 2000</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199662–64-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199662–64_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1996">Carr 1996</a>, p. 62–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199664-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199664_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1996">Carr 1996</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonge,_Charles_Duke_(1854)" class="citation web cs1">Yonge, Charles Duke (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928224539/http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo/">"Appendices A Treatise Concerning the World (1): But what can be worse than this, or more calculated to display the want of true nobility existing in the soul, than the notion of causes, in general, being secondary and created causes, combined with an ignorance of the one first cause, the uncreated God, the Creator of the universe, who for these and innumerable other reasons is most excellent, reasons which because of their magnitude human intellect is unable to apprehend?" The Works of Philo Judaeus: the contemporary of Josephus. London: H. G. Bohn"</a>. Cornerstonepublications.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornerstonepublications.org/Philo">the original</a> on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendices+A+Treatise+Concerning+the+World+%281%29%3A+But+what+can+be+worse+than+this%2C+or+more+calculated+to+display+the+want+of+true+nobility+existing+in+the+soul%2C+than+the+notion+of+causes%2C+in+general%2C+being+secondary+and+created+causes%2C+combined+with+an+ignorance+of+the+one+first+cause%2C+the+uncreated+God%2C+the+Creator+of+the+universe%2C+who+for+these+and+innumerable+other+reasons+is+most+excellent%2C+reasons+which+because+of+their+magnitude+human+intellect+is+unable+to+apprehend%3F%22+The+Works+of+Philo+Judaeus%3A+the+contemporary+of+Josephus.+London%3A+H.+G.+Bohn&rft.pub=Cornerstonepublications.org&rft.au=Yonge%2C+Charles+Duke+%281854%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornerstonepublications.org%2FPhilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato Laws Book X, Public Domain-Project Gutenberg. "ATHENIAN: Then I suppose that I must repeat the singular argument of those who manufacture the soul according to their own impious notions; they affirm that which is the first cause of the generation and destruction of all things, to be not first, but last, and that which is last to be first, and hence they have fallen into error about the true nature of the Gods… Then we must say that self-motion being the origin of all motions, and the first which arises among things at rest as well as among things in motion, is the eldest and mightiest principle of change, and that which is changed by another and yet moves other is second."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002014207/https://dhspriory.org/thomas/summa/FP/FP003.html">"On the simplicity of God, in " Summa Theologiae", Part I, Question 3"</a>. <i>Priory of Dominican Order</i> (in Latin and English). Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Bros. edition. 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhspriory.org/thomas/summa/FP/FP003.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Ostensum est autem supra quod Deus est primum movens immobile. Unde manifestum est quod Deus non est corpus. Secundo, quia necesse est id quod est primum ens, esse in actu, et nullo modo in potentia. Licet enim in uno et eodem quod exit de potentia in actum, prius sit potentia quam actus tempore, simpliciter tamen actus prior est potentia, quia quod est in potentia, non reducitur in actum nisi per ens actu. Ostensum est autem supra quod Deus est primum ens. Impossibile est igitur quod in Deo sit aliquid in potential... . Now it has been already proved (Question [2], Article [3]), that God is the First Mover, and is Himself unmoved. Therefore it is clear that God is not a body. Secondly, because the first being must of necessity be in act, and in no way in potentiality. For although in any single thing that passes from potentiality to actuality, the potentiality is prior in time to the actuality; nevertheless, absolutely speaking, actuality is prior to potentiality; for whatever is in potentiality can be reduced into actuality only by some being in actuality. Now it has been already proved that God is the First Being. It is therefore impossible that in God there should be any potentiality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priory+of+Dominican+Order&rft.atitle=On+the+simplicity+of+God%2C+in+%22+Summa+Theologiae%22%2C+Part+I%2C+Question+3.&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2Fsumma%2FFP%2FFP003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-7_Original-1611-KJV/">"1611 King James Bible. Second book of Maccabees, chapter 7, verse 8"</a>. <i>kingjamesbibleonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420054917/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-7_Original-1611-KJV/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kingjamesbibleonline.org&rft.atitle=1611+King+James+Bible.+Second+book+of+Maccabees%2C+chapter+7%2C+verse+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingjamesbibleonline.org%2F2-Maccabees-Chapter-7_Original-1611-KJV%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=7&interlin=on">"Greek Septuagint and Wiki English Translation. 2 Maccabees 7:58"</a> (in English and Greek). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914004834/http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=7&interlin=on">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Septuagint+and+Wiki+English+Translation.+2+Maccabees+7%3A58&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.katabiblon.com%2Fus%2Findex.php%3Ftext%3DLXX%26book%3D2Mc%26ch%3D7%26interlin%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV/">"1611 King James Bible. Second book of Maccabees, chapter 1, verse 24"</a>. <i>kingjamesbibleonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224034225/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kingjamesbibleonline.org&rft.atitle=1611+King+James+Bible.+Second+book+of+Maccabees%2C+chapter+1%2C+verse+24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingjamesbibleonline.org%2F2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=GNT&book=Jn&ch=1">"Greek New Testament and Wiki English Translation. Gospel of John, chapter 1, verses 1 to 3"</a> (in English and Greek). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821181855/http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=GNT&book=Jn&ch=1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+New+Testament+and+Wiki+English+Translation.