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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2)" title="Галвестън (залив) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галвестън (залив)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badia_de_Galveston" title="Badia de Galveston – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Badia de Galveston" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galveston Bay" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Galveston" title="Bahía de Galveston – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bahía de Galveston" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="خلیج گلوستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلیج گلوستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_Galveston" title="Baie de Galveston – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baie de Galveston" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia_di_Galveston" title="Baia di Galveston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baia di Galveston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מפרץ גלווסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפרץ גלווסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvestono_%C4%AFlanka" title="Galvestono įlanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galvestono įlanka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E6%B9%BE" title="ガルベストン湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガルベストン湾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_Galveston" title="Baía de Galveston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baía de Galveston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2)" title="Галвестон (залив) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галвестон (залив)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galveston_Bay&params=29_34_11_N_94_56_12_W_region:US-TX_type:waterbody_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°34′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°56′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.56972°N 94.93667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.56972; -94.93667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Estuary bay near Houston on the Texas Gulf Coast</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Galveston Bay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galveston_Bay_Landsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Galveston_Bay_Landsat.jpg/264px-Galveston_Bay_Landsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Galveston_Bay_Landsat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite image of Galveston Bay. <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> is at the bottom of the image, separated from <a href="/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivar Peninsula">Bolivar Peninsula</a> by Bolivar Roads. A portion of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> is visible to the left.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Texas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Galveston Bay is located in Texas"><img alt="Galveston Bay is located in Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/256px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/384px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/512px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="989" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.985%;left:87.324%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Galveston Bay"><img alt="Galveston Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Galveston Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galveston_Bay&params=29_34_11_N_94_56_12_W_region:US-TX_type:waterbody_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°34′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°56′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.56972°N 94.93667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.56972; -94.93667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Primary outflows: oceans, seas, straights">Ocean/sea sources</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">30 miles (48 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">17 miles (27 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">345,280 acres (139,730 ha)<sup id="cite_ref-TWDB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">6 feet (1.8 m)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">10 feet (3.0 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas" title="La Porte, Texas">La Porte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabrook,_Texas" title="Seabrook, Texas">Seabrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Galveston Bay</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAL</span>-vis-tən</i></a>) is a bay in the western <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> along the upper coast of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. It is the seventh-largest <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest of seven major <a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Texas" title="Estuaries of Texas">estuaries along the Texas Gulf Coast</a>. It is connected to the Gulf of Mexico and is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">sub-tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water in the bay is a complex mixture of <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, which supports a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>. With a maximum depth of about 10 feet (3 m) and an average depth of only 6 feet (2 m), it is unusually shallow for its size. </p><p>The bay has played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">history of Texas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">city of Galveston</a>, the earliest major settlement in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">southeast Texas</a> and the state's largest city toward the end of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">devastating hurricane in 1900</a> hastened Galveston's decline, the subsequent rise of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> as a major trade center, facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a> across the western half of the bay, ensured the bay's continued economic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Galveston Bay is encompassed by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a>, which has facilities spread across the northwestern section of the bay, is the second-busiest port in the nation by overall tonnage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major ports utilizing the bay include the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Texas_City" title="Port of Texas City">Port of Texas City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Galveston" title="Port of Galveston">Port of Galveston</a>. With its diverse marine life, Galveston Bay also produces more <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> than any estuary in the United States except the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Houston" title="History of Houston">History of Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Galveston">History of Galveston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Galveston_Bay_Area" title="History of the Galveston Bay Area">History of the Galveston Bay Area</a></div> <p>The Gulf Coast gained its present configuration during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">most recent glacial period</a> approximately 18 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> (thousands of years ago). Low global <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea levels</a> allowed the Texas mainland to extend significantly farther south than it does presently, and the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a> had carved a 170-foot (52 m) deep canyon through present-day Bolivar Roads (the exit of the Houston Ship Channel) on its way to the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the glacial period came to a close, rising sea levels initially filled this narrow canyon, followed by the broad lowlands of present-day Trinity Bay. Rapid <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> between 7.7 and 5.5 ka shifted the Gulf coastline northward to its contemporary latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was quickly followed by the formation of <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> (5.5 ka), a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivar Peninsula">Bolivar Peninsula</a> (2.5 ka), which began as a <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Models of migration to the New World">Human settlement</a> in what is now Texas began at least 10 ka following migrations into the Americas from Asia during the last ice age.