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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Human trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Scurvy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeurbuik" title="Skeurbuik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skeurbuik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB%D8%B9" title="بثع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بثع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80" title="স্কাৰ্ভী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্কাৰ্ভী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorbutu" title="Escorbutu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escorbutu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqa" title="Sinqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AB_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="ایسکوروی/ویتامین ث آزلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکوروی/ویتامین ث آزلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF" title="স্কার্ভি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কার্ভি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Зәңге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зәңге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цынга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цынга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82" title="Шкробут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкробут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82" title="Скорбут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скорбут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorbut" title="Escorbut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escorbut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цинга – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цинга" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd%C4%9Bje" title="Kurděje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurděje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefri_poeth" title="Clefri poeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefri poeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B8rbug" title="Skørbug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skørbug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Σκορβούτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκορβούτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorbuto" title="Escorbuto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escorbuto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbuto" title="Skorbuto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skorbuto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskorbuto" title="Eskorbuto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskorbuto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="اسکوربوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکوربوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrbj%C3%B3g" title="Skyrbjóg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skyrbjóg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorbut" title="Scorbut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scorbut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuorbot" title="Skuorbot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skuorbot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorbach" title="Scorbach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scorbach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorbuto" title="Escorbuto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escorbuto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%ED%98%88%EB%B3%91" title="괴혈병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="괴혈병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Լնդախտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լնդախտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="स्कर्वी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कर्वी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbuto" title="Skorbuto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skorbuto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrbj%C3%BAgur" title="Skyrbjúgur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skyrbjúgur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorbuto" title="Scorbuto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scorbuto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="צפדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ರಕ್ತಪಿತ್ತವ್ಯಾಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಕ್ತಪಿತ್ತವ್ಯಾಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სურავანდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სურავანდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سکروی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سکروی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Құрқұлақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрқұлақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiseyeye" title="Kiseyeye – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiseyeye" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorbutus" title="Scorbutus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scorbutus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinga" title="Cinga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cinga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbutas" title="Skorbutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skorbutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82" title="Скорбут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скорбут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്കർവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്കർവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skurvi" title="Skurvi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skurvi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Чийг бам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чийг бам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheurbuik" title="Scheurbuik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheurbuik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="स्कर्वी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्कर्वी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%8A%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="壊血病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="壊血病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorb%C3%BCk" title="Skorbük – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skorbük" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%B8rbuk" title="Skjørbuk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjørbuk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%B8rbuk" title="Skjørbuk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjørbuk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorbut" title="Escorbut – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escorbut" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF" title="ସ୍କର୍ଭି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍କର୍ଭି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavsha" title="Lavsha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lavsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਕਰਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕਰਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkorbut" title="Szkorbut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkorbut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorbuto" title="Escorbuto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escorbuto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorbut" title="Scorbut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scorbut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цинга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цинга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scruibie" title="Scruibie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scruibie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scurvy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82" title="Скорбут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скорбут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorbut" title="Skorbut – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skorbut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keripukki" title="Keripukki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keripukki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6rbjugg" title="Skörbjugg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skörbjugg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskorbuto" title="Eskorbuto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eskorbuto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஸ்கர்வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்கர்வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Зәңгелә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәңгелә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="స్కర్వి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్కర్వి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="โรคลักปิดลักเปิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคลักปิดลักเปิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skorb%C3%BCt" title="İskorbüt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskorbüt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Цинга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цинга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorbut" title="Scorbut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Scorbut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8F%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="坏血病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="坏血病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%9E%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="壞血病 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="壞血病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%9E%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="壞血病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="壞血病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Scurvy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Moeller's disease, Cheadle's disease, scorbutus,<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a> Barlow's disease, hypoascorbemia,<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a> vitamin C deficiency</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorbutic_gums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scorbutic_gums.jpg/220px-Scorbutic_gums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scorbutic_gums.jpg/330px-Scorbutic_gums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scorbutic_gums.jpg/440px-Scorbutic_gums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="1901" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Scorbutic gums, a symptom of scurvy. The <a href="/wiki/Interdental_papilla" title="Interdental papilla">triangle-shaped areas</a> between the teeth show redness of the gums.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Weakness, feeling tired, changes to hair, sore arms and legs, gum disease, easy bleeding<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Lack of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a><a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a>, unusual eating habits, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_malabsorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal malabsorption">intestinal malabsorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of sail">voyages at sea</a> (historic), <a href="/wiki/Castaway" title="Castaway">being stuck adrift</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Vitamin C supplements,<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a> diet that contains <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Rare (contemporary)<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Scurvy is a <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency disease">disease</a> resulting from a lack of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (ascorbic acid).<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a> Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, fatigue, and sore arms and legs.<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Without treatment, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">decreased red blood cells</a>, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur.<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> As scurvy worsens, there can be poor <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a> healing, personality changes, and finally death from infection or bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C in the diet before symptoms occur.<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> In modern times, scurvy occurs most commonly in people with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, unusual eating habits, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, and older people who live alone.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Other risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_malabsorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal malabsorption">intestinal malabsorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> While many animals produce their own vitamin C, humans and a few others do not.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Vitamin C, an <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, is required to make the building blocks for <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">carnitine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a>, and assists the intestines in the absorption of iron from foods.