+Gospel+of+John%2C+chapter+1%2C+verses+1+to+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.katabiblon.com%2Fus%2Findex.php%3Ftext%3DGNT%26book%3DJn%26ch%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, C. John, <i>Genesis 1-4: A Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary</i> (Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2006), 50ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2004" class="citation book cs1">May, Gerhard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoS05gQUDhEC"><i>Creatio ex nihilo</i></a> [<i>Creation from nothing</i>]. Continuum International. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08356-2"><bdi>978-0-567-08356-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2009</span>. <q>If we look into the early Christian sources, it becomes apparent that the thesis of <i>creatio ex nihilo</i> in its full and proper sense, as an ontological statement, only appeared when it was intended, in opposition to the idea of world-formation from unoriginate matter, to give expression to the omnipotence, freedom and uniqueness of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creatio+ex+nihilo&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08356-2&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoS05gQUDhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">May, Gerhard (1978). <i>Schöpfung aus dem Nichts. Die Entstehung der Lehre von der creatio ex nihilo</i> [<i>Creation from Nothingness: the origin of the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo</i>]. AKG 48 (in German). Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. p. 151f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-007204-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-007204-1"><bdi>3-11-007204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sch%C3%B6pfung+aus+dem+Nichts.+Die+Entstehung+der+Lehre+von+der+creatio+ex+nihilo&rft.place=Berlin%2FNew+York&rft.series=AKG+48&rft.pages=151f&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=3-11-007204-1&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfried1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Siegfried, Francis (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04470a.htm">"Creation"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2008</span>. <q>Probably the idea of creation never entered the human mind apart from Revelation. Though some of the pagan philosophers attained to a relatively high conception of God as the supreme ruler of the world, they seem never to have drawn the next logical inference of His being the absolute cause of all finite existence. [...] The descendants of Sem and Abraham, of Isaac and Jacob, preserved the idea of creation clear and pure; and from the opening verse of Genesis to the closing book of the Old Testament the doctrine of creation runs unmistakably outlined and absolutely undefiled by any extraneous element. "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." In this, the first, sentence of the Bible we see the fountain-head of the stream which is carried over to the new order by the declaration of the mother of the Machabees: "Son, look upon heaven and earth, and all that is in them: and consider that God made them out of nothing" (2 Maccabees 7:28). One has only to compare the Mosaic account of the creative work with that recently discovered on the clay tablets unearthed from the ruins of Babylon to discern the immense difference between the unadulterated revealed tradition and the puerile story of the cosmogony corrupted by polytheistic myths. Between the Hebrew and the Chaldean account there is just sufficient similarity to warrant the supposition that both are versions of some antecedent record or tradition; but no one can avoid the conviction that the Biblical account represents the pure, even if incomplete, truth, while the Babylonian story is both legendary and fragmentary (Smith, "Chaldean Account of Genesis", New York, 1875).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creation&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C+volume+4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04470a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_21:16" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 21:16">Qur'an 21:16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_International_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih International Translation">Sahih International Translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_67:2" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 67:2">Qur'an 67:2</a>, Muhsin Khan Translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_78:31" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 78:31">Qur'an 78:31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Ali translation">Yusuf Ali translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_2:29" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 2:29">Qur'an 2:29</a>, Muhsin Khan translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_42:11" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 42:11">Qur'an 42:11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_International_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih International Translation">Sahih International Translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_6:103" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 6:103">Qur'an 6:103</a>, Sahih International translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_50:16" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 50:16">Qur'an 50:16</a>, Muhsin Khan Translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 33">Qur'an 33</a>:41, Sahih International Translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_23:117" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an 23:117">Qur'an 23:117</a>, Sahih International Translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFaith-74-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFaith-74_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatcherMartin1985">Hatcher & Martin 1985</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith106-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psmith106_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEffendi1944">Effendi 1944</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith111-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psmith111_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nashmi-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nashmi_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashmi2013" class="citation cs2">Nashmi, Yuhana (24 April 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith">"Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith"</a>, <i>Mandaean Associations Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Issues+for+the+Mandaean+Faith&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Nashmi&rft.aufirst=Yuhana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.com%2Fhistory-english%2Fitem%2F488-mandaean-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Saadi2014" class="citation cs2">Al-Saadi, Qais (27 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.com/component/k2/itemlist/category/45-mandaean-identity">"Ginza Rabba "The Great