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first substantial settlements in the area are believed to have been made by the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atakapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Atakapan">Atakapan</a> tribes, who lived throughout the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TBH:_Ethnohistory_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBH:_Ethnohistory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte,_early_19th_century,_Rosenberg_Library,_Galveston,_Texas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/130px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/195px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/260px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Anonymous portrait claimed to be of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a> in the early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Though several <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> expeditions charted the Gulf Coast, it was explorer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_de_Evia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Antonio de Evia (page does not exist)">José Antonio de Evia</a> who in 1785 gave the bay and the island the name <i>Gálvezton</i> in honor of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez_y_Madrid,_Count_of_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-County_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-County-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aury" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Aury">Louis Aury</a> established a naval base at the harbor in 1816 to support the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>. When he abandoned the base, it was then taken over by pirate <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>, who temporarily transformed Galveston Island and the bay into a haven for outlaws before being ousted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-County_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-County-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its independence from Spain, the new nation of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> claimed Texas as part of its territory. Settlements were established around the bay, including <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Texas" title="Lynchburg, Texas">Lynchburg</a>, and San Jacinto. Following growing unrest, Texas <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">revolted</a> and gained independence in 1836 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a>, near the bay along the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> grew rapidly and <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">joined the United States</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-County_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-County-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>, residents of Galveston strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> and sided with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-NautArch_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NautArch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, separation from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> did not last long; the city's harbor was <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockaded</a> by the federal navy starting in July 1861, followed by a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston_Harbor_(1862)" title="Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862)">Battle of Galveston Harbor</a> in October 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-NautArch_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NautArch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston" title="Battle of Galveston">Battle of Galveston</a> in January 1863, a small Confederate force managed to overwhelm the Union's naval forces in the bay and retake the island.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this victory, the Union continued to blockade the outlets of Galveston Bay until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-NautArch_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NautArch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> was swift in southeast Texas. <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">Ranching</a> interests were major economic drivers on the mainland in the 19th century. The city of Galveston became a major U.S. commercial center for shipping <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> products, cattle, and other goods produced in the growing state. <a href="/wiki/Railroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroads">Railroads</a> were built around the shore and new communities continued to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg/220px-Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg/330px-Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg/440px-Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beach_Hotel_(Galveston)" title="Beach Hotel (Galveston)">Beach Hotel</a>, a famous 19th century Galveston resort</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Hurricane_of_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston Hurricane of 1900">Galveston Hurricane of 1900</a> devastated the city of Galveston and heavily damaged <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay_Area" title="Galveston Bay Area">communities around the bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth moved inland to Houston, as fear of the risks posed by establishing businesses at Galveston limited the island's ability to compete. Texas City emerged as another important port in the area. Shipping traffic through the bay expanded dramatically after the federal government completed the dredging of the Houston Ship Channel to a depth of 25 feet (7.6 m) in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Channel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Channel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> began in 1901, and by 1915 oil production by the bay was fully underway. <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Oil wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refineries">refineries</a> quickly developed throughout the area.