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class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因遺傳學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因遺傳學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>基因遺傳學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因遺傳學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>另見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">黑色素</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。64种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ميلانين – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميلانين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Мэлянін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэлянін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Меланин – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Меланин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মেলানিন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেলানিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanine" title="Melanine – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Melanine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Μελανίνη – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μελανίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanino" title="Melanino – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Melanino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaniin" title="Melaniin – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Melaniin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ملانین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملانین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaniini" title="Melaniini – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Melaniini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lanine" title="Mélanine – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mélanine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanine" title="Melanine – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Melanine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilinin" title="Meilinin – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meilinin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מלנין – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלנין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलानिन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेलानिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մելանիններ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մելանիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="メラニン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メラニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF)" title="ಮೆಲನಿನ್ (ಚರ್ಮದ ವರ್ಣದ್ರವ್ಯ) – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಲನಿನ್ (ಚರ್ಮದ ವರ್ಣದ್ರವ್ಯ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%8C" title="멜라닌 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멜라닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaninas" title="Melaninas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Melaninas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melan%C4%ABni" title="Melanīni – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melanīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Меланин – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меланин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanine" title="Melanine – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melanine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaniny" title="Melaniny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Melaniny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin%C4%83" title="Melanină – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Melanină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Меланины – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меланины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melan%C3%ADn" title="Melanín – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Melanín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Melanina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Меланин – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Меланин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaniner" title="Melaniner – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Melaniner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanini" title="Melanini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Melanini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மெலானின் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெலானின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మెలనిన్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెలనిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เมลานิน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมลานิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Melanin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Меланіни – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меланіни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اسودین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسودین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%AFc_t%E1%BB%91" title="Hắc tố – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hắc tố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="黑色素 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑色素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="Talk:黑色素">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antistub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/44px-Antistub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/66px-Antistub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Antistub.svg/88px-Antistub.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要擴充。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2010年2月7日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit">改善这篇條目</a>，更進一步的信息可能會在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="Talk:黑色素">討論頁</a>或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%89%A9%E5%85%85%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82" title="Wikipedia:扩充请求">扩充请求</a>中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉相关主题的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2015年12月14日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="Talk:黑色素">討論頁</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%AA%E9%BB%91%E7%B4%A0" title="褪黑素">褪黑素</a></b>。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polymelanin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Polymelanin.svg/300px-Polymelanin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Polymelanin.svg/450px-Polymelanin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Polymelanin.svg/600px-Polymelanin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>聚黑色素的化學結構</figcaption></figure> <p><b>黑色素</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="生物色素">生物色素</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="酪氨酸">酪氨酸</a>經過一連串<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>所形成，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>都有這種色素。黑色素通常是以聚合的方式存在。在黑色素细胞中，酪氨酸经酪氨酸酶作用，羟化生成多巴，后者经氧化、脱羧等反应转变成吲哚醌，最后吲哚醌聚合为黑色素。先天性酪氨酸酶缺乏的病人，因為不能合成黑色素，患者皮膚毛髮等發白，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="白化病">白化病</a>。白化病患者對陽光敏感，易患皮膚癌。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>目前已知<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>來源的黑色素一般可分為以下四類。第一類是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E9%BB%91%E7%B4%A0" title="真黑素">真黑素</a>（Eumelanin）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，第二類是棕黑色素（Pheomelanin），又稱為脫黑色素。這兩類黑色素又可被統稱為L-多巴黑色素（L-DOPA melanin）。第三類是膿黑色素(Pyomelanin)，也被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%BB%91%E9%85%B8" title="尿黑酸">尿黑酸</a>黑色素（HGA melanin），而第四類則是1,8-二羥基萘黑色素（DHN melanin）。膿黑色素與DHN黑色素又可被統稱為異黑色素（Allomelanin）<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>真黑素可以細分為黑真黑素（Black eumelanin）和棕真黑素（Brown eumelanin）兩種： </p> <ul><li>黑真黑素：只有該色素，隨著黑真黑素從少到多，髮色呈現從灰到黑的顏色。</li> <li>棕真黑素：只有該色素，隨著棕真黑素從少到多，髮色也會從淡黃色變為棕色。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基因遺傳學"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E5.9B.A0.E9.81.BA.E5.82.B3.E5.AD.B8"></span>基因遺傳學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：基因遺傳學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MC1R" class="mw-redirect" title="MC1R">MC1R</a> （melanocortin 1 receptor）基因提供了製備稱為黑皮質素1受體的蛋白質的說明。