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<span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fold_mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fold_mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fold mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fold_mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Block mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains_and_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains_and_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mountains and humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mountains_and_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mountains and humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mountains_and_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountain_societies_and_economies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_societies_and_economies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mountain societies and economies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_societies_and_economies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountaineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountaineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mountaineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountaineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains_as_sacred_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains_as_sacred_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mountains as sacred places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains_as_sacred_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superlatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superlatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Superlatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superlatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 210 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunong" title="Gunong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Gunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AB" title="ተራራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተራራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorg" title="Beorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Beorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanya" title="Montanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Montanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܛܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munti" title="Munti – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Munti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne" title="Montagne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Montagne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="পৰ্বত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰ্বত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte" title="Monte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="पहाड़ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पहाड़" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyty" title="Yvyty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F" title="Dağ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="داغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="পর্বত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্বত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa%E2%81%BF" title="Soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Тау – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="पहाड़ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पहाड़" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid" title="Bukid – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bukid" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Планина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beag" title="Beag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Beag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planina" title="Planina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Planina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez" title="Menez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntanya" title="Muntanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muntanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83" title="Ту – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ту" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid" title="Bukid – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bukid" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora" title="Hora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomo" title="Gomo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gomo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiri" title="Phiri – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Phiri" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntagna" title="Muntagna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Muntagna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynydd" title="Mynydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoli" title="Zoli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zoli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerg" title="Bjerg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjerg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rri" title="Várri – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Várri" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82" title="Dził – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dził" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gi" title="Mägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Βουνό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουνό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munt%C3%A2gna" title="Muntâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Muntâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a" title="Montaña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montaña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto" title="Monto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendi" title="Mendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87" title="کوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahaarr" title="Pahaarr – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pahaarr" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjall" title="Fjall – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fjall" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne" title="Montagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berch" title="Berch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabh" title="Sliabh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sliabh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieau" title="Slieau – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Slieau" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn" title="Beinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a" title="Montaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лоам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лоам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4" title="પર્વત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પર્વત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongor" title="Dongor – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dongor" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2n" title="Sân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0" title="산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsauni" title="Tsauni – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsauni" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Լեռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="पर्वत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्वत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planina" title="Planina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%27idu" title="Hu'idu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Hu'idu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto" title="Monto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Monto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantay" title="Bantay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bantay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="মোন্টানহা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মোন্টানহা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montania" title="Montania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Montania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%A1%C4%A1i" title="Iġġi – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iġġi" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaba" title="Intaba – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intaba" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaba" title="Intaba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Intaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjall" title="Fjall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagna" title="Montagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Montagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8" title="הר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4" title="ಪರ್ವತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರ್ವತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="მთა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="پَہاڑ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَہاڑ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Тау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menydh" title="Menydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Menydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umusozi" title="Umusozi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umusozi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima" title="Mlima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2n" title="Mòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangn" title="Montangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Montangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iya" title="Çiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Тоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ABp" title="Crëp – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Crëp" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83" title="Зунтту – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Зунтту" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons" title="Mons – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalns" title="Kalns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierg" title="Bierg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bierg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Сув – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сув" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnas" title="Kalnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_(geologie)" title="Berg (geologie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Berg (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3mb%C3%A1" title="Ngómbá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngómbá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte" title="Monte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Monte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cmana" title="cmana – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cmana" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntagna" title="Muntagna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Muntagna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegy" title="Hegy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Планина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendrombohitra" title="Tendrombohitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendrombohitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="പർവ്വതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പർവ്വതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="पर्वत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पर्वत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="გვალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გვალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="گَر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گَر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E" title="ꯆꯤꯡꯆꯥꯎ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯤꯡꯆꯥꯎ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunuang" title="Gunuang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gunuang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83ng" title="Săng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Săng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Уул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="တောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepetl" title="Tepetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tepetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulunivanua" title="Ulunivanua – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ulunivanua" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_(landvorm)" title="Berg (landvorm) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berg (landvorm)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barg" title="Barg – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Barg" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%90%A7%E1%90%8A%E1%94%92" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐧᐊᔒ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐧᐊᔒ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="हिमाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82" title="च्वापुगुं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="च्वापुगुं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berag" title="Berag – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Berag" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjell" title="Fjell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjell" title="Fjell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangne" title="Montangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Montangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ii mw-list-item"><a href="https://ii.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%81%A7" title="ꁧ – Sichuan Yi" lang="ii" hreflang="ii" data-title="ꁧ" data-language-autonym="ꆇꉙ" data-language-local-name="Sichuan Yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꆇꉙ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Montanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaara" title="Gaara – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gaara" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%CA%BBlar" title="Togʻlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Togʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C" title="ਪਹਾੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਹਾੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="पब्बतो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पब्बतो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="پہاڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကောင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကောင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seru" title="Seru – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Seru" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="غر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountn" title="Mountn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mountn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86" title="ភ្នំ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្នំ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barg" title="Barg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Barg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3ra" title="Góra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Góra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw" title="Taw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Taw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F" title="Dağ – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dağ" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munte" title="Munte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxro" title="Paxro – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Paxro" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntogna" title="Muntogna – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Muntogna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urqu" title="Urqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гора – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гора" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Хайа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хайа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/buyu%27" title="buyu' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="buyu'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="पर्वताः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पर्वताः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moontain" title="Moontain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moontain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaba" title="Thaba – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thaba" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_(gjeografi)" title="Mali (gjeografi) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mali (gjeografi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntagna" title="Muntagna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Muntagna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mountain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جبل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جبل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrch_(vyv%C3%BD%C5%A1enina)" title="Vrch (vyvýšenina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vrch (vyvýšenina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora" title="Gora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dra" title="Gōra – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gōra" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buur" title="Buur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Buur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%88" title="کێو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Планина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planina" title="Planina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuori" title="Vuori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundok" title="Bundok – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bundok" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar" title="Adrar – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Adrar" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar_(ademkal)" title="Adrar (ademkal) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adrar (ademkal)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundagne" title="Mundagne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mundagne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Тау – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86" title="လွႆ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွႆ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="పర్వతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్వతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูเขา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D2%B3" title="Кӯҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎣᏓᎸᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎣᏓᎸᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F" title="Dağ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag" title="Dag – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Dag" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1fan" title="A̱fan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱fan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="پہاڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bya" title="Bya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanja" title="Montanja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Montanja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gi" title="Mägi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mägi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi" title="Núi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel" title="Bel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montinne" title="Montinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Montinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid" title="Bukid – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangor" title="Tangor – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tangor" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A8%D7%92" title="באַרג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באַרג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko" title="Ko – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ko" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalns" title="Kalns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoon%CC%84" title="Ogoon̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ogoon̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belud" title="Belud – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Belud" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gunung" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%8Ba" title="Taŋa – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Taŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuor" title="Zuor – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Zuor" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kʋsaal</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8502#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large natural elevation of the Earth's surface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mountain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mountain (disambiguation)">Mountain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/330px-Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/495px-Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/660px-Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, Earth's highest mountain</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mountain</b> is an elevated portion of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> in having a limited <a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">summit</a> area, and is usually higher than a <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hill</a>, typically rising at least 300 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (980 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a>) above the surrounding land. A few mountains are <a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">isolated summits</a>, but most occur in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agi-1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agi-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountains are formed</a> through <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-agi-1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agi-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which act on time scales of up to tens of millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-levin-2010-83_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-2010-83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once mountain building ceases, mountains are slowly leveled through the action of <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">slumping</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">mass wasting</a>, as well as through erosion by <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High elevations on mountains produce <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">colder climates</a> than at <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> at similar latitude. These colder climates strongly affect the <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">ecosystems</a> of mountains: different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction, such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, along with recreation, such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain climbing">mountain climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>. </p><p>The highest mountain on Earth is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, whose summit is 8,850 m (29,035 ft) above mean sea level. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of tallest mountains in the Solar System">highest known mountain</a> on any planet in the Solar System is <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> on Mars at 21,171 m (69,459 ft). The tallest mountain including submarine terrain is <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> from its underwater base at 9,330 m (30,610 ft) and some scientists consider it to be the tallest on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo,_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a>, Ecuador, whose summit is the point farthest away from the Earth's center<sup id="cite_ref-Krulwich2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krulwich2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg/260px-Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg/390px-Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg/520px-Monte_Bianco_DSF1243-m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, Italy, the highest point in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no universally accepted definition of a mountain. Elevation, volume, relief, steepness, spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard1990_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> a mountain is defined as "a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which, relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or notable."<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard1990_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage. John Whittow's <i>Dictionary of Physical Geography</i><sup id="cite_ref-whittow_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whittow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states "Some authorities regard eminences above 600 metres (1,969 ft) as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." </p><p>In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, a mountain is usually defined as any summit at least 2,000 feet (610 m) high,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which accords with the official UK government's definition that a mountain, for the purposes of access, is a summit of 2,000 feet (610 m) or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some definitions also include a <a href="/wiki/Topographical_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical prominence">topographical prominence</a> requirement, such as that the mountain rises 300 metres (984 ft) above the surrounding terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-agi-1997_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agi-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet (305 m) or taller,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has abandoned the definition since the 1970s. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. However, today, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> concludes that these terms do not have technical definitions in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/UN_Environmental_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Environmental Programme">UN Environmental Programme</a>'s definition of "mountainous environment" includes any of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Class 1: Elevation greater than 4,500 m (14,764 ft).