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title="RSS"><span class="visuallyhidden">RSS</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/aasnova.bsky.social" class="icon fa fa-bluesky" title="Bluesky"><span class="visuallyhidden">Bluesky</span></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="main wrap cf"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-8 main-content"> <article id="post-12610" class="post-12610 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-features category-highlights tag-multi-messenger-astronomy tag-neutrinos tag-supernovae title-above" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <header class="post-header cf"> <div class="heading cf"> <h1 class="post-title item fn" itemprop="name"> The Quest to Watch a Supernova in Real Time </h1>  </div> <div class="post-meta cf"> <span class="posted-by">By <span class="reviewer" itemprop="author"><a href="https://aasnova.org/person/susanna-kohler/" title="Susanna Kohler">Susanna Kohler</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on">on <span class="dtreviewed"> <time class="value-title" datetime="2024-08-26T12:00:26-04:00" title="2024-08-26" itemprop="datePublished">26 August 2024</time> </span> </span> <span class="subcat">Features</span> <span class="cats"> <div class="post-share"> <span class="text">Share:</span> <span class="share-links">  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F08%2F26%2Fthe-quest-to-watch-a-supernova-in-real-time%2F" class="fa fa-twitter" title="Tweet It"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Twitter</span></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F08%2F26%2Fthe-quest-to-watch-a-supernova-in-real-time%2F" class="fa fa-facebook" title="Share on Facebook"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Facebook</span></a> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F08%2F26%2Fthe-quest-to-watch-a-supernova-in-real-time%2F" class="fa fa-linkedin" title="Share on LinkedIn"> <span class="visuallyhidden">LinkedIn</span></a> <a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F08%2F26%2Fthe-quest-to-watch-a-supernova-in-real-time%2F" class="fa fa-google-plus" title="Share on Google+"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Google+</span></a> <a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F08%2F26%2Fthe-quest-to-watch-a-supernova-in-real-time%2F" class="fa fa-reddit" title="Share on Reddit"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Reddit</span></a> <a href="mailto:?subject=The%20Quest%20to%20Watch%20a%20Supernova%20in%20Real%20Time&body=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F08%2F26%2Fthe-quest-to-watch-a-supernova-in-real-time%2F" class="fa fa-envelope-o" title="Share via Email"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Email</span></a> </span> </div> </span> </div> <div class="featured"> <a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cfa-034-SN_C.jpg" title="The Quest to Watch a Supernova in Real Time" itemprop="image"> <img width="702" height="336" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cfa-034-SN_C-702x336.jpg" class="attachment-main-slider size-main-slider wp-post-image" alt="supernova" title="The Quest to Watch a Supernova in Real Time" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cfa-034-SN_C-702x336.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cfa-034-SN_C-1078x516.jpg 1078w" sizes="(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px" /> </a> <div class="caption">An artist’s illustration shows a core-collapse supernova radiating into its surroundings. Scientists hope to study these explosions in detail using key messengers: neutrinos. [<a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/10469/imagelist">Melissa Weiss/CfA</a>]</div> </div> </header> <div class="post-container cf"> <div class="post-content-right"> <div class="post-content description " itemprop="articleBody"> <p>A kilometer below Japanese ground lies a massive cylindrical tank, its steel walls lined with more than 10,000 photomultiplier tubes that await the arrival of neutrinos. Could recent upgrades to the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector improve our ability to spot and assess supernova explosions in real time?</p> <div id="attachment_12613" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A.png" data-rel="lightbox-image-0" data-rl_title="JWST image of SN 1987A. The optical signal of this explosion was preceded by the arrival of a burst of neutrinos, a handful of which were observed by detectors on Earth. [NASA, ESA, CSA, Mikako Matsuura (Cardiff University), Richard Arendt (NASA-GSFC, UMBC), Claes Fransson (Stockholm University), Josefin Larsson (KTH)]" data-rl_caption="JWST image of SN 1987A. The optical signal of this explosion was preceded by the arrival of a burst of neutrinos, a handful of which were observed by detectors on Earth. [NASA, ESA, CSA, Mikako Matsuura (Cardiff University), Richard Arendt (NASA-GSFC, UMBC), Claes Fransson (Stockholm University), Josefin Larsson (KTH)]" title="JWST image of SN 1987A. The optical signal of this explosion was preceded by the arrival of a burst of neutrinos, a handful of which were observed by detectors on Earth. [NASA, ESA, CSA, Mikako Matsuura (Cardiff University), Richard Arendt (NASA-GSFC, UMBC), Claes Fransson (Stockholm University), Josefin Larsson (KTH)]"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12613" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-12613" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A-260x253.png" alt="JWST image of SN 1987A" width="260" height="253" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A-260x253.png 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A-702x684.png 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A-768x749.png 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A-600x585.png 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/SN1987A.png 1077w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-12613" class="wp-caption-text">JWST image of SN 1987A. The optical signal of this explosion was preceded by the arrival of a burst of neutrinos, a handful of which were observed by detectors on Earth. [<a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2023/136/01H8Q02S452MC9CAF0VSJ3ZTFX">NASA, ESA, CSA, Mikako Matsuura (Cardiff University), Richard Arendt (NASA-GSFC, UMBC), Claes Fransson (Stockholm University), Josefin Larsson (KTH)</a>]</p></div> <h4>Memo from a Dying Star</h4> <p>In 1987, 25 tiny messengers arrived at Earth following a tremendous explosion 168,000 light-years away. This signal marked the first time that these near-massless messengers — neutrinos — had ever been directly observed from a Type II supernova, the core collapse of a massive star.</p> <p>The benefit of observing these particles is clear: because neutrinos so rarely interact with matter, they arrive at Earth carrying untouched information about the death of the star that produced them. And because neutrinos escape the collapsing star more readily than photons do, they arrive <em>before</em> the visible light from the supernova. This means that if scientists can detect and localize a supernova neutrino burst, they can notify observatories about the imminent optical signal from the supernova. Combining the neutrino and electromagnetic observations could then provide valuable insight into long-standing questions, like the mechanism of the star’s explosion.</p> <p>The catch? We only expect a handful of nearby (i.e., in our galaxy) supernova explosions every century — and what’s more, observing neutrinos is no easy feat! In the nearly four decades since those 25 messengers heralded the supernova SN 1987A, we haven’t detected any other neutrinos linked to supernovae. But that doesn’t mean we haven’t been preparing.</p> <h4>A Salty Upgrade for Super-K</h4> <div id="attachment_12615" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-1" data-rl_title="A scale model showing the (empty) tank of the underground Super-K neutrino detector. A recent upgrade saw a gadolinium salt added to the water that fills the tank. [Adapted from Wikipedia user Motokoka; CC BY-SA 4.0]" data-rl_caption="A scale model showing the (empty) tank of the underground Super-K neutrino detector. A recent upgrade saw a gadolinium salt added to the water that fills the tank. [Adapted from Wikipedia user Motokoka; CC BY-SA 4.0]" title="A scale model showing the (empty) tank of the underground Super-K neutrino detector. A recent upgrade saw a gadolinium salt added to the water that fills the tank. [Adapted from Wikipedia user Motokoka; CC BY-SA 4.0]"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12615" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-12615" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-260x317.jpg" alt="Super-Kamiokande scale model" width="260" height="317" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-260x317.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-702x855.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-768x935.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-600x731.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-1261x1536.jpg 1261w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-1682x2048.jpg 1682w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1-1320x1607.jpg 1320w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Super_Kamiokande_1_to_135th-1.jpg 1924w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-12615" class="wp-caption-text">A scale model showing the (empty) tank of the underground Super-K neutrino detector. A recent upgrade saw a gadolinium salt added to the water that fills the tank. [Adapted from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Super_Kamiokande,_1_to_135th.jpg#file">Wikipedia user Motokoka</a>; <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>]</p></div>The Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) neutrino detector has recently undergone an upgrade: scientists have dissolved a gadolinium salt in the 55,000 tons of ultrapure water that fills its underground tank. The addition of this rare-earth metal improves the detector’s ability to differentiate between neutrinos and antineutrinos, thereby enabling scientists to more accurately localize the supernova that produced an incoming burst of neutrinos.</p> <p>In a recent article led by Yuri Kashiwagi (Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo), Super-K scientists have analyzed how this upgraded observatory — and a corresponding real-time alert system developed to notify optical astronomers of the explosion and tell them where to point their telescopes — will respond to a hypothetical supernova within our galaxy.