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id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periods_of_independence_and_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_of_independence_and_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periods of independence and autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periods_of_independence_and_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_rights_declared_by_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_rights_declared_by_Treaty_of_Versailles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_rights_declared_by_Treaty_of_Versailles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_of_Nations_High_Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Nations_High_Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>League of Nations High Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Nations_High_Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Constabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Constabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>State Constabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Constabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_people_born_in_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_born_in_the_Free_City_of_Danzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Notable people born in the Free City of Danzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_born_in_the_Free_City_of_Danzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_Synodal_Federation_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Synodal_Federation_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Synodal_Federation_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diocese_of_Danzig_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diocese_of_Danzig_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diocese_of_Danzig_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Danzigers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Danzigers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Jewish Danzigers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Danzigers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-Polish_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-Polish_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>German-Polish tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-Polish_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danzig_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danzig_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Danzig crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danzig_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second World War and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_World_War_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second World War and aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-war_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_post-war_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origin of the post-war population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-war_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Free City of Danzig</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrye_stad_Danzig" title="Vrye stad Danzig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrye stad Danzig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مدينة دانزيغ الحرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة دانزيغ الحرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دانزیق آزاد شهری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دانزیق آزاد شهری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Вольны горад Данцыг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вольны горад Данцыг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Свободен град Данциг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свободен град Данциг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAr_dieub_Danzig" title="Kêr dieub Danzig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kêr dieub Danzig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_Lliure_de_Danzig" title="Ciutat Lliure de Danzig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat Lliure de Danzig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%A9_m%C4%9Bsto_Gda%C5%88sk" title="Svobodné město Gdaňsk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodné město Gdaňsk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas_Rydd_Danzig" title="Dinas Rydd Danzig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dinas Rydd Danzig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fristaden_Danzig" title="Fristaden Danzig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fristaden Danzig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Stadt_Danzig" title="Freie Stadt Danzig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freie Stadt Danzig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzigi_vabalinn" title="Danzigi vabalinn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Danzigi vabalinn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Ελεύθερη Πόλη του Ντάντσιχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερη Πόλη του Ντάντσιχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Libre_de_D%C3%A1nzig" title="Ciudad Libre de Dánzig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad Libre de Dánzig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_Urbo_Dancigo" title="Libera Urbo Dancigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libera Urbo Dancigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Hiri_Askea" title="Danzig Hiri Askea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Danzig Hiri Askea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ایالت آزاد دانتسیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت آزاد دانتسیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_libre_de_Dantzig" title="Ville libre de Dantzig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville libre de Dantzig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_Libre_de_Danzig" title="Cidade Libre de Danzig – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade Libre de Danzig" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%B9%98%ED%9E%88_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%8B%9C" title="단치히 자유시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단치히 자유시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A3" title="Ազատ քաղաք Դանցիգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ քաղաք Դանցիգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodni_Grad_Danzig" title="Slobodni Grad Danzig – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodni Grad Danzig" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Merdeka_Danzig" title="Kota Merdeka Danzig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota Merdeka Danzig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_Libera_di_Danzica" title="Città Libera di Danzica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città Libera di Danzica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92" title="העיר החופשית דנציג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העיר החופשית דנציג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="თავისუფალი ქალაქი დანციგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავისუფალი ქალაქი დანციგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B2lny_Gard_Gdu%C5%84sk" title="Wòlny Gard Gduńsk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wòlny Gard Gduńsk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbs_Libera_Gedania" title="Urbs Libera Gedania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urbs Libera Gedania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancigas_br%C4%ABvpils%C4%93ta" title="Dancigas brīvpilsēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dancigas brīvpilsēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisvasis_Dancigo_miestas" title="Laisvasis Dancigo miestas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laisvasis Dancigo miestas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Szabad_V%C3%A1ros" title="Danzig Szabad Város – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Danzig Szabad Város" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രീ സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ഡാൻസിഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രീ സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ഡാൻസിഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="डान्झिगचे स्वतंत्र शहर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डान्झिगचे स्वतंत्र शहर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bebas_Danzig" title="Kota Bebas Danzig – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kota Bebas Danzig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_stad_Danzig_(1920-1939)" title="Vrije stad Danzig (1920-1939) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrije stad Danzig (1920-1939)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92" title="自由都市ダンツィヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由都市ダンツィヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fristaden_Danzig" title="Fristaden Danzig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fristaden Danzig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolne_Miasto_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Wolne Miasto Gdańsk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolne Miasto Gdańsk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_Livre_de_Danzigue" title="Cidade Livre de Danzigue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade Livre de Danzigue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_Liber_Danzig" title="Orașul Liber Danzig – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orașul Liber Danzig" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Вольный город Данциг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольный город Данциг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free City of Danzig" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodn%C3%A9_mesto_Gdansk_(medzivojnov%C3%A9_obdobie)" title="Slobodné mesto Gdansk (medzivojnové obdobie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slobodné mesto Gdansk (medzivojnové obdobie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Слободан град Данциг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слободан град Данциг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodni_Grad_Danzig" title="Slobodni Grad Danzig – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slobodni Grad Danzig" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzigin_vapaakaupunki" title="Danzigin vapaakaupunki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Danzigin vapaakaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fria_staden_Danzig" title="Fria staden Danzig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fria staden Danzig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="เสรีนครดันท์ซิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสรีนครดันท์ซิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Serbest_%C5%9Eehri" title="Danzig Serbest Şehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Danzig Serbest Şehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Вільне місто Данциг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільне місто Данциг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="آزاد شہر دانزیگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد شہر دانزیگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_t%E1%BB%B1_do_Danzig" title="Thành phố tự do Danzig – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố tự do Danzig" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="但澤自由市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="但澤自由市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216173#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Free_City_of_Danzig&params=54.40_N_18.66_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">18°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.40°N 18.66°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.40; 18.66</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-autonomous European city-state (1920-1939)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Napoleonic client-state, see <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Free City of Danzig</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freie Stadt Danzig</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Wolne Miasto Gdańsk</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1920–1939</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Danzig"><img alt="Flag of Danzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Danzig">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Danzig"><img alt="Coat of arms of Danzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg/75px-Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg/113px-Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg/150px-Wappen_Freie_Stadt_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Danzig"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>"<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Nec_Temere,_Nec_Timide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nec Temere, Nec Timide">Nec Temere, Nec Timide</a></i></span>"</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Neither rashly nor timidly"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Danzig" title="Für Danzig"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Für Danzig</i></span></a></i><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="166" data-mwtitle="Für_Danzig.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/F%C3%BCr_Danzig.oga/F%C3%BCr_Danzig.oga.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/F%C3%BCr_Danzig.oga/F%C3%BCr_Danzig.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/F%C3%BCr_Danzig.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="flac"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Free City of Danzig in Europe (1930)"><img alt="Location of the Free City of Danzig in Europe (1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg/250px-Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg/375px-Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg/500px-Free_City_Danzig_1930.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of the Free City of Danzig in Europe (1930)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">Free City</a> under <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> protection</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>57% <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li>38% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li>3% <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a></li> <li>2% Other <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Jürgensen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgensen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Danziger, Gdańszczanie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">LoN</a> <a href="#League_of_Nations_High_Commissioners">High Commissioner</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919–1920 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Tower" title="Reginald Tower">Sir Reginald Thomas Tower</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lisle_Strutt" title="Edward Lisle Strutt">Edward Lisle Strutt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Attolico" title="Bernardo Attolico">Bernardo Attolico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1921-1923 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Cyril Byrne Haking</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1923-1925 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mervyn Sorley McDonnell</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1925-1929 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Joost Adriaan van Hamel</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1929-1932 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Manfredi di Gravina</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1932-1934 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Helmer Rosting</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1934-1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lester" title="Seán Lester">Seán Lester</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1937-1939 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jakob_Burckhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Jakob Burckhardt">Carl Jakob Burckhardt</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_President_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State President of the Free City of Danzig (page does not exist)">State President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1939 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_F%C3%B6rster" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Förster">Albert Förster</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrations_of_Danzig_before_April_1945#Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrations of Danzig before April 1945">Senate President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–1931 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm" title="Heinrich Sahm">Heinrich Sahm</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931-1933 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziehm" title="Ernst Ziehm">Ernst Ziehm</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1933-1934 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1934-1939 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Karl_Greiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Karl Greiser">Arthur Karl Greiser</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Volkstag</a></i></span></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Upper House</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Senate</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Lower House</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Volkstag</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Territorial_changes" title="Treaty of Versailles">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">15 November 1920</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Awarded to Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1928<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner1929_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner1929-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,952 km<sup>2</sup> (754 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1923<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_1946-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">366,730</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papiermark" title="Papiermark">Papiermark</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1923)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Danzig_gulden" title="Danzig gulden">Gulden</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1939)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg/20px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg/30px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg/40px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Westpreu%C3%9Fen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia"><span class="nowrap">Province of<br />West Prussia</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia"><span class="nowrap">Reichsgau<br />Danzig-West Prussia</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Free City of Danzig</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Freie Stadt Danzig</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Wolne Miasto Gdańsk</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> under the protection and oversight of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> port of Danzig (now <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland) and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polity was created on 15 November 1920<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>Although predominantly <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German-populated</a>, the territory was bound by the imposed union with Poland covering foreign policy, defence, <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs</a>, railways and post, but remained distinct from both the post-war <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">German Republic</a> and the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Poland was given certain rights pertaining to port facilities in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Versailles_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versailles-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1920_Free_City_of_Danzig_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1920 Free City of Danzig Constituent Assembly election">1920 Constituent Assembly election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Party" title="Polish Party">Polish Party</a> received over 6% of the vote, but its percentage of votes later declined to about 3%. A large number of Danzig Poles voted for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Centre Party">Catholic Centre Party</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Henryk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henryk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, Poland began to develop the city of <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, then a midsized fishing town. This completely new port north of Danzig was established on territory awarded in 1919, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>. By 1933, the commerce passing through Gdynia exceeded that of Danzig.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1936, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Senate of the Free City of Danzig">the city's senate</a> had a majority of local <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a>, and agitation to rejoin Germany was stepped up.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews fled from German persecution. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, the Nazis abolished the Free City and incorporated the area into the newly formed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgau</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Danzig-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig-West Prussia</a>. The Nazis classified the Poles and Jews living in the city as <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhumans</a>, subjecting them to discrimination, forced labor, and extermination at <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, including nearby <a href="/wiki/Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="Stutthof">Stutthof</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sztutowo" title="Sztutowo">Sztutowo</a>, Poland).<sup id="cite_ref-Blatman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the city's capture in the early months of 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet</a> and Polish troops, a significant number of German inhabitants perished in ill-prepared and over-delayed attempts to evacuate by sea, while the remainder <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">fled or were expelled</a>. </p><p>The city was fully integrated into Poland as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>, while members of the pre-war Polish ethnic minority started returning and new Polish settlers began to come. Gdańsk suffered severe <a href="/wiki/Underpopulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpopulation">underpopulation</a> from these events and did not recover until the late 1950s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periods_of_independence_and_autonomy">Periods of independence and autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periods of independence and autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Danzig had an early history of independence. It was a leading player in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a> directed against the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_State_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia</a>. The Confederation stipulated with the Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Crown">Polish Crown</a> would be invested with the role of head of state of western parts of Prussia (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>). In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a> remained a Polish fief. Danzig and other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Elbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbing">Elbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a> financed most of the warfare and enjoyed a high level of city autonomy. </p><p>In 1569, when Royal Prussia's <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates</a> agreed to incorporate the region into the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, the city insisted on preserving its special status. It defended itself through the costly <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">Siege of Danzig</a> in 1577 in order to preserve special privileges, and subsequently insisted on negotiating by sending emissaries directly to the Polish king.