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Diagnosis is typically based on outward appearance, <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>, and improvement after treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Treatment is with vitamin C supplements taken by mouth.<a href="#cite_note-GARD2016-1">[1]</a> Improvement often begins in a few days with complete recovery in a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Sources of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C#Sources" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C in the diet</a> include <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruit</a> and a number of vegetables, including red peppers, broccoli, and tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Cooking often decreases the residual amount of vitamin C in foods.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Scurvy is rare compared to other nutritional deficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> It occurs more often in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> in association with <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> Rates among <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> are reported at 5 to 45 percent.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Scurvy was described as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, and historically it was a limiting factor in long-distance sea travel, often killing large numbers of people.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, it was assumed that 50 percent of the sailors would die of scurvy on a major trip.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Early symptoms are <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>. After one to three months, patients develop shortness of breath and <a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">bone pain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">Myalgias</a> may occur because of reduced <a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">carnitine</a> production. Other symptoms include skin changes with roughness, easy bruising and <a href="/wiki/Petechiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petechiae">petechiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gum_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum disease">gum disease</a>, loosening of teeth, poor wound healing, and emotional changes (which may appear before any physical changes). Dry mouth and dry eyes similar to <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a> may occur. In the late stages, <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>, generalised <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">oliguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">neuropathy</a>, fever, convulsions, and eventual death are frequently seen.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorbutic_tongue_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A child presenting a "scorbutic tongue" due to vitamin C deficiency"><img alt="A child presenting a "scorbutic tongue" due to vitamin C deficiency" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Scorbutic_tongue_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="195" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A child presenting a "scorbutic tongue" due to <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> deficiency</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ASM-30-325-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A child with scurvy in flexion posture"><img alt="A child with scurvy in flexion posture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ASM-30-325-g001.jpg/400px-ASM-30-325-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/ASM-30-325-g001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A child with scurvy in flexion posture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ASM-30-325-g002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of the chest cage with scorbutic rosaries"><img alt="Photo of the chest cage with scorbutic rosaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ASM-30-325-g002.jpg/401px-ASM-30-325-g002.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/ASM-30-325-g002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="426" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of the chest cage with scorbutic rosaries</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> Scurvy, including subclinical scurvy, is caused by a deficiency of dietary vitamin C, since humans are unable to metabolically synthesize vitamin C. Provided the diet contains sufficient vitamin C, the lack of working <a href="/wiki/L-gulonolactone_oxidase" title="L-gulonolactone oxidase">L-gulonolactone oxidase</a> (GULO) enzyme has no significance, and in modern Western societies, scurvy is rarely present in adults, although infants and elderly people are affected.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Virtually all commercially available baby formulas contain added vitamin C, preventing infantile scurvy. Human <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a> contains sufficient vitamin C, if the mother has an adequate intake. Commercial milk is <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurized</a>, a heating process that destroys the natural vitamin C content of the milk.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a> Scurvy is one of the accompanying diseases of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> (other such micronutrient deficiencies are <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>) and thus is still widespread in areas of the world dependent on external food aid.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Although rare, there are also documented cases of scurvy due to poor dietary choices by people living in industrialized nations.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-HPM_2016-08-15-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathogenesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASM-30-325-g003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ASM-30-325-g003.jpg/220px-ASM-30-325-g003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ASM-30-325-g003.jpg/330px-ASM-30-325-g003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ASM-30-325-g003.jpg/440px-ASM-30-325-g003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>X-ray of the knee joint (arrow indicates scurvy line)</figcaption></figure> Vitamins are essential to the production and use of enzymes that are involved in ongoing processes throughout the human body.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">Ascorbic acid</a> is needed for a variety of biosynthetic pathways, by accelerating <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidation">amidation</a> reactions. The early symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a> may be due to either impaired <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">fatty acid metabolism</a> from lack of carnitine, and/or from lack of catecholamines which are needed for the <a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="CAMP-dependent pathway">cAMP-dependent pathway</a> in both glycogen metabolism and fatty acid metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Impairment of either fatty acid metabolism or glycogen metabolism leads to decreased <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> (energy) production. ATP is needed for cellular functions throughout the body, including <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction#Cross-bridge_cycle" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contraction</a>. (For low ATP within the muscle cell, see also <a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a>.) In the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>, ascorbic acid is required as a cofactor for <a href="/wiki/Prolyl_hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolyl hydroxylase">prolyl hydroxylase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysyl_hydroxylase" title="Lysyl hydroxylase">lysyl hydroxylase</a>. These two enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of the <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> amino acids in collagen. <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyproline" title="Hydroxyproline">Hydroxyproline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylysine" title="Hydroxylysine">hydroxylysine</a> are important for stabilizing collagen by cross-linking the propeptides in collagen. Collagen is a primary structural protein in the human body, necessary for healthy blood vessels, muscle, skin, bone, cartilage, and other connective tissues. Defective connective tissue leads to fragile capillaries, resulting in abnormal bleeding, bruising, and internal hemorrhaging. Collagen is an important part of bone, so bone formation is also affected. Teeth loosen, bones break more easily, and once-healed breaks may recur.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a> Defective collagen fibrillogenesis impairs wound healing. Untreated scurvy is invariably fatal.<a href="#cite_note-Naked-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Diagnosis is typically based on physical signs, <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>, and improvement after treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Various childhood onset disorders can mimic the clinical and X-ray picture of scurvy such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasias" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteochondrodysplasias">Osteochondrodysplasias</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">osteogenesis imperfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount%27s_disease" title="Blount's disease">Blount's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">Osteomyelitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Foods and their Vitamin C content per 100 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Item </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:6em;">Vitamin C contents (<a href="/wiki/Milligrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligrams">mg</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrciaria_dubia" title="Myrciaria dubia">Camu Camu</a></td> <td>2000.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica" title="Phyllanthus emblica">Amla</a></td> <td>610.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urtica" title="Urtica">Urtica</a></td> <td>333.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">Guava</a></td> <td>228.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">Blackcurrant</a></td> <td>181.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">Kiwifruit</a></td> <td>161.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili pepper</a></td> <td>144.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></td> <td>133.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">Green kiwifruit</a></td> <td>92.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">Broccoli</a></td> <td>89.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprout" title="Brussels sprout">Brussels sprout</a></td> <td>85.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell pepper</a></td> <td>80.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></td> <td>62.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></td> <td>58.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></td> <td>53.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></td> <td>53.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">Cabbage</a></td> <td>36.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">Spinach</a></td> <td>28.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></td> <td>27.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></td> <td>19.70 </td></tr></tbody></table> Scurvy can be prevented by a diet that includes uncooked <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C#Sources" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C-rich foods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica" title="Phyllanthus emblica">amla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a> (sweet peppers), <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili peppers">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>. Other sources rich in vitamin C are fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>. It is also found in vegetables, such as <a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprout" title="Brussels sprout">brussels sprouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>. Some fruits and vegetables not high in vitamin C may be <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickled</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lemon_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon juice">lemon juice</a>, which is high in vitamin C. Nutritional supplements which provide ascorbic acid well in excess of what is required to prevent scurvy may cause adverse health effects.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Fresh meat from animals, notably internal organs, contains enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy, and even partly treat it.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Scott's <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">1902 Antarctic expedition</a> used fresh seal meat and increased allowance of bottled fruits, whereby complete recovery from incipient scurvy was reported to have taken less than two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Scurvy will improve with doses of vitamin C as low as 10 mg per day though doses of around 100 mg per day are typically recommended.