</li> <li>Class 2: Elevation between 3,500 and 4,500 m (11,483 and 14,764 ft).</li> <li>Class 3: Elevation between 2,500 and 3,500 m (8,202 and 11,483 ft).</li> <li>Class 4: Elevation between 1,500 and 2,500 m (4,921 and 8,202 ft), with a slope greater than 2 degrees.</li> <li>Class 5: Elevation between 1,000 and 1,500 m (3,281 and 4,921 ft), with a slope greater than 5 degrees or 300 m (984 ft) elevation range within 7 km (4.3 mi).</li> <li>Class 6: Elevation between 300 and 1,000 m (984 and 3,281 ft), with a 300 m (984 ft) elevation range within 7 km (4.3 mi).</li> <li>Class 7: Isolated inner basins and plateaus less than 25 km<sup>2</sup> (9.7 sq mi) in area that are completely surrounded by Class 1 to 6 mountains, but do not themselves meet criteria for Class 1 to 6 mountains.</li></ul> <p>Using these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America, 24% of North America, and 14% of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> As a whole, 24% of the Earth's land mass is mountainous.<sup id="cite_ref-panos_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">List of mountain types</a></div> <p>There are three main types of mountains: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fold_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fold mountain">fold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fault-block_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-block mountain">block</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-literacy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three types are formed from <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>: when portions of the Earth's crust move, crumple, and dive. Compressional forces, <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">uplift</a> and intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous matter</a> forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. Major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg/220px-080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg/330px-080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg/440px-080103_hakkai_fuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Fuji volcano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Volcanoes are formed when <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">a plate is pushed below another plate</a>, or at a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butz_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butz-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a depth of around 100 km (60 mi), melting occurs in rock above the slab (due to the addition of water), and forms <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> that reaches the surface. When the magma reaches the surface, it often builds a volcanic mountain, such as a <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard1990_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 194">: 194 </span></sup> Examples of volcanoes include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> in Japan and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in the Philippines. The magma does not have to reach the surface in order to create a mountain: magma that solidifies below ground can still form <a href="/wiki/Dome_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome mountain">dome mountains</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Mountain" title="Navajo Mountain">Navajo Mountain</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fold_mountains">Fold mountains</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg/220px-Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg/330px-Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg/440px-Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of mountains that developed on a <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">fold</a> that has been <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fold mountains occur when two plates collide: shortening occurs along thrust faults and the crust is overthickened.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the less dense <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> "floats" on the denser <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> rocks beneath, the weight of any crustal material forced upward to form hills, <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> or mountains must be <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">balanced by the buoyancy force</a> of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle. Thus the continental crust is normally much thicker under mountains, compared to lower lying areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock can <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">fold</a> either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The upfolds are <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlines</a> and the downfolds are <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">synclines</a>: in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and overturned folds. The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are examples of fold mountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_mountains">Block mountains</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Block_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Block mountains">Block mountains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="the highest summit of Pirin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg/220px-Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg/330px-Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg/440px-Vihren_Pirin_IMG_8898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin Mountain</a>, Bulgaria, part of the fault-block <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> massif</figcaption></figure> <p>Block mountains are caused by <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> in the crust: a plane where rocks have moved past each other. When rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other, it can form a mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uplifted blocks are block mountains or <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horsts</a>. The intervening dropped blocks are termed <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a>: these can be small or form extensive <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> systems. This kind of landscape can be seen in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine_graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine graben">Rhine</a> valley,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> of Western North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2010474–478_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2010474–478-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> is thinned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2010474–478_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2010474–478-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erosion">Erosion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg/220px-Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg/330px-Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg/440px-Slide_Mountain_Catskills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Catskills" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskills">Catskills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> represent an eroded <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During and following uplift, mountains are subjected to the agents of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> (water, wind, ice, and gravity) which gradually wear the uplifted area down. Erosion causes the surface of mountains to be younger than the rocks that form the mountains themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraknoi2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraknoi2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacial processes</a> produce characteristic landforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_peak" title="Pyramidal peak">pyramidal peaks</a>, knife-edge <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">arêtes</a>, and bowl-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirques</a> that can contain lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-thornbury-1969_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thornbury-1969-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a> mountains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catskills" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskills">Catskills</a>, are formed from the erosion of an uplifted plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg/220px-Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg/330px-Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg/440px-Ural_mountains_3_448122223_93fa978a6d_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">northern Urals</a> at high latitude and elevation have an alpine climate and barren ground.