Treasure" The Holy Book of the Mandaeans in English"</a>, <i>Mandaean Associations Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=Ginza+Rabba+%22The+Great+Treasure%22+The+Holy+Book+of+the+Mandaeans+in+English&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.aulast=Al-Saadi&rft.aufirst=Qais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.com%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2Fitemlist%2Fcategory%2F45-mandaean-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2019" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Paul S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East"><i>Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317233794" title="Special:BookSources/9781317233794"><bdi>9781317233794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781317233794&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOF1DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoutledge%2BHandbook%2Bof%2BMinorities%2Bin%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BEast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nandalal Sinha {1934} The Vedânta-sûtras of Bâdarâyaṇa, with the Commentary of Baladeva. p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126165402/http://www.krishna.com/en/node/449">"Secondary Creation"</a>. Krishna.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krishna.com/en/node/449">the original</a> on 26 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secondary+Creation&rft.pub=Krishna.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krishna.com%2Fen%2Fnode%2F449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2015monism-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2015monism_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Anderson2015" class="citation book cs1">Owen Anderson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CW2gCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT234"><i>The Declaration of Independence and God: Self-Evident Truths in American Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-40464-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-40464-5"><bdi>978-1-316-40464-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence+and+God%3A+Self-Evident+Truths+in+American+Law&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-40464-5&rft.au=Owen+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCW2gCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pg. 36-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nayanar (2005b), p.190, Gāthā 10.310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoni1998" class="citation journal cs1">Soni, Jayandra (1998). E. Craig (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705164341/http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F005SECT3">"Jain Philosophy"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. London: Routledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F005SECT3">the original</a> on 5 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Jain+Philosophy&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Soni&rft.aufirst=Jayandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticle%2FF005SECT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greathare-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greathare_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community-2.webtv.net/TheObsidianMask/GreatHare/index.html">"The Great Hare"</a>. Community-2.webtv.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Hare&rft.pub=Community-2.webtv.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity-2.webtv.net%2FTheObsidianMask%2FGreatHare%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/history/nanabozho.htm">"Nanabozho, Access genealogy"</a>. Accessgenealogy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanabozho%2C+Access+genealogy&rft.pub=Accessgenealogy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessgenealogy.com%2Fnative%2Ftribes%2Fhistory%2Fnanabozho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a> (2010), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1991" class="citation cs2">Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71"><i>Hinduism, a way of life</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0899-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+way+of+life&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Sitansu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heno-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heno_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. xiv and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, N.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317151629/http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/egyptmyth/g/henotheism.htm">"Henotheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About, Inc</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/egyptmyth/g/henotheism.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henotheism&rft.pub=About%2C+Inc&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=N.S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancienthistory.about.com%2Fcs%2Fegyptmyth%2Fg%2Fhenotheism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996226_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 226; <a href="#CITEREFKramer1986">Kramer 1986</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3translations-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3translations_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Original Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२९">Rigveda 10.129</a> Wikisource;</li> <li><b>Translation 1</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Muller1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/564/mode/2up"><i>A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</i></a>. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 559–565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=559-565&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate%2C+London&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Max+Muller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofancient00mluoft%23page%2F564%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>Translation 2</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Kramer1986" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Kramer (1986). <i>World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions</i>. Paulist Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2781-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2781-4"><bdi>0-8091-2781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Scriptures%3A+An+Introduction+to+Comparative+Religions&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8091-2781-4&rft.au=Kenneth+Kramer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>Translation 3</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Christian2011" class="citation book cs1">David Christian (2011). <i>Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History</i>. University of California Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2"><bdi>978-0-520-95067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Time%3A+An+Introduction+to+Big+History&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95067-2&rft.au=David+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> (1878), Lectures on the Origins and Growth of Religions: As Illustrated by the Religions of India, Longmans Green & Co, pages 260–271;<br /><b>William Joseph Wilkins</b>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA8">Hindu Mythology: Vedic and Purānic</a></i>, p. 8, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, London Missionary Society, Calcutta</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>HN Raghavendrachar</b> (1944), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/15675/1/12MONISMINTHEVEDAS.pdf">Monism in the Vedas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206070146/http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/15675/1/12MONISMINTHEVEDAS.pdf">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The half-yearly journal of the Mysore University: Section A - Arts, Volume 4, Issue 2, pages 137–152;<br /><b>K Werner</b> (1982), Men, gods and powers in the Vedic outlook, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Volume 114, Issue 01, pages 14–24;<br /><b>H Coward</b> (1995), Book Review:" The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas", Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, Volume 8, Issue 1, pages 45–47, <b>Quote</b>: "There is little doubt that the theo-monistic category is an appropriate one for viewing a wide variety of experiences in the Hindu tradition".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tpinchman125-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tpinchman125_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracy Pintchman (1994), The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791421123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791421123">978-0791421123</a>, pages 122–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085">The Hindu Trinity</a>, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pages 213–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205–206_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019307">978-0691019307</a>, pages 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F., ed. (2007). <i>Krishna : a sourcebook</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2000" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Nicholas (2000). <i>Religious doctrines in the Mahābhārata</i> (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1700-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1700-1"><bdi>81-208-1700-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+doctrines+in+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-208-1700-1&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asian Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy & Wendy Doniger. Page 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F., ed. (2007). <i>Krishna : a sourcebook</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Continuum-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Continuum_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica (2011). <i>The Continuum companion to Hindu studies</i>. London: Continuum. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+companion+to+Hindu+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind_Sharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Arvind Sharma (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C"><i>Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564441-8"><bdi>978-0-19-564441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Thought%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564441-8&rft.au=Arvind+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDmUToaeMJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Ras Michael (2012). <i>African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry</i> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge. pp. 90–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107668829" title="Special:BookSources/9781107668829"><bdi>9781107668829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African-Atlantic+Cultures+and+the+South+Carolina+Lowcountry&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=90-114&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107668829&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ras+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsanteMazama2009" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of African Religion</i>. SAGE Publications. pp. 120–124, 165–166, 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412936361" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412936361"><bdi>978-1412936361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Religion&rft.pages=120-124%2C+165-166%2C+361&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1412936361&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.au=Mazama%2C+Ama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuyaluka2017" class="citation journal cs1">Luyaluka, Kiatezua Lubanzadio (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934716678984">"The Spiral as the Basic Semiotic of the Kongo Religion, the Bukongo"</a>. <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 91–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934716678984">10.1177/0021934716678984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9347">0021-9347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26174215">26174215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152037988">152037988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Spiral+as+the+Basic+Semiotic+of+the+Kongo+Religion%2C+the+Bukongo&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-112&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0021-9347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152037988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26174215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934716678984&rft.aulast=Luyaluka&rft.aufirst=Kiatezua+Lubanzadio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0021934716678984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pFxDwAAQBAJ&dq=simbi&pg=PA108"><i>Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313342226" title="Special:BookSources/9780313342226"><bdi>9780313342226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoodoo%2C+Voodoo%2C+and+Conjure%3A+A+Handbook&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313342226&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pFxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsimbi%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManigault-Bryant2014" class="citation book cs1">Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8tBAAAQBAJ&q=spirits"><i>Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women</i></a>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822376705" title="Special:BookSources/9780822376705"><bdi>9780822376705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+to+the+Dead%3A+Religion%2C+Music%2C+and+Lived+Memory+among+Gullah%2FGeechee+Women&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780822376705&rft.aulast=Manigault-Bryant&rft.aufirst=LeRhonda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddw8tBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dspirits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Note: In ancient China, 18,000 does not exactly mean eighteen thousand, it is meant to be "many", or "a number that could not be counted").