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Most people make a full recovery within 2 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Symptoms of scurvy have been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> as early as 1550 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley_S_Buckler_MD,_Anjali_Parish_MD-20">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, the physician <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (460–370 BC) described symptoms of scurvy, specifically a "swelling and obstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 406 CE, the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> was carried on Chinese ships to prevent scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The knowledge that consuming foods containing vitamin C is a cure for scurvy has been repeatedly forgotten and rediscovered into the early-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECegłowski2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ceg-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern era">edit</a>]</div> In the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> developed scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the 1497 expedition of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, the curative effects of citrus fruit were already observed<a href="#cite_note-ceg-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and were confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> and his crew in 1507.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Portuguese planted fruit trees and vegetables on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, a stopping point for homebound voyages from Asia, and left their sick who had scurvy and other ailments to be taken home by the next ship if they recovered.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1500, one of the pilots of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Cabral</a>'s fleet bound for India noted that in <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, its king offered the expedition fresh supplies such as lambs, chickens, and ducks, along with lemons and oranges, due to which "some of our ill were cured of scurvy".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> These travel accounts did not stop further maritime tragedies caused by scurvy, first because of the lack of communication between travelers and those responsible for their health, and because fruits and vegetables could not be kept for long on ships.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1536, the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, while exploring the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, used the local <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians" title="St. Lawrence Iroquoians">St. Lawrence Iroquoians</a>' knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy. He boiled the needles of the <a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">arbor vitae</a> tree (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_white_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern white cedar">eastern white cedar</a>) to make a tea that was later shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Such treatments were not available aboard ship, where the disease was most common. Later, possibly inspired by this incident, several European countries experimented with preparations of various conifers, such as <a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">spruce beer</a>, as cures for scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-Guertin_et_al_2018-36">[36]</a> In 1579, the Spanish friar and physician <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Farf%C3%A1n" title="Agustín Farfán">Agustin Farfán</a> published a book Tractado breve de anathomía y chirugía, y de algunas enfermedades que más comúnmente suelen haver en esta Nueva España in which he recommended oranges and lemons for scurvy, a remedy that was already known in the Spanish navy.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In February 1601, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a>, while commanding the first English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> fleet en route to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, landed on the northern coast of Madagascar specifically to obtain lemons and oranges for his crew to stop scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Captain Lancaster conducted an experiment using four ships under his command. One ship's crew received routine doses of lemon juice while the other three ships did not receive any such treatment. As a result, members of the non-treated ships started to contract scurvy, with many dying as a result.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It has been estimated by researchers that during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a> (between 1500 and 1800), scurvy killed at least two million <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a> Jonathan Lamb wrote: "In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230; ... all mainly to scurvy."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1593, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a> advocated drinking orange and lemon juice as a means of preventing scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A 1609 book by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Leonardo_de_Argensola" title="Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola">Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola</a> recorded a number of different remedies for scurvy known at this time in the Moluccas, including a kind of wine mixed with cloves and ginger, and "certain herbs". The Dutch sailors in the area were said to cure the same disease by drinking lime juice.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1614, <a href="/wiki/John_Woodall" title="John Woodall">John Woodall</a>, Surgeon General of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a>, published The Surgion's Mate as a handbook for apprentice surgeons aboard the company's ships. He repeated the experience of mariners that the cure for scurvy was fresh food or, if not available, oranges, lemons, limes, and <a href="/wiki/Tamarinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarinds">tamarinds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bown-44">[44]</a> He was, however, unable to explain the reason why, and his assertion had no impact on the prevailing opinion of the influential physicians of the age, that scurvy was a digestive complaint. Apart from ocean travel, even in Europe, until the late Middle Ages, scurvy was common in late winter, when few green vegetables, fruits and root vegetables were available. This gradually improved with the introduction from the Americas of potatoes; by 1800, scurvy was virtually unheard of in Scotland, where it had previously been endemic.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>: 11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesLind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/JamesLind.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Lind" title="James Lind">James Lind</a>, a pioneer in the field of scurvy prevention</figcaption></figure> In 2009, a handwritten household book authored by a Cornishwoman in 1707 was discovered in a house in Hasfield, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, containing a "<abbr title="Recipe">Recp.t</abbr> for the Scurvy" amongst other largely medicinal and herbal recipes. The recipe consisted of extracts from various plants mixed with a plentiful supply of orange juice, white wine or beer.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1734, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>-based physician <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bachstrom" title="Johann Bachstrom">Johann Bachstrom</a> published a book on scurvy in which he stated, "scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food, and greens; which is alone the primary cause of the disease", and urged the use of fresh fruit and vegetables as a cure.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It was not until 1747 that <a href="/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lind (physician)">James Lind</a> formally demonstrated that scurvy could be treated by supplementing the diet with citrus fruit, in one of the first controlled clinical experiments reported in the history of medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Lind1753-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> As a naval surgeon on HMS Salisbury, Lind had compared several suggested scurvy cures: <a href="/wiki/Hard_cider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard cider">hard cider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemons">lemons</a>, and a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">balsam of Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard seed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a> root. In A Treatise on the Scurvy (1753)<a href="#cite_note-Ag2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELind1753-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lind1753-50">[50]</a> Lind explained the details of his clinical trial and concluded "the results of all my experiments was, that oranges and lemons were the most effectual remedies for this distemper at sea."<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lind1753-50">[50]</a> However, the experiment and its results occupied only a few paragraphs in a work that was long and complex and had little impact. Lind himself never actively promoted lemon juice as a single 'cure'. He shared medical opinion at the time that scurvy had multiple causes – notably hard work, bad water, and the consumption of salt meat in a damp atmosphere which inhibited healthful perspiration and normal excretion – and therefore required multiple solutions.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Lind was also sidetracked by the possibilities of producing a concentrated 'rob' of lemon juice by boiling it. This process destroyed the vitamin C and was therefore unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a> During the 18th century, scurvy killed more British sailors than wartime enemy action. It was mainly by scurvy that <a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">George Anson</a>, in his celebrated voyage of 1740–1744, lost nearly two-thirds of his crew (1,300 out of 2,000) within the first 10 months of the voyage.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Royal Navy enlisted 184,899 sailors during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>; 133,708 of these were "missing" or died from disease, and scurvy was the leading cause.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Although throughout this period sailors and naval surgeons were increasingly convinced that citrus fruits could cure scurvy, the classically trained physicians who determined medical policy dismissed this evidence as merely anecdotal, as it did not conform to their theories of disease. Literature championing the cause of citrus juice, therefore, had no practical impact. The medical theory was based on the assumption that scurvy was a disease of internal putrefaction brought on by faulty digestion caused by the hardships of life at sea and the naval diet. Although this basic idea was given different emphases by successive theorists, the remedies they advocated (and which the navy accepted) amounted to little more than the consumption of 'fizzy drinks' to activate the digestive system, the most extreme of which was the regular consumption of 'elixir of vitriol' – sulphuric acid taken with spirits and barley water, and laced with spices. In 1764, a new and similarly inaccurate theory on scurvy appeared. Advocated by Dr <a href="/wiki/David_MacBride" class="mw-redirect" title="David MacBride">David MacBride</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">Sir John Pringle</a>, Surgeon General of the Army and later President of the Royal Society, this idea was that scurvy was the result of a lack of 'fixed air' in the tissues which could be prevented by drinking infusions of malt and <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> whose fermentation within the body would stimulate digestion and restore the missing gases.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> These ideas received wide and influential backing, when <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> set off to circumnavigate the world (1768–1771) in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">HM Bark Endeavour</a>, malt and wort were top of the list of the remedies he was ordered to investigate. The others were beer, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">Sauerkraut</a> (a good source of vitamin C) and Lind's 'rob'. The list did not include lemons.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Cook did not lose a single man to scurvy, and his report came down in favour of malt and wort, although it is now clear that the reason for the health of his crews on this and other voyages was Cook's regime of shipboard cleanliness, enforced by strict discipline, as well as frequent replenishment of fresh food and greenstuffs.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Another beneficial rule implemented by Cook was his prohibition of the consumption of salt fat skimmed from the ship's copper boiling pans, then a common practice elsewhere in the Navy. In contact with air, the copper formed compounds that prevented the absorption of vitamins by the intestines.