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Channel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Channel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After frozen transport became available in the 1920s, commercial fishing developed as a substantial industry, producing particularly <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</a>, and, later, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1930s, the Port of Houston was the largest cotton port and third largest port by overall tonnage in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Channel_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Channel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/220px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/330px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/440px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">NASA Johnson Space Center</a> with <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_(Galveston_Bay)" title="Clear Lake (Galveston Bay)">Clear Lake</a> visible at the top of the image</figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> near the bay in the <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Lake Area">Clear Lake Area</a> in 1963 brought new growth. By the 1970s Houston had become one of the nation's largest cities, and its expansion connected it with the bay communities. The bay's shoreline became heavily urbanized and industrialized,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos_2004,_pg._154_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos_2004,_pg._154-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to pollution of the bay. In the 1970s the bay was described by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Eckhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Eckhardt">Robert C. Eckhardt</a> as "the most polluted body of water in the U.S."<sup id="cite_ref-GBNEP:_Ambient_Water_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBNEP:_Ambient_Water-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship channel and Clear Lake were rated by the Galveston Bay Estuary Program as having even worse water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-GBNEP:_Ambient_Water_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBNEP:_Ambient_Water-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extraction of oil and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, as well as large <a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">wakes</a> from increasing shipping in the bay, led to <a href="/wiki/Land_subsidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Land subsidence">land subsidence</a> and erosion along the shoreline, especially in the Baytown–Pasadena area.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past few decades, approximately 100 acres (40 ha) of the historic <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site">San Jacinto battleground</a> has been submerged; Sylvan Beach, a popular destination in La Porte, has been severely eroded, and the once prominent Brownwood neighborhood of Baytown has been abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the bay is a major destination for recreational and tourist activities, including <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">waterfowl hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents">Incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_cargo_plane_crash">2019 cargo plane crash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2019 cargo plane crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_(47218247282).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_%2847218247282%29.jpg/220px-Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_%2847218247282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_%2847218247282%29.jpg/330px-Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_%2847218247282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_%2847218247282%29.jpg/440px-Atlas_Air_Flight_Recorders_%2847218247282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>NTSB investigators recover the flight data recorder from Trinity Bay</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Air_Flight_3591" title="Atlas Air Flight 3591">Atlas Air Flight 3591</a> was a scheduled domestic cargo flight under the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Air" title="Amazon Air">Amazon Air</a> banner between <a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> in Houston. On February 23, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-375ER(BCF)</a> crashed into Trinity Bay near <a href="/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac, Texas</a>, killing both crew members and a passenger, at approximately 12:45 <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CST</a> (18:45 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before impact the aircraft made a sharp turn south before going into a rapid descent. Witnesses described the plane as going into a nosedive and thunderous sounds before it crashed.<sup id="cite_ref-josephs_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigators from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), and <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) were deployed to the scene while dive teams from the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Texas Department of Public Safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Police_Department" title="Houston Police Department">Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas#City_services" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a> police departments located the aircraft's flight recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NTSB later determined that the crash was a result of the first officer's inappropriate response to an inadvertent activation of the airplane's go-around mode, resulting in his <a href="/wiki/Spatial_disorientation" title="Spatial disorientation">spatial disorientation</a> that led him to place the airplane in a steep descent from which the crew did not recover in time from.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_oil_spill_and_partial_bridge_collapse">2024 oil spill and partial bridge collapse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2024 oil spill and partial bridge collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 15, 2024, a tugboat leaving Texas International Terminals, a container terminal next to the Pelican Island causeway, the only bridge connecting <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_(Texas)" title="Pelican Island (Texas)">Pelican Island</a> to the rest of Galveston, lost control of two barges it was pushing. One of the barges, operated by Martin Operating Partnership, then hit the bridge and two telephone poles at approximately 10:00 CDT (3:00 GMT) collapsing a portion of the bridge, causing a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> spill, and causing a temporary power outage on the island. Two people were knocked off of the barge or jumped off, but they were quickly rescued. As a result of the collision, the bridge was closed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barge, which reportedly has a capacity of 30,000 U.S. gal (110,000 L), spilled between 1,000 U.S. gal (3,800 L) and 2,000 U.S. gal (7,600 L) of oil into Galveston Bay. Some spilled oil stayed on top of the barge and did not leak into the water.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An approximate 6.5 mi (10.5 km) span of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a> was shut down around the bridge in order to help crews clean up the oil spill. Galveston County officials began evacuations for the approximately 200 people who were on the island at the time of the collapse for anyone who needed to leave the island, but warned that they would be unlikely to be able to return in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galveston_bay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Galveston_bay.png/220px-Galveston_bay.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Galveston_bay.png/330px-Galveston_bay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Galveston_bay.png/440px-Galveston_bay.