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinesefolklore.org.cn/blog/?uid-2072-action-viewspace-itemid-10038">人类起源神话：西北地区民族（04）：哈萨克族2-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter1981" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptw4DgAAQBAJ"><i>The Art of Biblical Narrative</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00427-0"><bdi>978-0-465-00427-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Biblical+Narrative&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00427-0&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dptw4DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2004" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMhkJ8a708C"><i>The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-33393-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-33393-0"><bdi>0-393-33393-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Books+of+Moses%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-393-33393-0&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcMhkJ8a708C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L. (2 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC"><i>Reading the Old Testament: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-39105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-39105-0"><bdi>978-0-495-39105-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.isbn=978-0-495-39105-0&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY9mTUZKJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1996" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David McLain (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&pg=PA64"><i>Reading the Fractures of Genesis: Historical and Literary Approaches</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22071-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Fractures+of+Genesis%3A+Historical+and+Literary+Approaches&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22071-6&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+McLain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UJctZxFHikC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, G.I. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"Introduction to the Pentateuch"</a>. In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927718-6"><bdi>978-0-19-927718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927718-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=G.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffendi1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Effendi, Shoghi</a> (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26"><i>God Passes By</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-020-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87743-020-9"><bdi>0-87743-020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Passes+By&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=0-87743-020-9&rft.aulast=Effendi&rft.aufirst=Shoghi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fse%2FGPB%2Fgpb-9.html%23gr26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcherMartin1985" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, William; Martin, Douglas (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZmkG1ASirgC"><i>The Baháʼí Faith</i></a>. San Francisco: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1931847061" title="Special:BookSources/1931847061"><bdi>1931847061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=1931847061&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Martin%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZmkG1ASirgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1986" class="citation cs2">Kramer, Kenneth (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34"><i>World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions</i></a>, Paulist Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2781-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2781-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-2781-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+scriptures%3A+an+introduction+to+comparative+religions&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzUAu-43W5oC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeemingLeeming2004" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David Adams; Leeming, Margaret (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vetARxZS-bMC&pg=PA113"><i>A Dictionary of Creation Myths</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510275-8"><bdi>978-0-19-510275-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Creation+Myths&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510275-8&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+Adams&rft.au=Leeming%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvetARxZS-bMC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Michaels" title="Axel Michaels">Michaels, Axel</a> (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiten2000" class="citation book cs1">Ruiten, Jacques T. A. G. M. (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xxo82l7TeQC&pg=PA9"><i>Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis 1-11 in the Book of Jubilees</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11658-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11658-0"><bdi>978-90-04-11658-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primaeval+History+Interpreted%3A+The+Rewriting+of+Genesis+1-11+in+the+Book+of+Jubilees&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11658-0&rft.aulast=Ruiten&rft.aufirst=Jacques+T.+A.