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danzig's location as a deep-water port where the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula river">Vistula river</a> met the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> had made it into one of the wealthiest cities in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries as grain from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> was shipped down the Vistula on barges to be loaded onto ships in Danzig, where it was shipped on to western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many of the merchants shipping the grain from Danzig were Dutch, who built Dutch-style houses for themselves, leading to other Danzigers imitating them, the city was thus given a distinctively Dutch appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danzig become known as "the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> of the East", a wealthy seaport and trading crossroads that linked together the economics of western and eastern Europe, and whose location at where the Vistula flowed into the Baltic led to various powers competing to rule the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Danzig became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a> in 1793, Prussia was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1806, and in September 1807 Napoleon declared Danzig a semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig</a>. It lasted seven years, until it was re-incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1814, after Napoleon's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nations">Battle of Nations</a>) by a coalition that included Russia, Austria, and Prussia. </p><p>Point 13 of U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> called for Polish independence to be restored and for Poland to have "secure access to the sea", a promise that implied that Danzig, which occupied a strategic location where the Vistula river flowed into the Baltic sea, should become part of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919, the Polish delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a> asked for Wilson to honor point 13 of the Fourteen Points by transferring Danzig to Poland, arguing that Poland would not be economically viable without Danzig and that since the city had been part of Poland until 1793, it was rightfully part of Poland anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Wilson had promised that national self-determination would be the basis of the Treaty of Versailles. As 90% of the people in Danzig in this period were German, the Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference compromised by creating the Free City of Danzig, a city-state in which Poland had certain special rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was felt that including a city that was 90% German into Poland would be a violation of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">national self-determination</a>, but at the same time the promise in the Fourteen Points of allowing Poland "secure access to the sea" gave Poland a claim on Danzig, hence the compromise of the Free City of Danzig.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free City of Danzig was largely the work of British diplomacy as both the French Premier <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson supported the Polish claim to Danzig (Gdańsk), and it was only objections from the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> that prevented Danzig from going to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite creating the Free City, the British did not really believe in the viability of the Free City of Danzig with Lloyd George writing at the time: "France would tomorrow fight for Alsace if her right to it were contested. But would we make war for Danzig?"<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> wrote in the summer of 1918 that the Germans had such a ferocious contempt for Poles that it was unwise for Germany to lose any territory to Poland even if morally justified as the Germans would never accept losing land to the despised Poles and such a situation was bound to cause a war.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the British consistently sought to minimize German territorial losses to Poland under the grounds that the Germans had such an utter contempt for the Poles together with the rest of the Slavic peoples that such losses were bound to deeply wound their feelings and cause a war.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all the bitterness of the <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a>, the Germans had a certain grudging respect for the French that did not extend to the Poles at all. During the Paris Peace Conference, a commission of inquiry chaired by a British historian, <a href="/wiki/James_Headlam-Morley" title="James Headlam-Morley">James Headlam-Morley</a>, investigating where the borders between Germany and Poland should be, started to research Danzig's history.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon discovering that Danzig had been a Free City in the past, Headlam-Morley came up with what he regarded as a brilliant compromise solution under which Danzig would become a Free City again that would belong to neither Germany nor Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the British were opposed to Danzig becoming part of Poland and the French and the Americans to Danzig remaining part of Germany, Headlam-Morley's compromise of the Free City of Danzig was embraced.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rural areas around Danzig were overwhelmingly Polish and the representatives of the Polish farmers around Danzig complained about being included in the Free City of Danzig, stating they wanted to join Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_quote_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB_quote-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their part, the representatives of the German population of Danzig complained about being severed from Germany, and constantly demanded that the Free City of Danzig be reincorporated into the <i>Reich</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a> wrote that a sense of Danzig national identity emerged during the Free City's existence, and the German population of Danzig not always regarded themselves as Germans who had been unjustly taken out of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of Danzig did although deeply hurt German national pride and in the interwar period, German nationalists spoke of the "open wound in the east" that was the Free City of Danzig.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, until the building of <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, almost all of Poland's exports went through Danzig, and Polish public opinion was opposed to Germany having a "choke-hold" on the <a href="/wiki/Polish_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish economy">Polish economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory">Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png/220px-Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png/330px-Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png/440px-Verbreitung_bestimmter_Ortsnamen_im_Gebiet_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png 2x" data-file-width="5354" data-file-height="4858" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of certain German city and village names</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 230px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -2px; left: -2px; width: 233px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1,000_Gulden_(1924).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1,000 Danzig gulden (1924) depicting City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1%2C000_Gulden_%281924%29.jpg/233px-DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1%2C000_Gulden_%281924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1%2C000_Gulden_%281924%29.jpg/350px-DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1%2C000_Gulden_%281924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1%2C000_Gulden_%281924%29.jpg/466px-DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1%2C000_Gulden_%281924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5621" data-file-height="6265" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DAN-57-Bank_von_Danzig-1,000_Gulden_(1924).jpg" title="File:DAN-57-Bank von Danzig-1,000 Gulden (1924).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1,000 <a href="/wiki/Danzig_gulden" title="Danzig gulden">Danzig gulden</a> (1924) depicting City Hall</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The Free City of Danzig (1920–39) included the city of Danzig (Gdańsk), the towns of <a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Zoppot (Sopot)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliwa" title="Oliwa">Oliva (Oliwa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Nowy Dwór Gdański">Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Staw" title="Nowy Staw">Neuteich (Nowy Staw)</a> and some 252 villages and 63 <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a>, covering a total area of 1,966 square kilometers (<span class="nowrap">759 sq mi</span>). The cities of Danzig (since 1818) and Zoppot (since 1920) formed independent cities (Stadtkreise), whereas all other towns and municipalities were part of one of the three rural districts (Landkreise), <a href="/wiki/Danziger_H%C3%B6he" title="Danziger Höhe">Danziger Höhe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danziger_Niederung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danziger Niederung (page does not exist)">Danziger Niederung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat_Danziger_Niederung" class="extiw" title="pl:Powiat Danziger Niederung">pl</a>]</span> (both seated in Danzig city) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9Fes_Werder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Großes Werder (page does not exist)">Großes Werder</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Gro%C3%9Fes_Werder" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Großes Werder">de</a>]</span>, seated in Tiegenhof.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1928, its territory covered 1,952 km<sup>2</sup> including 58 square kilometers of freshwater surface. The border had a length of 290.5 km, of which the coastline accounted for 66.35 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner1929_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner1929-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_rights_declared_by_Treaty_of_Versailles">Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Free City was to be represented abroad by Poland and was to be in a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> with it. The <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">German railway</a> line that connected the Free City with newly created Poland was to be administered by Poland, as were all rail lines in the territory of the Free City. On November 9, 1920, a convention that provided for the Presence of a Polish diplomatic representative in Danzig was signed between the Polish government and the Danzig authorities. In article 6, the Polish government undertook not to conclude any international agreements regarding Danzig without previous consultation with the Free City's government.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate <a href="/wiki/Polish_Post_Office_(Danzig)" title="Polish Post Office (Danzig)">Polish post office</a> was established, besides the existing <a href="/wiki/Municipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal">municipal</a> one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Nations_High_Commissioners">League of Nations High Commissioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: League of Nations High Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danzig_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Danzig_passport.jpg/180px-Danzig_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Danzig_passport.jpg/270px-Danzig_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Danzig_passport.jpg/360px-Danzig_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Passport of the Free City of Danzig</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandatory</a> territories, which were entrusted to member countries, the Free City of Danzig (like the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">Territory of the Saar Basin</a>) remained directly under the authority of the League of Nations. Representatives of various countries took on the role of High Commissioner:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing,_Gdansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing%2C_Gdansk.jpg/220px-Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing%2C_Gdansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing%2C_Gdansk.jpg/330px-Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing%2C_Gdansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing%2C_Gdansk.jpg/440px-Polish_passport_issued_at_Danzing%2C_Gdansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Polish passport issued at Danzig by the "Polish Commission for Gdańsk" in 1935 and extended again in 1937, before the holder immigrated to British Palestine the following year</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Name</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Tower" title="Reginald Tower">Reginald Tower</a></td> <td>1919–1920</td> <td><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lisle_Strutt" title="Edward Lisle Strutt">Edward Lisle Strutt</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Attolico" title="Bernardo Attolico">Bernardo Attolico</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haking" title="Richard Haking">Richard Haking</a></td> <td>1921–1923</td> <td><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">5 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mervyn_Sorley_McDonnell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mervyn Sorley McDonnell (page does not exist)">Mervyn Sorley McDonnell</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_MacDonnell" class="extiw" title="pl:Mervyn MacDonnell">pl</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_MacDonnell" class="extiw" title="de:Mervyn MacDonnell">de</a>]</span></td> <td>1923–1925</td> <td><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">6 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joost_Adriaan_van_Hamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joost Adriaan van Hamel (page does not exist)">Joost Adriaan van Hamel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_Adriaan_van_Hamel" class="extiw" title="nl:Joost Adriaan van Hamel">nl</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_Adriaan_van_Hamel" class="extiw" title="de:Joost Adriaan van Hamel">de</a>]</span></td> <td>1925–1929</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">7 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfredi_di_Gravina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfredi di Gravina (page does not exist)">Manfredi di Gravina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredi_Gravina" class="extiw" title="de:Manfredi Gravina">de</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredi_Gravina" class="extiw" title="sv:Manfredi Gravina">sv</a>]</span></td> <td>1929–1932</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">8 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmer_Rosting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmer Rosting (page does not exist)">Helmer Rosting</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmer_Rosting" class="extiw" title="da:Helmer Rosting">da</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmer_Rosting" class="extiw" title="de:Helmer Rosting">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmer_Rosting" class="extiw" title="pl:Helmer Rosting">pl</a>]</span></td> <td>1932–1934</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lester" title="Seán Lester">Seán Lester</a></td> <td>1934–1936</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Irish Free State"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Carl Jacob Burckhardt">Carl Jacob Burckhardt</a></td> <td>1937–1939</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The League of Nations refused to let the city-state use the term of <i><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic City</a></i> as part of its official name; this referred to Danzig's long-lasting membership in the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (November 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matull_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matull-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Constabulary">State Constabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State Constabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Police" title="Free City of Danzig Police">Free City of Danzig Police</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649,_Danzig,_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649%2C_Danzig%2C_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649%2C_Danzig%2C_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649%2C_Danzig%2C_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649%2C_Danzig%2C_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649%2C_Danzig%2C_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14649%2C_Danzig%2C_Verhaftung_am_Wahltag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Danzig police arrest a protester in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1933_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1933 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1933 Parliamentary Elections</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the creation of the Free City in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> a security police force was created on 19 August 1919. On 9 April 1920, a military style marching band, the <i>Musikkorps</i>, was formed. Led by composer Ernst Stieberitz, the <a href="/wiki/Police_band_(music)" title="Police band (music)">police band</a> became well known in the city and abroad. In 1921, Danzig's government reformed the entire institution and established the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei" title="Schutzpolizei">Schutzpolizei</a></i>, or protection police.<sup id="cite_ref-DPOL_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPOL-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helmut Froböss became President of the Police (i. e. <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_police" title="Chief of police">Chief</a>) on 1 April 1921. He served in this capacity until the German <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-DPOL_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPOL-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police initially operated from 12 precincts and 7 registration points. In 1926 the number of precincts was reduced to 7.<sup id="cite_ref-DPOL_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPOL-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Nazi takeover of the Senate, the police were increasingly used to suppress free speech and political dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, Froböss ordered the left-wing newspapers <i>Danziger Volksstimme</i> and <i>Danziger Landeszeitung</i> to suspend publications for 2 months and 8 days respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-DPLET_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPLET-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1939, Polish-German relations had worsened and war seemed a likely possibility. The police began making plans to seize Polish installations within the city, in the event of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-DP_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately the Danzig police participated in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">September Campaign</a>, fighting alongside the <a href="/wiki/SS_Heimwehr_Danzig" title="SS Heimwehr Danzig">local SS</a> and the German Army <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Polish_Post_Office_in_Danzig" title="Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig">at the city's Polish post office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">at Westerplatte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DP_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGW_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGW-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the Free City was <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">formally annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in October 1939, the police force more or less continued to operate as a law enforcement agency. The <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a>, 35 km east of the city, was run by the President of the police as an internment camp from 1939 until November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administration was finally dissolved when the city was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviets</a> in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg/250px-Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg/375px-Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg/500px-Polska_II_RP_gestosc_zaludnienia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk), 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The population and demographics of the Free City are a matter of some dispute over the period of its existence. </p><p>The Free City's population rose from 357,000 (1919) to 408,000 in 1929; according to the official census, 95% were <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_1946-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 11">: 5, 11 </span></sup> with the rest mainly either <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>. According to E. Cieślak, the population registers of the Free City show that in 1929 the Polish population numbered 35,000, or 10.7% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates put the proportion of Danzig Poles between at between 10 and 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henryk Stępniak estimates the 1929 Polish population as around 22,000, or around 6% of the population, increasing to around 13% in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, the Polish population increased. According to some sources, in 1938, the Free City's population of 410,000 was 98% German, 1% Polish and 1% other.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates suggest the proportion of Poles in the population of the Free City was around 20% in 1939<sup id="cite_ref-somogyi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somogyi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or around 25% in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the estimated voting patterns (according to Stępniak many Poles voted for the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Zentrumspartei" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentrumspartei">Zentrumspartei</a> instead of Polish parties), Stępniak estimates the number of Poles in the city to be 25–30% of Catholics living within it or about 30–36 thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-Henryk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henryk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including around 4,000 Polish nationals who were registered in the city, Stępniak estimated the Polish population as 9.4–11% of population.<sup id="cite_ref-Henryk_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henryk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, Stefan Samerski estimates about 10 percent of the 130,000 Catholics were Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrzej Drzycimski estimates that Polish population at the end of 30s reached 20% (including Poles who arrived after the war).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish population increased disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s and was estimated at 20% shortly before the start of World War II in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-somogyi_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somogyi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Rogaczewski" title="Franciszek Rogaczewski">Franciszek Rogaczewski</a> estimated that Poles made up about 20% of the population of the Free City of Danzig in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accuracy of demographic estimates is complicated by the discrepancy between the ethnic and linguistic identities of the Danzig population - while 95% of the inhabitants of the Free City of Danzig were German-speaking, many Poles were bilingual and also spoke German, and were included in such estimates. Another significant minority were the Kashubs, another West Slavic group who derived their <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">language</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> and had their own independent identity.<sup id="cite_ref-somogyi_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somogyi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, as the result of <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a> laws, German Catholics, who made up about 40% of the city's population,<sup id="cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported the Polish national movement and stood up for Polish interests.<sup id="cite_ref-blanke_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blanke-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further exacerbated by anti-Catholic legislation introduced by NSDAP-dominated Danzig Senate, which involved arrests of Catholic clergy as well as the activists and members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Centre Party">Catholic Centre Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Centre Party was friendly to the Danzig Poles, and many Poles voted for the Centre Party instead of Polish organisations. The German Catholic clergy in Danzig also strongly supported the Polish minority, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Bishop of Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Rourke" title="Edward O'Rourke">Edward O'Rourke</a>, actively fought for the interests of Danzig Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, Tadeusz Kijański, a Polish citizen of Danzig, questioned the results of the official 1923 census, according to which only 3% to 1% of the Danzig population was Polish. Kijański pointed out that the census was conducted by the police, which was "a deviation from the usual and only sensible and proven way of conducting this type of census". The police officers in charge of conducting the census were mostly German citizens who were granted Danzig citizenship for the duration of their service, and there were several incidents in which they intimidated the local non-German population. The census also often relied on information provided by landlords or homeowners instead of asking each citizen directly; as a result, Kijański stated that "the results of the census show significant deviations from the actual proportions in terms of nationality data".