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fa-facebook" title="Facebook"><span class="visuallyhidden">Facebook</span></a></li> <li><a href="/?feed=rss2" class="icon fa fa-rss" title="RSS"><span class="visuallyhidden">RSS</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/aasnova.bsky.social" class="icon fa fa-bluesky" title="Bluesky"><span class="visuallyhidden">Bluesky</span></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="main wrap cf"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-8 main-content"> <article id="post-12976" class="post-12976 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-features category-highlights tag-gamma-ray tag-gravitational-waves tag-multi-messenger-astronomy tag-transients title-above" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <header class="post-header cf"> <div class="heading cf"> <h1 class="post-title item fn" itemprop="name"> Old Telescope, New Tricks: Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky </h1>  </div> <div class="post-meta cf"> <span class="posted-by">By <span class="reviewer" itemprop="author"><a href="https://aasnova.org/person/kerry-hensley/" title="Kerry Hensley">Kerry Hensley</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on">on <span class="dtreviewed"> <time class="value-title" datetime="2024-11-13T12:00:51-05:00" title="2024-11-13" itemprop="datePublished">13 November 2024</time> </span> </span> <span class="subcat">Features</span> <span class="cats"> <div class="post-share"> <span class="text">Share:</span> <span class="share-links">  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F13%2Fold-telescope-new-tricks-chasing-gravitational-waves-across-the-sky%2F" class="fa fa-twitter" title="Tweet It"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Twitter</span></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F13%2Fold-telescope-new-tricks-chasing-gravitational-waves-across-the-sky%2F" class="fa fa-facebook" title="Share on Facebook"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Facebook</span></a> <a 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href="mailto:?subject=Old%20Telescope%2C%20New%20Tricks%3A%20Chasing%20Gravitational%20Waves%20Across%20the%20Sky&body=https%3A%2F%2Faasnova.org%2F2024%2F11%2F13%2Fold-telescope-new-tricks-chasing-gravitational-waves-across-the-sky%2F" class="fa fa-envelope-o" title="Share via Email"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Email</span></a> </span> </div> </span> </div> <div class="featured"> <a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/eso1733q.jpg" title="Old Telescope, New Tricks: Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky" itemprop="image"> <img width="702" height="336" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/eso1733q-702x336.jpg" class="attachment-main-slider size-main-slider wp-post-image" alt="illustration of a neutron star merger" title="Old Telescope, New Tricks: Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/eso1733q-702x336.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/eso1733q-1078x516.jpg 1078w" sizes="(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px" /> </a> <div class="caption">Illustration of two neutron stars approaching a merger, emitting gravitational waves as they draw closer together. [<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1733q/">ESO/L. Calçada/M. Kornmesser</a>; <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a>]</div> </div> </header> <div class="post-container cf"> <div class="post-content-right"> <div class="post-content description " itemprop="articleBody"> <p>With the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory nearing the 20th anniversary of its launch, astronomers have demonstrated a new way to use the seasoned telescope. The technique, which involves rapidly slewing to the location of a gravitational wave signal, could open a window onto the critical first minutes after a neutron-star merger.</p> <h4>When Gravitational Waves and Radiation Meet</h4> <div id="attachment_12981" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-0" data-rl_title="The "chirp" signal of the neutron-star merger GW170817, as seen by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana. [Caltech/MIT/LIGO Laboratory]" data-rl_caption="The "chirp" signal of the neutron-star merger GW170817, as seen by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana. [Caltech/MIT/LIGO Laboratory]" title="The "chirp" signal of the neutron-star merger GW170817, as seen by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana. [Caltech/MIT/LIGO Laboratory]"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12981" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-12981" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-260x104.jpg" alt="gravitational wave signal from a neutron-star merger" width="260" height="104" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-260x104.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-702x281.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-768x307.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-600x240.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-1536x614.jpg 1536w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean-1320x528.jpg 1320w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gw170817clean.jpg 1943w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-12981" class="wp-caption-text">The “chirp” signal of the neutron-star merger GW170817, as seen by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana. [<a href="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/press-release-gw170817">Caltech/MIT/LIGO Laboratory</a>]</p></div>In 2017, researchers detected gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation from the collision of two neutron stars for the first time. Just 1.7 seconds after the gravitational wave signal was detected, two all-sky gamma-ray observatories — the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and the INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) — happened to detect a burst of gamma rays from the collision.</p> <p>As fortuitous as this detection was, Fermi and INTEGRAL lacked the localization ability needed to pinpoint the burst’s position. The delay in localization cost astronomers precious time, and it wasn’t until another 12 hours had passed that optical and ultraviolet emission from the collision was identified — wavelengths that are critical to collect as soon as possible to understand the physics of the merger and the cascade of element formation that follows. Is there a way to find a neutron-star merger faster?</p> <h4>Swift Follow-Up</h4> <p>In a recent article, Aaron Tohuvavohu (University of Toronto; California Institute of Technology) and collaborators showed how we can rapidly locate neutron-star mergers on the sky with an existing tool: the 20-year-old Swift Observatory. Gamma rays, which are produced just seconds after a neutron-star collision, are ideal for quickly spotting the radiation from a merger — and Swift has the most sensitive gamma-ray detector currently in operation. <span data-teams="true"><span class="ui-provider a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak" dir="ltr">Once a gamma-ray source falls within Swift’s field of view, which spans 17% of the sky, the telescope has the ability to localize the source to within 1–3 arcminutes, giving follow-up telescopes sensitive to other wavelengths a small area to search.