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG/220px-Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG/330px-Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG/440px-Villnoess_St_Magdalena_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolomite Mountains">Dolomite Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in summer. The climate of the Dolomites is characterized by short but warm and mild summers, while winters are long and very cold.</figcaption></figure> <p>Climate in the mountains becomes colder at high <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevations</a>, due to an interaction between <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and convection. Sunlight in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K (60 °C; 140 °F), and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.<sup id="cite_ref-goodywilson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodywilson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic process</a>, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature dependence. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic lapse rate</a>, which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometre (or 5.4 °F (3.0 °C) per 1000 feet) of altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-goodywilson_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodywilson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a>. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">saturated</a> and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. The water vapor condenses to form clouds and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the <a href="/wiki/Dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry adiabatic lapse rate">dry adiabatic lapse rate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moist_adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist adiabatic lapse rate">moist adiabatic lapse rate</a> (5.5 °C per kilometre or 3 °F (1.7 °C) per 1000 feet)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location. Therefore, moving up 100 m (330 ft) on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometres (45 miles or 0.75° of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>) towards the nearest pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans (such as the Arctic Ocean) can drastically modify the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the altitude increases, the main form of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> becomes snow and the winds increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>The effect of the climate on the ecology at an elevation can be largely captured through a combination of amount of precipitation, and the <a href="/wiki/Biotemperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotemperature">biotemperature</a>, as described by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Holdridge" title="Leslie Holdridge">Leslie Holdridge</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biotemperature is the mean temperature; all temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) are considered to be 0 °C. When the temperature is below 0 °C, plants are dormant, so the exact temperature is unimportant. The peaks of mountains with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below 1.5 °C (34.7 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <p>Mountain environments are particularly sensitive to anthropogenic climate change and are currently undergoing alterations unprecedented in last 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of global warming on mountain regions (relative to lowlands) is still an active area of study. Observational studies show that highlands are warming faster than nearby lowlands, but when compared globally, the effect disappears.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepin_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precipitation in highland areas is not increasing as quickly as in lowland areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepin_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate modeling">Climate modeling</a> give mixed signals about whether a particular highland area will have increased or decreased precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change has started to affect the physical and ecological systems of mountains. In recent decades mountain ice caps and glaciers have experienced accelerating ice loss.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The melting of the glaciers, permafrost and snow has caused underlying surfaces to become increasingly unstable. Landslip hazards have increased in both number and magnitude due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterns of river discharge will also be significantly affected by climate change, which in turn will have significant impacts on communities that rely on water fed from alpine sources. Nearly half of mountain areas provide essential or supportive water resources for mainly urban populations,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular during the dry season and in semiarid areas such as in central Asia. </p><p>Alpine ecosystems can be particularly climatically sensitive. Many mid-latitude mountains act as cold climate refugia, with the ecosystems occupying small environmental niches. As well as the direct influence that the change in climate can have on an ecosystem, there is also the indirect one on the soils from changes in stability and soil development.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane ecology">Montane ecology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlarusAlps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GlarusAlps.jpg/220px-GlarusAlps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GlarusAlps.jpg/330px-GlarusAlps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GlarusAlps.jpg/440px-GlarusAlps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>An alpine <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">mire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The colder climate on mountains affects the plants and animals residing on mountains. A particular set of plants and animals tend to be adapted to a relatively narrow range of climate. Thus, ecosystems tend to lie along elevation bands of roughly constant climate. This is called <a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">altitudinal zonation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regions with dry climates, the tendency of mountains to have higher precipitation as well as lower temperatures also provides for varying conditions, which enhances zonation.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some plants and animals found in altitudinal zones tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable and thus constrain their movements or <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a>. These isolated ecological systems are known as <a href="/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island">sky islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altitudinal zones tend to follow a typical pattern. At the highest elevations, trees cannot grow, and whatever life may be present will be of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> type, resembling <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just below the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a>, one may find <a href="/wiki/Subalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine">subalpine</a> forests of <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">needleleaf</a> trees, which can withstand cold, dry conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below that, <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forests</a> grow. In the temperate portions of the earth, those forests tend to be needleleaf trees, while in the tropics, they can be <a href="/wiki/Broadleaf_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadleaf tree">broadleaf trees</a> growing in a <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountains_and_humans">Mountains and humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_cities_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest cities in the world">List of highest cities in the world</a></div> <p>The highest known permanently tolerable altitude is at 5,950 metres (19,520 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-highestHabitation_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highestHabitation-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At very high altitudes, the decreasing atmospheric pressure means that less oxygen is available for breathing, and there is less protection against solar radiation (<a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) elevation, there is not enough oxygen to support human life. This is sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">death zone</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summits of Mount Everest and <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> are in the death