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The first major long distance expedition that experienced virtually no scurvy was that of the Spanish naval officer <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a>, 1789–1794. Malaspina's medical officer, Pedro González, was convinced that fresh oranges and lemons were essential for preventing scurvy. Only one outbreak occurred, during a 56-day trip across the open sea. Five sailors came down with symptoms, one seriously. After three days at <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> all five were healthy again. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain's large empire</a> and many ports of call made it easier to acquire fresh fruit.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Although towards the end of the century MacBride's theories were being challenged, the medical authorities in Britain remained committed to the notion that scurvy was a disease of internal 'putrefaction' and the Sick and Hurt Board, run by administrators, felt obliged to follow its advice. Within the Royal Navy, however, opinion – strengthened by first-hand experience of the use of lemon juice at the siege of Gibraltar and during Admiral Rodney's expedition to the Caribbean – had become increasingly convinced of its efficacy. This was reinforced by the writings of experts like <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Blane" title="Gilbert Blane">Gilbert Blane</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trotter_(physician)" title="Thomas Trotter (physician)">Thomas Trotter</a><a href="#cite_note-TrotterMilman1786-62">[62]</a> and by the reports of up-and-coming naval commanders. With the coming of war in 1793, the need to eliminate scurvy acquired a new urgency. But the first initiative came not from the medical establishment but from the admirals. Ordered to lead an expedition against Mauritius, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardner,_1st_Baron_Gardner" title="Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner">Rear Admiral Gardner</a> was uninterested in the wort, malt and elixir of vitriol which were still being issued to ships of the Royal Navy, and demanded that he be supplied with lemons, to counteract scurvy on the voyage. Members of the Sick and Hurt Board, recently augmented by two practical naval surgeons, supported the request, and the Admiralty ordered that it be done. There was, however, a last minute change of plan, and the expedition against Mauritius was cancelled. On 2 May 1794, only <a href="/wiki/HMS_Suffolk_(1765)" title="HMS Suffolk (1765)">HMS Suffolk</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> under Commodore Peter Rainier sailed for the east with an outward bound convoy, but the warships were fully supplied with lemon juice and the sugar with which it had to be mixed. In March 1795, it was reported that the Suffolk had arrived in India after a four-month voyage without a trace of scurvy and with a crew that was healthier than when it set out. The effect was immediate. Fleet commanders clamoured also to be supplied with lemon juice, and by June the Admiralty acknowledged the groundswell of demand in the navy and agreed to a proposal from the Sick and Hurt Board that lemon juice and sugar should in future be issued as a daily ration to the crews of all warships.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It took a few years before the method of distribution to all ships in the fleet had been perfected and the supply of the huge quantities of lemon juice required to be secured, but by 1800, the system was in place and functioning. This led to a remarkable health improvement among the sailors and consequently played a critical role in gaining the advantage in naval battles against enemies who had yet to introduce the measures. Scurvy was not only a disease of seafarers. The early colonists of Australia suffered greatly because of the lack of fresh fruit and vegetables in the winter. There the disease was called Spring fever or Spring disease and described an often fatal condition associated with skin lesions, bleeding gums and lethargy. It was eventually identified as scurvy and the remedies already in use at sea implemented.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg/220px-A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg/330px-A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg/440px-A_case_of_Scurvy_journal_of_Henry_Walsh_Mahon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>Page from the journal of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Walsh_Mahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Walsh Mahon (page does not exist)">Henry Walsh Mahon</a> showing the effects of scurvy, from his time aboard HM Convict Ship Barrosa (1841/2)</figcaption></figure> The surgeon-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s army at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1801)">Siege of Alexandria (1801)</a>, Baron <a href="/wiki/Dominique-Jean_Larrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique-Jean Larrey">Dominique-Jean Larrey</a>, wrote in his memoirs that the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a> helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. The meat was cooked but was freshly obtained from young horses bought from Arabs, and was nevertheless effective. This helped to start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Lauchlin Rose patented a method used to preserve citrus juice without alcohol in 1867, creating a <a href="/wiki/Squash_(drink)" title="Squash (drink)">concentrated drink</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Rose%27s_lime_juice" title="Rose's lime juice">Rose's lime juice</a>. The Merchant Shipping Act of 1867 required all ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a> to provide a daily "<a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a> or lemon juice" ration of one pound to sailors to prevent scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The product became nearly ubiquitous, hence the term "<a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">limey</a>", first for British sailors, then for English immigrants within the former British colonies (particularly America, New Zealand and South Africa), and finally, in old American slang, all British people.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The plant <a href="/wiki/Cochlearia_officinalis" title="Cochlearia officinalis">Cochlearia officinalis</a>, also known as "common scurvygrass", acquired its common name from the observation that it cured scurvy, and it was taken on board ships in dried bundles or distilled extracts. Its very bitter taste was usually disguised with herbs and spices; however, this did not prevent scurvygrass drinks and sandwiches from becoming a popular fad in the UK until the middle of the nineteenth century, when citrus fruits became more readily available.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Key_lime" title="Key lime">West Indian limes</a> began to take over from lemons, when Spain's alliance with France against Britain in the Napoleonic Wars made the supply of Mediterranean lemons problematic, and because they were more easily obtained from Britain's Caribbean colonies<a href="#cite_note-ceg-26">[26]</a> and were believed to be more effective because they were more acidic. It was the acid, not the (then-unknown) Vitamin C that was believed to cure scurvy. In fact, the West Indian limes were significantly lower in Vitamin C than the previous lemons and further were not served fresh but rather as lime juice, which had been exposed to light and air, and piped through copper tubing, all of which significantly reduced the Vitamin C. Indeed, a 1918 animal experiment using representative samples of the Navy and Merchant Marine's lime juice showed that it had virtually no antiscorbutic power at all.<a href="#cite_note-ceg-26">[26]</a> The belief that scurvy was fundamentally a nutritional deficiency, best treated by consumption of fresh food, particularly fresh citrus or fresh meat, was not universal in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and thus sailors and explorers continued to have scurvy into the 20th century. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1897–1899 became seriously affected by scurvy when its leader, <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a>, initially discouraged his men from eating penguin and seal meat. In the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> expeditions in the mid 19th century it was widely believed that scurvy was prevented by good hygiene on board ship, regular exercise, and maintaining the morale of the crew, rather than by a diet of fresh food. Navy expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy even while fresh (not jerked or tinned) meat was well known as a practical antiscorbutic among civilian whalers and explorers in the Arctic. In the latter half of the 19th century there was greater recognition of the value of eating fresh meat as a means of avoiding or treating scurvy, but the lack of available game to hunt at high latitudes in winter meant it was not always a viable remedy. Criticism also focused on the fact that some of the men most affected by scurvy on Naval polar expeditions had apparently been heavy drinkers, with suggestions that this predisposed them to the condition.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Even cooking fresh meat did not entirely destroy its antiscorbutic properties, especially as many cooking methods failed to bring all the meat to high temperature. The confusion is attributed to a number of factors:<a href="#cite_note-ceg-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>while fresh citrus (particularly lemons) cured scurvy, lime juice that had been exposed to light, air and copper tubing did not – thus undermining the theory that citrus cured scurvy;</li> <li>fresh meat (especially organ meat and raw meat, consumed in arctic exploration) also cured scurvy, undermining the theory that fresh vegetable matter was essential to preventing and curing scurvy;</li> <li>increased marine speed via steam shipping, and improved nutrition on land, reduced the incidence of scurvy – and thus the ineffectiveness of copper-piped lime juice compared to fresh lemons was not immediately revealed.</li></ul> In the resulting confusion, a new hypothesis was proposed, following the new germ theory of disease – that scurvy was caused by <a href="/wiki/Ptomaine_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptomaine poisoning">ptomaine</a>, a waste product of bacteria, particularly in tainted tinned meat.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Infantile scurvy emerged in the late-19th century because children were being fed pasteurized cow's milk, particularly in the urban upper class. While pasteurization killed bacteria, it also destroyed vitamin C. This was eventually resolved by supplementing with <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> juice or cooked potatoes. Native Americans helped save some newcomers from scurvy by directing them to eat <a href="/wiki/Allium_acuminatum" title="Allium acuminatum">wild onions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> By the early 20th century, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> made his first expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> (1901–1904), the prevailing theory was that scurvy was caused by "<a href="/wiki/Ptomaine_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptomaine poisoning">ptomaine poisoning</a>", particularly in tinned meat.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, Scott discovered that a diet of fresh meat from Antarctic seals cured scurvy before any fatalities occurred.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> But while he saw fresh meat as a cure for scurvy, he remained confused about its underlying causes.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1907, an animal model which would eventually help to isolate and identify the "antiscorbutic factor" was discovered. <a href="/wiki/Axel_Holst" title="Axel Holst">Axel Holst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Theodor Frølich">Theodor Frølich</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> physicians studying shipboard <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a> contracted by ship's crews in the Norwegian Fishing Fleet, wanted a small test mammal to substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a> then used in beriberi research. They fed <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a> their test diet of grains and flour, which had earlier produced beriberi in their pigeons, and were surprised when classic scurvy resulted instead. This was a serendipitous choice of animal. Until that time, scurvy had not been observed in any organism apart from humans and had been considered an exclusively human disease. Certain birds, mammals, and fish are susceptible to scurvy, but pigeons are unaffected, since they can synthesize ascorbic acid internally. Holst and Frølich found they could cure scurvy in guinea pigs with the addition of various fresh foods and extracts. This discovery of an animal experimental model for scurvy, which was made even before the essential idea of "vitamins" in foods had been put forward, has been called the single most important piece of vitamin C research.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1915, New Zealand troops in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> had a lack of vitamin C in their diet which caused many of the soldiers to contract scurvy.