該受體在正常色素沉著中起重要作用。受體主要位於黑素細胞的表面，黑素細胞是產生稱為黑色素的色素的特化細胞。黑色素是賦予皮膚，頭髮和眼睛顏色的物質。黑色素也存在於視網膜的光敏組織中，在正常視力中起到作用。黑色素可以保護皮膚免受陽光中紫外線輻射的傷害<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>黑素細胞會產生兩種形式的黑色素，即真黑素和棕黑色素。這兩種色素的相對量有助於確定人的頭髮和皮膚的顏色。主要產生真黑素的人往往有棕色或黑色的頭髮和深色的皮膚，很容易曬黑。主要產生棕黑色素的人往往會有紅色或金色的頭髮，以及淺色偏白皙的皮膚<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>黑皮質素1受體控制黑素細胞產生哪種類型的黑色素。當受體被激活時，它會在黑素細胞內引發一系列化學反應，刺激這些細胞產生真黑素。如果受體未被激活或被阻斷，則黑素細胞產生褐黑素而不是真黑素<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>MC1R基因中的常見變異（多態性）與皮膚和毛髮顏色的正常差異相關。某些遺傳變異在紅頭髮，白皙皮膚，雀斑和對陽光照射敏感性增加的人群中最常見。這些MC1R多態性降低了黑皮質素1受體刺激真黑素產生的能力，導致黑素細胞主要產生棕黑色素。儘管MC1R是正常人類色素沉著的關鍵基因，但研究人員認為其他基因的作用也會影響人的頭髮和皮膚著色<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>黑皮質素1受體在黑素細胞以外的細胞中也具有活性，包括參與機體免疫和炎症反應的細胞。受體在這些細胞中的功能尚不清楚<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另見"><span id=".E5.8F.A6.E8.A6.8B"></span>另見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：另見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="生物色素">生物色素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%B4%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="黑素細胞">黑素細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="色素細胞">色素細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87" title="白化症">白化症</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/ab00057cf2166bfa91da4708754f98a8/">https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/ab00057cf2166bfa91da4708754f98a8/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">柴保中; 王禾; 彭珍榮; 沈萍; 陳向東. 細菌黑色素的合成途徑及生物功能研究進展. 微生物學通報. 2014, (2): 334–343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%80%94%E5%BE%91%E5%8F%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%80%B2%E5%B1%95&rft.au=%E5%BD%AD%E7%8F%8D%E6%A6%AE&rft.au=%E6%9F%B4%E4%BF%9D%E4%B8%AD&rft.au=%E6%B2%88%E8%90%8D&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E7%A6%BE&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E5%90%91%E6%9D%B1&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B1&rft.pages=334-343&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-4"><sup><b>3.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MC1R">MC1R gene</a>. United States National Library of Medicine. 2020-03-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928163636/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MC1R">存档</a>于2020-09-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=MC1R+gene&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%2FMC1R&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pathology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pathology（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Pathology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="医学：病理学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">病理學原理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">疾病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">贅生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="病原學">病原學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="發病機制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pathogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E7%97%85%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發病機制（页面不存在）">發病機制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Pathogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pathogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="血流動力學">血流動力學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E8%A1%80" title="缺血">缺血</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E7%97%87" title="炎症">炎症</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞損傷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cell damage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%90%8D%E5%82%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞損傷（页面不存在）">細胞損傷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_damage" class="extiw" title="en:Cell damage"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cell damage</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%8F%A3%E7%99%92%E5%90%88" title="傷口癒合">傷口癒合</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞適應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cellular adaptation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞適應（页面不存在）">細胞適應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" class="extiw" title="en:Cellular adaptation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cellular adaptation</span></a></span>）</span></span>（代償性變化）</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8E%E7%B8%AE" title="萎縮">萎縮</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E5%A4%A7" title="肥大">肥大</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F_(%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="增生 (病理学)">增生</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F" title="異型增生">異型增生</a>（非典型增生）</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F_(%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="化生 (病理学)">組織化生</a> <dl><dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鱗狀上皮化生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Squamous metaplasia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B1%97%E7%8B%80%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鱗狀上皮化生（页面不存在）">鱗狀上皮化生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Squamous metaplasia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Squamous metaplasia</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腺性化生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glandular metaplasia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BA%E6%80%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腺性化生（页面不存在）">腺性化生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Glandular metaplasia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glandular metaplasia</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞死亡">细胞死亡</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="壞死">壞死</a> <dl><dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凝固性壞死" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coagulative necrosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%A7%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凝固性壞死（页面不存在）">凝固性壞死</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" class="extiw" title="en:Coagulative necrosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coagulative necrosis</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="液化性壞死" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liquefactive necrosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="液化性壞死（页面不存在）">液化性壞死</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" class="extiw" title="en:Liquefactive necrosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liquefactive necrosis</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8F%E7%96%BD" title="坏疽">壞疽性壞死</a></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乾酪樣壞死" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caseous necrosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%BE%E9%85%AA%E6%A8%A3%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乾酪樣壞死（页面不存在）">乾酪樣壞死</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" class="extiw" title="en:Caseous necrosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caseous necrosis</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂肪性壞死" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fat necrosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E6%80%A7%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂肪性壞死（页面不存在）">脂肪性壞死</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_necrosis" class="extiw" title="en:Fat necrosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fat