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[{"id":59978674,"identifier":"Attachment_59978674","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":39792545,"created_at":"2019-07-10T21:23:46.261-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-13T12:40:52.827-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Wollstonecraft's supreme honour of being the mother of western feminism has been questioned by an indictment of misogyny by Susan Gubar; a similar charge of misogyny could potentially be made against the proto-feminist standing of Rokeya if her polemical works are eyed through Gubar's lens. Taylor, in her article Misogyny and Feminism: The Case of Mary Wollstonecraft, comes to Wollstonecraft's rescue while the author of this article intends to apply an antidote before such an indictment is registered against Rokeya. The misreading of Wollstonecraft's The Rights of Woman is prompted by her criticisms of women for their excessive attention to vocations that render them more subservient to men's desires and an easy prey to their inhibiting measures. What differentiates Wollstonecraft as well as Rokeya from Gubar's paradigmatic feminists is their atypical approach to righting the wrongs done to women. Their feminist campaign does not end with making some disparaging remarks against men; rather, they want to sanitise women from the frivolities that they have internalised and that have appeared as their characteristic traits. They pit their atypical approach against a long masculinist tradition of mesmerising women by applauding their weaknesses. They take an unconventional tactic and criticise the feminine attributes that men find pleasing in women. Both Wollstonecraft and Rokeya argue that the apparent frivolities that seem inherent components of women's selves are actually social constructions. Although it may seem that Wollstonecraft and Rokeya castigate women, the underhand criticism is actually aimed against men who systematically deny women their right to engage in worthier activities. Both Wollstonecraft and Rokeya call upon women to assume full responsibility as human beings and to end their abject dependence on men, which they think is the way to bring about a revolution in the masculine perception of women. The similarity in tone and in the coinage of their diction points towards the universal sisterhood that modern postcolonial feminists champion. Both Wollstonecraft and Rokeya perceive a systematic masculinist manoeuvring in keeping women fascinated with frivolous activities. Their agendas include disaffecting women from such vocations. Beer's concept of the presentism of past may counteract misreading of early feminist texts as they evolved in the cases of Wollstonecraft and Rokeya.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"59978674"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"INDICTMENT OF MISOGYNY ON MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT AND ROKEYA SAKHAWAT HUSSAIN","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [46459786]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":59978674,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “INDICTMENT OF MISOGYNY ON MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT AND ROKEYA SAKHAWAT HUSSAIN”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/59978674/mini_magick20190710-541-go2rdb.png?1562821320" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">INDICTMENT OF MISOGYNY ON MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT AND ROKEYA SAKHAWAT HUSSAIN</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46459786" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DurdanaMatin"><img alt="Profile image of Durdana Matin" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/46459786/12288560/13682448/s65_durdana.matin.jpg" />Durdana Matin</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":59978674,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/39792545/INDICTMENT_OF_MISOGYNY_ON_MARY_WOLLSTONECRAFT_AND_ROKEYA_SAKHAWAT_HUSSAIN"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":59978674,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/39792545/INDICTMENT_OF_MISOGYNY_ON_MARY_WOLLSTONECRAFT_AND_ROKEYA_SAKHAWAT_HUSSAIN"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="59978674" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/39792545/INDICTMENT_OF_MISOGYNY_ON_MARY_WOLLSTONECRAFT_AND_ROKEYA_SAKHAWAT_HUSSAIN" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="8960855" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8960855/Indictment_of_misogyny_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hossain">Indictment of misogyny on Mary Wollstonecraft and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19869251" href="https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan">Md. Mahmudul Hasan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Wollstonecraft’s supreme honour of being the mother of western feminism has been questioned by an indictment of misogyny by Susan Gubar; a similar charge of misogyny could potentially be made against the proto-feminist standing of Rokeya if her polemical works are eyed through Gubar’s lens. Taylor, in her article Misogyny and Feminism: The Case of Mary Wollstonecraft, comes to Wollstonecraft’s rescue while the author of this article intends to apply an antidote before such an indictment is registered against Rokeya. The misreading of Wollstonecraft’s The Rights of Woman is prompted by her criticisms of women for their excessive attention to vocations that render them more subservient to men’s desires and an easy prey to their inhibiting measures. What differentiates Wollstonecraft as well as Rokeya from Gubar’s paradigmatic feminists is their atypical approach to righting the wrongs done to women. Their feminist campaign does not end with making some disparaging remarks against men; rather, they want to sanitise women from the frivolities that they have internalised and that have appeared as their characteristic traits. They pit their atypical approach against a long masculinist tradition of mesmerising women by applauding their weaknesses. They take an unconventional tactic and criticise