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id="toc-Réflexion_structurelle_et_réflexion_comportementale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Réflexion_structurelle_et_réflexion_comportementale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Réflexion structurelle et réflexion comportementale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Réflexion_structurelle_et_réflexion_comportementale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Réflexion_et_programmation_objet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Réflexion_et_programmation_objet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Réflexion et programmation objet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Réflexion_et_programmation_objet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Langages_réflexifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langages_réflexifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Langages réflexifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langages_réflexifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exemple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Réflexion (informatique)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 25 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برمجة انعكاسية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجة انعكاسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksiya" title="Refleksiya – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Refleksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexi%C3%B3_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Reflexió (informàtica) – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reflexió (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexe_(programov%C3%A1n%C3%AD)" title="Reflexe (programování) – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reflexe (programování)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexion_(Programmierung)" title="Reflexion (Programmierung) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reflexion (Programmierung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Ανάκλαση (υπολογιστές) – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανάκλαση (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reflective programming" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexi%C3%B3n_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Reflexión (informática) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reflexión (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="برنامه‌نویسی پژواکی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه‌نویسی پژواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="Reflection (תכנות) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Reflection (תכנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riflessione_(informatica)" title="Riflessione (informatica) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riflessione (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3_(%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6)" title="リフレクション (情報工学) – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リフレクション (情報工学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%98%81_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99)" title="반영 (컴퓨터 과학) – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반영 (컴퓨터 과학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksija_(programavimas)" title="Refleksija (programavimas) – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Refleksija (programavimas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="റിഫ്ലക്ടീവ് പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിഫ്ലക്ടീവ് പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantulan_(pengaturcaraan_komputer)" title="Pantulan (pengaturcaraan komputer) – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pantulan (pengaturcaraan komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectie_(informatica)" title="Reflectie (informatica) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reflectie (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanizm_refleksji" title="Mechanizm refleksji – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mechanizm refleksji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex%C3%A3o_(programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Reflexão (programação) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reflexão (programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Рефлексия (программирование) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рефлексия (программирование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksija_(ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo)" title="Refleksija (računalništvo) – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Refleksija (računalništvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5)" title="Рефлексија (програмирање) – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рефлексија (програмирање)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Рефлексія (програмування) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рефлексія (програмування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh)" title="Reflection (khoa học máy tính) – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Reflection (khoa học máy tính)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%BC%8F%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B" title="反射式编程 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反射式编程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1056451#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9flexion" class="mw-disambig" title="Réflexion">Réflexion</a> et <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9flexivit%C3%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="Réflexivité">Réflexivité</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Programmation_informatique" title="Programmation informatique">programmation informatique</a>, la <b>réflexion</b> est la capacité d'un <a href="/wiki/Programme_informatique" title="Programme informatique">programme</a> à examiner, et éventuellement à modifier, ses propres structures internes de haut niveau lors de son <a href="/wiki/Instruction_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction machine">exécution</a>. </p><p>On appelle <b>réflexivité</b> le fait pour un langage de programmation de permettre l'écriture de tels programmes. Un tel langage de programmation est dit <b>réflexif</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introspection_et_intercession">Introspection et intercession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Introspection et intercession" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Introspection et intercession"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On distingue deux techniques utilisées par les systèmes réflexifs : </p> <ul><li><b>l'introspection</b>, qui est la capacité d'un programme à examiner son propre état ;</li> <li><b>l'intercession</b>, qui est la capacité d'un programme à modifier son propre état d'exécution ou d'altérer sa propre interprétation ou signification.