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id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="<small>വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം</small>" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD+%28%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%29" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD+%28%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%29" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD+%28%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%29" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD+%28%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%29" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ഈ ഐ.പി. വിലാസത്തിൽനിന്നുള്ള തിരുത്തലുകളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള സം‌വാദം [n]" accesskey="n"><span>സംവാദം</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eഒഴിവാക്കുക\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" 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Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedryfstelselkern" title="Bedryfstelselkern – ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedryfstelselkern" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="نواة (نظم تشغيل) – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواة (نظم تشغيل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="কাৰ্ণেল – ആസ്സാമീസ്" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্ণেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ആസ്സാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Nucleu (informática) – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nucleu (informática)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCv%C9%99_(komp%C3%BCter)" title="Nüvə (kompüter) – അസർബൈജാനി" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nüvə (kompüter)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="അസർബൈജാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="چکیردک(ایشلتیم سیستمی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چکیردک(ایشلتیم سیستمی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Ядро аперацыйнай сістэмы – ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ядро аперацыйнай сістэмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Ядро (операционна система) – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядро (операционна система)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কার্নেল (কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান) – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্নেল (কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – ബോസ്നിയൻ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ബോസ്നിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucli_del_sistema_operatiu" title="Nucli del sistema operatiu – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nucli del sistema operatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1dro_opera%C4%8Dn%C3%ADho_syst%C3%A9mu" title="Jádro operačního systému – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jádro operačního systému" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerne_(styresystem)" title="Kerne (styresystem) – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kerne (styresystem)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(Betriebssystem)" title="Kernel (Betriebssystem) – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernel (Betriebssystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dend%C4%B1k_(komputer)" title="Dendık (komputer) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dendık (komputer)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Πυρήνας (υπολογιστές) – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρήνας (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system) – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kernel (operating system)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerno_(operaciumo)" title="Kerno (operaciumo) – എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kerno (operaciumo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Núcleo (informática) – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuum_(informaatika)" title="Tuum (informaatika) – എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuum (informaatika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleo_(informatika)" title="Nukleo (informatika) – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nukleo (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84)" title="هسته (سیستم‌عامل) – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته (سیستم‌عامل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4n_ydin" title="Käyttöjärjestelmän ydin – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käyttöjärjestelmän ydin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_de_syst%C3%A8me_d%27exploitation" title="Noyau de système d'exploitation – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyau de système d'exploitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="ליבה (מערכות הפעלה) – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליבה (מערכות הפעלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0)" title="कर्नल (कम्प्यूटर) – ഹിന്ദി" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्नल (कम्प्यूटर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ഹിന്ദി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezgra_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Jezgra (računarstvo) – ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezgra (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszermag" title="Rendszermag – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszermag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_(informatica)" title="Nucleo (informatica) – ഇന്റർലിംഗ്വ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nucleo (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ഇന്റർലിംഗ്വ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(ilmu_komputer)" title="Kernel (ilmu komputer) – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kernel (ilmu komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – ഇലോകോ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ഇലോകോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BDrikerfiskjarni" title="Stýrikerfiskjarni – ഐസ്‌ലാൻഡിക്" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stýrikerfiskjarni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ഐസ്‌ലാൻഡിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="カーネル – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ოპერაციული სისტემის ბირთვი – ജോർജിയൻ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერაციული სისტემის ბირთვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ജോർജിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%EB%84%90_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85)" title="커널 (컴퓨팅) – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커널 (컴퓨팅)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – കുർദ്ദിഷ്" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="കുർദ്ദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_(informatica)" title="Nucleus (informatica) – ലാറ്റിൻ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nucleus (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റിൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – ലൊംബാർഡ്" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ലൊംബാർഡ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ແກນກາງ – ലാവോ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແກນກາງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ലാവോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branduolys_(OS)" title="Branduolys (OS) – ലിത്വാനിയൻ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Branduolys (OS)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ലിത്വാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodols_(oper%C4%93t%C4%81jsist%C4%93ma)" title="Kodols (operētājsistēma) – ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kodols (operētājsistēma)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – മലഗാസി" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="മലഗാസി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Јадро (информатика) – മാസിഡോണിയൻ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јадро (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="മാസിഡോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Цөмийн горим – മംഗോളിയൻ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цөмийн горим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="മംഗോളിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="केर्नेल – മറാത്തി" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केर्नेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="മറാത്തി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_(sains_komputer)" title="Inti (sains komputer) – മലെയ്" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inti (sains komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="മലെയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC)" title="ကာနဲလ် (ကွန်ပျူတာ) – ബർമീസ്" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာနဲလ် (ကွန်ပျူတာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ബർമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystemkjerne" title="Operativsystemkjerne – നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Operativsystemkjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjerne_(operativsystem)" title="Kjerne (operativsystem) – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjerne (operativsystem)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਕਰਨਲ (ਆਪਰੇਟਿੰਗ ਸਿਸਟਮ) – പഞ്ചാബി" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਨਲ (ਆਪਰੇਟਿੰਗ ਸਿਸਟਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="പഞ്ചാബി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%85dro_systemu_operacyjnego" title="Jądro systemu operacyjnego – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jądro systemu operacyjnego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_(sistema_operacional)" title="Núcleo (sistema operacional) – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núcleo (sistema operacional)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chira_(llamk%27achiy_llikacha)" title="Chira (llamk'achiy llikacha) – ക്വെച്ചുവ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chira (llamk'achiy llikacha)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ക്വെച്ചുവ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_(sistem_de_operare)" title="Nucleu (sistem de operare) – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nucleu (sistem de operare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Ядро операционной системы – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядро операционной системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – സിസിലിയൻ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="സിസിലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A)" title="කර්නලය (පරිගණක) – സിംഹള" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කර්නලය (පරිගණක)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="സിംഹള" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)" title="Kernel (computer science) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kernel (computer science)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadro_(informatika)" title="Jadro (informatika) – സ്ലോവാക്" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jadro (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവാക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedro_(ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo)" title="Jedro (računalništvo) – സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedro (računalništvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – സെർബിയൻ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="സെർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operativsystemk%C3%A4rna" title="Operativsystemkärna – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Operativsystemkärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81)" title="కెర్నలు (కంప్యూటరు) – തെലുങ്ക്" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెర్నలు (కంప్యూటరు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="തെലുങ്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ใจกลาง – തായ്" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใจกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="തായ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – തഗാലോഗ്" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="തഗാലോഗ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekirdek_(bilgisayar_bilimi)" title="Çekirdek (bilgisayar bilimi) – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekirdek (bilgisayar bilimi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Ядро операційної системи – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядро операційної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsion_tizim_yadrosi" title="Operatsion tizim yadrosi – ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Operatsion tizim yadrosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kernel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%87_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u_h%C3%A0nh" title="Nhân hệ điều hành – വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân hệ điều hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核 – വു ചൈനീസ്" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内核" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="വു ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核 – ചൈനീസ്" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内核" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="內核 – കാന്റണീസ്" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內核" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="കാന്റണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="അന്തർഭാഷാ കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക" class="wbc-editpage">കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="നാമമേഖലകൾ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Question_book-3.svg/50px-Question_book-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Question_book-3.svg/75px-Question_book-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Question_book-3.svg/100px-Question_book-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><span class="plainlinks"><b>ഈ ലേഖനം ഏതെങ്കിലും <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:പരിശോധനായോഗ്യത">സ്രോതസ്സുകളിൽ നിന്നുള്ള</a> വേണ്ടത്ര <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:അവലംബങ്ങൾ ഉദ്ധരിക്കേണ്ടതെങ്ങനെ">തെളിവുകൾ</a> ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്നില്ല.</b> <small></small><br /><small>ദയവായി <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:വിശ്വസനീയമായ സ്രോതസ്സുകൾ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുന്നത്">യോഗ്യങ്ങളായ സ്രോതസ്സുകളിൽ</a> നിന്നുമുള്ള അവലംബങ്ങൾ ചേർത്ത് <a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D)&action=edit">ലേഖനം മെച്ചപ്പെടുത്തുക</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:പരിശോധനായോഗ്യത">അവലംബമില്ലാത്ത</a> വസ്തുതകൾ ചോദ്യം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുകയും നീക്കപ്പെടുകയും ചെയ്തേക്കാം.</small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Kernel_Layout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kernel_Layout.svg/220px-Kernel_Layout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kernel_Layout.svg/330px-Kernel_Layout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kernel_Layout.svg/440px-Kernel_Layout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>ഒരു കേർണൽ ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയറിനെ കമ്പ്യൂട്ടറിന്റെ ഹാർഡ്‌വെയറുമായി ബന്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു</figcaption></figure> <p>ഉപയോക്താക്കൾ പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിക്കുന്ന <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ">ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ പ്രോഗ്രാമിന്നും</a>, ഡാറ്റകളെ മാറ്റങ്ങൾക്ക് വിധേയമാക്കുന്ന <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ഹാർഡ്‌വെയർ">ഹാർഡ്‌വെയർ</a> തലത്തിനും ഇടയിൽ പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="സിസ്റ്റം സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ">സിസ്റ്റം സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ</a> ഭാഗമാണ് <b>കെർണൽ</b>. സിസ്റ്റത്തിലെ വിഭവങ്ങളെ നിയന്ത്രിക്കുക എന്നതാണ്‌ ഇതിന്റെ ഏറ്റവും പ്രധാനപ്പെട്ട ധർമ്മം. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം">ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിന്റെ</a> അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായ ഭാഗം ആയതുകൊണ്ടുതന്നെ താഴെക്കിടയിലുള്ള <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC" title="മൈക്രോപ്രൊസസ്സർ">പ്രൊസസ്സർ</a>, ഇൻപുട്ട്/ഔട്ട്പുട്ട് ഘടകങ്ങൾ പോലെയുള്ള ഹാർഡ്‌വെയറുകൾക്കുവേണ്ടി ഒരു സംഗ്രഹിത പ്രത്യക്ഷതലം അവ നടപ്പിലാക്കിയിരിക്കും; <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ">ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയറുകൾ</a> അവയുടെ ആവശ്യപൂർത്തീകരണത്തിനായി അവ ഉപയോഗപ്പെടുത്തുകയാണ്‌ ചെയ്യുക. പ്രൊസസ്സ്-ഇതര ആശയവിനിമയങ്ങൾ, സിസ്റ്റം കോളുകൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ വഴിയാണ്‌ സാധാരണ അവ നടപ്പിലാക്കുക. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പ്രവർത്തനം"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.BC.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.82"></span>പ്രവർത്തനം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D)&action=edit&section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പ്രവർത്തനം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ഒരു <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ">കമ്പ്യൂട്ടറിലെ</a> റിസോഴ്സുകളെ നിയന്ത്രിക്കുന്നതും അത് വ്യത്യസ്ത ഉപഭോക്താക്കൾക്കും , പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾക്കും ലഭ്യമാക്കുന്നതും കേർണൽ ആണ്. മിക്കവാറും <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം">ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റങ്ങളിലേയും</a> മർമ്മപ്രധാനമായ ഭാഗമാണ് കേണൽ. കെർണൽ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ഹാർഡ്‌വെയർ">ഹാർഡ് വെയറുമായി</a> സംവദിക്കുന്നു ഇത് ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ പ്രോഗ്രാമർക്ക് <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ഹാർഡ്‌വെയർ">ഹാർഡ് വെയർ</a> പരിജ്ഞാനം ഇല്ലാതെ തന്നെ പ്രോഗ്രാമുകൾ എഴുതുവാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു<sup id="cite_ref-PLA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. ഇവയെല്ലാം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം">ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിന്റെ</a> ജോലി ആണു എന്നിരുന്നാലും silberschatz ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തെ ഇങ്ങനെ നിർവചിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു <i>മുഴുവൻ സമയവും മറ്റെല്ലാ ആപ്ലിക്കേഷൻ പ്രോഗ്രാമുകൾക്കൊപ്പവും സിസ്റ്റം പ്രോഗ്രാമുകൾക്കൊപ്പവും പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന പ്രോഗ്രാം, സാധാരണയായി കേർണൽ എന്നു വിളിക്കുന്നു</i> <sup id="cite_ref-OSC6E_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSC6E-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. എന്നാൽ ഒരു <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം">ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റം</a> പൂർണമാകുന്നത് മറ്റു ചില ഘടകങ്ങൾ ഉദ്ദാഹരണമായി സെർവ്വറുകൾ, യൂസർ-ലെവൽ ലൈബ്രറികൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ കൂടിച്ചേരുമ്പോൾ ആണു<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="ലിനക്സ് കെർണൽ">ലിനക്സ്</a> ഇത്തരത്തിൽ തെറ്റിധരിക്കപ്പെട്ട ഒന്നാണു, ലിനക്സ് ഒരു കേർണൽ മാത്രമാണു സാധാരണയായി ലിനക്സ് എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്ന ഈ ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിന്റെ ശരിയായ നാമം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്നു/ലിനക്സ്">ഗ്നു/ലിനക്സ്</a> എന്നാണു<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിന്റെ സേവനങ്ങൾ കേർണലിന്റെ സഹായത്തോടെ ലഭിക്കുന്നതിനായി പ്രോഗ്രാമുകൾ സിസ്റ്റം കോൾസ് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു<sup id="cite_ref-PLA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> സിസ്റ്റം കോൾസ് <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="സി (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)">സി</a> പ്രോഗ്രാമ്മിങ്ങ് ഭാഷയിലെ പ്രൊസീജറുകൾക്ക് സമാനമാണു എന്നാൽ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="സി (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)">സി</a> പ്രൊസീജറുകൾക്ക് കെർണൽസ്പേസിൽ കടക്കുവാൻ അനുവാദമില്ല<sup id="cite_ref-OSDI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSDI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. ഒന്നിലധികം പ്രോഗ്രാമുകൾ സമാന്തരമായി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന സമയത്ത് കേർണൽ റിസോഴ്സ് മാനേജർ അയി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നു<sup id="cite_ref-PLA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="തരങ്ങൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.BE"></span>തരങ്ങൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D)&action=edit&section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: തരങ്ങൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="മൈക്രോകേർണൽ">മൈക്രോകേർണൽ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="മോണോലിത്തിക്ക് കെർണൽ">മോണോലിത്തിക്ക് കെർണൽ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="ഹൈബ്രിഡ് കേർണൽ">ഹൈബ്രിഡ് കേർണൽ</a> എന്നിങ്ങനെ വിവിധതരം കേർണലുകൾ നിലവിൽ ഉണ്ട്<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. ഓരോ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ്‌ സിസ്റ്റം">ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിലും</a> രൂപകൽപ്പന, പ്രത്യക്ഷവൽക്കരണം എന്നിവയ്ക്കനുസൃതമായി അവയുടെ കർത്തവ്യം ചെയ്യുന്ന രീതിയിലും മാറ്റമുണ്ടാകും. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="മോണോലിത്തിക്ക് കെർണൽ">മോണോലിത്തിക്ക് കേർണലുകൾ</a> സിസ്റ്റത്തിന്റെ പ്രകടനം മെച്ചപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതിനായി ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിലെ എല്ലാ കോഡുകളും ഒരേ അഡ്രസ്സ് സ്പേസിൽതന്നെയാണ്‌ പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിക്കുക, അതേ സമയം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="മൈക്രോകേർണൽ">മൈക്രോകേർണലുകൾ</a> ഒരോ ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റം സേവനങ്ങളേയും യൂസർസ്പേസിൽ സെർ‌വറുകളായാണ്‌ പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിക്കുക, ഓപ്പറേറ്റിങ്ങ് സിസ്റ്റത്തിന്റെ പരിപാലനവും ഘടകങ്ങളുടെ വ്യക്തിരിതയുമാണിതുവഴി ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്നത്.<sup id="cite_ref-mono-micro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mono-micro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> രൂപകൽപ്പനയിലെ ഈ രണ്ട് ഉച്ചരീതികൾക്കുമിടയിൽ സാധ്യകളുള്ള രൂപകല്പനാ രീതികളും (ഹൈബ്രിഡ് കേർണൽ) നിലനിൽക്കുന്നു. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D)&action=edit&section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123595">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PLA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLA_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLA_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLA_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> Title:Professional Linux Kernel Architecture,Author:Wolfgang Mauerer,Publisher:Wiley-India, 2008,ISBN:8126519290, 9788126519293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSC6E-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OSC6E_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Title: OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS, 6ED, WINDOWS XP UPDATE ,Authors:Galvin, Silberschatz, Gagne, Publisher:Wiley-India, 2006,ISBN:812650885X, 9788126508853</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~dewan/242/s06/notes/intro/node14.html">http://www.cs.unc.edu/~dewan/242/s06/notes/intro/node14.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSDI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OSDI_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">TITLE : Operating Systems Design and Implementation (3rd Edition) (Prentice Hall Software Series),AUTHOR : Andrew S Tanenbaum, Albert S Woodhull,PUBLISHER : Prentice Hall,ISBN : 0131429388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319161347/http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Kinds_of_Kernels">"ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ്"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Kinds_of_Kernels">the original</a> on 2012-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fit.toolbox.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FKinds_of_Kernels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD+%28%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mono-micro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mono-micro_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roch 2004</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;" id="stub"> <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" style="width:80%;border:solid #999 1px;background:#F8F8F8;margin:1px auto;clear:both"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%;text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Synaptic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Synaptic.png/30px-Synaptic.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Synaptic.png/45px-Synaptic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Synaptic.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </td> <td style="color:black"> <p><i>കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ">സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയറുമായി</a> ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ഈ ലേഖനം അപൂർണ്ണമാണ്‌. ഇതു വികസിപ്പിക്കുവാൻ <a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D)&action=edit">സഹായിക്കുക</a>.</i>  <i></i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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