the feminine attributes that men find pleasing in women. Both Wollstonecraft and Rokeya argue that the apparent frivolities that seem inherent components of women’s selves are actually social constructions. Although it may seem that Wollstonecraft and Rokeya castigate women, the underhand criticism is actually aimed against men who systematically deny women their right to engage in worthier activities. Both Wollstonecraft and Rokeya call upon women to assume full responsibility as human beings and to end their abject dependence on men, which they think is the way to bring about a revolution in the masculine perception of women. The similarity in tone and in the coinage of their diction points towards the universal sisterhood that modern postcolonial feminists champion. Both Wollstonecraft and Rokeya perceive a systematic masculinist manoeuvring in keeping women fascinated with frivolous activities. Their agendas include disaffecting women from such vocations. Beer’s concept of the presentism of past may counteract misreading of early feminist texts as they evolved in the cases of Wollstonecraft and Rokeya.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Indictment of misogyny on Mary Wollstonecraft and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain","attachmentId":35278505,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8960855/Indictment_of_misogyny_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hossain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8960855/Indictment_of_misogyny_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hossain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="39632418" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto">"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman": Mary Wollstonecraft's feminist Manifesto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59703929" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/GianluigiSegalerba">Gianluigi Segalerba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PDF-PowerPoint presentation of the talk I gave on Sunday, 26th August 2018 at the 2018 Societas Ethica Annual Conference, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 23th – 26th August 2018. Abstract In the first chapter of her “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”, Mary Wollstonecraft defines human degrees of reason, virtue and knowledge as the instruments for measurement of human nature’s perfection. Reason, virtue and knowledge constitute, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, the new values that ought to promote a radical change, in general, in the whole human dimension and, in particular, in the woman’s sphere of life. In my contribution, I would like to analyse principles, contents and arguments present in Mary Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” – published in 1792 –, which constitutes one of the first texts – probably the first “manifesto” – of the feminist movement. I will also take into consideration Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Men” in order to investigate the main points of Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Burke’s “Reflections on Revolution in France”. An initial, rather short part of my contribution will be dedicated to the presentation of the main events in Wollstonecraft’s life, in order to reconstruct at least some of the cultural and intellectual environments with which Mary Wollstonecraft came in contact during her life: Wollstonecraft’s role and contribution in the Enlightenment will thereby be described. Furthermore, the exposition of some biographical facts regarding Mary Wollstonecraft will aim at illustrating the dimensions of the hostile political and intellectual groups against which Mary Wollstonecraft had to fight in her life, since Wollstonecraft’s positions apparently belonged to an absolute minority as regards the spectrum of ideas of her times. The main aim of my investigation will consist in showing that both “Vindications” are expressions of a programme of radical modification of the society: The subjection of women in the `community is, in Wollstonecraft’s view, a part of the greater problem of the subjugated social community. Wollstonecraft expresses in her works an absolute denial of the traditional education of women: Wollstonecraft’s principal purpose is to promote the change of female education and the reform the social and political institution oppressing women. Women’s inclusion into public life can be reached, in the opinion of Mary Wollstonecraft, only through a common education for men and women; reform of the education of women means reform of the society. We will see that one of the aims of Wollstonecraft lies in persuading women to abandon a false conception of the feminine nature in order to let them adopt the practical virtues of rationality, autonomy, and self-reliance. Wollstonecraft expresses her absolute denial of whichever categorization of women as creature of feeling rather than of reason. This point constitutes the first step, in Wollstonecraft meditation, towards a model and towards a proposal of a new education, in which women and men are given the same kind of education: education ought to produce in individual the attitudes to reason, to autonomy and to independence. The education to the attitude and the behaviour led by reason represents, in Wollstonecraft’s project, the opposition to the traditional cultivation, in the women’s sphere, of sensibility. The main principle of Wollstonecraft’s project of education consists in the persuasion that, without knowledge, there can be no morality: not sensibility, but reason ought to be the aim of the education itself. A method of education promoting sensibility in the individual can only produce mental instability in the individual; moreover, education tending to strengthening sensibility in women proves to be an agent in the diminution of value and in the consequent oppression of women. The duty of women consists, in Wollstonecraft’ view, in abandoning false femininity in order to reach the practical virtues of rationality, independence and self-reliance. The mind has no sex: There is no natural disposition because of