</li></ul> <p>L'<i>introspection</i> est utilisée pour effectuer des mesures de performance, inspecter des modules ou <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9boguer" class="mw-redirect" title="Déboguer">déboguer</a> un programme. Elle est implémentée dans des langages comme <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Java_(langage)" title="Java (langage)">Java</a> qui fournissent des outils pour connaître la <a href="/wiki/Classe_(informatique)" title="Classe (informatique)">classe</a> d'un objet, ses <a href="/wiki/Attribut_(informatique)" title="Attribut (informatique)">attributs</a>, ses <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_(informatique)" title="Méthode (informatique)">méthodes</a>, etc. L'introspection n'existe pas dans des langages comme <a href="/wiki/C_(langage)" title="C (langage)">C</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(langage)" title="Pascal (langage)">Pascal</a> (mais existe dans <a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Embarcadero Delphi">Delphi</a> depuis la version 2010). </p><p>L'<i>intercession</i> permet à un programme d'évoluer automatiquement en fonction des besoins et de l'environnement. Cette propriété apparaît dans des langages comme <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groovy_(langage)" title="Groovy (langage)">Groovy</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Python_(langage)" title="Python (langage)">Python</a>, mais elle n'existe pas dans des langages comme C. </p><p>La réflexion, l’introspection et l'intercession sont des cas particuliers de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taprogrammation" title="Métaprogrammation">métaprogrammation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Réflexion_structurelle_et_réflexion_comportementale"><span id="R.C3.A9flexion_structurelle_et_r.C3.A9flexion_comportementale"></span>Réflexion structurelle et réflexion comportementale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Réflexion structurelle et réflexion comportementale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Réflexion structurelle et réflexion comportementale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parallèlement aux concepts d'introspection et d'intercession, il existe deux types de réflexion : la réflexion structurelle (qui concerne surtout le code du programme) et la réflexion comportementale (qui concerne surtout l’environnement du programme). </p><p>La <b>réflexion structurelle</b> consiste à <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ification#Informatique" title="Réification">réifier</a> le code d'un programme et tous les <a href="/wiki/Type_abstrait" title="Type abstrait">types abstraits</a> accessibles par ce programme. Dans le premier cas, la réification du code d'un programme permet de manipuler ce programme pendant l'exécution. Il est possible ainsi de maintenir un programme même lorsque celui-ci effectue des tâches. Dans le deuxième cas, la réification des types abstraits permet au programme d'examiner et de modifier la structure de types complexes. On peut ainsi, par exemple, mettre au point des algorithmes génériques de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rialisation" title="Sérialisation">sérialisation</a>. </p><p>La <b>réflexion comportementale</b> (ou réflexion de comportement) concerne plus particulièrement l'exécution du programme et l'environnement du programme. Par ce type de réflexion, un programme peut « savoir » comment il est interprété et peut ainsi modifier sa façon d'être exécuté, en intervenant sur les structures de données de l'évaluateur du programme et sur l'évaluateur lui-même. De fait, le programme peut obtenir des informations sur son implémentation ou même s'auto-réorganiser afin de s'adapter au mieux à un « environnement ». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Réflexion_et_programmation_objet"><span id="R.C3.A9flexion_et_programmation_objet"></span>Réflexion et programmation objet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Réflexion et programmation objet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Réflexion et programmation objet"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_objet" title="Programmation orientée objet">programmation orientée objet</a>, l'architecture réflexive est implémentée par le concept des <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taobjet" title="Métaobjet">métaobjets</a>. Ceux-ci représentent des éléments des programmes orientés objets comme les classes, les messages et les fonctions génériques. La manipulation de ces métaobjets se fait par un <a href="/wiki/Protocole_%C3%A0_m%C3%A9taobjets" title="Protocole à métaobjets">protocole à métaobjets</a> qui permet de décider des comportements du langage. <a href="/wiki/CLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOS">CLOS</a> est le premier langage à avoir implémenté un protocole à méta-objets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langages_réflexifs"><span id="Langages_r.C3.A9flexifs"></span>Langages réflexifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Langages réflexifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Langages réflexifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les langages suivants sont réflexifs : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D_(langage)" title="D (langage)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(langage)" title="Go (langage)">Go</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qt" title="Qt">Qt</a> (bibliothèque C++)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LOGO">LOGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOS">CLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(langage)" title="Python (langage)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_Command_Language" title="Tool Command Language">Tcl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(langage)" title="Io (langage)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(langage)" title="Java (langage)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, depuis la version 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a></li> <li>les langages qui fonctionnent avec l'architecture <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_.NET" title="Microsoft .NET">.NET</a> (comme le <a href="/wiki/C_sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="C sharp">C#</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>, le <a href="/wiki/J_Sharp" title="J Sharp">J#</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++/CLI</a>)</li> <li>langages assembleurs</li></ul> <p>Dans les langages interprétés ou compilé à la volée avant exécution (<a href="/wiki/Lisp" title="Lisp">Lisp</a> par exemple), il n'y a pas de différence entre l'interprétation du code et la réflexion étant donné que c'est le code source qui évolue et non uniquement le code issu de la compilation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemple">Exemple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Exemple" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemple"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'exemple suivant est écrit en <a href="/wiki/Java_(langage)" title="Java (langage)">Java</a> : </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Sans utiliser la réflexion</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">hello</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// En utilisant la réflexion</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="o"><?