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id="toc-Pull_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_waves_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_waves_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emigration waves by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_waves_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emigration restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emigration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auswanderung" title="Auswanderung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Auswanderung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AD" title="نزوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نزوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A9" title="Արտագաղթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արտագաղթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7m%C9%99" title="Köçmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köçmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эміграцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эміграцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эміграцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эміграцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Емиграция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емиграция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigracija" title="Emigracija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Emigracija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigraci%C3%B3" title="Emigració – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emigració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrace" title="Emigrace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emigrace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymfudo" title="Ymfudo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymfudo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udvandring" title="Udvandring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udvandring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auswanderung" title="Auswanderung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auswanderung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigratsioon" title="Emigratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emigratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αποδημία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποδημία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigraci%C3%B3n" title="Emigración – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emigración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmigrado" title="Elmigrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elmigrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C" title="برون‌کوچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برون‌کوچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migration" title="Émigration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émigration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imirce_(daonra)" title="Imirce (daonra) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Imirce (daonra)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilthireachd" title="Eilthireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eilthireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigraci%C3%B3n" title="Emigración – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emigración" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC_(%EC%B6%9C%EA%B5%AD)" title="이민 (출국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이민 (출국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A9" title="Արտագաղթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտագաղթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="उत्प्रवास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्प्रवास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseljeni%C5%A1tvo" title="Iseljeništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iseljeništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrasi" title="Emigrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emigrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrazione" title="Emigrazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emigrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA" title="הגירה יוצאת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגירה יוצאת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ემიგრაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ემიგრაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмиграция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмиграция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrasyon" title="Emigrasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Emigrasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмиграция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эмиграция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigratio" title="Emigratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emigratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigr%C4%81cija" title="Emigrācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emigrācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigracija" title="Emigracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Emigracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiv%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1s" title="Kivándorlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kivándorlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Иселување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иселување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ემიგრაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ემიგრაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Эмиграциясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эмиграциясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigratie" title="Emigratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emigratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8F" title="移住 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="移住" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utvandring" title="Utvandring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utvandring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigratsiya" title="Emigratsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Emigratsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigracja" title="Emigracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emigracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Emigração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emigração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigra%C8%9Bie" title="Emigrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emigrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмиграция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмиграция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Emigration" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrimi" title="Emigrimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Emigrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emigration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vys%C5%A5ahovalectvo" title="Vysťahovalectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vysťahovalectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Емиграција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емиграција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigracija" title="Emigracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emigracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirtolaisuus" title="Siirtolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siirtolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emigration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еміграція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еміграція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrasion" title="Emigrasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Emigrasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E5%A2%83" title="移民出境 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="移民出境" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Act of leaving one's country or region to settle in another</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Migration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Migration (disambiguation)">migration</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Emigrant" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Emigrants_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Emigrants (disambiguation)">The Emigrants (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Emigrate" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Emigrate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Emigrate (disambiguation)">Emigrate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Emigration</b> is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanently move to a country).