zone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png/220px-Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png/330px-Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png/440px-Mountain_regions_identified_by_UNEP.png 2x" data-file-width="4763" data-file-height="3368" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of mountains by location and elevation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_societies_and_economies">Mountain societies and economies</h3></div> <p>Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands, because of harsh weather and little level ground suitable for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. While 7% of the land area of Earth is above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> only 140 million people live above that altitude<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only 20-30 million people above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of mountain dwellers live in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, Central Asia, and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-panos_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Paz_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Paz_Skyline.jpg/220px-La_Paz_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Paz_Skyline.jpg/330px-La_Paz_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/La_Paz_Skyline.jpg/440px-La_Paz_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> reaches up to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) in elevation.</figcaption></figure> <p>With limited access to infrastructure, only a handful of human communities exist above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) of elevation. Many are small and have heavily specialized economies, often relying on industries such as agriculture, mining, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of such a specialized town is <a href="/wiki/La_Rinconada,_Peru" title="La Rinconada, Peru">La Rinconada, Peru</a>, a gold-mining town and the highest elevation human habitation at 5,100 metres (16,700 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A counterexample is <a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a>, Bolivia, at 4,150 metres (13,620 ft), which has a highly diverse service and manufacturing economy and a population of nearly 1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional mountain societies rely on agriculture, with higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Crop_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop failure">crop failure</a> than at lower elevations. Minerals often occur in mountains, with <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> being an important component of the economics of some mountain-based societies. More recently, tourism has become more important to the economies of mountain communities, with developments focused around attractions such as <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ski_resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski resorts">ski resorts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Approximately 80% of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain people">mountain people</a> live below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-panos_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the world's rivers are fed from mountain sources, with snow acting as a storage mechanism for downstream users.<sup id="cite_ref-Blyth2002_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blyth2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> More than half of humanity depends on mountains for water.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a>, mountains are often seen as <a href="/wiki/Natural_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural boundaries">natural boundaries</a> between polities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg/170px-Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg/255px-Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg/340px-Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mountaineers climbing in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Rainier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/230px-M_Rainier.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/345px-M_Rainier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/460px-M_Rainier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Climbers ascending <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> looking at <a href="/wiki/Little_Tahoma_Peak" title="Little Tahoma Peak">Little Tahoma Peak</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a>, mountain climbing, or alpinism<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a set of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdoor activities">outdoor activities</a> that involves ascending <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">mountains</a>. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, and traversing <a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">via ferratas</a> that have become <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain sports">sports</a> in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mountaineering_dx.doi.org_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountaineering_dx.doi.org-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor climbing">Indoor climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">sport climbing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a> are also considered variants of mountaineering by some,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mountaineering_tour_crit_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountaineering_tour_crit-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are part of a wide group of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sport" title="Mountain sport">mountain sports</a>. </p> Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance; mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies (including <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">grading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">guidebooks</a>) when climbing mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Mountaineering_tour_crit_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountaineering_tour_crit-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mountaineering_Kublak2014_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountaineering_Kublak2014-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous local <a href="/wiki/Alpine_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine club">alpine clubs</a> support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. A federation of alpine clubs, the <a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA), is the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains_as_sacred_places">Mountains as sacred places</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains</a></div> <p>Mountains often play a significant role in religion. There are for example a number of sacred mountains within Greece such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a> which was held to be the home of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japanese culture, the 3,776.24 m (12,389.2 ft) volcano of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> is also held to be sacred with tens of thousands of Japanese ascending it each year.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> of China, is considered to be sacred in four religions: Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a>, Buddhism, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. In Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> are made up the 952 metres (3,123 ft) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Brandon" title="Mount Brandon">Mount Brandon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> peak of <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a> is associated with the Hindu goddesses Nanda and Sunanda;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been off-limits to climbers since 1983. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a> is a sacred mountain, as it is believed to be the landing place of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. In Europe and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summit_cross" title="Summit cross">summit crosses</a> are often erected on the tops of prominent mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Eppacher_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eppacher-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superlatives">Superlatives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest mountains">List of highest mountains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg/170px-Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg/255px-Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg/340px-Comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Everest is highest from sea level (green), <span class="nowrap">Mauna Kea is highest</span> from its base (orange), <span class="nowrap">Cayambe is farthest</span> from Earth's axis (pink) and <span class="nowrap">Chimborazo is farthest</span> from Earth's centre (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>Heights of mountains are typically measured <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>. Using this metric, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> is the highest mountain on Earth, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least 100 mountains with heights of over 7,200 metres (23,622 ft) above sea level, all of which are located in central and southern Asia. The highest mountains above sea level are generally not the highest above the surrounding terrain. There is no precise definition of surrounding base, but <a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Denali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-helman_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> are possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure. The bases of mountain islands are below sea level, and given this consideration <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> (4,207 m (13,802 ft) above sea level) is the world's tallest mountain and volcano, rising about 10,203 m (33,474 ft) from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> floor.