which men are reason, and women are sensibility. This artificial distinction, which lies at the very origin of the oppression of women, is established only in the society: therefore, the society ought to be, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, profoundly reformed. I shall point out, furthermore, Wollstonecraft’s connections with the religious environment of her time. The religious roots of Mary Wollstonecraft’s thought will be, therefore, investigated in order to demonstrate that her thought was profoundly influenced by the religious background of that time: I will show that Wollstonecraft’s meditation cannot be interpreted without its connections with the positions of the radical dissenters. Moreover, utopian components are not extraneous to her theological conceptions. My analysis will, furthermore, concentrate on the reconstruction of Wollstonecraft’s polemical issues: therefore, I shall analyse Wollstonecraft’s criticism of, for instance, Rousseau’s and of Milton’s conception of the woman. As regards the connections of Mary Wollstonecraft with the feminist movement, the main question I shall propose in my contribution will consist in analysing whether the feminism model of Mary Wollstonecraft does or does not contain in itself a tension or even a contradiction between a possible radical feminism component and a more traditional component. Through her radical feminist component, Wollstonecraft undoubtedly denounces many forms of oppression of women. On the other hand, due to her traditional component, Wollstonecraft apparently binds the role of women, for instance, to the role of mothers, thus reaffirming the diversity, as to social duties and social self-realization, between men and women. In other words, the question will be whether Mary Wollstonecraft oscillates between models of radical, anti-patriarchal feminism and models of acceptance of separate spheres for male and women. The bibliographical studies on Mary Wollstonecraft will help in the analysis of the presence (or not) of this dilemma in her works.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman\": Mary Wollstonecraft's feminist Manifesto","attachmentId":59792248,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="52266368" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52266368/Remembering_Marv_Wollstonecraft_on_the_Bicentenary_of_the_Publication_of_a_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Remembering Marv Wollstonecraft on the Bicentenary of the Publication of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142558730" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/STomaselli">Sylvana Tomaselli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Remembering Marv Wollstonecraft on the Bicentenary of the Publication of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman","attachmentId":69611191,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52266368/Remembering_Marv_Wollstonecraft_on_the_Bicentenary_of_the_Publication_of_a_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52266368/Remembering_Marv_Wollstonecraft_on_the_Bicentenary_of_the_Publication_of_a_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="109153510" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109153510/The_Feminist_Responses_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft_A_Reading">The Feminist Responses to Mary Wollstonecraft: A Reading</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="172830017" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/DrBirbalSaha">Dr. Birbal Saha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">EPRA International Journal of Research &amp; Development (IJRD)</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">According to the well-known study on Wollstonecrafts reception in the early 20th century, some feminists embraced her unusual life experience as a personal model for their own experiments with, and literary reflections on, love, sex, and marriage. She frequently used the first-person plural to refer to herself as a part of the greater community of women who endure patriarchal oppression in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. There is evidence that many intellectuals regarded Wollstonecrafts contributions to modern women largely from a biographical and literary standpoint. Examples include Virginia Woolf, Ruth Benedict, and Emma Goldman. Numerous important biographical studies of Wollstonecrafts life and literary critiques of her writing have been produced since the 1970s. The second wave of feminist researchers, however, were undoubtedly most influenced by this symbolic interpretation of Wollstonecraft as a personal figure. In this research paper, we aim to investigate the feminis...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Feminist Responses to Mary Wollstonecraft: A Reading","attachmentId":107361115,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109153510/The_Feminist_Responses_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft_A_Reading","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109153510/The_Feminist_Responses_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft_A_Reading"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3845786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization">Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman as a Feminist Critique of Male Definitions of Civilization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4732947" href="https://coruna.academia.edu/InternationalPeerReviewedAcademicJournalANGLISTICUMJulyedition2013">ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mohamed Gariti, Sabrina Zerar, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman as a Feminist Critique of Male Definitions of Civilization","attachmentId":31490999,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="109695030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Mary Wollstonecraft’s Reflection on Life and Society: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="172830017" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/DrBirbalSaha">Dr. Birbal Saha</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174856751" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/AnasuyaAdhikari">Anasuya