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A migrant <i>emigrates</i> from their old country, and <i>immigrates</i> to their new country. Thus, both emigration and immigration describe <a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">migration</a>, but from different countries' perspectives. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg/220px-Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg/330px-Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg/440px-Affiche_%C3%A9migration_JP_au_BR-d%C3%A9b._XXe_s..jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Japanese government poster in the early 20th century promoting emigration to South America, with Brazil highlighted</figcaption></figure> <p>Demographers examine <a href="/wiki/Push_and_pull_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Push and pull factors">push and pull factors</a> for people to be pushed out of one place and attracted to another. There can be a desire to escape negative circumstances such as shortages of land or jobs, or unfair treatment. People can be pulled to the opportunities available elsewhere. Fleeing from oppressive conditions, being a <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">seeking asylum</a> to get <a href="/wiki/Refugee#Refugee_status" title="Refugee">refugee status</a> in a foreign country, may lead to permanent emigration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a> refers to groups that are forced to abandon their native country, such as by enforced <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a> or the threat of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. Refugees and asylum seekers in this sense are the most marginalized extreme cases of migration,<sup id="cite_ref-Szkudlarek_461–484_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szkudlarek_461–484-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> facing multiple hurdles in their journey and efforts to integrate into the new settings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars in this sense have called for cross-sector engagement from businesses, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, and other stakeholders within the receiving communities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_migration" title="History of human migration">History of human migration</a></div> <p>Patterns of emigration have been shaped by numerous economic, social, and political changes throughout the world in the last few hundred years. For instance, millions of individuals fled poverty, violence, and political turmoil in Europe to settle in the Americas and Oceania during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Likewise, millions left South China in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">Chinese diaspora</a> during the 19th and early 20th centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquitaniaposter.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Aquitaniaposter.PNG/200px-Aquitaniaposter.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Aquitaniaposter.PNG/300px-Aquitaniaposter.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/Aquitaniaposter.PNG 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Poster showing a cross-section of the <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>'s emigrant liner <a href="/wiki/RMS_Aquitania" title="RMS Aquitania">RMS <i>Aquitania</i></a>, launched in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Push"_and_"pull"_factors"><span id=".22Push.22_and_.22pull.22_factors"></span>"Push" and "pull" factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Push" and "pull" factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Push_and_pull_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Push and pull factors">push and pull factors</a></div> <p>Demographers distinguish factors at the origin that push people out, versus those at the destination that pull them in.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as <i>pull</i> factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave. Diversity of push and pull factors inform management scholarship in their efforts to understand migrant movement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szkudlarek_461–484_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szkudlarek_461–484-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Push_factors">Push factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Push factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Poor living conditions or <a href="/wiki/Overcrowding" title="Overcrowding">overcrowding</a></li> <li>Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities</li> <li>Lack of educational opportunities</li> <li>Threat of arrest or punishment</li> <li>Persecution or intolerance based on race, religion, gender or sexual orientation</li> <li>Political corruption, lack of <a href="/wiki/Government_transparency" class="mw-redirect" title="Government transparency">government transparency</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a></li> <li>Inability to find a spouse for marriage</li> <li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">freedom to choose religion</a>, or to choose no religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarcity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Military draft</a>, warfare or <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li>Expulsion by armed force or coercion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> or drought</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural fights</a> with <a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">other cultural groups</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pull_factors">Pull factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pull factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Higher <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, economic growth or lower <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a></li> <li>Encouragement to join relatives or fellow countrymen; <a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">chain migration</a></li> <li>Quick wealth (as in a gold rush)</li> <li>More job opportunities or promise of higher pay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">economic surplus</a></li> <li>Educational opportunity (including university for adults or K-12 for children)</li> <li>Prepaid travel (as from relatives)</li> <li>Building a new nation (historically)</li> <li>Building specific cultural or religious communities</li> <li>Political freedom</li> <li>Cultural opportunities</li> <li>Greater opportunity to find a spouse</li> <li>Favorable climate</li> <li>Ease of crossing boundaries</li> <li>Reduced tariff</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars criticize the "push-pull" approach to understanding <a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">international migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding lists of positive or negative factors about a place, Jose C. Moya writes "one could easily compile similar lists for periods and places where no migration took place."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_waves_by_country">Emigration waves by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emigration waves by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=intitle%3AEmigration+from&ns0=1&fulltext=Search">Search for "Emigration from" in titles</a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_escaping_from_German-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe">Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a> (Jewish emigration from Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_emigration_to_the_United_States" title="Swedish emigration to the United States">Swedish emigration to the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike immigration, in many countries few if any records have been recorded<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or maintained in regard to persons leaving a country either on a temporary or permanent basis. Therefore, estimates on emigration must be derived from secondary sources such as immigration records of the receiving country or records from other administrative agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-canada_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of emigration has continued to grow, reaching 280 million in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Armenia, for example, the migration is calculated by counting people arriving or leaving the country via airplane, train, railway or other means of transportation. Here, the emigration index is high: 1.5% of population leaves the country annually.