+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xxo82l7TeQC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahum Sarna">Sarna, Nahum M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7BSe16MeRsC&pg=PA49">"The Mists of Time: Genesis I–II"</a>. In Feyerick, Ada; Gordon, Cyrus H.; Sarna, Nahum M. (eds.). <i>Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2668-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2668-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-2668-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mists+of+Time%3A+Genesis+I%E2%80%93II&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+World+of+Myths+and+Patriarchs&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2668-6&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Nahum+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7BSe16MeRsC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)" title="Peter Smith (historian)">Smith, Peter</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C"><i>An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7zdDFTzNr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham2003b" class="citation book cs1">Wenham, Gordon (2003b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA32">"Genesis"</a>. In Dunn, James Douglas Grant; Rogerson, J. John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+deity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region" title="Template:List of mythological figures by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region" title="Template talk:List of mythological figures by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_mythological_figures_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of mythological figures by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_mythological_figures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Lists of mythological figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities_by_cultural_sphere" title="Lists of deities by cultural sphere">By geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_mythological_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African mythological figures">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology#Pantheon" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_mythological_figures" title="List of Australian Aboriginal mythological figures">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basque_mythological_figures" title="List of Basque mythological figures">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_mythology" title="Batak mythology">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Deities" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Chahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Egyptian_mythology_articles" title="Index of Egyptian mythology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam#List_of_Elamite_gods" title="Elam">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology#Estonian_mythological_and_literary_mythological_beings,_deities_and_legendary_heroes" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology#Heroes,_gods_and_spirits" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_deities" title="List of Anglo-Saxon deities">Anglo-Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Haudenosaunee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_the_Hawaiian_religion" title="List of figures in the Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_mythology_and_folklore" title="Hebridean mythology and folklore">Hebridean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirthankaras">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei deities">Meitei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_in_Sanamahism" title="List of deities in Sanamahism">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion#List_of_Hittite_deities" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_deities" title="List of Indonesian deities">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_mythological_figures" title="List of Irish mythological figures">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_deities" title="Kassite deities">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_mythology" title="Komi mythology">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures" title="List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities" title="List of Māori deities">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Māʻohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muskogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">Native American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zapotec_deities" title="List of Zapotec deities">Zapotec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_deities" title="Purépecha deities">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities" title="List of Slavic deities">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures" title="List of Turkic mythological figures">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoruba_deities" title="List of Yoruba deities">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_by_classification" title="List of deities by classification">By association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_deities" title="List of agricultural deities">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_deities" title="List of art deities">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_deities" title="List of beauty deities">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_gods" title="Chaos gods">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_deities" title="Dawn deities">Dawn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earth_deities" title="List of earth deities">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Fate and Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities" title="List of fertility deities">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_deities" title="List of fire deities">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortune_deities" title="List of fortune deities">Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_deities" title="List of health deities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">King of the gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_knowledge_deities" title="List of knowledge deities">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_deities" title="List of light deities">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_deity" title="Liminal deity">Liminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">Love and Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities" title="List of lunar deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_deities" title="List of nature deities">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_night_deities" title="List of night deities">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rain_deities" title="List of rain deities">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithing_gods" title="Smithing gods">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_deities" title="List of solar deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_thunder_gods" title="List of thunder gods">Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tree_deities" title="List of tree deities">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_tricksters" title="List of fictional tricksters">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_deity" title="Vegetation deity">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_deity" title="Volcano deity">Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_deities" title="List of water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_deities" title="List of wind deities">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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