<sup id="cite_ref-kijanski_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kijanski-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kijański, many Poles in Danzig did not reveal their nationality in the census as a result of this intimidation, as well as pressure from German employers.<sup id="cite_ref-bacinski_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bacinski-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated that Poles accounted for 14.5% of the Free City's permanent population, but noted that the actual number of Poles may have been higher, as Poles made up 60% of all foreigners in Danzig at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-kijanski_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kijanski-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png/220px-Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png/330px-Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png/440px-Deutscher_Bev%C3%B6lkerungsanteil_in_den_Gemeinden_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig.png 2x" data-file-width="5354" data-file-height="4858" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of German and Polish/Kashub population</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> required that the newly formed state have its own citizenship, based on residency. German inhabitants lost their <a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">German citizenship</a> with the creation of the Free City, but were given the right to re-obtain it within the first two years of the state's existence. Anyone desiring German citizenship had to leave their property and make their residence outside the Free State of Danzig area in the remaining parts of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Versailles_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versailles-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Total population by language, November 1, 1923, according to the Free City of Danzig census<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_1946-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th scope="col">Nationality </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </th> <th scope="col">German and<br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </th> <th scope="col">Polish, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashub</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mazurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazurs">Masurian</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> </th> <th scope="col">Unclassified </th> <th scope="col">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Danzig </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">327,827 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">1,108 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">6,788 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">99 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">22 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">77 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em; font-weight: bold; background: #f2f2f2;">335,921 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Non-Danzig </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">20,666 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">521 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">5,239 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">2,529 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">580 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">1,274 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em; font-weight: bold; background: #f2f2f2;">30,809 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Total </th> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">348,493 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">1,629 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">12,027 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">2,628 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">602 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em;">1,351 </td> <td style="text-align: right; padding: 0 1em; background: #f2f2f2;">366,730 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f2f2f2;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left;">Percent </th> <td style="text-align: right;">95.03% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.44% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3.28% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.72% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.16% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.37% </td> <td style="text-align: right; font-weight: bold; background: #f2f2f2;">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people_born_in_the_Free_City_of_Danzig">Notable people born in the Free City of Danzig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people born in the Free City of Danzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F034158-0018,_Ausschnitt_Eddi_Arent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F034158-0018%2C_Ausschnitt_Eddi_Arent.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F034158-0018%2C_Ausschnitt_Eddi_Arent.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F034158-0018%2C_Ausschnitt_Eddi_Arent.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eddi_Arent" title="Eddi Arent">Eddi Arent</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg/120px-IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg/180px-IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg/240px-IMG_0220_Ingrid_van_Bergen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_van_Bergen" title="Ingrid van Bergen">Ingrid van Bergen</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg/120px-G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg/180px-G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg/240px-G%C3%BCnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-(retouched-cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-%28retouched-cropped%29.jpg/120px-Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-%28retouched-cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-%28retouched-cropped%29.jpg/180px-Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-%28retouched-cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-%28retouched-cropped%29.jpg/240px-Klaus_Kinski_Cannes-%28retouched-cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a> in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupert-neudeck001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rupert-neudeck001.jpg/120px-Rupert-neudeck001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rupert-neudeck001.jpg/180px-Rupert-neudeck001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rupert-neudeck001.jpg/240px-Rupert-neudeck001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Neudeck" title="Rupert Neudeck">Rupert Neudeck</a> 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg/120px-Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg/180px-Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg/240px-Portrat_wolfgang_voelz_philipp_von_ostau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_V%C3%B6lz" title="Wolfgang Völz">Wolfgang Völz</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddi_Arent" title="Eddi Arent">Eddi Arent</a> (1925 in Danzig – 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>) was a German actor, cabaret artist and comedian.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared in 104 films between 1956 and 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Aronowicz" title="Ike Aronowicz">Ike Aronowicz</a> (1923 in Danzig – 2009 Israel) captain of the immigrant ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus">SS <i>Exodus</i></a>, which unsuccessfully tried to dock in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> on July 11, 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Becker" title="Elisabeth Becker">Elisabeth Becker</a> (1923 in Danzig – executed 1946 in Biskupia Górka) was a <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">concentration camp guard</a> in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_van_Bergen" title="Ingrid van Bergen">Ingrid van Bergen</a> (born 1931 in Danzig) is a German film actress.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has appeared in 100 films since 1954. Convicted of manslaughter in 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades_Caridis" title="Miltiades Caridis">Miltiades Caridis</a> (1923 in Danzig – 1998 in Athens) was a German-Greek conductor, his family moved to Greece in 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Chych%C5%82a" title="Zygmunt Chychła">Zygmunt Chychła</a> (1926 in Gdańsk – 2009 in Hamburg) was a Polish boxer.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic gold medal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Cienciala" title="Anna M. Cienciala">Anna M. Cienciala</a> (1929 in Danzig – 2014 in Florida) was a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish-American</a> historian and author.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Czukay" title="Holger Czukay">Holger Czukay</a> (1938 in Danzig – 2017 in Weilerswist) was a German musician, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a> group <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Ehmke" title="Horst Ehmke">Horst Ehmke</a> (1927 in Danzig – 2017 in Bonn) was a German lawyer, law professor and SPD politician, served as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection">Federal Minister of Justice</a> (1969).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg-Peter_Ewert" title="Jörg-Peter Ewert">Jörg-Peter Ewert</a> (born 1938 in Danzig) is a German <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurophysiologist">neurophysiologist</a> and researcher into <a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1927 in Danzig – 2015 in Lübeck) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Happe" title="Ursula Happe">Ursula Happe</a> (1926 in Danzig – 2021 in Dortmund) was a German swimmer and Olympic champion.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She competed at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a> and won the gold medal in 200 m breaststroke.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Hohnfeldt" title="Hans Albert Hohnfeldt">Hans Albert Hohnfeldt</a> (1897 in Neufahrwasser – 1948) Nazi Party <i><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a></i> in Danzig.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a> (1926 in Zopot – 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Lagunitas,_California" title="Lagunitas, California">Lagunitas, California</a>) was a controversial German actor.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Klaff" title="Wanda Klaff">Wanda Klaff</a> (1922 in Danzig – executed 1946 in <a href="/wiki/Biskupia_G%C3%B3rka" title="Biskupia Górka">Biskupia Górka</a>) was a Nazi camp overseer.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Hermann_Koelle" title="Heinz-Hermann Koelle">Heinz-Hermann Koelle</a> (1925 in Danzig – 2011 in Berlin) was an aeronautical engineer, and made the preliminary designs for <a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Krack" title="Erhard Krack">Erhard Krack</a> (1931 in Danzig – 2000 in Berlin) was an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> politician and mayor of <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> from 1974 to 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Ku%C5%BAniar" title="Zdzisław Kuźniar">Zdzisław Kuźniar</a> (born 1931 in Gdańsk) is a Polish actor.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna-Renate_Laurien" title="Hanna-Renate Laurien">Hanna-Renate Laurien</a> (1928 in Danzig – 2010 in Berlin) was a German <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mandelbaum" title="Jack Mandelbaum">Jack Mandelbaum</a> (1927 in Danzig – 2023 <a href="/wiki/Naples,_Florida" title="Naples, Florida">Naples, Florida</a>) was a Holocaust survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Neudeck" title="Rupert Neudeck">Rupert Neudeck</a> (1939 in Danzig – 2016 in Siegburg) correspondent for <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/Cap_Anamur" title="Cap Anamur">Cap Anamur</a>, a humanitarian organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Paw%C5%82owicz" title="Zygmunt Pawłowicz">Zygmunt Pawłowicz</a> (1927 in Danzig – 2010 in Gdańsk) ordained a Catholic priest in 1952, was the Polish Auxiliary bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a> from 1985 until 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Pazner" title="Avi Pazner">Avi Pazner</a> (born 1937 in Danzig) is a retired Israeli diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pratt_(businessman)" title="Richard Pratt (businessman)">Richard Pratt</a> (1934 in Danzig – 2009 in Kew, Victoria) was a prominent Australian businessman, chairman of <a href="/wiki/Visy" title="Visy">Visy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family moved to Australia in 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Preu%C3%9F" title="Georg Preuß">Georg Preuß</a> (1920 in Danzig – 1991 Clenze) was a mid-ranking commander in the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, a convicted war criminal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Preu%C3%9F" title="Meta Preuß">Meta Preuß</a> (1903–1981) one of seven members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Free_City_of_Danzig)" title="Communist Party (Free City of Danzig)">Communist Party (Free City of Danzig)</a>, elected to the <a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Volkstag</a> in 1930.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rosovsky" title="Henry Rosovsky">Henry Rosovsky</a> (1927 in Danzig – 2022 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an economic historian, specializing in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, born of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jewish</a> parents.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Salomon" title="Hermann Salomon">Hermann Salomon</a> (1938 in Danzig – 2020 in Mainz) was a German javelin thrower who competed in the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Shamgar" title="Meir Shamgar">Meir Shamgar</a> (1925 in Danzig – 2019 in Jerusalem) was President of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israeli Supreme Court</a> from 1983 to 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalman_Shoval" title="Zalman Shoval">Zalman Shoval</a> (born 1930 in Danzig) is an Israeli politician and diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_V%C3%B6lz" title="Wolfgang Völz">Wolfgang Völz</a> (1930 in Danzig – 2018 in Berlin) was a German actor, known for his roles in theatre plays, TV shows, feature films and taped radio shows.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._K._Waechter" title="F. K. Waechter">F. K. Waechter</a> (1937 in Danzig – 2005 in Frankfurt) was a German cartoonist, author and playwright.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dushman" title="David Dushman">David Dushman</a> (1923 in Danzig - 2021 in Munich) was Jewish-Soviet Red Army soldier, assisted in the liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924, 54.7% of the populace was <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (220,731 persons, mostly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_old-Prussian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union">old-Prussian church</a>), 34.5% was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (140,797 persons), and 2.4% Jewish (9,239 persons). Other Protestants included 5,604 <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, 1,934 <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a>), 1,093 <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>, 410 <a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Free Religionists</a>. The population also included 2,129 <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">dissenters</a>, 1,394 faithful of other religions and denominations, and 664 <a href="/wiki/Irreligionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligionism">irreligionists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish community grew from 2,717 in 1910 to 7,282 in 1923 and 10,448 in 1929, many of them immigrants from Poland and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_Synodal_Federation_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig">Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg/220px-Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg/330px-Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg/440px-Danzig-Marienkirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>The Lutheran Supreme Parish Church of St. Mary's in Danzig's <a href="/wiki/Main_City" title="Main City">Rechtstadt</a> quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>The mostly Lutheran and partially Reformed congregations situated in the territory of the Free City, which previously used to belong to the <i>Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_old-Prussian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union">Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union</a> (EKapU), were transformed into the <i>Regional <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synodal</a> Federation of the Free City of Danzig</i> after 1920. The executive body of that ecclesiastical province, the <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> (est. 1 November 1886), was seated in Danzig. After 1920 it was restricted in its responsibility to those congregations within the Free City's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First General Superintendent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kalweit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Kalweit (page does not exist)">Paul Kalweit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kalweit" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Kalweit">de</a>]</span> (1920–1933) and then Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Beermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Beermann (page does not exist)">Johannes Beermann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Beermann_(Bischof)" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Beermann (Bischof)">de</a>]</span> (1933–1945) presided over the consistory. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, which opposed the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Church_in_Poland" title="United Evangelical Church in Poland">United Evangelical Church in Poland</a> with EKapU, Volkstag and the Senate of Danzig approved cross-border religious bodies. Danzig's Regional Synodal Federation — just as the regional synodal federation of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Memelland</a> — retained the status of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province within EKapU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the German annexation of the Free City in 1939, the EKapU merged the Danzig regional synodal federation in 1940 into the Ecclesiastical Region of Danzig-West Prussia. This included the Polish congregations of the United Evangelical Church in Poland in the homonymous <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a> and the German congregations in the <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia_(region)" title="West Prussia (region)">West Prussia governorate</a>. Danzig's consistory functioned as an executive body for that region. With the flight and expulsion of most ethnically German Protestant parishioners from the area of the Free City of Danzig between 1945 and 1948, the congregations vanished. </p><p>In March 1945, the consistory had relocated to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and opened a refugee centre for Danzigers (Hilfsstelle beim evangelischen Konsistorium Danzig) led by Upper Consistorial Councillor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_M._G%C3%BClzow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard M. Gülzow (page does not exist)">Gerhard M. Gülzow</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_M._G%C3%BClzow" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard M. Gülzow">de</a>]</span>. The Lutheran congregation of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk">St. Mary's Church</a> could relocate its valuable <a href="/wiki/Parament" title="Parament">parament</a> collection and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbytery</a> granted it on loan to <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Museum_Quarter,_L%C3%BCbeck#Chamber_of_paraments" title="St. Anne's Museum Quarter, Lübeck">St. Annen Museum</a> in Lübeck after the war. Other Lutheran congregations of Danzig could reclaim their church bells, which the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> had requisitioned as non-ferrous metal for war purposes since 1940, but which had survived, not yet melted down, in storage (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockenfriedhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockenfriedhof (page does not exist)">Glockenfriedhof</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenfriedhof" class="extiw" title="de:Glockenfriedhof">de</a>]</span>) in the British zone of occupation. The presbyteries granted them usually to Northwestern German Lutheran congregations which had lost bells due to the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diocese_of_Danzig_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church">Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk#history" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig,_Danzig_(Gdansk)-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig%2C_Danzig_%28Gdansk%29-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg/220px-CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig%2C_Danzig_%28Gdansk%29-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig%2C_Danzig_%28Gdansk%29-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg/330px-CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig%2C_Danzig_%28Gdansk%29-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig%2C_Danzig_%28Gdansk%29-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg/440px-CH-NB_-_Freie_Stadt_Danzig%2C_Danzig_%28Gdansk%29-_Kirche_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-13-066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4596" data-file-height="4818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oliwa_Cathedral" title="Oliwa Cathedral">Archcathedral of the Holy Trinity, Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Bernard</a> in Oliva, Danzig</figcaption></figure> <p>The 36 Catholic <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> in the territory of the Free City in 1922 used to belong in equal shares to the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Culm_(Che%C5%82mno)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Culm (Chełmno)">Diocese of Culm</a>, which was mostly Polish, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Warmia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia">Diocese of Ermland</a>, which was mostly German. While the Second Polish Republic wanted all the parishes within the Free City to form part of Polish Culm, Volkstag and Senate wanted them all to become subject to German Ermland.<sup id="cite_ref-May_175_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_175-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> suspended the jurisdictions of both dioceses over their parishes in the Free State and established an <a href="/wiki/Exemption_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exemption (church)">exempt</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">apostolic administration</a> for the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-May_175_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_175-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first apostolic administrator was <a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Rourke" title="Edward O'Rourke">Edward O'Rourke</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> and of Irish ancestry) who became <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Danzig">Bishop of Danzig</a> on the occasion of the elevation of the administration to an exempt diocese in 1925. He was naturalised as Danziger on the same occasion. In 1938 he resigned after quarrels with the Nazi-dominated Senate of Danzig on appointments of parish priests of Polish ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-db-thueringen.de_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-thueringen.de-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate also instigated the denaturalisation of O'Rourke, who subsequently became a Polish citizen. O'Rourke was succeeded by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_Splett" title="Carl Maria Splett">Carl Maria Splett</a>, a native from the Free City area. </p><p>Splett remained bishop after the German annexation of the Free City. In early 1941, he applied for admitting the Danzig diocese as member in Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Adolf Bertram</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eastern_German_Ecclesiastical_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province">Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province</a> and thus at the <a href="/wiki/Fulda_Conference#Fulda_Conference_of_Bishops_(till_1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulda Conference">Fulda Conference of Bishops</a>; however, Bertram, also speaker of the Fulda conference, rejected the request.