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, it is one of the countries, where emigration has become a part of culture since 20th century. For example, between 1990 and 2005 approximately 700,000–1,300,000 Armenians left the country. The highly rising numbers of emigration are a direct response to socio-political and economic areas of the country. The internal migration (migration in country) is big (28.7%), while international migration is 71.3% of the total migration by people aging 15 and above. It is important to understand the reasons for both types of migration and the availability of the options. For example, in Armenia, everything is localized in the capital city Yerevan, thus, internal migration is from the villages and small cities to the biggest city of the country. The reason for the migration can be work or study. International migration follows the same reasoning of migration: work or study. The main destinations for it are Russia, France and US.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_restrictions">Emigration restrictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emigration restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_emigration" title="Illegal emigration">Illegal emigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panmunjeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Panmunjeom">Panmunjeom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg/220px-Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg/330px-Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg/440px-Berlin_Wall_Potsdamer_Platz_November_1975_looking_east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> erected the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> to prevent emigration westward.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. After 1668, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> Emperor banned Han Chinese migration to <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a>, a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from encroaching on Manchu and Mongol lands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Socialist Republics</a> of the later <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty69_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty69-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To strengthen this, they set up <a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">internal passport controls</a> and individual city <a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a> ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the <a href="/wiki/101st_kilometre" title="101st kilometre">101st kilometre</a>, rules which greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty70_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty70-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> occupied several Central European countries, together called the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-thackeray188_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thackeray188-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1950, over 15 million people emigrated from the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries and immigrated into <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">the west</a> in the five years immediately following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bocker207_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bocker207-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty114_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-bocker209_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bocker209-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germans</a> annually immigrated to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison99_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison99-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty122_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, effectively closing the loophole.<sup id="cite_ref-pearson75_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson75-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#The_Fall,_1989" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall fell</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and within two years the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty114_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea still tightly restricts emigration, and maintains one of the strictest emigration bans in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-dowty208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some North Koreans still manage to illegally emigrate to China.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time or another included <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975 to 1979)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty186_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas ceiling">Canvas ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">Émigré</a></li> <li>Exile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminization of migration">Feminization of migration</a></li> <li>Immigration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Human capital flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Letters" title="Migration Letters">Migration Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">Political asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Political migration">Political migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Mooltan" title="RMS Mooltan">RMS <i>Mooltan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_barrier" title="Separation barrier">Separation barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowbird (people)">Snowbird (people)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Americans may register to vote in US elections<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pay taxes<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while living abroad.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emigrate">"emigrate"</a>. <i>Miriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818172527/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emigrate">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=emigrate&rft.btitle=Miriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Femigrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129153043/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/emigration">"Emigration"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary</i>. 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Lee, Eun Su (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amp.2018.0150">"When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees"</a>. <i>Academy of Management Perspectives</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 461–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famp.2018.0150">10.5465/amp.2018.0150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-9080">1558-9080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Perspectives&rft.atitle=When+Context+Matters%3A+What+Happens+to+International+Theory+When+Researchers+Study+Refugees&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-484&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famp.2018.0150&rft.issn=1558-9080&rft.aulast=Szkudlarek&rft.aufirst=Betina&rft.au=Nardon%2C+Luciara&rft.au=Osland%2C+Joyce+S.&rft.au=Adler%2C+Nancy+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Eun+Su&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aom.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5465%2Famp.2018.0150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeSzkudlarekNguyenNardon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Eun Su; 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"The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty69-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty69_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1987">Dowty 1987</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty70-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty70_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1987">Dowty 1987</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thackeray188-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thackeray188_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThackeray2004">Thackeray 2004</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bocker207-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bocker207_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBöcker1998">Böcker 1998</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty114-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dowty114_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dowty114_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1987">Dowty 1987</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bocker209-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bocker209_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBöcker1998">Böcker 1998</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison99-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrison99_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison2003">Harrison 2003</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty122-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty122_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1987">Dowty 