></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">forName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"package.name.Foo"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Instanciation de l'objet dont la méthode est à appeler</span> <span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cl</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">newInstance</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Invocation de la méthode via réflexion</span> <span class="n">Method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cl</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getClass</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="na">getDeclaredMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"hello"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="o"><?>[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">method</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <p>L'exemple suivant est écrit en <a href="/wiki/C_sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="C sharp">C#</a> : </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Sans utiliser la réflexion</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// En utilisant la réflexion</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Instanciation de l'objet dont la méthode est à appeler</span> <span class="c1">// Il existe deux façons d'instancier un objet via la réflexion :</span> <span class="c1">// 1, soit :</span> <span class="n">ConstructorInfo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">constructor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetConstructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EmptyTypes</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">constructor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="p">[]{});</span> <span class="c1">// 2, soit :</span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Activator</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateInstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Invocation de la méthode via réflexion</span> <span class="n">MethodInfo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"hello"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">method</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="p">[]{});</span> </pre></div> <p>Les deux morceaux de code créent une instance de la classe <i>Foo</i> et appellent leur méthode <i>hello</i>. </p><p>Dans le premier programme, le nom des classes et des méthodes est codé en dur, il n'est pas possible d'utiliser le nom d'une autre classe. Dans le second programme, en revanche, le nom des classes et des méthodes peut varier à l'exécution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D. G. Bobrow, R. G. Gabriel, and J. L. White. <i>Object oriented programming: the CLOS perspective</i>. MIT Press, 1993.</li> <li>G. Kickzales, J. des Rivières, and D. G. Bobrow. <i>The art of the metaobject protocol</i>. MIT Press, 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexion_(informatique)&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quine_(informatique)" title="Quine (informatique)">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ification" title="Réification">Réification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taobjet" title="Métaobjet">Métaobjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocole_%C3%A0_m%C3%A9ta-objets" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocole à méta-objets">Protocole à méta-objets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impr%C3%A9dicativit%C3%A9" title="Imprédicativité">Imprédicativité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiconicit%C3%A9" title="Homoiconicité">Homoiconicité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection en psychologie et en philosophie</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Paradigme_de_programmation" title="Modèle:Palette Paradigme de programmation"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Paradigme_de_programmation&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Paradigme_(programmation)" title="Paradigme (programmation)">Paradigmes de programmation</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_imp%C3%A9rative" title="Programmation impérative">Impérative</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_structur%C3%A9e" title="Programmation structurée">Structurée</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_composant" title="Programmation orientée composant">Orientée composant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_objet" title="Programmation orientée objet">Orientée objet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_aspect" title="Programmation orientée aspect">Orientée aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_prototype" title="Programmation orientée prototype">Orientée prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programmation_orient%C3%A9e_classe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programmation orientée classe (page inexistante)">Orientée classe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_proc%C3%A9durale" title="Programmation procédurale">Procédurale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_%C3%A9v%C3%A9nementielle" title="Programmation événementielle">Événementielle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Programmation_d%C3%A9clarative" title="Programmation déclarative">Déclarative</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_fonctionnelle" title="Programmation fonctionnelle">Fonctionnelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_logique" title="Programmation logique">Logique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_par_contraintes" title="Programmation par contraintes">Par contraintes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programmation_descriptive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programmation descriptive (page inexistante)">Descriptive</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taprogrammation" title="Métaprogrammation">Métaprogrammation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Réflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-d%C3%A9finition" title="Macro-définition">Macros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9taprogrammation_avec_des_patrons" title="Métaprogrammation avec des patrons">Patrons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_concurrente" title="Programmation concurrente">Concurrente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_par_contrat" title="Programmation par contrat">Par contrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_r%C3%A9active" title="Programmation réactive">Réactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmation_synchrone" title="Programmation synchrone">Synchrone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Comparaison_des_langages_de_programmation_multi-paradigmes" title="Comparaison des langages de programmation multi-paradigmes">Comparaison des langages de programmation multi-paradigmes</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Programmation_informatique" title="Portail de la programmation informatique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Circle-icons-dev.svg/24px-Circle-icons-dev.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Circle-icons-dev.svg/36px-Circle-icons-dev.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Circle-icons-dev.svg/48px-Circle-icons-dev.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Programmation_informatique" title="Portail:Programmation informatique">Portail de la programmation informatique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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