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Vilhjalmur Stefansson</a>, an Arctic explorer who had lived among the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, proved that the all-meat diet they consumed did not lead to vitamin deficiencies. He participated in a study in New York's <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Hospital" title="Bellevue Hospital">Bellevue Hospital</a> in February 1928, where he and a companion ate only meat for a year while under close medical observation, yet remained in good health.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1927, Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> isolated a compound he called "<a href="/wiki/Hexuronic_acid" title="Hexuronic acid">hexuronic acid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Szent-Györgyi suspected hexuronic acid, which he had isolated from adrenal glands, to be the antiscorbutic agent, but he could not prove it without an animal-deficiency model. In 1932, the connection between hexuronic acid and scurvy was finally proven by American researcher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glen_King" title="Charles Glen King">Charles Glen King</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> King's laboratory was given some hexuronic acid by Szent-Györgyi and soon established that it was the sought-after anti-scorbutic agent. Because of this, hexuronic acid was subsequently renamed ascorbic acid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Rates of scurvy in most of the world are low.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Those most commonly affected are <a href="/wiki/Malnourished" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnourished">malnourished</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> There have been outbreaks of the condition in <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee camps">refugee camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Case reports in the developing world of those with poorly healing wounds have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Westmead_2016-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_trials">Human trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human trials">edit</a>]</div> Notable human dietary studies of experimentally induced scurvy were conducted on <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> during World War II in Britain and in the United States on Iowa state prisoner volunteers in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iowa-84">[84]</a> These studies both found that all obvious symptoms of scurvy previously induced by an experimental scorbutic diet with extremely low vitamin C content could be completely reversed by additional vitamin C supplementation of only 10 mg per day. In these experiments, no clinical difference was noted between men given 70 mg vitamin C per day (which produced blood levels of vitamin C of about 0.55 mg/dl, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 of tissue saturation levels), and those given 10 mg per day (which produced lower blood levels). Men in the prison study developed the first signs of scurvy about four weeks after starting the vitamin C-free diet, whereas in the British study, six to eight months were required, possibly because the subjects were pre-loaded with a 70 mg/day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was fed.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-83">[83]</a> Men in both studies, on a diet devoid or nearly devoid of vitamin C, had blood levels of vitamin C too low to be accurately measured when they developed signs of scurvy, and in the Iowa study, at this time were estimated (by labeled vitamin C dilution) to have a body pool of less than 300 mg, with daily turnover of only 2.5 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_animals">In other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In other animals">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C#Biosynthesis" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C § Biosynthesis</a></div> Most animals and plants are able to <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C#Synthesis" title="Vitamin C">synthesize vitamin C</a> through a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>-driven steps, which convert <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosaccharides">monosaccharides</a> to vitamin C. However, some mammals have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C, notably <a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">simians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarsier" title="Tarsier">tarsiers</a>. These make up one of two major <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> suborders, <a href="/wiki/Haplorrhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplorrhini">haplorrhini</a>, and this group includes <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Strepsirrhini" title="Strepsirrhini">strepsirrhini</a> (non-tarsier prosimians) can make their own vitamin C, and these include <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loris" title="Loris">lorises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potto" title="Potto">pottos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galago" title="Galago">galagos</a>. Ascorbic acid is also not synthesized by at least two species of <a href="/wiki/Caviidae" title="Caviidae">caviidae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a>. There are known species of birds and fish that do not synthesize their own vitamin C. All species that do not synthesize ascorbate require it in the diet. Deficiency causes scurvy in humans, and somewhat similar symptoms in other animals.<a href="#cite_note-UKFSA-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMM-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-OSU-89">[89]</a> Animals that can contract scurvy all lack the <a href="/wiki/L-gulonolactone_oxidase" title="L-gulonolactone oxidase">L-gulonolactone oxidase</a> (GULO) enzyme, which is required in the last step of vitamin C synthesis. The genomes of these species contain GULO as <a href="/wiki/Pseudogene" title="Pseudogene">pseudogenes</a>, which serve as insight into the evolutionary past of the species.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1962571-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1400507-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10572964-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> In babies, scurvy is sometimes referred to as Barlow's disease, named after <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Barlow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet">Thomas Barlow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> a British <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> who described it in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However, Barlow's disease may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_prolapse" title="Mitral valve prolapse">mitral valve prolapse</a> (Barlow's syndrome), first described by <a href="/wiki/John_Brereton_Barlow" title="John Brereton Barlow">John Brereton Barlow</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4159172-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GARD2016-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD2016_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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GARD. 1 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126020402/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10406/scurvy">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2017. 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Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 18 (1): 75–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.1993.tb00976.x">10.1111/j.1365-2230.1993.tb00976.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8440062">8440062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42245389">42245389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Scurvy+occurring+in+a+teenager&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-7&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42245389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8440062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.1993.tb00976.x&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Dawson%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPM_2016-08-15-13"><a href="#cite_ref-HPM_2016-08-15_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeibel2016" class="citation news cs1">Feibel, Carrie (15 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2016/08/15/162200/the-return-of-scurvy-houston-neurologist-diagnoses-hundreds-of-patients-with-vitamin-deficiencies/">"The Return of Scurvy? Houston Neurologist Diagnoses Hundreds of Patients with Vitamin Deficiencies"</a>. Houston Public Media. University of Houston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816121128/http://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2016/08/15/162200/the-return-of-scurvy-houston-neurologist-diagnoses-hundreds-of-patients-with-vitamin-deficiencies/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Public+Media&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Scurvy%3F+Houston+Neurologist+Diagnoses+Hundreds+of+Patients+with+Vitamin+Deficiencies&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.aulast=Feibel&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonpublicmedia.org%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F15%2F162200%2Fthe-return-of-scurvy-houston-neurologist-diagnoses-hundreds-of-patients-with-vitamin-deficiencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naked-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Naked_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/forgotten-knowledge/">"Forgotten Knowledge: The Science of Scurvy"</a>. 28 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510164237/http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/forgotten-knowledge/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Knowledge%3A+The+Science+of+Scurvy&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenakedscientists.com%2FHTML%2Farticles%2Farticle%2Fforgotten-knowledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers,_JM1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rivers, JM (1987). "Safety of high-level vitamin C ingestion". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 498 (1 Third Confere): 445–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.498..445R">1987NYASA.498..445R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb23780.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23780.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3304071">3304071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1410094">1410094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Safety+of+high-level+vitamin+C+ingestion&rft.volume=498&rft.issue=1+Third+Confere&rft.pages=445-54&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb23780.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1410094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3304071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.498..445R&rft.au=Rivers%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeth,_JD2019" class="citation journal cs1">Speth, JD (2019). "Neanderthals, vitamin C, and scurvy". Quaternary International. 500: 172–184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QuInt.500..172S">2019QuInt.500..172S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2018.11.042">10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134893835">134893835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Neanderthals%2C+vitamin+C%2C+and+scurvy&rft.volume=500&rft.pages=172-184&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134893835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2018.11.042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019QuInt.500..172S&rft.au=Speth%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_R.F.1905" class="citation book cs1">Scott, R.F. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover001scot">The Voyage of the Discovery</a>. London. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover001scot/page/541">541</a>–545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Discovery&rft.place=London&rft.pages=541-545&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Scott%2C+R.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyageofdiscover001scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) [26 September 1902] [The expedition members] Heald, Mr. Ferrar, and Cross have very badly swollen legs, whilst Heald's are discoloured as well. The remainder of the party seem fairly well, but not above suspicion; Walker's ankles are slightly swollen. [15 October 1902] [After a fresh seal meat diet at base camp] within a fortnight of the outbreak there is scarcely a sign of it remaining [...] Heald's is the only case that hung at all [...] and now he is able to get about once more. Cross's recovery was so rapid that he was able to join the seal-killing party last week. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0iiYNob_WwC&pg=PA161">Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781768412" title="Special:BookSources/9780781768412"><bdi>9780781768412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Nutritional+Therapeutics&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780781768412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0iiYNob_WwC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhs-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nhs_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scurvy/">"Scurvy"</a>. nhs.uk. 25 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706110232/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scurvy/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Scurvy&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fscurvy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley_S_Buckler_MD,_Anjali_Parish_MD-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_S_Buckler_MD,_Anjali_Parish_MD_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyBucklerAnjali_Parish2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley S, Buckler MD, Anjali Parish MD (2018-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985573-overview">"Scurvy"</a>. EMedicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212005800/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985573-overview">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMedicine&rft.atitle=Scurvy&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Buckler%2C+MD&rft.au=Anjali+Parish%2C+MD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F985573-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Hippocrates described symptoms of scurvy in book 2 of his Prorrheticorum and in his Liber de internis affectionibus. (Cited by James Lind, A Treatise on the Scurvy, 3rd ed. (London, England: G. Pearch and W. Woodfall, 1772), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonscurvy1772lind/page/285">page 285</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101135046/https://books.google.com/books?id=T1OT3tYmh5wC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Symptoms of scurvy were also described by: (i) Pliny, in Naturalis historiae, book 3, chapter 49; and (ii) Strabo, in Geographicorum, book 16. (Cited by John Ashhurst, ed., The International Encyclopedia of Surgery, vol. 1 (New York, New York: William Wood and Co., 1881), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDV11NpZyNgC&pg=PA278">page 278</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051643/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDV11NpZyNgC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1966" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Irwin (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seanet.com/~alexs/ascorbate/196x/stone-i-acta_genet_med_et_gemell-1966-v15-p345.htm">"On the genetic etiology of scurvy"</a>. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae (Roma). 15 (4): 345–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1120962300014931">10.1017/s1120962300014931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5971711">5971711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32103456">32103456</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210231005/http://www.seanet.com/~alexs/ascorbate/196x/stone-i-acta_genet_med_et_gemell-1966-v15-p345.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Geneticae+Medicae+et+Gemellologiae+%28Roma%29&rft.atitle=On+the+genetic+etiology+of+scurvy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=345-50&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32103456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5971711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1120962300014931&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seanet.com%2F~alexs%2Fascorbate%2F196x%2Fstone-i-acta_genet_med_et_gemell-1966-v15-p345.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickersgill-23"><a href="#cite_ref-pickersgill_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickersgill2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pickersgill" title="Barbara Pickersgill">Pickersgill, Barbara</a> (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. pp. 163–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415927463" title="Special:BookSources/0415927463"><bdi>0415927463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+History+of+Plants&rft.pages=163-164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415927463&rft.aulast=Pickersgill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorck2009" class="citation book cs1">Torck, Mathieu (2009). "Of junks and compasses: food supplies of pre-modern Chinese seamen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Dzl-cIIjxYC">Avoiding the Dire Straits: An Inquiry Into Food Provisions and Scurvy in the Maritime and Military History of China and Wider East Asia</a>. Volume 5 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history, ISSN 1860-1812. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447058728" title="Special:BookSources/9783447058728"><bdi>9783447058728</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2024. <q>Unfortunately, [Faxian's biography] does not mention the nature of the provisions consumed aboard these ships in the Indian Ocean, or how they were stored and preserved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+junks+and+compasses%3A+food+supplies+of+pre-modern+Chinese+seamen&rft.btitle=Avoiding+the+Dire+Straits%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+Food+Provisions+and+Scurvy+in+the+Maritime+and+Military+History+of+China+and+Wider+East+Asia&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Volume+5+of+East+Asian+economic+and+socio-cultural+studies%3A+East+Asian+maritime+history%2C+ISSN+1860-1812&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783447058728&rft.aulast=Torck&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Dzl-cIIjxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECegłowski2010-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECegłowski2010_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCegłowski2010">Cegłowski 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ceg-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ceg_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceg_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceg_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceg_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceg_26-4">e</a> Maciej Cegłowski, 2010-03-06, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm">"Scott and Scurvy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019214816/http://idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm">Archived</a> 2015-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2016-05-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fabian_Hess" title="Alfred Fabian Hess">Hess, Alfred</a> (31 December 2016) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zT85MQAACAAJ">Scurvy Past and Present</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781540659040" title="Special:BookSources/9781540659040"><bdi>9781540659040</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2024. <q>An interesting early description of scurvy, and one which is quite convincing, is that of de Joinville, who accompanied the Crusaders in their invasion of Egypt under St. Lewis, about the middle of the thirteenth century. [...] It is probable that scurvy existed in the northern parts of Europe and Asia ever since they were settled by man.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scurvy+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft.isbn=9781540659040&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzT85MQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> As they sailed farther up the east coast of Africa, they met local traders, who traded them fresh oranges. Within 6 days of eating the oranges, da Gama's crew recovered fully and he noted, "It pleased God in his mercy that ... all our sick recovered their health for the air of the place is very good." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/4/e76.full">Infantile Scurvy: A Historical Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904021206/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/4/e76.full">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kumaravel Rajakumar, MD </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "Relação do Piloto Anônimo", narrativa publicada em 1507 sobre a viagem de Pedro Álvares Cabral às Índias, indicava que os "refrescos" oferecidos aos portugueses pelo rei de Melinde eram o remédio eficaz contra a doença (Nava, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicos.ses.sp.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-76342010000200007&lng=pt&nrm=iso.">A medicina nas caravelas - Século XV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904021206/http://periodicos.ses.sp.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-76342010000200007&lng=pt&nrm=iso.">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cristina B. F. M. Gurgel I; Rachel Lewinsohn II, Marujos, Alimentação e Higiene a Bordo </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> On returning, Lopes' ship had left him on St Helena, where with admirable sagacity and industry he planted vegetables and nurseries with which passing ships were marvellously sustained. [...] There were 'wild groves' of oranges, lemons and other fruits that ripened all the year round, large pomegranates and figs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4999.pdf">Santa Helena, A Forgotten Portuguese Discovery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529065201/http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4999.pdf">Archived</a> 29 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Harold Livermore – Estudos em Homenagem a Luis Antonio de Oliveira Ramos, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 2004, p. 630-631 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Logo que chegámos mandou-nos El Rey visitar e ao mesmo tempo um refresco de carneiros, galinhas, patos, limões e laranjas, as melhores que há no mundo, e com ellas sararam de escorbuto alguns doentes que tinhamos connosco in Portuguese, in Pedro Álvares Cabral, Metzer Leone Editorial Aster, Lisbon, p.244 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Germano de Sousa (2013) História da Medicina Portuguesa Durante a Expansão, Círculo de Leitores, Lisbon, p.129 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Contudo, tais narrativas não impediram que novas tragédias causadas pelo escorbuto assolassem os navegantes, seja pela falta de comunicação entre os viajantes e responsáveis pela sua saúde, ou pela impossibilidade de se disponibilizar de frutas frescas durante as travessias marítimas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicos.ses.sp.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-76342010000200007&lng=pt&nrm=iso.">A medicina nas caravelas - Século XV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904021206/http://periodicos.ses.sp.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-76342010000200007&lng=pt&nrm=iso.">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cristina B. F. M. Gurgel I; Rachel Lewinsohn II, Marujos, Alimentação e Higiene a Bordo </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/z00cartier3.htm">Jacques Cartier's Second Voyage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212063742/http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/z00cartier3.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1535 Winter & Scurvy. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartini_E2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martini E (2002). "Jacques Cartier witnesses a treatment for scurvy". Vesalius. 8 (1): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12422875">12422875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vesalius&rft.atitle=Jacques+Cartier+witnesses+a+treatment+for+scurvy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12422875&rft.au=Martini+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guertin_et_al_2018-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Guertin_et_al_2018_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurzan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Durzan, Don J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647905">"Arginine, scurvy and Cartier's "tree of life""</a>. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 5: 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-5">10.1186/1746-4269-5-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647905">2647905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19187550">19187550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Arginine%2C+scurvy+and+Cartier%27s+%22tree+of+life%22&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2647905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19187550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-5-5&rft.aulast=Durzan&rft.aufirst=Don+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2647905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/2018/02/27/el-descubrimiento-espanol-de-la-cura-del-escorbuto//">"El descubrimiento español de la cura del escorbuto"</a>. 2018-02-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041646/http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/2018/02/27/el-descubrimiento-espanol-de-la-cura-del-escorbuto//">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+descubrimiento+espa%C3%B1ol+de+la+cura+del+escorbuto&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcblogs.abc.es%2Fespejo-de-navegantes%2F2018%2F02%2F27%2Fel-descubrimiento-espanol-de-la-cura-del-escorbuto%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Mervyn. A history of Madagascar. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Madagascar&rft.pages=34&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mervyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Everett. Diffusion of Innovations. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diffusion+of+Innovations&rft.pages=7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrymon2008" class="citation book cs1">Drymon, M. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-x8LwQ2ZeYC&pg=PA114">Disguised As the Devil: How Lyme Disease Created Witches and Changed History</a>. Wythe Avenue Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-20061-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-20061-3"><bdi>978-0-615-20061-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515224840/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-x8LwQ2ZeYC&pg=PA114&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disguised+As+the+Devil%3A+How+Lyme+Disease+Created+Witches+and+Changed+History&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Wythe+Avenue+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-615-20061-3&rft.aulast=Drymon&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-x8LwQ2ZeYC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2001" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Jonathan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSoj1DR4ZSMC&pg=PA117">Preserving the self in the south seas, 1680–1840</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46849-5"><bdi>978-0-226-46849-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624044737/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSoj1DR4ZSMC&pg=PA117&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preserving+the+self+in+the+south+seas%2C+1680%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46849-5&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSoj1DR4ZSMC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr,_Gordon2009" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Gordon (2009). Timeline of Britain. Canary Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+Britain&rft.pub=Canary+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgensola,_Bartolomé_Leonardo_de1609" class="citation book cs1">Argensola, Bartolomé Leonardo de (1609). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cervantes.bne.es/es/su-biblioteca/conquista-islas-malucas2">Conquista de las Islas Molucas</a>. Madrid: Alonso Martín. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701191003/http://cervantes.bne.es/es/su-biblioteca/conquista-islas-malucas2">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquista+de+las+Islas+Molucas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Alonso+Mart%C3%ADn&rft.date=1609&rft.au=Argensola%2C+Bartolom%C3%A9+Leonardo+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcervantes.bne.es%2Fes%2Fsu-biblioteca%2Fconquista-islas-malucas2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bown-44"><a href="#cite_ref-bown_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2003" class="citation book cs1">Bown, Stephen R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scurvyhowsurgeon00bown_0">Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31391-3"><bdi>978-0-312-31391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scurvy%3A+How+a+Surgeon%2C+a+Mariner+and+a+Gentleman+Solved+the+Greatest+Medical+Mystery+of+the+Age+of+Sail&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-31391-3&rft.aulast=Bown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscurvyhowsurgeon00bown_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/4cbef0599.pdf">"SCURVY and its prevention and control in major emergencies"</a> (PDF). Unhcr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712091632/http://www.unhcr.org/4cbef0599.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unhcr.org&rft.atitle=SCURVY+and+its+prevention+and+control+in+major+emergencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F4cbef0599.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4943570/Cure-for-scurvy-discovered-by-a-woman.html">"Cure for Scurvy discovered by a woman"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 5 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310021320/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4943570/Cure-for-scurvy-discovered-by-a-woman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cure+for+Scurvy+discovered+by+a+woman&rft.date=2009-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F4943570%2FCure-for-scurvy-discovered-by-a-woman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bartholomew, Michael (2002). "James Lind and scurvy: A revaluation". Journal for Maritime Research. 4 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2002.9668317">10.1080/21533369.2002.9668317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20355298">20355298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42109340">42109340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Maritime+Research&rft.atitle=James+Lind+and+scurvy%3A+A+revaluation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42109340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20355298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21533369.2002.9668317&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Johann Friedrich Bachstrom, Observationes circa scorbutum [Observations on scurvy] (Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum"), Netherlands: Conrad Wishof, 1734) p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bj8_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16">From page 16:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101135046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bj8_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "... sed ex nostra causa optime explicatur, quae est absentia, carentia & abstinentia a vegetabilibus recentibus, ..." (... but [this misfortune] is explained very well by our [supposed] cause, which is the absence of, lack of, and abstinence from fresh vegetables, ...) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "The Blood of Nelson" by Glenn Barnett — Military History — Oct 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lind1753-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lind1753_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lind1753_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lind1753_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Lind1772" class="citation book cs1">James Lind (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30511902">A Treatise on the Scurvy: In Three Parts, Containing an Inquiry Into the Nature, Causes, an Cure, of that Disease, Together with a Critical and Chronological View of what Has Been Published on the Subject</a>. S. Crowder (and six others). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30511902/page/149">149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Scurvy%3A+In+Three+Parts%2C+Containing+an+Inquiry+Into+the+Nature%2C+Causes%2C+an+Cure%2C+of+that+Disease%2C+Together+with+a+Critical+and+Chronological+View+of+what+Has+Been+Published+on+the+Subject&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=S.+Crowder+%28and+six+others%29&rft.date=1772&rft.au=James+Lind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30511902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> (Also archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonscurvy00lind">second edition (1757)</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron2009" class="citation journal cs1">Baron, Jeremy Hugh (2009). "Sailors' scurvy before and after James Lind - a reassessment". Nutrition Reviews. 67 (6): 315–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2009.00205.x">10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00205.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19519673">19519673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sailors%27+scurvy+before+and+after+James+Lind+-+a+reassessment&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=315-332&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2009.00205.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19519673&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELind1753-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELind1753_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLind1753">Lind 1753</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bartholomew, M. (January 2002). "James Lind and Scurvy: a Revaluation". Journal for Maritime Research. 4: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2002.9668317">10.1080/21533369.2002.9668317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20355298">20355298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42109340">42109340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Maritime+Research&rft.atitle=James+Lind+and+Scurvy%3A+a+Revaluation&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42109340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20355298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21533369.2002.9668317&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_scurvy_01.shtml">Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221073823/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_scurvy_01.shtml">Archived</a> 21 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" BBC – History </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> A. S. Turberville (2006). "Johnson's England: An Account of the Life & Manners of His Age". ISBN READ BOOKS. p.53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-2726-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-2726-1">1-4067-2726-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale_and_Edwards2011" class="citation book cs1">Vale and Edwards (2011). Physician to the Fleet; the Life and Times of Thomas Trotter 1760-1832. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 29–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-604-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-604-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physician+to+the+Fleet%3B+the+Life+and+Times+of+Thomas+Trotter+1760-1832&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=29-33&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-604-9&rft.au=Vale+and+Edwards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stubbs, B. J. (2003). "Captain Cook's Beer; the anti-scorbutic effects of malt and beer in late 18th century sea voyages". Asia and Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 12 (2): 129–37. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810402">12810402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+and+Pacific+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Captain+Cook%27s+Beer%3B+the+anti-scorbutic+effects+of+malt+and+beer+in+late+18th+century+sea+voyages&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-37&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12810402&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/297">Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/297">297</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303075047/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_scurvy_04.shtml">"BBC - History - British History in depth: Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_scurvy_01.shtml">the original</a> on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+History+-+British+History+in+depth%3A+Captain+Cook+and+the+Scourge+of+Scurvy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fcaptaincook_scurvy_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/297">Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/297">297–298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Blane, Gilbert (1785). Observations on the diseases incident to seamen. London: Joseph Cooper; Edinburgh: William Creech </li> <li id="cite_note-TrotterMilman1786-62"><a href="#cite_ref-TrotterMilman1786_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_TrotterFrancis_Milman1786" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Trotter; Francis Milman (1786). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21522819">Observations on the Scurvy: With a Review of the Theories Lately Advanced on that Disease; and the Opinions of Dr Milman Refuted from Practice</a>. Charles Elliott and G.G.J. and J. Robinson, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Scurvy%3A+With+a+Review+of+the+Theories+Lately+Advanced+on+that+Disease%3B+and+the+Opinions+of+Dr+Milman+Refuted+from+Practice&rft.pub=Charles+Elliott+and+G.G.J.+and+J.+Robinson%2C+London&rft.date=1786&rft.au=Thomas+Trotter&rft.au=Francis+Milman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21522819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vale, Brian (2008). "The Conquest of Scurvy in the Royal Navy 1793–1800: a Challenge to Current Orthodoxy". The Mariner's Mirror. 94 (2): 160–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2008.10657052">10.1080/00253359.2008.10657052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162207993">162207993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Scurvy+in+the+Royal+Navy+1793%E2%80%931800%3A+a+Challenge+to+Current+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-175&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2008.10657052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162207993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoxpediatrics.com/watch-out-for-spring-fever/">"Watch out for spring fever!"</a>. Knoxville Pediatric Associates. 11 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521061019/https://knoxpediatrics.com/watch-out-for-spring-fever/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch+out+for+spring+fever%21&rft.pub=Knoxville+Pediatric+Associates&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoxpediatrics.com%2Fwatch-out-for-spring-fever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Larrey is quoted in French by Dr. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9raud" title="Béraud">Béraud</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html">Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002411/http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Familles" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Familles">Musée des Familles</a> (1841-42). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1867">Merchant Shipping Act 1867 </a>. U.K. Aug 20, 1867. section 4.5 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+Shipping+Act+1867&rft.place=U.K.