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><b>Galveston Bay (magenta)</b>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bay_(Texas)" title="Trinity Bay (Texas)">Trinity Bay</a> (purple), <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(Texas)" title="East Bay (Texas)">East Bay</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/West_Bay_(Texas)" title="West Bay (Texas)">West Bay</a> (orange)</figcaption></figure> <p>Galveston Bay covers approximately 600 square miles (1,600 km<sup>2</sup>), and is 30 miles (48 km) long and 17 miles (27 km) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCRII_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCRII-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bay has an average depth of 6 feet (2 m) and a maximum undredged depth of 10 feet (3 m).<sup id="cite_ref-NCCRII_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCRII-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Galveston Bay system consists of four main bodies of water: Galveston Bay proper (upper and lower), <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bay_(Texas)" title="Trinity Bay (Texas)">Trinity Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(Texas)" title="East Bay (Texas)">East Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bay_(Texas)" title="West Bay (Texas)">West Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bay is bordered by three counties: <a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas" title="Chambers County, Texas">Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant communities around the bay include <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas" title="La Porte, Texas">La Porte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabrook,_Texas" title="Seabrook, Texas">Seabrook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac</a>. </p><p>Galveston Bay has three outlets to the Gulf of Mexico: Bolivar Roads between Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Pass_(Galveston_Island)" title="San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)">San Luis Pass</a> at the west end of Galveston Island, and <a href="/wiki/Rollover_Pass" title="Rollover Pass">Rollover Pass</a> across Bolivar Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-TWDB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many smaller bays and lakes are connected to the main system, including <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Bay_(Texas)" title="Christmas Bay (Texas)">Christmas Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Lake_(Texas)" title="Moses Lake (Texas)">Moses Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Bay_(Texas)" title="Dickinson Bay (Texas)">Dickinson Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_(Galveston_Bay)" title="Clear Lake (Galveston Bay)">Clear Lake</a>, Ash Lake, Black Duck Bay, and San Jacinto Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with its extensions, Galveston Bay forms the largest of the seven major <a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Texas" title="Estuaries of Texas">estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TWDB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_the_United_States" title="Inland waterways of the United States">inland waterway</a> consisting of natural watercourses and man-made canals, runs between the bay and the Gulf. A majority of the bay's inflow comes from the Trinity River, which contributes 7,500,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre-feet</a> (9.3<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of freshwater annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCCRII_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCRII-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Jacinto River contributes another 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre-feet</a> (620,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCCRII_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCRII-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local coastal watersheds contribute the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCRII_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCRII-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Houston" title="Climate of Houston">Climate of Houston</a></div> <p>The climate around the Bay is classified as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (<i>Cfa</i> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification system</a>). Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring heat from the deserts of Mexico and moisture from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C), and the area's humidity drives the <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> even higher. Winters in the area are mild, with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows above 40 °F (4 °C). Snowfall is generally rare. Annual rainfall averages well over 40 inches (1,000 mm), with some areas typically receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">Hurricanes</a> are an ever-present threat during the fall season. Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula are generally at the greatest risk. However, though the island and the peninsula provide some shielding,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a>, the most economically and environmentally destructive event on the bay since 1900, struck in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposal to build a <a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">flood barrier</a> system to prevent against future <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ike_Dike" title="Ike Dike">Ike Dike</a>, has been considered by the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2017, the Galveston Bay Area was struck by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and received an extraordinary amount of rainfall in a matter of days, with many locations in the bay area observing more than 30 in (760 mm) of precipitation during the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-WPC_15_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPC_15-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This unique and complex mixing of waters from different sources provides nursery and spawning grounds for many types of <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine life</a> including <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, shrimp, oysters, and many varieties of fish, thereby supporting a substantial <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">fishing industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deeper navigation channels of the bay provide suitable habitats for <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a>, which feed on the abundant fish varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the bayous, rivers, and marshes that ring the bay support their own collection of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, containing diverse wildlife and enabling <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">freshwater farming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crawfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawfish">crawfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> that surround the bay support a variety of fauna. Notable <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> species include the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, while bird species include the <a href="/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill" title="Roseate spoonbill">roseate spoonbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_egret" title="Great egret">great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowy_egret" title="Snowy egret">snowy egret</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-faced_ibis" title="White-faced ibis">white-faced ibis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mottled_duck" title="Mottled duck">mottled duck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG/220px-HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG/330px-HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG/440px-HoustondrainmessageGalvBay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>City of Houston <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a> lead into Galveston Bay; messages ask people to keep the ecosystem in mind.