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest mountains are not generally the most voluminous. <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> (4,169 m or 13,678 ft) is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area (about 2,000 sq mi or 5,200 km<sup>2</sup>) and volume (about 18,000 cu mi or 75,000 km<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> is the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area (245 sq mi or 635 km<sup>2</sup>) and volume (1,150 cu mi or 4,793 km<sup>3</sup>). <a href="/wiki/Mount_Logan" title="Mount Logan">Mount Logan</a> is the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area (120 sq mi or 311 km<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>The highest mountains above sea level are also not those with peaks farthest from the centre of the Earth, because the <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">figure of the Earth</a> is not spherical. Sea level closer to the equator is several miles farther from the centre of the Earth. The summit of <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a>, Ecuador's tallest mountain, is usually considered to be the farthest point from the Earth's centre, although the southern summit of Peru's tallest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Huascar%C3%A1n" title="Huascarán">Huascarán</a>, is another contender.<sup id="cite_ref-Krulwich2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krulwich2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both have elevations above sea level more than 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) less than that of Everest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/28px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/42px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/56px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">List of peaks by prominence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_areas_and_resorts" title="List of ski areas and resorts">List of ski areas and resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Lists of mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_hut" title="Mountain hut">Mountain hut</a> – Building in the mountains with food and shelter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-agi-1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agi-1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agi-1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agi-1997_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Mountain". <i>Glossary of Geology</i> (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: <a href="/wiki/American_Geological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Geological Institute">American Geological Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mountain&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Geology&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levin-2010-83-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levin-2010-83_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harold L. (2010). <i>The Earth Through Time</i> (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470387740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470387740"><bdi>978-0470387740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+Through+Time&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0470387740&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeWarren1973" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Ronald Urwick; Warren, Andrew (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXub68YhovAC&dq=mountains+are+slowly+leveled+through+weathering&pg=PA212"><i>Geomorphology in Deserts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02280-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02280-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02280-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphology+in+Deserts&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02280-5&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Urwick&rft.au=Warren%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXub68YhovAC%26dq%3Dmountains%2Bare%2Bslowly%2Bleveled%2Bthrough%2Bweathering%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krulwich2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krulwich2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krulwich2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163">"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth"</a>. Npr.org. 7 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130164111/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Highest%27+Spot+on+Earth&rft.pub=Npr.org&rft.date=2007-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D9428163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard1990-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard1990_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard1990_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard1990_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerrard1990" class="citation book cs1">Gerrard, A. J. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mountainenvironm0000gerr"><i>Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07128-4"><bdi>978-0-262-07128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+Environments%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Physical+Geography+of+Mountains&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-262-07128-4&rft.aulast=Gerrard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmountainenvironm0000gerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whittow-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whittow_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittow1984" class="citation book cs1">Whittow, John (1984). <i>Dictionary of Physical Geography</i>. London: Penguin. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051094-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051094-X"><bdi>0-14-051094-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Physical+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-14-051094-X&rft.aulast=Whittow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall2008" class="citation book cs1">Nuttall, John & Anne (2008). <i>England</i>. The Mountains of England & Wales. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85284-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85284-037-2"><bdi>978-1-85284-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England&rft.place=Milnthorpe%2C+Cumbria&rft.series=The+Mountains+of+England+%26+Wales&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cicerone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85284-037-2&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=John+%26+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/north_west/7623904.stm">"Survey turns hill into a mountain"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002232825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/north_west/7623904.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Survey+turns+hill+into+a+mountain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fwales%2Fnorth_west%2F7623904.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go4awalk.com/uk-mountains-and-hills/a-mountain-is-a-mountain.php">"A Mountain is a Mountain – isn't it?"</a>. <i>www.go4awalk.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208122551/http://www.go4awalk.com/uk-mountains-and-hills/a-mountain-is-a-mountain.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.go4awalk.com&rft.atitle=A+Mountain+is+a+Mountain+%E2%80%93+isn%27t+it%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.go4awalk.com%2Fuk-mountains-and-hills%2Fa-mountain-is-a-mountain.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mountain">"mountain"</a>. <i>Dictionary.reference.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130205033435/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mountain">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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UIAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theuiaa.org/activities.