Adhikari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this research work we have examined A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) by Mary Wollstonecraft. The reflection aims to convey the conflict between revolt and conformity that permeates the author's existence. Mary Wollstonecraft's personal struggles as a woman in a patriarchal society shaped her viewpoint and motivated her to speak out for other women. In an attempt to reach her modern audience, Wollstonecraft wrote this text in conventional language even as it pushed the limits of customary thinking. Wollstonecraft battled the traditional beliefs she was raised with in England throughout her writing career and her life, as well as those she adopted in response to her surroundings, primarily in France during her protracted relationships and the French Revolution. This contradiction, which Wollstonecraft herself identifies as a root cause of women's wastefulness as a valuable resource in society, is tied to her own conflict between compliance and revolt. She developed a tension as a result of this fight that is evident in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mary Wollstonecraft’s Reflection on Life and Society: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","attachmentId":107742630,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="59998707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59998707/The_Clash_of_Gendered_Referents_in_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men">The Clash of Gendered Referents in Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31991773" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabrinaZerar">Sabrina Zerar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Clash of Gendered Referents in Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Men","attachmentId":73638812,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59998707/The_Clash_of_Gendered_Referents_in_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59998707/The_Clash_of_Gendered_Referents_in_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="35137404" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35137404/Reflections_on_Chapter_2_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Reflections on Chapter 2 of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46200151" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CBEInternational">CBE International (Publisher)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Priscilla Papers, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Author: Leah Welch Publisher: CBE International Arguably, Mary Wollstonecraft can be as relevant today as she was in 1792 when she wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Her critique of societal norms and the education of women and children was revolutionary when she wrote it, and it still has the capability to be influential today. Why is this the case? Is her work so rich that it can be interpreted across cultures and time, or has society not changed as much as it might seem? Certainly, Wollstonecraft’s writing is interpretively rich and able to speak to many people; however, there are some elements of our contemporary society that might hinder the progress of the feminist movement, of which Wollstonecraft is considered the foremother. I intend to investigate Wollstonecraft’s argument for why men and women are equal in rationality and consider why her criticisms of society might still be applicable today by reflecting on applications to our broader society and, more specifically, the evangelical church. I will also suggest that it is unfortunate that a critique such as Wollstonecraft’s still needs to be applied in contemporary society, but that, if we can understand it in today’s context (and by neglecting it we would be causing injustice and miseducation to go unchallenged), then we should indeed apply her proposals.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections on Chapter 2 of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","attachmentId":54998900,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35137404/Reflections_on_Chapter_2_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35137404/Reflections_on_Chapter_2_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="30860766" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30860766/The_Roots_of_Modern_Feminism_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_the_French_Revolution">The Roots of Modern Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58734283" href="https://hitit.academia.edu/FatihDuman">Fatih Duman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), attributing a particular importance to " woman "-in the narrow sense-and to all oppressed groups-in the broad sense-, has a peculiar position in the history of political thoughts. Taking a position different from the modern male thinkers in her era, she expanded such ideas as " reason " , " natural rights " , " social contract " towards relations between genders and patriarchal authority of the family. These ideas of Wollstonecraft, who applied basic arguments of Enlightenment to the family, woman and private sphere, have constituted the foundation of modern feminism. Wollstonecraft produced classical writings that integrated political theory with gender roles and private relations. In this sense, relations that she made among freedom, equality, virtue, reason and genders and her criticism towards the societies of her era are important. The present study that has focused on Wollstonecraft's perception about " woman " and her thoughts about the French Revolution will investigate the topic in three basic phases. The first phase will try to present her methodological point of view and her basic thoughts by moving from her book " A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) ". The second phase will investigate the concepts and analysis that cover basic arguments of the modern feminist thought by focusing on her book " A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) ". The third and the final phase will discuss the results of Wollstonecraft's basic