</span></span> But unlike all-sky gamma-ray telescopes, Swift can’t look everywhere at once, raising the question of how to get the telescope to point toward the right place at the right time.</p> <div id="attachment_12979" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-1" data-rl_title="Demonstration of how the localization of a gravitational wave signal evolves as the time to merger decreases. [Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]" data-rl_caption="Demonstration of how the localization of a gravitational wave signal evolves as the time to merger decreases. [Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]" title="Demonstration of how the localization of a gravitational wave signal evolves as the time to merger decreases. [Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12979" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-12979" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-260x95.jpg" alt="maps of on-sky localizations of gravitational wave signals" width="260" height="95" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-260x95.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-702x256.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-768x280.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-600x219.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-1536x561.jpg 1536w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-2048x748.jpg 2048w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef1_hr-1320x482.jpg 1320w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-12979" class="wp-caption-text">Demonstration of how the localization of a gravitational wave signal evolves as the time to merger decreases. Click to enlarge. [Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]</p></div>Tohuvavohu and collaborators outlined a way to use Swift to rapidly follow up on early-warning events — gravitational waves detected from inspiraling neutron stars <em>before</em> they merge. Essentially, after receiving notice of an impending neutron-star merger and a rough map of the merger’s location on the sky, Swift reorients to the likely location of the event, aiming to catch the gamma rays from the collision and pinpoint its location. But when is the best time for Swift to start turning toward the source? Current gravitational wave instruments can give up to 70 seconds of lead time before a neutron-star merger, but at that early time, they can only localize the event to an area spanning thousands of square degrees. As the merger draws nearer, the map of potential on-sky locations gets more precise, but waiting for better location information leaves Swift less time to move — and once the observatory begins slewing, it can’t be redirected until it’s finished moving.</p> <h4>Doubling the Odds</h4> <p>After being alerted to an imminent neutron-star merger, should Swift immediately race to the likeliest location, or should it wait to get a better idea of where the event is happening? Given the time required to wend toward the signal’s origin, curving to avoid forbidden zones too close to Earth or the Sun, Tohuvavohu’s team finds that it’s best for Swift to act on the earliest possible knowledge of where the merger is likely to happen, even though later maps are more accurate.</p> <div id="attachment_12980" style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-image-2" data-rl_title="Fraction of gravitational wave events encompassed by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope field of view as a function of the notice given in advance of the merger. [Adapted from Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]" data-rl_caption="Fraction of gravitational wave events encompassed by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope field of view as a function of the notice given in advance of the merger. [Adapted from Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]" title="Fraction of gravitational wave events encompassed by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope field of view as a function of the notice given in advance of the merger. [Adapted from Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12980" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-12980" src="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr-260x158.jpg" alt="plot showing the fraction of gravitational wave events falling within the Burst Alert Telescope field of view as a function of time until merger" width="260" height="158" srcset="https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr-260x158.jpg 260w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr-702x426.jpg 702w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr-768x466.jpg 768w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr-600x364.jpg 600w, https://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/apjlad87cef8_hr.jpg 964w" sizes="(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-12980" class="wp-caption-text">Fraction of gravitational wave events encompassed by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope field of view as a function of the notice given in advance of the merger. [Adapted from Tohuvavohu et al. 2024]</p></div>This method isn’t foolproof — Swift will sometimes rush to a location, only for it to become clear that the merger happened elsewhere — but the team estimated that it could more than double the rate at which neutron-star mergers are precisely localized. Quick localization, in turn, enables the rapid follow-up at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths that is key to distinguishing between competing merger models.</p> <p>Future, more sensitive gravitational wave observatories will be able to detect the faint hum of spiraling neutron stars even longer before impact, helping Swift get into position more frequently. In the meantime, Tohuvavohu and coauthors recommend working to improve the speed at which notice of an impending neutron-star merger can be transmitted to Swift.</p> <h4>Citation</h4> <p>“Swiftly Chasing Gravitational Waves Across the Sky in Real Time,” Aaron Tohuvavohu et al 2024 <em>ApJL</em> <b>975</b> L19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad87ce">doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad87ce</a></p> <div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/gamma-ray/" rel="tag">gamma ray</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/gravitational-waves/" rel="tag">gravitational waves</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/multi-messenger-astronomy/" rel="tag">multi-messenger astronomy</a> <a href="https://aasnova.org/tag/transients/" rel="tag">transients</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="comments"> <div id="comments"> <p class="nocomments"></p> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-4 sidebar"> <ul> <li id="bunyad-related-posts-widget-2" class="widget related-posts"> <h3 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