&rft.pages=section+4.5&rft.date=1867-08-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, J.; Weiner, E. (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Weiner%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabey1972" class="citation book cs1">Mabey, Richard (1972). Food for free. 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Journal of Historical Geography. 65: 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2019.05.006">10.1016/j.jhg.2019.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7488">0305-7488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202357562">202357562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=Tainted+bodies%3A+scurvy%2C+bad+food+and+the+reputation+of+the+British+National+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1901%E2%80%931904&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=19-28&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202357562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-7488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2019.05.006&rft.aulast=Armston-Sheret&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305748818301610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1985" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, Stephen (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/589">Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)</a>. 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(1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover001scot">The Voyage of the Discovery</a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover001scot/page/550">550</a>. <q>I understand that scurvy is now believed to be ptomaine poisoning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Discovery&rft.place=London&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyageofdiscover001scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1905" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Robert F. 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Journal of Historical Geography. 65: 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2019.05.006">10.1016/j.jhg.2019.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7488">0305-7488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202357562">202357562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=Tainted+bodies%3A+scurvy%2C+bad+food+and+the+reputation+of+the+British+National+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1901%E2%80%931904&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=19-28&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202357562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-7488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2019.05.006&rft.aulast=Armston-Sheret&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305748818301610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorumGrav2002" class="citation journal cs1">Norum KR, Grav HJ (June 2002). 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"Random nucleotide substitutions in primate nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the missing enzyme in L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1472 (1–2): 408–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4165%2899%2900123-3">10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00123-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10572964">10572964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+General+Subjects&rft.atitle=Random+nucleotide+substitutions+in+primate+nonfunctional+gene+for+L-gulono-gamma-lactone+oxidase%2C+the+missing+enzyme+in+L-ascorbic+acid+biosynthesis&rft.volume=1472&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=408-11&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-4165%2899%2900123-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10572964&rft.aulast=Ohta&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Nishikimi%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans_PR1983" class="citation journal cs1">Evans PR (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1550031">"Infantile scurvy: the centenary of Barlow's disease"</a>. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 287 (6408): 1862–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.287.6408.1862">10.1136/bmj.287.6408.1862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1550031">1550031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6423046">6423046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal+%28Clinical+Research+Ed.%29&rft.atitle=Infantile+scurvy%3A+the+centenary+of+Barlow%27s+disease&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=6408&rft.pages=1862-3&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1550031%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6423046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.287.6408.1862&rft.au=Evans+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1550031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1988" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Kenneth J. (1988). The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34773-0"><bdi>978-0-521-34773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Scurvy+and+Vitamin+C&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34773-0&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4159172-95"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4159172_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlowBosman1966" class="citation journal cs1">Barlow JB, Bosman CK (February 1966). "Aneurysmal protrusion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. An auscultatory-electrocardiographic syndrome". American Heart Journal. 71 (2): 166–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-8703%2866%2990179-7">10.1016/0002-8703(66)90179-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4159172">4159172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heart+Journal&rft.atitle=Aneurysmal+protrusion+of+the+posterior+leaflet+of+the+mitral+valve.+An+auscultatory-electrocardiographic+syndrome&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-78&rft.date=1966-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0002-8703%2866%2990179-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4159172&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Bosman%2C+CK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Lind" title="James Lind">Lind, James</a> (1772) [1753]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30511902">A Treatise on the Scurvy: In Three Parts, Containing an Inquiry Into the Nature, Causes, an Cure, of that Disease, Together with a Critical and Chronological View of what Has Been Published on the Subject</a> (3rd ed.). S. Crowder (and six others). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30511902/page/149">149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Scurvy%3A+In+Three+Parts%2C+Containing+an+Inquiry+Into+the+Nature%2C+Causes%2C+an+Cure%2C+of+that+Disease%2C+Together+with+a+Critical+and+Chronological+View+of+what+Has+Been+Published+on+the+Subject&rft.pages=149&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=S.+Crowder+%28and+six+others%29&rft.date=1772&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30511902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter,_K.J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, K.J. (1986). The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Scurvy+and+Vitamin+C&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCegłowski2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Ceglowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciej Ceglowski">Cegłowski, Maciej</a> (7 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm">"Scott and Scurvy"</a>. IdleWords.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310051741/http://idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IdleWords.com&rft.atitle=Scott+and+Scurvy&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft.aulast=Ceg%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidlewords.com%2F2010%2F03%2Fscott_and_scurvy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scurvy">"Scurvy" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scurvy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=533&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale,_B.Edwards,_G.2011" class="citation book cs1">Vale, B.; Edwards, G. (2011). Physician to the Fleet: The Life and Times of Thomas Trotter 1760-1832. Boydell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physician+to+the+Fleet%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Thomas+Trotter+1760-1832&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Vale%2C+B.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScurvy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurvy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scurvy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scurvy">Scurvy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/scurvy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/scurvy">scurvy</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163865" class="extiw" title="d:Q163865">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#708602629">5B56.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E54">E54</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=267">267</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/240400">240400</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012614">D012614</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13930.htm">13930</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000355.htm">000355</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2086-overview">med/2086</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic521.htm#">derm/521</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2073.htm#">ped/2073</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic628.htm#">radio/628</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malnutrition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nutritional_pathology" title="Template:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nutritional_pathology" title="Template talk:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nutritional_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malnutrition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93energy_malnutrition" title="Protein–energy malnutrition">Protein-energy malnutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">Emaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolysis" title="Catabolysis">Catabolysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">Beriberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Korsakoff's syndrome">Korsakoff's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>B2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin#Deficiency" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">Pellagra</a></li></ul></li> <li>B6 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridoxine deficiency">Pyridoxine deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin_deficiency" title="Biotin deficiency">Biotin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate_deficiency" title="Folate deficiency">Folate deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B12 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B12 deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency" title="Vitamin A deficiency">Vitamin A deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitot%27s_spots" title="Bitot's spots">Bitot's spots</a></li></ul></li> <li>C: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scurvy</a></li> <li>D: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">Vitamin D deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">Osteomalacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_groove" title="Harrison's groove">Harrison's groove</a></li></ul></li> <li>E: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E_deficiency" title="Vitamin E deficiency">Vitamin E deficiency</a></li> <li>K: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency" title="Vitamin K deficiency">Vitamin K deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_deficiency" title="Mineral deficiency">Mineral deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">Electrolyte imbalance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochloremia" title="Hypochloremia">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium deficiency (medicine)">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphatemia" title="Hypophosphatemia">Phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Sodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keshan_disease" title="Keshan disease">Keshan disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency" title="Fluorine deficiency">Fluorine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Growth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformity" title="Deformity">Deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">Delayed milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_short_stature" title="Idiopathic short stature">Idiopathic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficiency_(medicine)" title="Deficiency (medicine)">Deficiency (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition" title="Epidemiology of malnutrition">Epidemiology of malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_dehydration" title="Terminal dehydration">Terminal dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">Undernutrition in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="World food crises (2022–present)">World food crises (2022–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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