concepts on political theory, especially in relation with the French Revolution where these concepts have been expressed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Roots of Modern Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution","attachmentId":51286284,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30860766/The_Roots_of_Modern_Feminism_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_the_French_Revolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30860766/The_Roots_of_Modern_Feminism_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_the_French_Revolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="105836653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy">""A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason" - Talk - 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59703929" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/GianluigiSegalerba">Gianluigi Segalerba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PowerPoint of the 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy, held at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, on 20th-21rd January 2020; Theme: The Canon Revisited: Women Philosophers. I gave a talk at the Colloquium on 20th January 2020. The title of the talk was: "“”A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason". Presentation: In the first chapter of her “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”, Mary Wollstonecraft defines human degrees of reason, virtue and knowledge as the instruments for measurement of human nature’s perfection. Reason, virtue and knowledge constitute, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, the new values that ought to promote a radical change, in general, in the whole human dimension and, in particular, in the woman’s sphere of life. In my contribution, I would like to analyse principles, contents and arguments present in Mary Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” – published in 1792 –, which constitutes one of the first texts – probably the first “manifesto” – of the feminist movement. I shall also take into consideration Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Men” in order to investigate the main points of Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Burke’s “Reflections on Revolution in France”. An initial, rather short part of my contribution will be dedicated to the presentation of the main events in Wollstonecraft’s life, in order to reconstruct at least some of the cultural and intellectual environments with which Mary Wollstonecraft came in contact during her life: Wollstonecraft’s role and contribution in the Enlightenment will thereby be described. Furthermore, the exposition of some biographical facts regarding Mary Wollstonecraft will aim at illustrating the dimensions of the hostile political and intellectual groups against which Mary Wollstonecraft had to fight in her life, since Wollstonecraft’s positions apparently belonged to an absolute minority as regards the spectrum of ideas of her times. The main aim of my investigation will consist in showing that both “Vindications” are expressions of a programme of radical modification of the society: The subjection of women in the `community is, in Wollstonecraft’s view, a part of the greater problem of the subjugated social community. Wollstonecraft expresses in her works an absolute denial of the traditional education of women: Wollstonecraft’s principal purpose is to promote the change of female education and the reform of the social and political institution oppressing women. Women’s inclusion into public life can be reached, in the opinion of Mary Wollstonecraft, only through a common education for men and women; reform of the education of women means reform of the society. We shall see that one of the aims of Wollstonecraft lies in persuading women to abandon a false conception of the feminine nature in order to let them adopt the practical virtues of rationality, autonomy, and self-reliance. Wollstonecraft expresses her absolute denial of whichever categorization of women as creature of feeling rather than of reason. This point constitutes the first step, in Wollstonecraft meditation, towards a model and towards a proposal of a new education, in which women and men are given the same kind of education: education ought to produce in individual the attitudes to reason, to autonomy and to independence. The education to the attitude and the behaviour led by reason represents, in Wollstonecraft’s project, the opposition to the traditional cultivation, in the women’s sphere, of sensibility. The main principle of Wollstonecraft’s project of education consists in the persuasion that, without knowledge, there can be no morality: not sensibility, but reason ought to be the aim of the education itself. A method of education promoting sensibility in the individual can only produce mental instability in the individual; moreover, an education stirring sensibility in women proves to be an agent in the diminution of value and in the consequent oppression of women. The duty of women consists, in Wollstonecraft’s view, in abandoning false femininity in order to reach the practical virtues of rationality, independence and self-reliance. The mind has no sex: There is no natural disposition because of which men should be reason, and women should be sensibility. This artificial distinction, which lies at the very origin of the oppression of women, is established only in the society through a precise kind of education: therefore, the society ought to be, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, profoundly reformed through a complete reform of the education.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"\"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason\" - Talk - 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy","attachmentId":105194514,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":59978674,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":59978674,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_59978674" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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