necrosis</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E6%A8%A3%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="纖維蛋白樣壞死">纖維蛋白樣壞死</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="程序性细胞死亡">细胞程序性死亡</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">细胞凋亡</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%BC%A9" title="固缩">固缩</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A2%8E%E8%A3%82" title="核碎裂">核碎裂</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3" title="核溶解">核溶解</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>積累性</i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="色素">色素</a></i> <dl><dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="含鐵血黃素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hemosiderin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%AB%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E9%BB%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="含鐵血黃素（页面不存在）">含鐵血黃素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemosiderin" class="extiw" title="en:Hemosiderin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hemosiderin</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂色素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipochrome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂色素（页面不存在）">脂色素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipochrome" class="extiw" title="en:Lipochrome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipochrome</span></a></span>）</span></span>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%A4%90%E7%B4%A0" title="脂褐素">脂褐素</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">黑色素</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂肪變性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steatosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E8%AE%8A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂肪變性（页面不存在）">脂肪變性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatosis" class="extiw" title="en:Steatosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Steatosis</span></a></span>）</span></span>（皮脂腺病）</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="病理解剖學">病理解剖學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外科病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surgical pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外科病理學（页面不存在）">外科病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surgical pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cytopathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病理學（页面不存在）">細胞病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Cytopathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cytopathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D" title="驗屍">驗屍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Molecular pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子病理學（页面不存在）">分子病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Molecular pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BB%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="法医病理学">法醫病理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="口腔頜面病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E9%A0%9C%E9%9D%A2%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="口腔頜面病理學（页面不存在）">口腔頜面病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Oral and maxillofacial pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肉眼檢查" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gross examination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%89%E7%9C%BC%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肉眼檢查（页面不存在）">肉眼檢查</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_examination" class="extiw" title="en:Gross examination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gross examination</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="組織病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Histopathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組織病理學（页面不存在）">組織病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Histopathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Histopathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="免疫組織化學">免疫組織化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="电子显微镜">电子显微镜</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熒光免疫檢驗法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immunofluorescence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%92%E5%85%89%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熒光免疫檢驗法（页面不存在）">熒光免疫檢驗法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence" class="extiw" title="en:Immunofluorescence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immunofluorescence</span></a></span>）</span></span>（免疫螢光法）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%92%E5%85%89%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8D%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%A4" title="熒光原位雜交">熒光原位雜交</a>（FISH）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床病理學（页面不存在）">臨床病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="临床化学">临床化学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血液病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hematopathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血液病理學（页面不存在）">血液病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Hematopathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hematopathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輸血醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transfusion medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸血醫學（页面不存在）">輸血醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Transfusion medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transfusion medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學微生物學">醫學微生物學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫診斷學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immunoassay"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫診斷學（页面不存在）">免疫診斷學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoassay" class="extiw" title="en:Immunoassay"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immunoassay</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immunopathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫病理學（页面不存在）">免疫病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Immunopathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immunopathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="酶活性分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Enzyme assay"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%B6%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酶活性分析（页面不存在）">酶活性分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_assay" class="extiw" title="en:Enzyme assay"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Enzyme assay</span></a></span>）</span></span>（酶測定）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="质谱法">质谱法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="色谱法">色谱法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BC%8F%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%A1%93" title="流式細胞術">流式細胞術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血庫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blood bank"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E5%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血庫（页面不存在）">血庫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bank" class="extiw" title="en:Blood bank"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blood bank</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物培養鑑定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbiological culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A%E9%91%91%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物培養鑑定（页面不存在）">微生物培養鑑定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Microbiological culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbiological culture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B8%85%E5%AD%A6" title="血清学">血清学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特殊情況</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心肌梗死病理時間軸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of myocardial infarction pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E8%82%8C%E6%A2%97%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心肌梗死病理時間軸（页面不存在）">心肌梗死病理時間軸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_myocardial_infarction_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of myocardial infarction pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of myocardial infarction pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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