<sup id="cite_ref-Pietrzak_2001_p._162_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietrzak_2001_p._162-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any arguments that the Free City of Danzig had been annexed to Nazi Germany did not impress Bertram since Danzig's annexation lacked international recognition. Until the reorganization of the Catholic dioceses in Danzig and the formerly eastern territories of Germany the diocesan territory remained unaltered and the see exempt. However, with the replacement of Danzig's population between 1945 and 1948 by mostly Catholic Poles, the number of Catholic parishes increased and most formerly Protestant churches were taken over for Catholic services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_Danzigers">Jewish Danzigers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jewish Danzigers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatSynagogueDanzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/GreatSynagogueDanzig.jpg/220px-GreatSynagogueDanzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/GreatSynagogueDanzig.jpg/330px-GreatSynagogueDanzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/GreatSynagogueDanzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Danzig)" title="Great Synagogue (Danzig)">Great Synagogue</a> on Reitbahn Street in Danzig's Rechtstadt quarter</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Gda%C5%84sk#Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Gdańsk">Jewish Community in the Free City of Danzig</a></div> <p>Since 1883 most of the Jewish congregations in the later territory of Free State had merged into the Synagogal Community of Danzig. Only the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Nowy Dwór Gdański">Tiegenhof</a> ran their own congregation until 1938. </p><p>Danzig became a centre of Polish and Russian Jewish emigration to North America. Between 1920 and 1925 60,000 Jews emigrated via Danzig to the US and Canada. At the same time, between 1923 and 1929, Danzig's own Jewish population increased from roughly 7,000 to 10,500.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native Jews and newcomers established themselves in the city and contributed to its civic life, culture and economy. Danzig became a venue for international meetings of Jewish organisations, such as the convention of delegates from Jewish youth organisations of various nations, attended by <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, which founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Union_of_Jewish_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Union of Jewish Youth (page does not exist)">World Union of Jewish Youth</a> on 2 September 1924 in the Schützenhaus venue. On 21 March 1926 the <i>Zionistische Organisation für Danzig</i> convened delegates of <a href="/wiki/Hechalutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hechalutz">Hechalutz</a> from all over for the first conference in Danzig using <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as common language, also attended by Ben Gurion. </p><p>With a Nazi majority in the Volkstag and Senate, anti-Semitic persecution and discrimination occurred unsanctioned by the authorities. In contrast to Germany, which exercised capital outflow control since 1931, emigration of Danzig's Jews was nonetheless somewhat easier, with capital transfers enabled by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Danzig" title="Bank of Danzig">Bank of Danzig</a>. Moreover, the comparatively few Danzig Jews were offered easier refuge in safe countries because of favorable Free City migration quotas. </p><p>After the anti-Jewish riots of <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> of 9/10 November 1938 in Germany, similar riots took place on 12/13 November in Danzig.<sup id="cite_ref-Sodeikat_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sodeikat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TYM_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TYM-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Danzig)" title="Great Synagogue (Danzig)">Great Synagogue</a> was taken over and demolished by the local authorities in 1939. Most Jews had already left the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Gda%C5%84sk#Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Gdańsk">Jewish Community of Danzig</a> decided to organize its own emigration in early 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg/220px-Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg/330px-Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg/440px-Danzig_Senatsflagge_1920-1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Danzig Senate</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 205px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -175px; left: -75px; width: 1000px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_(1931,_specimen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Danzig coat of arms depicted on a 100 gulden note (1931)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_%281931%2C_specimen%29.jpg/1000px-DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_%281931%2C_specimen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="1149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_%281931%2C_specimen%29.jpg/1500px-DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_%281931%2C_specimen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_%281931%2C_specimen%29.jpg/2000px-DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_%281931%2C_specimen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4890" data-file-height="5621" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DAN-62-Bank_von_Danzig-100_Gulden_(1931,_specimen).jpg" title="File:DAN-62-Bank von Danzig-100 Gulden (1931, specimen).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Danzig coat of arms depicted on a 100 <a href="/wiki/Danzig_gulden" title="Danzig gulden">gulden</a> note (1931)</div> </div> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br /><small>(Born-Died)</small> </th> <th colspan="3">Term of office </th> <th rowspan="2">Political Party </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="7">Presidents of the Danzig Senate </th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#DCDCDC; color:black;">1</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Sahm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Sahm"><img alt="Heinrich Sahm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heinrich_Sahm.jpg/70px-Heinrich_Sahm.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heinrich_Sahm.jpg/105px-Heinrich_Sahm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heinrich_Sahm.jpg/140px-Heinrich_Sahm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm" title="Heinrich Sahm">Heinrich Sahm</a></b><br /><small>(1877–1939)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">6 December 1920</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">10 January 1931</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7003368700000000000♠"></span>10 years, 35 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#3F7BC1; color:black;">2</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Ziehm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Ziehm"><img alt="Ernst Ziehm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ernst_Ziehm.jpg/70px-Ernst_Ziehm.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ernst_Ziehm.jpg/105px-Ernst_Ziehm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ernst_Ziehm.jpg/140px-Ernst_Ziehm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziehm" title="Ernst Ziehm">Ernst Ziehm</a></b><br /><small>(1867–1962)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">10 January 1931</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">20 June 1933</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7002892000000000000♠"></span>2 years, 161 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">DNVP</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#964B00; color:white;">3</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Rauschning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermann Rauschning"><img alt="Hermann Rauschning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hermann_Rauschning.jpg/70px-Hermann_Rauschning.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hermann_Rauschning.jpg/105px-Hermann_Rauschning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hermann_Rauschning.jpg/140px-Hermann_Rauschning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2461" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a></b><br /><small>(1887–1982)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">20 June 1933</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">23 November 1934</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7002521000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 156 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#964B00; color:white;">4</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Greiser"><img alt="Arthur Greiser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg/70px-Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg/105px-Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg/140px-Arthur_Greiser_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></b><br /><small>(1897–1946)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">23 November 1934</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">23 August 1939</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7003173400000000000♠"></span>4 years, 273 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="7">State President </th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#964B00; color:white;">5</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Forster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Forster"><img alt="Albert Forster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Albert_Forster.jpg/70px-Albert_Forster.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Albert_Forster.jpg/105px-Albert_Forster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Albert_Forster.jpg/140px-Albert_Forster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="3520" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a></b><br /><small>(1902–1952)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">23 August 1939</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1 September 1939</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7000900000000000000♠"></span>9 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Free City was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Senate#Alternative_meanings" title="Senate">Senate</a> of the Free City of Danzig, which was elected by the parliament (<a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Volkstag</a>) for a legislative period of four years. The official language was German,<sup id="cite_ref-Lemkin_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemkin-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the usage of Polish was guaranteed by law.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political parties in the Free City corresponded with the political parties in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>; the most influential parties in the 1920s were the conservative <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig">Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Catholic Centre Party</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Free_City_of_Danzig)" title="Communist Party (Free City of Danzig)">Communist Party</a> was founded in 1921 with its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a> and the Communist Party of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. Several liberal parties and Free Voter's Associations existed and ran in the elections with varying success. A <a href="/wiki/Polish_Party" title="Polish Party">Polish Party</a> represented the Polish minority and received between 3% (<a href="/wiki/1933_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1933 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1933</a>) and 6% (<a href="/wiki/1920_Free_City_of_Danzig_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1920 Free City of Danzig Constituent Assembly election">1920</a>) of the vote (in total, 4,358 votes in 1933 and 9,321 votes in 1920).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> had only a small amount of success (0.8% of the vote in <a href="/wiki/1927_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1927 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1927</a>) and was even briefly dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Matull_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matull-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its influence grew with the onset of difficult economic times and the increasing popularity of the Nazi Party in Germany proper. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> in October 1930. The Nazis won 50 percent of votes in the Volkstag elections of 28 May 1933, and took control of the Senate in June 1933, with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a> becoming President of the Senate of Danzig. In contrast to Germany, the Nazi Party was relatively weak in the Free City of Danzig, and remained unstable because of "furious factional struggles" which plagued the Nazi administration throughout its rule. The party membership was generally low, and the 1935 election in Danzig "amounted to an electoral defeat for the Nazis".<sup id="cite_ref-carsten_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carsten-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The democratic opposition remained strong and was able to temporarily block the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a> policies between 1935 and 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-huntrm_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntrm-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Catholics were supportive of the Polish minority and most Danzig Poles voted for the Catholic Centre Party.<sup id="cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social Democrats were also willing to cooperate with Catholics and Poles, and the Catholic Church in Danzig was pro-Polish and opposed National Socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-riekhoff_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riekhoff-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rauschning was removed from his position by Forster and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a> in November 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Sodeikat_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sodeikat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later appealed to the public not to vote for the Nazis in the <a href="/wiki/1935_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1935 elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matull_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matull-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political opposition to the Nazis was repressed<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with several politicians being imprisoned and murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic policy of Danzig's Nazi-led government, which increased the public expenditures for employment-creation programs<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the retrenchment of financial aid from Germany led to a devaluation of more than 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Danzig_gulden" title="Danzig gulden">Danziger Gulden</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_1946-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gold reserves of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Danzig" title="Bank of Danzig">Bank of Danzig</a> declined from 30 million Gulden in 1933 to 13 million in 1935 and the foreign asset reserve from 10 million to 250,000 Gulden.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, Poland protested when Danzig's Senate reduced the value of the Gulden so that it would be the same as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish zloty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in Germany, the Nazis introduced laws mirroring the <a href="/wiki/Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermächtigungsgesetz">Enabling Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a> (November 1938);<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> existing parties and unions were gradually banned. The presence of the League of Nations however still guaranteed a minimum of legal certainty. In 1935, the opposition parties, except for the Polish Party, filed a lawsuit to the Danzig High Court in protest against the manipulation of the Volkstag elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Matull_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matull-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sodeikat_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sodeikat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition also protested to the League of Nations, as did the Jewish Community of Danzig.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of members of the Nazi Party in Danzig increased from 21,861 in June 1934 to 48,345 in September 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Berendt_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berendt-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign relations were handled by <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, the Free City of Danzig sent a military advisory mission to <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. The Bolivian government of <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Siles_Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando Siles Reyes">Hernando Siles Reyes</a> wanted to continue the pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> German military mission but the Treaty of Versailles prohibited that. The German officers, including <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>, were transferred to the Danzig police force and then sent to Bolivia. In 1929, after problems with the mission, the British embassy handled the return of the German officers.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-Polish_tensions">German-Polish tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: German-Polish tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rights of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> within the territory of the Free City were stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1920)" title="Treaty of Paris (1920)">Treaty of Paris</a> of 9 November 1920 and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> of 24 October 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of the Polish privileges soon became a permanent matter of disputes between the local populace and the Polish State. While the representatives of the Free City tried to uphold the city's autonomy and sovereignty, Poland sought to extend its privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>, local dockworkers went on strike and refused to unload ammunition supplies for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a>. While the ammunition was finally unloaded by British troops,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the incident led to the establishment of a permanent ammunition depot at the <a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a> and the construction of a trade and naval port in <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose total exports and imports surpassed those of Danzig in May 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1925, the Council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> agreed to the establishment of a Polish military guard of 88 men on the <a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a> peninsula to protect the war material depot.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the interwar period the Polish minority was heavily discriminated against by the German population, which openly attacked its members using racist slurs and harassment, and attacks against the Polish consulate by German students were praised by authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1932, a <a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis_(1932)" title="Danzig crisis (1932)">crisis</a> broke out when the Polish destroyer <a href="/wiki/ORP_Wicher_(1928)" title="ORP Wicher (1928)">ORP <i>Wicher</i></a> was sent into Danzig harbour without the permission of the Senate to greet a visiting squadron of British destroyers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis was resolved when the Free City granted more access rights to the Polish Navy in exchange for a promise to not take the <i>Wicher</i> back into Danzig harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several disputes between Danzig and Poland occurred in the sequel. The Free City protested against the Westerplatte depot, the placement of Polish letter boxes within the City<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the presence of Polish war vessels at the harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt of the Free City to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a> at the League of Nations after protests of the Polish ILO delegate.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ILR_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILR-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, the Polish military doubled the number of 88 troops at Westerplatte in order to test the reaction of the new chancellor. After protests the additional troops were withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazi propaganda used these events in the <a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Volkstag</a> elections of May 1933, in which Nazis won absolute majority.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until June 1933, the High Commissioner decided in 66 cases of dispute between Danzig and Poland; in 54 cases one of the parties appealed to the Permanent Court of International Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent disputes were resolved in direct negotiations between the Senate and Poland after both had agreed to abstain from further appeals to the International Court in the summer of 1933 and bilateral agreements were concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/German-Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact">German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a> of 1934, Danzig–Polish relations improved and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> instructed the local Nazi government to cease anti-Polish actions.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, Poland did not support the actions of the anti-Nazi opposition in Danzig. The Polish Ambassador to Germany, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski" title="Józef Lipski">Józef Lipski</a>, stated in a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"... that a National Socialist Senate in Danzig is also most desirable from our point of view, since it brought about a rapprochement between the Free City and Poland, I would like to remind him that we have always kept aloof from internal Danzig problems. In spite of approaches repeatedly made by the opposition parties, we rejected any attempt to draw us into action against the Senate. I mentioned quite confidentially that the Polish minority in Danzig was advised not to join forces with the opposition at the time of elections."</p></blockquote> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Carl Jacob Burckhardt">Carl J. Burckhardt</a> became High Commissioner in February 1937, both Poles and Germans openly welcomed his withdrawal, and Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a> notified him not to "count on the support of the Polish State" in the case of difficulties with the Senate or the Nazi Party.