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UIAA+Activities&rft.pub=UIAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheuiaa.org%2Factivities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApollo2021" class="citation book cs1">Apollo, M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6"><i>Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering</i></a>. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-72667-6">10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-72666-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-72666-9"><bdi>978-3-030-72666-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234774157">234774157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Impacts+of+Mountaineering&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Environmental+Science&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234774157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-72667-6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-72666-9&rft.aulast=Apollo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-72667-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApolloAndreychouk2022" class="citation book cs1">Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/mountaineering-adventure-tourism-and-local-communities-9781802209372.html"><i>Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781802209372" title="Special:BookSources/9781802209372"><bdi>9781802209372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountaineering+Adventure+Tourism+and+Local+Communities%3A+Social%2C+Environmental+and+Economics+Interactions&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781802209372&rft.aulast=Apollo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Andreychouk%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-elgar.com%2Fshop%2Fusd%2Fmountaineering-adventure-tourism-and-local-communities-9781802209372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredsites.com/europe/greece/mt_olympus.html">"Mt. Olympus"</a>. <i>Sacred Sites: World Pilgrimage Guide</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Sites%3A+World+Pilgrimage+Guide&rft.atitle=Mt.+Olympus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredsites.com%2Feurope%2Fgreece%2Fmt_olympus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209081345/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/asia/japan/climbing-mount-fuji/">"How Mount Fuji became Japan's most sacred symbol"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 6 February 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/asia/japan/climbing-mount-fuji/">the original</a> on 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=How+Mount+Fuji+became+Japan%27s+most+sacred+symbol&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Fjapan%2Fclimbing-mount-fuji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pilgrimagemedievalireland.com/tag/mount-brandon/">"Mount Brandon"</a>. <i>Pilgrimage in Medieval Ireland</i>. 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pilgrimage+in+Medieval+Ireland&rft.atitle=Mount+Brandon&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpilgrimagemedievalireland.com%2Ftag%2Fmount-brandon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecompletepilgrim.com/nanda-devi/">"Nanda Devi"</a>. <i>Complete Pilgrim</i>. 11 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complete+Pilgrim&rft.atitle=Nanda+Devi&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecompletepilgrim.com%2Fnanda-devi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eppacher-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eppacher_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEppacher1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eppacher, Wilhelm (1957). Klebelsberg, Raimund (ed.). <i>Berg- und Gipfelkreuze in Tirol</i>. Schlern-Schriften (in German). Vol. 178. Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner. pp. 5–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berg-+und+Gipfelkreuze+in+Tirol&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.series=Schlern-Schriften&rft.pages=5-9&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Wagner&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Eppacher&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8608913.stm">"Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest's height"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303133522/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8608913.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+and+China+agree+on+Mount+Everest%27s+height&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F8608913.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-helman-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-helman_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelman2005" class="citation book cs1">Helman, Adam (2005). <i>The Finest Peaks: Prominence and Other Mountain Measures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4122-3664-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4122-3664-9"><bdi>1-4122-3664-9</bdi></a>. <q>the base to peak rise of Denali is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some 18,000 feet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finest+Peaks%3A+Prominence+and+Other+Mountain+Measures&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4122-3664-9&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703123427/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/mountains-article">"Mountains: Highest Points on Earth"</a>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/mountains-article/">the original</a> on 3 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountains%3A+Highest+Points+on+Earth&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fsurface-of-the-earth%2Fmountains-article%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye2002" class="citation conference cs1">Kaye, G. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002CD/finalprogram/abstract_34712.htm">"Using GIS to estimate the total volume of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii"</a>. <i>98th Annual Meeting</i>. Geological Society of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125194545/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002CD/finalprogram/abstract_34712.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Using+GIS+to+estimate+the+total+volume+of+Mauna+Loa+Volcano%2C+Hawaii&rft.btitle=98th+Annual+Meeting&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsa.confex.com%2Fgsa%2F2002CD%2Ffinalprogram%2Fabstract_34712.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Mountain</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mountains" class="extiw" title="c:Mountains">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mountain" class="extiw" title="q:Mountain">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mountain" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mountain">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Landform">landforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms" title="Glossary of landforms">List of landforms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountainous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(landform)" title="Flat (landform)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableland" title="Tableland">Tableland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental plain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">Fluvial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_island" title="Lake island">island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">mouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Glacial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Oceanic and<br /> coastal landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">Lava field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">Volcanic crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">Volcanic crater lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_dam" title="Volcanic dam">Volcanic dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">Volcanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">Volcanic plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_rock" title="Wall rock">Wall rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">Dry lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhill" title="Sandhill">Sandhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">Polder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">Geographical feature</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mountains"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087823">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120812&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059492&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548306605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647488">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=31246">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain&oldid=1250659688">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain&oldid=1250659688</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains" 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