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1990s, the Houston Ship Channel had the fifth highest level of toxic chemicals in the nation due to industrial discharge, with over 18.2 million pounds (8,300,000 kg) discharged between 1990 and 1994. However, the bay has generally experienced improving water quality since the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Houston Area Research Council (HARC) and Galveston Bay Foundation periodically release the Galveston Bay Report Card, which grades a number of metrics indicative of the health of the bay's ecosystem and waters. The 2019 report assigned a "C" grade for toxins in bay sediments, citing water and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">soil pollution</a>, wildlife habitat loss, and the impacts of climate change as challenges facing the estuary. The presence of the San Jacinto Pits <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site in the Houston Ship Channel, which contains large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">dioxin</a>, is considered a significant threat to the bay's health.<sup id="cite_ref-Card_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Card-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire bay is covered by seafood consumption advisories set by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_State_Health_Services" title="Texas Department of State Health Services">Texas Department of State Health Services</a>, but the strictness of these standards varies by location. In the Ship Channel, advisories recommend against the consumption of all fish and blue crab, while in the lower bay, advisories only apply to <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Card_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Card-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spills</a> are a routine consequence of the industrial activity around Galveston Bay, with hundreds of spills taking place in a typical year.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 22, 2014, a barge carrying <a href="/wiki/Marine_fuel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine fuel oil">marine fuel oil</a> collided with another ship in the Houston Ship Channel, causing the contents of one of the barge's 168,000-US-gallon (640,000 L) tanks to leak into the bay, requiring weeks of cleanup by dozens of boats.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> levels can occur due to industrial activities; nearby Houston is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industries located along the ship channel are a major cause of ozone pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galveston_bay_area.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Galveston_bay_area.gif/220px-Galveston_bay_area.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Galveston_bay_area.gif/330px-Galveston_bay_area.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Galveston_bay_area.gif/440px-Galveston_bay_area.gif 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Galveston Bay Area municipalities</figcaption></figure> <p>Galveston Bay is located in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States metropolitan areas">fifth largest</a> metropolitan area in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and home to one of the nation's most significant shipping centers.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houston, the nation's <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">fourth largest city</a>, is the economic and cultural center of the region. Important ports served by the bay include the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Texas_City" title="Port of Texas City">Port of Texas City</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Galveston" title="Port of Galveston">Port of Galveston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a>, which connects the Port of Houston to the Gulf, passes through the bay. It is a partially man-made feature created by <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a>, the ship channel subbays, and Galveston Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area has a broad industrial base including the energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, transportation, and health care sectors. The bayside communities in particular are home to the Johnson Space Center, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field_Joint_Reserve_Base" title="Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base">Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington Airport</a> (home of the Houston Spaceport), and a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">petrochemical refineries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large commercial fishing industry has grown around Galveston Bay, with significant production of shrimp, <a href="/wiki/Blue_crab" title="Blue crab">blue crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">eastern oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_drum" title="Black drum">black drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archosargus_probatocephalus" title="Archosargus probatocephalus">sheepshead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_red_snapper" title="Northern red snapper">snapper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the commercial fish harvest in Galveston Bay amounted to 5,800,000 pounds (2,600,000 kg), with a wholesale value of roughly $16.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galveston Bay supports a significant recreation and tourism industry, especially as a result of its proximity to major population centers. Over 40% of Greater Houston residents participate annually in <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> and swimming along the bay, while 20% go <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Fishing industry in the United States">fishing</a> and 15% go boating.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five counties surrounding the bay are home to 88,000 registered <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure craft">pleasure crafts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing expenditures (such as the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">fishing bait</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lodging" title="Lodging">lodging</a>) along Galveston Bay and <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Lake" title="Sabine Lake">Sabine Lake</a> generate approximately $650 million annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recreational fishing industry supports over 3,000 jobs in the bay area.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With over 600 species of birds, Galveston Bay is a popular destination for <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>. This sort of ecotourism generates millions in annual revenue for Chambers County, which is home to the <a href="/wiki/Anahuac_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge">Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Island,_Texas" title="High Island, Texas">High Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Houston_area" title="List of bays of the Houston area">List of bays of the Houston area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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September 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/comm_exec/pubs/gbnep/gbnep-1/gbnep1_01-04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Houston+Ship+Channel%3A+A+History&rft.pub=The+Port+of+Houston+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterbay.org%2Fhtml%2Freleases%2FHoustonShipChannelHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/about/index.html">"Johnson Space Center"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>... it <i>[Galveston Bay]</i> is at the center of the state's <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a>, with 30 percent of U.S. petroleum industry and nearly 50 percent of U.S. production of ethylene and propylene occuring [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] on its shores.