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Senate appeared to respect the agreements with Poland, the "Nazification of Danzig proceeded relentlessly"<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Danzig became a springboard for anti-Polish propaganda among the German and Ukrainian minority in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Bishop of Danzig, <a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Rourke" title="Edward O'Rourke">Edward O'Rourke</a>, was forced to withdraw after he had tried to implement four additional Polish nationals as parish priests in October 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-db-thueringen.de_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-thueringen.de-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danzig_crisis">Danzig crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Danzig crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">Danzig crisis</a></div> <p>The German policy openly changed immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Conference">Munich Conference</a> in October 1938, when German Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> demanded the incorporation of the Free City into the Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish ambassador to Germany, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski" title="Józef Lipski">Jozef Lipski</a>, declined Ribbentrop's offer, saying that Polish public opinion would not tolerate the Free City joining Germany and predicated that if Warsaw allowed that to happen, then the <i><a href="/wiki/Sanation" title="Sanation">Sanation</a></i> military dictatorship that had ruled Poland since 1926 would be overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_16_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a> on 29 March 1939 told the Danzig government the <i>Reich</i> would carry out a policy to the <i>Zermürbungspolitik</i> (point of destruction) towards Poland, saying a compromise solution was not wanted, and on 5 April 1939 told <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_von_Moltke" title="Hans-Adolf von Moltke">Hans-Adolf von Moltke</a> under no conditions was he to negotiate with the Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All through the spring and summer of 1939 there was a massive media campaign in Germany demanding the immediate return of the Free City of Danzig to Germany under the slogan "Home to the <i>Reich</i>!". However, the Danzig crisis was just a pretext for war. Ribbentrop ordered Count <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_von_Moltke" title="Hans-Adolf von Moltke">Hans-Adolf von Moltke</a>, the German ambassador to Poland, not to negotiate with the Poles over Danzig as it was always Ribbentrop's great fear that the Poles might actually agree to the Free City returning to Germany, thereby depriving the <i>Reich</i> of its pretext for attacking Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg/220px-Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg/330px-Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg/440px-Adolf_Hitler_addresses_an_audience_in_Danzig_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hitler gives a speech in Danzig on 19 September 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>In the middle of August, Beck offered a concession, saying that Poland was willing to give up its control of Danzig's customs, a proposal which caused fury in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the leaders of the Free City sent a message to Berlin on 19 August 1939 saying: "<i>Gauleiter</i> Forster intends to extend claims...Should the Poles yield again it is intended to increase the claims further in order to make accord impossible".<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day a telegram from Berlin expressed approval with the proviso: "Discussions will have to be conducted and pressure exerted against Poland in such a way that responsibility for failure to come to an agreement and the consequences rest with Poland".<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 August 1939, Albert Forster, the <i>Gauleiter</i> of Danzig, called a meeting of the Senate that voted to have the Free City rejoin Germany, raising tensions to the breaking point.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same meeting appointed Forster the Danzig State President, through this was due to Forster's long-running rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a>, a <i>völkisch</i> fanatic who regarded Forster as too soft on the Poles. Both the appointment of Forster as State President and the resolution calling for the Free City to rejoin the <i>Reich</i> were violations of the charter the League of Nations had given Danzig in 1920, and the matter should have been taken to the League of Nations's Security Council for discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since these violations of the Danzig charter would have resulted in the League deposing the Danzig's Nazi government, both the French and British prevented the matter from being referred to the Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead the British and French applied strong pressure on the Poles not to send in a military force to depose the Danzig government, and appoint a mediator to resolve the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late August 1939, the crisis continued to escalate with the Senate confiscating on 27 August 1939 stocks of wheat, salt and petrol that belonged to the Polish businesses that were in the process of being exported or imported via the Free City, an action that led to sharp Polish complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, 200 Polish workers at the Danzig shipyards were fired without severance pay and their identification papers revoked, meaning that they legally could not live in Danzig anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt,_D.C._page_513_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt,_D.C._page_513-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danzig government imposed food rationing, the Danzig newspapers took a militantly anti-Polish line, and almost every day there were "incidents" on the border with Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt,_D.C._page_513_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt,_D.C._page_513-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordinary people in Danzig were described as being highly worried in the last days of August 1939 as it become apparent that war was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt,_D.C._page_513_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt,_D.C._page_513-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the German battleship <i><a href="/wiki/SMS_Schleswig-Holstein" title="SMS Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></i> had arrived in Danzig on 15 August.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, it was planned to send the light cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="German cruiser Königsberg">Königsberg</a></i> to Danzig for what was described as a "friendship visit", but it was decided at the last minute that a ship with more firepower was needed, leading to the <i>Schleswig-Holstein</i> with its 11-inch (280 mm) guns being substituted.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon anchoring in Danzig harbor, the <i>Schleswig-Holstein</i> ominously aimed its guns at the Polish Military Depot on the Westerplatte peninsula in a provocative gesture that further raised the tensions in the Free City.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 4:48am on 1 September 1939, the <i>Schleswig-Holstein</i> opened fire on the Westerplatte, firing the first shots of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War_and_aftermath">Second World War and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second World War and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458,_Polen,_Zollstation,_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458%2C_Polen%2C_Zollstation%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458%2C_Polen%2C_Zollstation%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458%2C_Polen%2C_Zollstation%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458%2C_Polen%2C_Zollstation%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458%2C_Polen%2C_Zollstation%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10458%2C_Polen%2C_Zollstation%2C_deutsche_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1 September 1939: Danzig police remove Polish insignia at the Polish–Danzig border near <a href="/wiki/Zoppot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoppot">Zoppot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 September 1939, the day of the German invasion of the Free City of Danzig, Forster signed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/x/danzig/danzig39.htm">a law</a> declaring the Free City to be incorporated into Germany. On the same day, Hitler signed a law declaring the law signed by Forster to be German law and the Free City of Danzig was officially incorporated into Germany. </p><p>The Polish military forces in the city held out until 7 September. </p><p>Up to 4,500 members of the Polish minority were arrested with many of them executed.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the city itself hundreds of Polish prisoners were subjected to cruel executions and experiments, which included castration of men and sterilization of women considered dangerous to the "purity of Nordic race" and beheading by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judicial system was one of the main tools of extermination policy towards Poles led by Nazi Germany in the city and verdicts were motivated by statements that Poles were subhuman.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Second World War, nearly all of the city had been reduced to ruins. On 30 March 1945, the city was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in February 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> agreed that the city would become part of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No formal treaty has ever altered the status of the Free City of Danzig, and its incorporation into Poland has rested upon the general acquiescence of the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, several groups proclaimed they represented the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">Free City of Danzig Government in Exile</a>, a continuation of the state. </p><p>The expulsion of the pre-war inhabitants started already before the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsdam conference">Potsdam conference</a> of August 1945. From June to October an estimated number of 60,000 residents were expelled by Polish authorities, often units of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Polish State Security</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Milicja Obywatelska</a> encircled certain areas and forced the inhabitants to make room for newly arrived Polish settlers. About 20,000 Germans left on their own and by late 1945 between 10,000 and 15,000 pre-war inhabitants remained.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1950, 13,424 citizens of the former Free City had been "verified" and granted Polish citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-BIPN_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPN-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947, 126,472 Danzigers of German ethnicity were expelled to Germany from Gdańsk, and 101,873 Poles from Central Poland and 26,629 from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-annexed Eastern Poland took their place (these figures refer to the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">city of Gdańsk</a> itself, not to the whole area of pre-war Free City).<sup id="cite_ref-BIPN_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPN-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_post-war_population">Origin of the post-war population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Origin of the post-war population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same territory which corresponded to pre-war Free City of Danzig was inhabited in December 1950 by: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>1950 population by place of residence back in 1939:<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region (within 1939 borders): </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Autochthons</a> (1939 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">DE</a>/FCD citizens) </td> <td>35,311 </td> <td>12,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish expellees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>) </td> <td>55,599 </td> <td>19,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poles from abroad except the USSR </td> <td>2,213 </td> <td>0,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city_of_Warsaw_(1919%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital city of Warsaw (1919–39)">City of Warsaw</a> </td> <td>19,322 </td> <td>6,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Warsaw region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Masovia</a>) </td> <td>22,574 </td> <td>7,7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Białystok region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Sudovia</a> </td> <td>7,638 </td> <td>2,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish Pomerania</a> </td> <td>72,847 </td> <td>24,9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań region</a> </td> <td>10,371 </td> <td>3,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Katowice region (<a href="/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia" title="East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a>) </td> <td>2,982 </td> <td>1,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">City of Łódź</a> </td> <td>2,850 </td> <td>1,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Łódź region</a> </td> <td>7,465 </td> <td>2,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship" title="Kielce Voivodeship">Kielce region</a> </td> <td>16,252 </td> <td>5,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Lublin region</a> </td> <td>19,002 </td> <td>6,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Kraków region</a> </td> <td>5,278 </td> <td>1,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Podkarpackie Voivodeship">Rzeszów region</a> </td> <td>6,200 </td> <td>2,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>place of residence in 1939 unknown </td> <td>6,559 </td> <td>2,2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total pop. in December 1950 </th> <th><b>292,463</b> </th> <th>100,0% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>At least 85% of the population as of December 1950 were post-war newcomers, but over 10% of inhabitants were still pre-war Danzigers (most of them members of pre-war Polish and Kashubian minorities in the Free City of Danzig). Another 25% came from neighbouring areas of <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish Pomerania</a>. Almost 20% were Poles from areas of <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">former Eastern Poland</a> annexed by the USSR (many from <a href="/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%931939)" title="Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939)">Wilno Voivodeship</a>). Several percent came from the city of Warsaw, which had been <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">largely destroyed in 1944</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrations_of_Danzig_before_April_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrations of Danzig before April 1945">Administrations of Danzig before April 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeiner_Arbeiterverband_der_Freien_Stadt_Danzig" title="Allgemeiner Arbeiterverband der Freien Stadt Danzig">Allgemeiner Arbeiterverband der Freien Stadt Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig Corridor">Danzig Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Research_Society" title="Danzig Research Society">Danzig Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Flisykowski" title="Alfons Flisykowski">Alfons Flisykowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="History of Gdańsk">History of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Trieste_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Free City of Trieste (disambiguation)">Free City of Trieste (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jürgensen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jürgensen_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dr. Jürgensen: <i>Die Freie Stadt Danzig.</i> Kafemann, Danzig 1924/1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner1929-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1929_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner1929_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWagner1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wagner, Richard (1929). <i>Die Freie Stadt Danzig</i>. Taschenbuch des Grenz- und Auslanddeutschtums (in German) (2., Auflage ed.). Berlin: Deutscher Schutzbund Verlag. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Freie+Stadt+Danzig&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Taschenbuch+des+Grenz-+und+Auslanddeutschtums&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2.%2C+Auflage&rft.pub=Deutscher+Schutzbund+Verlag&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason_1946-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_1946_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1946" class="citation book cs1">Mason, John Brown (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORWrAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Danzig Dilemma, A Study in Peacemaking by Compromise</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2444-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-2444-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105525/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORWrAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danzig+Dilemma%2C+A+Study+in+Peacemaking+by+Compromise&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2444-9&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=John+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORWrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChestermann2004" class="citation book cs1">Chestermann, Simon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DatHSnAojnYC"><i>You, the People; United Nations, Transitional Administration and State building</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926348-6"><bdi>978-0-19-926348-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105540/https://books.google.com/books?id=DatHSnAojnYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You%2C+the+People%3B+United+Nations%2C+Transitional+Administration+and+State+building&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926348-6&rft.aulast=Chestermann&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDatHSnAojnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoew2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_Loew" title="Peter Oliver Loew">Loew, Peter Oliver</a> (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC"><i>Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt</i></a> (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1"><bdi>978-3-406-60587-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105540/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig+%E2%80%93+Biographie+einer+Stadt&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=978-3-406-60587-1&rft.aulast=Loew&rft.aufirst=Peter+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ifeo6zdSMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamerski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samerski, Stefan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC"><i>Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern</i></a> (in German). LIT Verlag. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6284-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-6284-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105522/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Bistum+Danzig+in+Lebensbildern&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6284-8&rft.aulast=Samerski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMvgZQrdkxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv13/ch12subch11">PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919, VOLUME XIII Section XI.—Free City of Danzig (Art. 100 to 108)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczorowska2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaczorowska, Alina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zd5nwF7o3_8C"><i>Public International Law</i></a>. Routledge. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84847-0"><bdi>978-0-203-84847-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105542/https://books.google.com/books?id=zd5nwF7o3_8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+International+Law&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84847-0&rft.aulast=Kaczorowska&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzd5nwF7o3_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versailles-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Versailles_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versailles_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYale_Law_School" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214175104/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm">"The Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919: Part III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avalon_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Avalon Project">The Avalon Project</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=The+Versailles+Treaty+June+28%2C+1919%3A+Part+III&rft.au=Yale+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fimt%2Fpartiii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henryk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henryk_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henryk_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henryk_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludność polska w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku, 1920–1939, page 37, Henryk Stępniak, Wydawnictwo "Stella Maris", 1991, "Przyjmując, że Polacy gdańscy stanowili 25–30% ogólnej liczby ludności katolickiej Wolnego Miasta Gdańska, liczącej w 1920 r. około 110 000 osób, można ustalić, że w liczbach bezwzględnych stanowiło można ustalić, że w liczbach bezwzględnych stanowiło to 30- – 36 tyś. osób. Jeśli do liczby tej dodamy ok. 4 tyś. ludności obywatelstwa polskiego, otrzymamy łącznie ok. 9,4–11% ogółu ludności."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waszkiewicz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waszkiewicz_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaszkiewicz2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Waszkiewicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Zofia Waszkiewicz">Waszkiewicz, Zofia</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Dzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_/Dzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_-r2006-t38-n4/Dzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_-r2006-t38-n4-s53-70/Dzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_-r2006-t38-n4-s53-70.pdf">"Polska a polityka Stolicy Apostolskiej wobec Wolnego Miasta Gdańska (rokowania o konkordat i ustanowienie w Gdańsku polskich parafii personalnych)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dzieje Najnowsze</i> (in Polish). <b>38</b> (4). Toruń: 53–70. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0419-8824">0419-8824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzieje+Najnowsze&rft.atitle=Polska+a+polityka+Stolicy+Apostolskiej+wobec+Wolnego+Miasta+Gda%C5%84ska+%28rokowania+o+konkordat+i+ustanowienie+w+Gda%C5%84sku+polskich+parafii+personalnych%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=53-70&rft.date=2006-04&rft.issn=0419-8824&rft.aulast=Waszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbazhum.muzhp.pl%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2FDzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_%2FDzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_-r2006-t38-n4%2FDzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_-r2006-t38-n4-s53-70%2FDzieje_Najnowsze_kwartalnik_poswiecony_historii_XX_wieku_-r2006-t38-n4-s53-70.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encyclopaedia Britannica Year Book for 1938", pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Herbert S., <i>Hitler's Free City: A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig, 1925–39</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blatman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blatman_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlatman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Blatman" title="Daniel Blatman">Blatman, Daniel</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mT_A4ubQyXwC&pg=PA111"><i>The Death Marches, The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674725980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674725980"><bdi>978-0674725980</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105522/https://books.google.com/books?id=mT_A4ubQyXwC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+Marches%2C+The+Final+Phase+of+Nazi+Genocide&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674725980&rft.aulast=Blatman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmT_A4ubQyXwC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelczar1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pelczar, Marian (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeY7AAAAMAAJ&q=batory+gda%C5%84sk"><i>Polski Gdańsk</i></a> (in Polish). Biblioteka Miejska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105545/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeY7AAAAMAAJ&q=batory+gda%C5%84sk">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polski+Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Biblioteka+Miejska&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Pelczar&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeY7AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbatory%2Bgda%25C5%2584sk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_218_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_pages_106-107_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothwell, Victor <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001 pp. 106–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_11_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothwell, Victor <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001 p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew <i>The Road to War</i>, Random House: London 2009 p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB_quote-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_quote_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Macmillan">Macmillan, Margaret</a> (September 2003). <i>Paris 1919</i>. New York: Random House. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375760525" title="Special:BookSources/9780375760525"><bdi>9780375760525</bdi></a>. p. 283: <q>The two men met privately and decided that Danzig should be an independent city and that Marienwerder in the corridor should also decide its own fate by plebiscite. On April 1 they persuaded a reluctant Clemenceau to agree. Lloyd George was reassuring; as Danzig's economic ties with Poland strengthened, its inhabitants would turn like sunflowers toward Warsaw, in just the same way, he expected, as the inhabitants of the Saar would eventually realize that their true interests lay with France and not Germany. The Poles were enraged when they heard the news. "Danzig is indispensable to Poland," said Paderewski, "which cannot breathe without its window on the sea." According to Clemenceau, who saw him privately, he wept. "Yes," said Wilson unsympathetically, "but you must take account of his sensitivity, which is very lively." The fact that "our troublesome friends the Poles," as Wilson called them, were continuing to fight around Lvov despite repeated calls from Paris for a cease-fire did not help Poland's cause.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003-09&rft.isbn=9780375760525&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_219_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy,_Richard_page_16-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_16_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy,_Richard_page_16_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew <i>The Road to War</i>, Random House: London 2009 p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew <i>The Road to War</i>, Random House: London 2009 p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text in <i>League of Nations Treaty Series</i>, vol. 6, pp. 190–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matull-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matull_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matull_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matull_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matull_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatull1973" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matull, Wilhelm (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/breslau/pdf/a20715/a20715_07.pdf">"Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung: Abriß ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Holzner. p. 419. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074811/http://library.fes.de/breslau/pdf/a20715/a20715_07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostdeutschlands+Arbeiterbewegung%3A+Abri%C3%9F+ihrer+Geschichte%2C+Leistung+und+Opfer&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Holzner&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Matull&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fbreslau%2Fpdf%2Fa20715%2Fa20715_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPOL-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DPOL_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPOL_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPOL_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091715/http://www.danzig-online.pl/grenze/polizeie.html">"Polizei der Freie Stadt Danzig"</a>. <i>www.danzig-online.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danzig-online.pl/grenze/polizeie.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.danzig-online.pl&rft.atitle=Polizei+der+Freie+Stadt+Danzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danzig-online.pl%2Fgrenze%2Fpolizeie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1862924/Działalność_policji_politycznej_w_Wolnym_Mieście_Gdańsku_w_latach_1920-1939_w_Policja._Kwartalnik_kadry_kierowniczej_Policji_4_2011_s._59-71">Policja. Kwartalnik kadry kierowniczej Policji</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620152655/http://www.academia.edu/1862924/Dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9B%C4%87_policji_politycznej_w_Wolnym_Mie%C5%9Bcie_Gda%C5%84sku_w_latach_1920-1939_w_Policja._Kwartalnik_kadry_kierowniczej_Policji_4_2011_s._59-71">Archived</a> 2017-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPLET-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DPLET_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HeinOnline <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freecitysourcebook.com/uploads/2/6/1/2/26123343/15leagueofnationsoj214-221.pdf">15 League of Nations (1934)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001238/http://www.freecitysourcebook.com/uploads/2/6/1/2/26123343/15leagueofnationsoj214-221.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (translated from German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheundpolen.de/ereignisse/ereignis_jsp/key=polnische_post_1939.html">Danzig: Der Kampf um die polnische Post</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603221536/http://www.deutscheundpolen.de/ereignisse/ereignis_jsp/key=polnische_post_1939.html">Archived</a> 2016-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGW-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DGW_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, D. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtg8a-0ggkEC&q=subject%3A%22History+%2F+Military+%2F+World+War+II%22+poland">Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105523/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtg8a-0ggkEC&q=subject%3A%22History+%2F+Military+%2F+World+War+II%22+poland">Archived</a> 2023-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005438">Holocaust Encyclopedia – Danzig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507144134/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005438">Archived</a> 2016-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieślakBiernat1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Cie%C5%9Blak" class="extiw" title="pl:Edmund Cieślak">Cieślak, Edmund</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Biernat" class="extiw" title="pl:Czesław Biernat">Biernat, Czesław</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1969). <i>Dzieje Gdańska</i> (in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788321572116" title="Special:BookSources/9788321572116"><bdi>9788321572116</bdi></a>. p. 473: <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Spis ludności Wolnego Miasta Gdańska z 1929 r. wykazywał ponad 35 tysięcy ludności polskiej mającej obywatelstwo gdańskie lub polskie, ale zamieszkującej na terytorium Wolnego Miasta. W samym Gdańsku i Sopocie procent ten wynosił odpowiednio 10,7 i 21,1 %.</q> [The 1929 census of the Free City of Danzig showed more than 35,000 Polish people with Danzig or Polish citizenship but residing in the territory of the Free City. In Danzig and Sopot alone, this percentage was 10.7 and 21.1 % respectively.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Gda%C5%84ska&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Morskie&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9788321572116&rft.aulast=Cie%C5%9Blak&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Biernat%2C+Czes%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieślakBiernat1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Cie%C5%9Blak" class="extiw" title="pl:Edmund Cieślak">Cieślak, Edmund</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Biernat" class="extiw" title="pl:Czesław Biernat">Biernat, Czesław</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1969). <i>Dzieje Gdańska</i> (in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788321572116" title="Special:BookSources/9788321572116"><bdi>9788321572116</bdi></a>. p. 473: <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Spis ludności Wolnego Miasta Gdańska z 1929 r. wykazywał ponad 35 tysięcy ludności polskiej mającej obywatelstwo gdańskie lub polskie, ale zamieszkującej na terytorium Wolnego Miasta. W samym Gdańsku i Sopocie procent ten wynosił odpowiednio 10,7 i 21,1 %.</q> [The 1929 census of the Free City of Danzig showed more than 35,000 Polish people with Danzig or Polish citizenship but residing in the territory of the Free City. In Danzig and Sopot alone, this percentage was 10.7 and 21.1 % respectively.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Gda%C5%84ska&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Morskie&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9788321572116&rft.aulast=Cie%C5%9Blak&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Biernat%2C+Czes%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zapiski historyczne: Volume 60, p. 256, <i>Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu.</i> Wydział Nauk Historycznych – 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation book cs1">Mason, John Brown. <i>The Danzig Dilemma; a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise</i>. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danzig+Dilemma%3B+a+Study+in+Peacemaking+by+Compromise&rft.pages=4-5&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=John+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-somogyi-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somogyi_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somogyi_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somogyi_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomogyi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Somogyi, Renáta (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/164147/1/05_somogyi_77-92_ActaHumana2023_1.pdf">"Poland and the Local Poles in the Free City of Danzig between the two World Wars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Humana</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 77–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32566%2Fah.2023.1.5">10.32566/ah.2023.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258286366">258286366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Humana&rft.atitle=Poland+and+the+Local+Poles+in+the+Free+City+of+Danzig+between+the+two+World+Wars&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-92&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32566%2Fah.2023.1.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258286366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Somogyi&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A1ta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F164147%2F1%2F05_somogyi_77-92_ActaHumana2023_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamerski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samerski, Stefan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC"><i>Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern</i></a> (in German). LIT Verlag. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6284-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-6284-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105522/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Bistum+Danzig+in+Lebensbildern&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6284-8&rft.aulast=Samerski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMvgZQrdkxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuthoff Zeszyty 4 4 Stanislaw Mikos Recenzje i omówienia <i>Andrzej Drzycimski, Polacy w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku /1920 – 1933/. Polityka Seantu gdańskiego wobec ludności polskiej</i> Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków – Gdańsk 1978,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blanke-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blanke_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanke1983" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke, Richard (June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40868112">"The Polish Role in the Origin of the Kulturkampf in Prussia"</a>. <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>. <b>25</b> (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 253–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1983.11091739">10.1080/00085006.1983.11091739</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40868112">40868112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Role+in+the+Origin+of+the+Kulturkampf+in+Prussia&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-262&rft.date=1983-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1983.11091739&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40868112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40868112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/20/archives/poles-are-angered-by-danzig-attacks-campaign-against-catholics-by.html">"NY Times report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 20 October 1937. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NY+Times+report&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1937-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1937%2F10%2F20%2Farchives%2Fpoles-are-angered-by-danzig-attacks-campaign-against-catholics-by.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kijanski-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kijanski_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kijanski_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKijański1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kijański, Tadeusz (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=5433"><i>Ilu jest Polaków na terenie Wolnego Miasta Gdańska</i></a>. RG 2-3 (in Polish). Danzig: <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology_Library" title="Gdańsk University of Technology Library">Gdańsk University of Technology Library</a>. pp. 113–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilu+jest+Polak%C3%B3w+na+terenie+Wolnego+Miasta+Gda%C5%84ska&rft.place=Danzig&rft.series=RG+2-3&rft.pages=113-121&rft.pub=Gda%C5%84sk+University+of+Technology+Library&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Kija%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbc.gda.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D5433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bacinski-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bacinski_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaciński1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baciński, Antoni (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307230358/http://studiagdanskie.diecezja.gda.pl/pdf/sg_i.pdf">"Polskie Duchowieństwo Katolickie w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku 1919-1939"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studia Gdańskie</i> (in Polish). <b>1</b> (1). Danzig: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skie_Seminarium_Duchowne" class="extiw" title="pl:Gdańskie Seminarium Duchowne">Danzig Theological Seminary</a>: 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studiagdanskie.diecezja.gda.pl/pdf/sg_i.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gonschior.de&rft.atitle=Die+Freie+Stadt+Danzig+im+%C3%9Cberblick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonschior.de%2Fweimar%2FDanzig%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Juergensen, <i>Die freie Stadt Danzig</i>, Danzig: Kafemann, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconVivian_B._MannJoseph_Gutmann1980" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Gershon C.; Vivian B. Mann; Joseph Gutmann (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIECPYRssIC"><i>Danzig Jewry: A Short History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Museum (New York)">Jewish Museum (New York)</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1662-7"><bdi>978-0-8143-1662-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105536/https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIECPYRssIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig+Jewry%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Jewish+Museum+%28New+York%29&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1662-7&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Gershon+C.&rft.au=Vivian+B.+Mann&rft.au=Joseph+Gutmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvIECPYRssIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those congregations in Polish-annexed West Prussia (<a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>) merged into the new United Evangelical Church in Poland, which emerged from the old-Prussian <i>Posen ecclesiastical province</i>, with its consistory seated in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In June 1922 the Senate of Danzig and the old-Prussian ecclesiastical executive, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Supreme_Ecclesiastical_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council (page does not exist)">Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelischer_Oberkirchenrat_(Preu%C3%9Fen)" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat (Preußen)">de</a>]</span>, EOK), concluded a contract to that end. Cf. Adalbert Erler, <i>Die rechtliche Stellung der evangelischen Kirche in Danzig</i>, Berlin: 1929, simultaneously Univ. of Greifswald, Department of Law and Politics, doctor thesis of 21 February 1929, pp. 36 seqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_175-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May_175_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_175_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_May1981" class="citation book cs1">Georg May (1981). <i>Ludwig Kaas: der Priester, der Politiker und der Gelehrte aus der Schule von Ulrich Stutz</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6032-197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6032-197-3"><bdi>978-90-6032-197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludwig+Kaas%3A+der+Priester%2C+der+Politiker+und+der+Gelehrte+aus+der+Schule+von+Ulrich+Stutz&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-6032-197-3&rft.au=Georg+May&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-db-thueringen.de-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-db-thueringen.de_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-db-thueringen.de_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamerskiReimund_HaasKarl_Josef_RiviniusHermann-Josef_Scheidgen2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samerski, Stefan; Reimund Haas; Karl Josef Rivinius; Hermann-Josef Scheidgen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-5265/SamerskiFsAdrianyi.pdf"><i>Ein aussichtsloses Unternehmen – Die Reaktivierung Bischof Eduard Graf O'Rourkes 1939</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-04100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-04100-7"><bdi>978-3-412-04100-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218160507/http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-5265/SamerskiFsAdrianyi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+aussichtsloses+Unternehmen+%E2%80%93+Die+Reaktivierung+Bischof+Eduard+Graf+O%27Rourkes+1939&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+K%C3%B6ln+Weimar&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-412-04100-7&rft.aulast=Samerski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Reimund+Haas&rft.au=Karl+Josef+Rivinius&rft.au=Hermann-Josef+Scheidgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.db-thueringen.de%2Fservlets%2FDerivateServlet%2FDerivate-5265%2FSamerskiFsAdrianyi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pietrzak_2001_p._162-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pietrzak_2001_p._162_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Jürgen_KarpJoachim_Köhler2001" class="citation book cs1">Hans-Jürgen Karp; Joachim Köhler (2001). <i>Katholische Kirche unter nationalsozialistischer und kommunistischer Diktatur: Deutschland und Polen 1939–1989</i>. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-11800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-11800-6"><bdi>978-3-412-11800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katholische+Kirche+unter+nationalsozialistischer+und+kommunistischer+Diktatur%3A+Deutschland+und+Polen+1939%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+K%C3%B6ln+Weimar&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-412-11800-6&rft.au=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen+Karp&rft.au=Joachim+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhnau1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruhnau, Rüdiger (1971). <i>Danzig: Geschichte einer Deutschen Stadt</i> (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig%3A+Geschichte+einer+Deutschen+Stadt&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Holzner+Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Ruhnau&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sodeikat-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sodeikat_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sodeikat_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sodeikat_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSodeikat1966" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sodeikat, Ernst (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1966_2_2_sodeikat.pdf">"Der Nationalsozialismus und die Danziger Opposition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Zeitgeschichte">Institut für Zeitgeschichte</a>. p. 139 ff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720013656/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1966_2_2_sodeikat.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Nationalsozialismus+und+die+Danziger+Opposition&rft.pages=139+ff&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Sodeikat&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifz-muenchen.de%2Fheftarchiv%2F1966_2_2_sodeikat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TYM-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TYM_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrassVivian_B._MannJoseph_GutmannJewish_Museum_(New_York,_N.Y.)1980" class="citation book cs1">Grass, Günther; Vivian B. Mann; Joseph Gutmann; Jewish Museum (New York, N.Y.) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIECPYRssIC"><i>Danzig 1939, treasures of a destroyed community</i></a>. The Jewish Museum, New York. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1662-7"><bdi>978-0-8143-1662-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105536/https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIECPYRssIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig+1939%2C+treasures+of+a+destroyed+community&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Museum%2C+New+York&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1662-7&rft.aulast=Grass&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Vivian+B.+Mann&rft.au=Joseph+Gutmann&rft.au=Jewish+Museum+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvIECPYRssIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVL_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html">Gdańsk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113051709/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html">Archived</a> 2017-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemkin-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemkin_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C"><i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114040954/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/de/x/danzig/danzig22-index.htm">Constitution of Danzig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150309042207/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/x/danzig/danzig22-index.htm">Archived</a> 2015-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matull, "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung", p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Danzig/Uebersicht_LTW.html">"Danzig: Übersicht der Wahlen 1919–1935"</a>. <i>www.gonschior.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706052744/http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Danzig/Uebersicht_LTW.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gonschior.de&rft.atitle=Danzig%3A+%C3%9Cbersicht+der+Wahlen+1919%E2%80%931935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonschior.de%2Fweimar%2FDanzig%2FUebersicht_LTW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carsten-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carsten_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._L._Carsten1974" class="citation journal cs1">F. L. Carsten (April 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4206888">"Review of "Hitler's Free City: A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig 1925-1939" by Herbet S. Levine"</a>. <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>52</b> (127). the Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of: 305. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4206888">4206888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+%22Hitler%27s+Free+City%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Party+in+Danzig+1925-1939%22+by+Herbet+S.+Levine&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=127&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1974-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4206888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=F.+L.+Carsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4206888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huntrm-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huntrm_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_R._M.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, R. M. (March 1974). "Review of "Hitler's Free City: A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig 1925-1939" by Herbet S. Levine". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>412</b> (1). CSAGE Publications: 185–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271627441200139">10.1177/000271627441200139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145646953">145646953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Review+of+%22Hitler%27s+Free+City%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Party+in+Danzig+1925-1939%22+by+Herbet+S.+Levine&rft.volume=412&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-186&rft.date=1974-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145646953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271627441200139&rft.au=Hunt%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riekhoff-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-riekhoff_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarald_von_Riekhoff1974" class="citation journal cs1">Harald von Riekhoff (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40866777">"Review of "Hitler's Free City: A History of the Nazi Party in Danzig 1925-1939" by Herbet S. Levine"</a>. <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes</i>. <b>16</b> (3). Canadian Association of Slavists: 490–492. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40866777">40866777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers+%2F+Revue+Canadienne+des+Slavistes&rft.atitle=Review+of+%22Hitler%27s+Free+City%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Party+in+Danzig+1925-1939%22+by+Herbet+S.+Levine&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=490-492&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40866777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Harald+von+Riekhoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40866777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatner1995" class="citation book cs1">Ratner, Steven R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rf9SE2YI-UC"><i>The new UN peacekeeping</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12415-1"><bdi>978-0-312-12415-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105536/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rf9SE2YI-UC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+UN+peacekeeping&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12415-1&rft.aulast=Ratner&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rf9SE2YI-UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sodeikat, p. 170, p. 173, Fn.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matull, "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung", pp. 440, 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burckhardt, Carl Jakob. <i>Meine Danziger Mission</i> (in German). p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meine+Danziger+Mission&rft.pages=39&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Carl+Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lichtenstein, Erwin (1973). <i>Die Juden der Freien Stadt Danzig unter der Herrschaft des Nationalsozialismus</i> (in German). p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Juden+der+Freien+Stadt+Danzig+unter+der+Herrschaft+des+Nationalsozialismus&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoew2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_Loew" title="Peter Oliver Loew">Loew, Peter Oliver</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC"><i>Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt</i></a> (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1"><bdi>978-3-406-60587-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105540/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig+%E2%80%93+Biographie+einer+Stadt&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-406-60587-1&rft.aulast=Loew&rft.aufirst=Peter+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ifeo6zdSMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoose2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loose, Ingo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2Dr9gdFZoAC"><i>Kredite für NS-Verbrechen</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Zeitgeschichte">Institut für Zeitgeschichte</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-58331-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-58331-1"><bdi>978-3-486-58331-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105536/https://books.google.com/books?id=R2Dr9gdFZoAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kredite+f%C3%BCr+NS-Verbrechen&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-486-58331-1&rft.aulast=Loose&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2Dr9gdFZoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzejewski1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrzejewski, Marek (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4LiAAAAMAAJ&q=Arbeitsbeschaffungspolitik"><i>Opposition und Widerstand in Danzig</i></a> (in German). Dietz. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3801240547" title="Special:BookSources/978-3801240547"><bdi>978-3801240547</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105551/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4LiAAAAMAAJ&q=Arbeitsbeschaffungspolitik">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opposition+und+Widerstand+in+Danzig&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3801240547&rft.aulast=Andrzejewski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4LiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DArbeitsbeschaffungspolitik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCieslakBiernat1995" class="citation book cs1">Cieslak, Edmund; Biernat, Czeslaw (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2BpAAAAMAAJ&q=devaluation+gulden"><i>History of Gdańsk</i></a>. Fundacji Biblioteki Gdańskiej. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8386557004" title="Special:BookSources/978-8386557004"><bdi>978-8386557004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105537/https://books.google.com/books?id=O2BpAAAAMAAJ&q=devaluation+gulden">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Fundacji+Biblioteki+Gda%C5%84skiej&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8386557004&rft.aulast=Cieslak&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Biernat%2C+Czeslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2BpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddevaluation%2Bgulden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matull, "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung", pp. 417, 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntelligence_Service_Economic_Intelligence_ServiceService,_Intellige_Economic_Intelligence2007" class="citation book cs1">Intelligence Service Economic Intelligence Service; Service, Intellige Economic Intelligence (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQdXGT6tA8AC"><i>Commercial Banks 1929–1934</i></a>. League of Nations. p. lxxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5963-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-5963-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105539/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQdXGT6tA8AC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Banks+1929%E2%80%931934&rft.pages=lxxxix&rft.pub=League+of+Nations&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-5963-1&rft.au=Intelligence+Service+Economic+Intelligence+Service&rft.au=Service%2C+Intellige+Economic+Intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQdXGT6tA8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhnau1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruhnau, Rüdiger (1971). <i>Danzig: Geschichte einer Deutschen Stadt</i> (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig%3A+Geschichte+einer+Deutschen+Stadt&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Holzner+Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Ruhnau&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartze-Köhler2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwartze-Köhler, Hannelore (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nue91Rlg-0C"><i>"Die Blechtrommel" von Günter Grass: Bedeutung, Erzähltechnik und Zeitgeschichte</i></a> (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86596-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86596-237-9"><bdi>978-3-86596-237-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105553/https://books.google.com/books?id=2nue91Rlg-0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Die+Blechtrommel%22+von+G%C3%BCnter+Grass%3A+Bedeutung%2C+Erz%C3%A4hltechnik+und+Zeitgeschichte&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Frank+%26+Timme+GmbH&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-86596-237-9&rft.aulast=Schwartze-K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Hannelore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nue91Rlg-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreutzberger1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kreutzberger, Max (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvCsfz67i1wC"><i>Leo Baeck Institute New York Bibliothek und Archiv</i></a> (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-830772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-830772-3"><bdi>978-3-16-830772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Baeck+Institute+New+York+Bibliothek+und+Archiv&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-3-16-830772-3&rft.aulast=Kreutzberger&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvCsfz67i1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon" class="citation web cs1">Bacon, Gershon C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Danzig.html">"Danzig Jewry: A Short History"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113051333/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Danzig.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danzig+Jewry%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Gershon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FDanzig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berendt-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berendt_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzegorz_Berendt2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grzegorz Berendt (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917203328/http://www.sierpien1980.pl/download/10/15909/biuletyn8-967-68.pdf">"Gdańsk – od niemieckości do polskości"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej IPN</i> (in Polish). 8–9 (67–68): 53. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierpien1980.pl/download/10/15909/biuletyn8-967-68.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej+IPN&rft.atitle=Gda%C5%84sk+%E2%80%93+od+niemiecko%C5%9Bci+do+polsko%C5%9Bci&rft.volume=8%E2%80%939+%2867%E2%80%9368%29&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2006-08&rft.au=Grzegorz+Berendt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierpien1980.pl%2Fdownload%2F10%2F15909%2Fbiuletyn8-967-68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 104 (6) of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Hancock2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Eleanor Hancock (October 2012). "Ernst Röhm versus General Hans Kundt in Bolivia, 1929–30? The Curious Incident". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. 4 (47) (4): 695. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23488391">23488391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Ernst+R%C3%B6hm+versus+General+Hans+Kundt+in+Bolivia%2C+1929%E2%80%9330%3F+The+Curious+Incident&rft.volume=4+%2847%29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23488391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Eleanor+Hancock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannum2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannum, Hurst (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28PEGfCDiZEC"><i>Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1572-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-1572-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105554/https://books.google.com/books?id=28PEGfCDiZEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomy%2C+Sovereignty+and+Self-Determination&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1572-4&rft.aulast=Hannum&rft.aufirst=Hurst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28PEGfCDiZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahn2008" class="citation book cs1">Stahn, Carsten (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6e16GCIfiEC"><i>The Law and Practice of International Territorial Administration</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173 ff, 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87800-5"><bdi>978-0-521-87800-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105634/https://books.google.com/books?id=j6e16GCIfiEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+and+Practice+of+International+Territorial+Administration&rft.pages=173+ff%2C+177&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87800-5&rft.aulast=Stahn&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6e16GCIfiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Hutt" title="Allen Hutt">Hutt, Allen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XV35N74_jk8C"><i>The Post-War history of the British Working Class</i></a>. Read Bookd. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-9826-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-9826-5"><bdi>978-1-4067-9826-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105542/https://books.google.com/books?id=XV35N74_jk8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-War+history+of+the+British+Working+Class&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Read+Bookd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-9826-5&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXV35N74_jk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell2007" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Raymond Leslie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC"><i>Poland – Key to Europe</i></a>. Read Books. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4564-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4564-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-4564-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105556/https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+%E2%80%93+Key+to+Europe&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-4564-1&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KcfGbrKptoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene van Cleef, "Danzig and Gdynia," Geographical Review, Vol. 23, No. 1. (Jan., 1933): 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cieślak, E Biernat, C (1995) <i>History of Gdańsk</i>, Fundacji Biblioteki Gdanskiej. p. 436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>By a decision of the League Council in December 1925, the guard which the Poles were entitled to maintain on this spot [Westerplatte peninsula] was limited to 88 men, though the number might be increased with the consent of the High Commissioner.</i> Geoffrey Malcolm Gathorne-Hardy. <i>A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934</i>. Royal institute of international affairs (1934). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp.pl/artykul/55392-Mit-Gdanska--mit-Grassa.html">"Mit Gdańska, mit Grassa"</a>. <i>www.rp.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509164857/https://www.rp.pl/artykul/55392-Mit-Gdanska--mit-Grassa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rp.pl&rft.atitle=Mit+Gda%C5%84ska%2C+mit+Grassa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fartykul%2F55392-Mit-Gdanska--mit-Grassa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wandycz, Piotr Stefan <i>The Twilight of French Eastern Alliances</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1925/1925.05.16_danzig.htm">worldcourts.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072938/http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1925/1925.05.16_danzig.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PCIJ, Advisory Opinion No. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1931/1931.12.11_danzig.htm">worldcourts.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209113525/http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1931/1931.12.11_danzig.htm">Archived</a> 2013-02-09 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> PCIJ, Advisory Opinion No. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1930/1930.08.26_danzig.htm">worldcourts.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209135635/http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1930/1930.08.26_danzig.htm">Archived</a> 2013-02-09 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> PCIJ, Advisory Opinion No. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILR-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILR_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterpacht,_H1936" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, H (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzYGaYaNswkC&q=International+Labour+Organization+danzig&pg=PA410"><i>International Law Reports 1929–1930</i></a>. H. Lauterpacht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46350-8"><bdi>978-0-521-46350-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105545/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzYGaYaNswkC&q=International+Labour+Organization+danzig&pg=PA410">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+Reports+1929%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=H.+Lauterpacht&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46350-8&rft.au=Lauterpacht%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzYGaYaNswkC%26q%3DInternational%2BLabour%2BOrganization%2Bdanzig%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hargreaves, R (2010) Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939 pp. 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein, C (2012) Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland, Oxford University Press p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hurst Hannum, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlochauerKrügerMosler1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schlochauer, Hans J.; Krüger, Herbert; Mosler, Hermann (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSE1BF_w2AC"><i>Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts; Aachener Kongress – Hussar Fall</i></a> (in German). de Gruyter Verlag. pp. 307, 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-001030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-001030-5"><bdi>978-3-11-001030-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105610/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSE1BF_w2AC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+V%C3%B6lkerrechts%3B+Aachener+Kongress+%E2%80%93+Hussar+Fall&rft.pages=307%2C+309&rft.pub=de+Gruyter+Verlag&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-3-11-001030-5&rft.aulast=Schlochauer&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft.au=Kr%C3%BCger%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Mosler%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBSE1BF_w2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenLanePrazmowska1992" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Lane, Thomas; <a href="/wiki/Anita_J._Prazmowska" title="Anita J. Prazmowska">Prazmowska, Anita J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pKEQgAACAAJ"><i>The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74 ff, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40467-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40467-9"><bdi>978-0-521-40467-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105548/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pKEQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+and+the+Outbreak+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=74+ff%2C+80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40467-9&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Lane%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Prazmowska%2C+Anita+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pKEQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstein, Bernard (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barbarismciviliz00wass"><i>Barbarism and Civilization</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barbarismciviliz00wass/page/279">279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873074-3"><bdi>978-0-19-873074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarism+and+Civilization&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873074-3&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarbarismciviliz00wass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg Gerhard <i>The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany : Starting World War II 1937–39</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980 p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg Gerhard <i>The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany : Starting World War II 1937–39</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980 pp. 560–562 & 583–584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell,_Victor_page_161_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothwell, Victor <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001 p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, Anita "Poland" pp. 155–64 from <i>The Origins of The Second World War</i> edited by Robert Boyce and Joseph Maiolo, London: Macmillan, 2003 p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, Anita "Poland, the 'Danzig Question', and the Outbreak of the Second World War" pp. 394–408 from <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> edited by Frank McDonough, London: Continuum, 2011 p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, Anita "Poland, the 'Danzig Question', and the Outbreak of the Second World War" pp. 394–408 from <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> edited by Frank McDonough, London: Continuum, 2011 pp. 406–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, Anita "Poland, the 'Danzig Question', and the Outbreak of the Second World War" pp. 394–408 from <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> edited by Frank McDonough, London: Continuum, 2011 p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt,_D.C._page_513-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt,_D.C._page_513_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt,_D.C._page_513_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt,_D.C._page_513_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.piasnica.auschwitzmemento.pl/download/pia_nica_2010__stan_bada__i_postulaty_ostateczne.pdf">http://www.piasnica.auschwitzmemento.pl/download/pia_nica_2010__stan_bada__i_postulaty_ostateczne.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607031825/http://www.piasnica.auschwitzmemento.pl/download/pia_nica_2010__stan_bada__i_postulaty_ostateczne.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sw.gov.pl/strona/opis-areszt-sledczy-w-gdansku">"Opis jednostki - Służba Więzienna"</a>. <i>www.sw.gov.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012236/http://www.sw.gov.pl/strona/opis-areszt-sledczy-w-gdansku">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sw.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Opis+jednostki+-+S%C5%82u%C5%BCba+Wi%C4%99zienna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sw.gov.pl%2Fstrona%2Fopis-areszt-sledczy-w-gdansku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eksterminacyjna i dyskryminacyjna działalność hitlerowskich sądów okręgu Gdańsk-Prusy Zachodnie w latach 1939-1945 "W wyrokach używano często określeń obraźliwych dla Polaków w rodzaju: „polscy podludzie" Edmund Zarzycki Wydawn. Uczelniane WSP, 1981 [Extermination and discriminatory activity of Nazi courts in the Gdańsk-West Prussia district in the years 1939-1945 "The judgments often used terms offensive to Poles, such as: "Polish subhumans" Edmund Zarzycki Wywn. University School of Fine Arts, 1981]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of Poland Since 1863 By Robert F. Leslie page 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappsEvans2003" class="citation book cs1">Capps, Patrick; Evans, Malcolm David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0VULJ8g5MC"><i>Asserting Jurisdiction: International and European Legal Perspectives</i></a>. Hart Publishing. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841133058" title="Special:BookSources/9781841133058"><bdi>9781841133058</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105549/https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0VULJ8g5MC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asserting+Jurisdiction%3A+International+and+European+Legal+Perspectives&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781841133058&rft.aulast=Capps&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Evans%2C+Malcolm+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbb0VULJ8g5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBykowska2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bykowska, Sylwia (13 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/maj-1945-i-pozniej-tak-narodzil-sie-polski-gdansk-rozmowa,a,113891">"Wiosna 1945 - czas, gdy rodził się polski Gdańsk"</a> (in Polish). City of Gdańsk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129082653/https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/maj-1945-i-pozniej-tak-narodzil-sie-polski-gdansk-rozmowa,a,113891">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiosna+1945+-+czas%2C+gdy+rodzi%C5%82+si%C4%99+polski+Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=City+of+Gda%C5%84sk&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.aulast=Bykowska&rft.aufirst=Sylwia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdansk.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fmaj-1945-i-pozniej-tak-narodzil-sie-polski-gdansk-rozmowa%2Ca%2C113891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPN-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIPN_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPN_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBykowska2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bykowska, Sylwia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022223440/http://ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/24/1363/">"Gdańsk – Miasto (Szybko) Odzyskane"</a>. <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (in Polish). <b>9–10</b> (56–57): 35–44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1641-9561">1641-9561</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/24/1363/">the original</a> on 2007-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Gda%C5%84sk+%E2%80%93+Miasto+%28Szybko%29+Odzyskane&rft.volume=9%E2%80%9310&rft.issue=56%E2%80%9357&rft.pages=35-44&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1641-9561&rft.aulast=Bykowska&rft.aufirst=Sylwia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal%2Fpl%2F24%2F1363%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosiński1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosiński, Leszek (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/33932/WA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf">"Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r. [Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dokumentacja Geograficzna</i> (in Polish). <b>2</b>. Warsaw: PAN (Polish Academy of Sciences), Institute of Geography: Tabela 1 (data by county) – via Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dokumentacja+Geograficzna&rft.atitle=Pochodzenie+terytorialne+ludno%C5%9Bci+Ziem+Zachodnich+w+1950+r.