1987</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson75-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pearson75_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson1998">Pearson 1998</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty208-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty208_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1987">Dowty 1987</a>, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinschmidt, Harald, <i>Migration, Regional Integration and Human Security: The Formation and Maintenance of Transnational Spaces, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4646-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4646-7">0-7546-4646-7</a>, page 110</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsourapas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151508/http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf">"Nasser's Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-'Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Countries</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 324–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708">10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159943632">159943632</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Countries&rft.atitle=Nasser%27s+Educators+and+Agitators+across+al-Watan+al-%27Arabi%3A+Tracing+the+Foreign+Policy+Importance+of+Egyptian+Regional+Migration%2C+1952%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-341&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159943632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gtsourapas.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F01%2FBJMES_Tsourapas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty186-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty186_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1987">Dowty 1987</a>, p. 186</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emigration" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:emigration">emigration</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöcker1998" class="citation cs2">Böcker, Anita (1998), <i>Regulation of Migration: International Experiences</i>, Het Spinhuis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-095-8"><bdi>978-90-5589-095-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulation+of+Migration%3A+International+Experiences&rft.pub=Het+Spinhuis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-5589-095-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6cker&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2005" class="citation cs2">Dale, Gareth (2005), <i>Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945-1989: Judgements on the Street</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5408-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-5408-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+in+East+Germany%2C+1945-1989%3A+Judgements+on+the+Street&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5408-9&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowty1987" class="citation cs2">Dowty, Alan (1987), <i>Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04498-0"><bdi>978-0-300-04498-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closed+Borders%3A+The+Contemporary+Assault+on+Freedom+of+Movement&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04498-0&rft.aulast=Dowty&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2003" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), <i>Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09678-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09678-0"><bdi>978-0-691-09678-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+the+Soviets+Up+the+Wall%3A+Soviet-East+German+Relations%2C+1953-1961&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09678-0&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Hope+Millard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnov1985" class="citation cs2">Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), <i>Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List</i>, Hoover Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8231-7"><bdi>978-0-8179-8231-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Defectors%3A+The+KGB+Wanted+List&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8231-7&rft.aulast=Krasnov&rft.aufirst=Vladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMynz1995" class="citation cs2">Mynz, Rainer (1995), <i>Where Did They All Come From? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century; European Population Conference Congress European De Demographie</i>, United Nations Population Division</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Did+They+All+Come+From%3F+Typology+and+Geography+of+European+Mass+Migration+In+the+Twentieth+Century%3B+European+Population+Conference+Congress+European+De+Demographie&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Division&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mynz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1998" class="citation cs2">Pearson, Raymond (1998), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17407-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17407-1"><bdi>978-0-312-17407-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17407-1&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Labour market efficiency and emigration in Slovakia and EU neighbouring countries,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackeray2004" class="citation cs2">Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eventsthatchange00fran"><i>Events that changed Germany</i></a></span>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32814-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32814-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+that+changed+Germany&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32814-5&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feventsthatchange00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsourapas2015" class="citation cs2">Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220060550/http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/JEMS_Tsourapas.pdf">"Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</i>, <b>41</b> (13): 2192–2214, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2015.1049940">10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73675854">73675854</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/JEMS_Tsourapas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Do+States+Develop+Multi-tier+Emigrant+Policies%3F+Evidence+from+Egypt&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2192-2214&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2015.1049940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73675854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gtsourapas.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F07%2FJEMS_Tsourapas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBello2017" class="citation book cs1">Bello, Valeria (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TycDvgAACAAJ"><i>International Migration and International Security: Why Prejudice is a Global Security Threat</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138689473" title="Special:BookSources/9781138689473"><bdi>9781138689473</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957742876">957742876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Migration+and+International+Security%3A+Why+Prejudice+is+a+Global+Security+Threat&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957742876&rft.isbn=9781138689473&rft.aulast=Bello&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTycDvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmigration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emigration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emigration" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:emigration">emigration</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emigration" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emigration">emigration</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emigrationballads.neocities.org/">Translation from Galician to English of 4 Classic Emigration Ballads</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187668#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Auswanderung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003920-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="emigrace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137593&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007988">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17837">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emigration&oldid=1255944461">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emigration&oldid=1255944461</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emigration" title="Category:Emigration">Emigration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_migration" title="Category:Human migration">Human migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Population" 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