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHAPTER+TWO%3A+GALVESTON+BAY&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University-Galveston%3A+Galveston+Bay+Information+Center+%28Galveston+Bay+Estuary+Project%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbic.tamug.edu%2Fgbeppubs%2F24%2Fgbnep_24_09-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span><br />Weisman (2008), pg. 166,"<i>The industrial megaplex that begins on the east side of Houston and continues uninterrupted to the Gulf of Mexico, 50 miles away, is the largest concentration of petroleum refineries, petrochemical companies, and storage structures on Earth.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandleySpearTaylorThatcher2014" class="citation web cs1">Handley, Larry; Spear, Kathryn; Taylor, Eleonor; Thatcher, Cindy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224001637/https://gom.usgs.gov/web/documents/Chapter_D_GalvestonBay.pdf">"Galveston Bay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gom.usgs.gov/web/documents/Chapter_D_GalvestonBay.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Galveston+Bay&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Handley&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Spear%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Eleonor&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Cindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgom.usgs.gov%2Fweb%2Fdocuments%2FChapter_D_GalvestonBay.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatija2014" class="citation news cs1">Satija, Neena (March 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2014/03/26/galveston-bays-lucrative-fishing-industry-threaten/">"Galveston Bay Oil Spill Threatens the Area's Lucrative Fishing Industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Tribune">Texas Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Galveston+Bay+Oil+Spill+Threatens+the+Area%27s+Lucrative+Fishing+Industry&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.aulast=Satija&rft.aufirst=Neena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2014%2F03%2F26%2Fgalveston-bays-lucrative-fishing-industry-threaten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins2009" class="citation web cs1">Cummins, Rhonda (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calhoun.agrilife.org/files/2011/10/Impacts_of_Hurricane_Ike-_on_the_Galveston_Bay_Fishing_Community.pdf">"Impacts of Hurricane Ike on the Galveston Bay Fishing Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas Sea Grant Extension Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impacts+of+Hurricane+Ike+on+the+Galveston+Bay+Fishing+Community&rft.pub=Texas+Sea+Grant+Extension+Program&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalhoun.agrilife.org%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F10%2FImpacts_of_Hurricane_Ike-_on_the_Galveston_Bay_Fishing_Community.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntrobus2005" class="citation book cs1">Antrobus, Sally (2005). <i>Galveston Bay</i>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-461-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-461-8"><bdi>1-58544-461-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galveston+Bay&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58544-461-8&rft.aulast=Antrobus&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairnsRogers1990" class="citation book cs1">Cairns, William J.; Rogers, Patrick M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xkmu6ZgnVxQC"><i>Onshore impacts of offshore oil</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis, Inc.">Taylor & Francis, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85334-974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85334-974-7"><bdi>978-0-85334-974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onshore+impacts+of+offshore+oil&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85334-974-7&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Patrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkmu6ZgnVxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEubanksBehrstockWeeks2006" class="citation book cs1">Eubanks, Ted; Behrstock, Robert A.; Weeks, Ron J. (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Birdlife_of_Houston,_Galveston,_and_the_Upper_Texas_Coast" title="Birdlife of Houston, Galveston, and the Upper Texas Coast">Birdlife of Houston, Galveston, and the Upper Texas Coast</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-510-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-510-X"><bdi>1-58544-510-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birdlife+of+Houston%2C+Galveston%2C+and+the+Upper+Texas+Coast&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58544-510-X&rft.aulast=Eubanks&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Behrstock%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Weeks%2C+Ron+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenson1993" class="citation book cs1">Henson, Margaret Swett (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215055121/http://gbic.tamug.edu/gbeppubs/39/gbnep-39.html"><i>The history of Galveston Bay resource utilization</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay_Estuary_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galveston Bay Estuary Program (page does not exist)">Galveston Bay Estuary Program</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbic.tamug.edu/gbeppubs/39/gbnep-39.html">the original</a> on December 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Galveston+Bay+resource+utilization&rft.pub=Galveston+Bay+Estuary+Program&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Henson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Swett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbic.tamug.edu%2Fgbeppubs%2F39%2Fgbnep-39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelosiPratt2007" class="citation book cs1">Melosi, Martin V.; Pratt, Joseph A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C"><i>Energy metropolis: an environmental history of Houston and the Gulf Coast</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-4335-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+metropolis%3A+an+environmental+history+of+Houston+and+the+Gulf+Coast&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8&rft.aulast=Melosi&rft.aufirst=Martin+V.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtpwM38sPj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb1961" class="citation book cs1">Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansoftexasfr0000newc"><i>The Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times</i></a></span>. Austin, TX: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-78425-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-78425-2"><bdi>0-292-78425-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians+of+Texas%3A+From+Prehistoric+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-292-78425-2&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=William+Wilmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiansoftexasfr0000newc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamosReavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ramos, Mary G.; Reavis, Dick J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgCE8AHvYUQC"><i>Texas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-676-90502-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-676-90502-1"><bdi>0-676-90502-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-676-90502-1&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Mary+G.