</p> <h4>Passing the Message On</h4> <p>Using multiple different supernova models, Kashiwagi and collaborators simulated the neutrino burst that would be produced by a supernova exploding roughly 33,000 light-years away. Through further simulations, the team then explored how successfully Super-K would detect neutrinos from the burst, how well the supernova’s location could be identified from Super-K’s detections, and how quickly this information could be broadcast to astronomical observatories via the alerting system.</p> <div id="attachment_12616" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/apjad4d8ef21_hr_a.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-2" data-rl_title="The blue contours on this sky map show an example of the reconstructed supernova position that Super-K neutrino observations should provide for a supernova that occurs 33,000 light-years away. In this example, the supernova’s location can be identified to within 3°. [Adapted from Kashiwagi et al. 2024]" data-rl_caption="The blue contours on this sky map show an example of the reconstructed supernova position that Super-K neutrino observations should provide for a supernova that occurs 33,000 light-years away. In this example, the supernova’s location can be identified to within 3°. [Adapted from Kashiwagi et al. 2024]" title="The blue contours on this sky map show an example of the reconstructed supernova position that Super-K neutrino observations should provide for a supernova that occurs 33,000 light-years away. In this example, the supernova’s location can be identified to within 3°. [Adapted from Kashiwagi et al. 2024]"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12616" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-12616" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/apjad4d8ef21_hr_a-260x127.jpg" alt="supernova localization" width="260" height="127" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/apjad4d8ef21_hr_a-260x127.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/apjad4d8ef21_hr_a-600x293.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/apjad4d8ef21_hr_a.jpg 640w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-12616" class="wp-caption-text">The blue contours on this sky map show an example of the reconstructed supernova position that Super-K neutrino observations should provide for a supernova that occurs 33,000 light-years away. In this example, the supernova’s location can be identified to within 3°. [Adapted from Kashiwagi et al. 2024]</p></div>The authors found that the simulated supernova’s location could be rapidly identified to within 3–7° on the sky, and that information could be sent to optical observatories within minutes. In many cases, this response would be sufficient for wide-field telescopes like the upcoming Vera Rubin Observatory to catch the rise of the optical signal from a supernova — and the neutrino data captured by Super-K could even help distinguish between different supernova models.</p> <p>While there’s still more to learn, it seems likely that Super-K is well prepared for future nearby supernova detections. Now all that’s left is to wait for the next explosion!</p> <h4>Citation</h4> <p>“Performance of SK-Gd’s Upgraded Real-time Supernova Monitoring System,” Y. Kashiwagi et al 2024 <em>ApJ</em> <strong>970</strong> 93. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d8e">doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d8e</a></p> <div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/multi-messenger-astronomy/" rel="tag">multi-messenger astronomy</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/neutrinos/" rel="tag">neutrinos</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/supernovae/" rel="tag">supernovae</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="comments"> <div id="comments"> <p class="nocomments"></p> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-4 sidebar"> <ul> <li id="bunyad-related-posts-widget-2" class="widget related-posts"> <h3 class="widgettitle">RELATED HIGHLIGHTS</h3> <ul class="posts-list"> <li> <a href="https://aasnova.org/2024/11/13/old-telescope-new-tricks-chasing-gravitational-waves-across-the-sky/"><img width="110" height="96" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/eso1733q-110x96.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="illustration of a neutron star merger" title="Old Telescope, New Tricks: Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </a> <div class="content"> <time datetime="2024-11-13T12:00:51-05:00">13 November 2024 </time> <span class="subcat">Features</span> <span class="comments"><a href="https://aasnova.org/2024/11/13/old-telescope-new-tricks-chasing-gravitational-waves-across-the-sky/#respond"><i class="fa fa-comments-o"></i> 0</a></span> <a href="https://aasnova.org/2024/11/13/old-telescope-new-tricks-chasing-gravitational-waves-across-the-sky/" title="Old Telescope, New Tricks: Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky"> Old Telescope, New Tricks: Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky</a> </div> </li> <li> <a href="https://aasnova.org/2024/10/29/testing-cosmology-with-the-dark-energy-survey-five-year-supernova-dataset/"><img width="110" height="96" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Cerro-Tololo-Drone-Pano_8-CC-110x96.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Víctor M. 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