&rft.au=Reavis%2C+Dick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgCE8AHvYUQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_Bay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galveston_Bay" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo32621">Ellender to Galveston Bay, Louisiana—Texas: Intracoastal Waterway Nautical Chart</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo26688">Galveston Bay to Cedar Lakes, Texas: Intracoastal Waterway Nautical Chart</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a></li> <li>See an 1853 map <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516224429/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2481"><i>Preliminary chart of San Luis Pass, Texas / from a trigonometrical survey under the direction of A.D. Bache ; triangulation by James S. Williams ; topography by J.M. Wampler ; hydrography by the party under the command of H.S. Stellwagen ; engg. by E. Yeager & J.J. Knight ; redd. drng. by E. Freyhold.</i></a>, hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonislandstatepark.org/index.html">Galveston Island State Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvbaydata.org/">Galveston Bay Status and Trends</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1381144">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Galveston Bay</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Estuaries_of_Texas" title="Template:Estuaries of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estuaries_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Estuaries of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estuaries_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estuaries of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estuaries_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Texas" title="Estuaries of Texas">Estuaries of Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande#Geography" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Madre_(United_States)" title="Laguna Madre (United States)">Laguna Madre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Bay" title="Corpus Christi Bay">Nueces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aransas_Bay" title="Aransas Bay">Mission–Aransas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Bay" title="San Antonio Bay">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Lavaca–Colorado</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/East_Matagorda_Bay" title="East Matagorda Bay">East Matagorda Bay</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/San_Bernard_River" title="San Bernard River">San Bernard</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedar_Lakes_(Texas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedar Lakes (Texas) (page does not exist)">Cedar Lakes</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos River</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Bay_(Texas)" title="Christmas Bay (Texas)">Christmas Bay</a></small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity–San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Lake" title="Sabine Lake">Sabine–Neches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Texas_Houston–The_Woodlands–Sugar_Land" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Template:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Template talk:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Texas_Houston–The_Woodlands–Sugar_Land" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Texas"><img alt="Flag of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/20px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/30px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/40px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas" title="Chambers County, Texas">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas" title="Liberty County, Texas">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas" title="Waller County, Texas">Waller</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSB_MSA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area"><img alt="Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/100px-HSB_MSA.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/150px-HSB_MSA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/200px-HSB_MSA.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Principal" cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin,_Texas" title="Alvin, Texas">Alvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas" title="Bellaire, Texas">Bellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clute,_Texas" title="Clute, Texas">Clute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Texas" title="Deer Park, Texas">Deer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson,_Texas" title="Dickinson, Texas">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Texas" title="Freeport, Texas">Freeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas" title="Friendswood, Texas">Friendswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_Park,_Texas" title="Galena Park, Texas">Galena Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble,_Texas" title="Humble, Texas">Humble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_City,_Texas" title="Jacinto City, Texas">Jacinto City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson,_Texas" title="Lake Jackson, Texas">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Marque,_Texas" title="La Marque, Texas">La Marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas" title="La Porte, Texas">La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvel,_Texas" title="Manvel, Texas">Manvel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenberg,_Texas" title="Rosenberg, Texas">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas" title="South Houston, Texas">South Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford,_Texas" title="Stafford, Texas">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place</a></li></ul> <p><i>For a complete listing, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Greater_Houston" title="List of cities and towns in Greater Houston">list of cities and towns in Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA</a></i> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unincorporated<br />areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atascocita,_Texas" title="Atascocita, Texas">Atascocita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelview,_Texas" title="Channelview, Texas">Channelview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf,_Texas" title="Cloverleaf, Texas">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Texas" title="Crosby, Texas">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress,_Texas" title="Cypress, Texas">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_Texas" title="Fresno, Texas">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley,_Texas" title="Hockley, Texas">Hockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein,_Texas" title="Klein, Texas">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Bolivar,_Texas" title="Port Bolivar, Texas">Port Bolivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galveston Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Houston" title="Lake Houston">Lake Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Conroe" title="Lake Conroe">Lake Conroe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2560406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315125076">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052888">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558073405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038049">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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