+%5BTerritorial+origins+of+inhabitants+of+the+Western+Lands+in+year+1950%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=Tabela+1+%28data+by+county%29&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kosi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F33932%2FWA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Danzig"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Danzig">"Danzig" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 825–826.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Danzig&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=825-826&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark,_Elizabeth_Morrow1997" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Elizabeth Morrow (1997). "The Free City of Danzig: Borderland, Hansestadt or Social Democracy?". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Polish_Review" title="The Polish Review">The Polish Review</a></i>. <b>42</b> (3): 259–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779004">25779004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Free+City+of+Danzig%3A+Borderland%2C+Hansestadt+or+Social+Democracy%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-76&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25779004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Clark%2C+Elizabeth+Morrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tadeusz Maciejewski and Maja Maciejewska-Szałas. 2019. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1163/9789004417359_009" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1163/9789004417359 009">Constitutional Systems of Free European States (1918–1939)</a>." in <i>Modernisation, National Identity and Legal Instrumentalism</i>. Brill.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlzewska,_Izabela2013" class="citation journal cs1">Olzewska, Izabela (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.007">"Cultural Identity of Citizens of Gdańsk from an Ethnolinguistic Perspective on the Basis of Chosen Texts of the Free City of Danzig"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colloquia_Humanistica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colloquia Humanistica (page does not exist)">Colloquia Humanistica</a></i> (2). Institute of Slavic Studies, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>: 133–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11649%2Fch.2013.007">10.11649/ch.2013.007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquia+Humanistica&rft.atitle=Cultural+Identity+of+Citizens+of+Gda%C5%84sk+from+an+Ethnolinguistic+Perspective+on+the+Basis+of+Chosen+Texts+of+the+Free+City+of+Danzig&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-57&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11649%2Fch.2013.007&rft.au=Olzewska%2C+Izabela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispan.waw.pl%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fch%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fch.2013.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span> – Polish abstract title: "Tożsamości kulturowa gdańszczan w ujęciu etnolingwistycznym na przykładzie wybranych tekstów publicystycznych Wolnego Miasta Gdańska"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilke,_George1924" class="citation web cs1">Stilke, George (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=33875">"A Short Guide through the Free City of Danzig"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Guide+through+the+Free+City+of+Danzig&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Stilke%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpbc.gda.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fplain-content%3Fid%3D33875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+City+of+Danzig" class="Z3988"></span> – At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeranian_Digital_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeranian Digital Library (page does not exist)">Pomeranian Digital Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Pomorska Biblioteka Cyfrowa</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Pommern Digitale Bibliothek</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>: <i lang="csb">Pòmòrskô Cyfrowô Biblioteka</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25642478">Poland, Germany, and Danzig</a>. (May 20, 1939). <i>Bulletin of International News</i>, Royal Institute of International Affairs; <b>16</b>(10), 3–13.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25642517">Mr. Chamberlain’s Review of the Danzig Question</a>. (Jul. 15, 1939). <i>Bulletin of International News</i>, Royal Institute of International Affairs; <b>16</b>(14), 11–12.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25642539">Danzig, Germany, and Poland</a>. (Aug. 26, 1939). <i>Bulletin of International News</i>, Royal Institute of International Affairs; <b>16</b>(17), 12–18.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_City_of_Danzig&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_City_of_Danzig" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Danzig" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Danzig">Danzig</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.many-roads.com/libraries/prussia-histories/">Extensive Prussian/ Danzig Historical Materials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914082324/http://www.many-roads.com/libraries/prussia-histories/">Archived</a> 2014-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (many in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danzig.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Gallery&file=index&func=showmedia&img_id=716">Map of the Free City</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Danzig.html">Jewish community history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/xdanzig.html">History of Gdańsk / Danzig</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danzig-online.pl/">Danzig Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007112725/http://www.experiencepoland.com/gdanskhistory.html">Gdańsk history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/Gdansk-392.html">Celebration of Gdańsk's centenary in 1997</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428123313/http://www.salon.com/wlust/feature/1998/01/05feature.html">History & Hallucination</a>, <i>Wanderlust</i>, <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>, January 5, 1998.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930074120/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20040522/POLAND22/TPTravel/TopStories">The power of Gdansk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived September 30, 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131044143/http://www.passportland.com/images/klein-franz/klein-franz.html">1933 Danzig passport</a>, from passportland.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927183436/http://www.storyvault.com/video/view/watching_hitler_drive_past_in_a_motorcade">First hand account of growing up in Danzig in the 1930s</a>, a video interview.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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(1806–1933)">1806–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Pomerania (1933–1945)">1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pomerania (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_G%C3%BCtzkow" title="County of Gützkow">Gützkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin" title="Pomerania-Demmin">Pomerania-Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin" title="Pomerania-Stettin">Pomerania-Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe" title="Pomerania-Schlawe">Pomerania-Schlawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast" title="Pomerania-Wolgast">Pomerania-Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin" title="Pomerania-Neustettin">Pomerania-Neustettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde" title="Pomerania-Rügenwalde">Pomerania-Rügenwalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp" title="Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp">Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Barth" title="Pomerania-Barth">Pomerania-Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_of_Police" title="Enclave of Police">Enclave of Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern#German_Democratic_Republic" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Bezirk Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Bezirk Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Bezirk Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Schlawe-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">classified as<br /> <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kociewie" title="Kociewie">Kociewie</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#As_part_of_Poland" title="Pomerelia">Polish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#Danish_conquest_and_independence" title="Pomerelia">Danish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Duchy of Pomerelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Duchy of Gdańsk">Duchy of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo">Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda" title="Duchy of Białogarda">Duchy of Białogarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Lubiszewo">Duchy of Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie" title="Duchy of Świecie">Duchy of Świecie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> 1466–1793 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free City of Danzig 1920–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1946-1975" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1975–1998" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Toruń Voivodeship">Toruń Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82y_B%C3%B3r" title="Gmina Biały Bór">Gmina Biały Bór</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecclesiastical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ecclesiastical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Christianization of Pomerania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Diocese of Wollin/Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Kolberg">Diocese of Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%C5%82mno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno">Diocese of Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_See_of_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient See of Roskilde">Diocese of Roskilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany">Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin#Breslau's_Prince-Episcopal_Delegation_for_Brandenburg_and_Pomerania" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig">Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_T%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Tütz">Apostolic Administration of Tütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Schneidem%C3%BChl" title="Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl">Prelature of Schneidemühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kamie%C5%84,_Lubusz_and_the_Prelature_of_Pi%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła">Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)</a> with see in <a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> 1945–1972</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Archdiocese of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bydgoszcz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz">Diocese of Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koszalin-Ko%C5%82obrzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg">Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pelplin">Diocese of Pelplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Szczecin-Kamie%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień">Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Toruń">Diocese of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek">Diocese of Włocławek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church in Prussia">Evangelical State Church in Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian Evangelical Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> <ul><li>Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland" title="Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland">Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław">Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demography_and_anthropology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania" title="Demographic history of Pomerania">Demography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle-Ellerbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelland_culture" title="Havelland culture">Havelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_culture" title="Pomeranian culture">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustow_group" title="Gustow group">Gustow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture" title="Dębczyn culture">Dębczyn (Denzin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Slavic Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velunzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Velunzani">Velunzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">German Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major demographic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">WWII flight and expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pomeranian dialect">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pomeranian dialect">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treaties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen" title="Treaty of Kremmen">Kremmen</a> (1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin" title="Treaty of Landin">Landin</a> (1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno" title="Treaty of Kępno">Kępno</a> (1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1309)">Soldin (1309)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin" title="Treaty of Templin">Templin</a> (1317)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Ueckermünde (page does not exist)">Ueckermünde</a> (1327)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1343)">Kalisz</a> (1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1354)">Stralsund (1354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">Stralsund (1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry" title="Treaty of Pyzdry">Pyzdry</a> (1390)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek" title="Peace of Raciążek">Raciążek (1404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)" title="Peace of Thorn (1411)">Thorn, First</a> (1411)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1415) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, First</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno" title="Treaty of Melno">Melno</a> (1422)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Perleberg (page does not exist)">Perleberg</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1427) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, Second</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Truce of Łęczyca">Łęczyca (1433)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Peace of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a> (1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1466)">Soldin (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Thorn, Second (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau" title="Treaty of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> (1448/1468/1472/1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz" title="Treaty of Pyritz">Pyritz</a> (1493)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1700</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn" title="Compromise of Thorn">Thorn</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Treaty of Kraków">Kraków</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Grimnitz</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Lublin</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Stettin (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg" title="Capitulation of Franzburg">Franzburg</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Stettin (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> (1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Stettin (1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Wehlau and Bromberg</a> (1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Oliva</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Lund (1679)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Stockholm</a> (1719 / 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg" title="Treaty of Frederiksborg">Frederiksborg</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Polish Partitions Treaties</a> (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1925" title="Concordat of 1925">Polish Concordat</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussian Concordat</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Moscow (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Warsaw (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty" title="German reunification">German Reunification Treaty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty" title="German–Polish Border Treaty">German–Polish Border Treaty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1993" title="Concordat of 1993">Polish Concordat</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">Treaty of Accession 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gdańsk_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Template:Gdańsk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Template talk:Gdańsk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gdańsk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gdańsk_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="History of Gdańsk">History of Gdańsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Timeline of Gdańsk">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">1308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">1577</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1655%E2%80%931660)" title="Siege of Danzig (1655–1660)">1655–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1734)" title="Siege of Danzig (1734)">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1813)" title="Siege of Danzig (1813)">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1945)" title="Siege of Danzig (1945)">1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa" title="Battle of Oliwa">Battle of Oliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenfold_Sun_miracle" title="Sevenfold Sun miracle">Sevenfold Sun miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gda%C5%84sk" title="History of the Jews in Gdańsk">History of the Jews in Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_(region)" title="Danzig (region)">Region of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free City of Danzig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Senate of the Free City of Danzig">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Danzig" title="Für Danzig">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">government in exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_law" title="Danzig law">Danzig law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Post_Office_(Danzig)" title="Polish Post Office (Danzig)">Polish Post Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Free City of Danzig">Postal history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Battle of Westerplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danzig_Bay" title="Battle of Danzig Bay">Battle of Danzig Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Polish_Post_Office_in_Danzig" title="Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig">Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomeranian offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_protests_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish protests of 1970">Polish protests of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_demands_of_MKS" title="21 demands of MKS">21 demands of MKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Coat of arms of Gdańsk">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_gulden" title="Danzig gulden">Danzig gulden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwasser" title="Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marienbrunn_Abbey" title="Marienbrunn Abbey">Marienbrunn Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Gymnasium_Danzig" title="Academic Gymnasium Danzig">Academic Gymnasium Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Research_Society" title="Danzig Research Society">Danzig Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Heimwehr_Danzig" title="SS Heimwehr Danzig">SS Heimwehr Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Cross" title="Danzig Cross">Danzig Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard" title="Gdańsk Shipyard">Gdańsk Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_So%C5%82dek" title="SS Sołdek">SS Sołdek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricity,_Poland" title="Tricity, Poland">Tricity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Politics of Gdańsk">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="List of city mayors of Gdańsk">Mayors of Danzig</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Letzkau" title="Conrad Letzkau">Conrad Letzkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_von_der_Linde" title="Adrian von der Linde">Adrian von der Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gralath" title="Daniel Gralath">Daniel Gralath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hufeland" title="Gottlieb Hufeland">Gottlieb Hufeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm" title="Heinrich Sahm">Heinrich Sahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziehm" title="Ernst Ziehm">Ernst Ziehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="List of city mayors of Gdańsk">Mayors of Gdańsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Kotus-Jankowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski (page does not exist)">Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Nowicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Nowicki (page does not exist)">Bolesław Nowicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Stolarek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Stolarek (page does not exist)">Piotr Stolarek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Schmidt (page does not exist)">Stanisław Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Cybulski_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Cybulski (politician) (page does not exist)">Julian Cybulski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Schmidt (page does not exist)">Stanisław Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Bejm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Bejm (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Bejm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Niko%C5%82ajew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Nikołajew (page does not exist)">Jan Nikołajew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Kaznowski" title="Andrzej Kaznowski">Andrzej Kaznowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_M%C5%82ynarczyk" title="Jerzy Młynarczyk">Jerzy Młynarczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Rynkowski" title="Kazimierz Rynkowski">Kazimierz Rynkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Pasi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Pasiński">Jerzy Pasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Staro%C5%9Bciak" title="Jacek Starościak">Jacek Starościak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Jamro%C5%BC" title="Franciszek Jamroż">Franciszek Jamroż</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Posadzki" title="Tomasz Posadzki">Tomasz Posadzki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Adamowicz" title="Paweł Adamowicz">Paweł Adamowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Dulkiewicz" title="Aleksandra Dulkiewicz">Aleksandra Dulkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Districts of Gdańsk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anio%C5%82ki" title="Aniołki">Aniołki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%99towo" title="Brętowo">Brętowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%BAno" title="Brzeźno">Brzeźno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Chełm, Gdańsk">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasie%C5%84,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Jasień, Gdańsk">Jasień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoszki" title="Kokoszki">Kokoszki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakowiec-G%C3%B3rki_Zachodnie" title="Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie">Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letnica,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Letnica, Gdańsk">Letnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarnia" title="Matarnia">Matarnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82yniska" title="Młyniska">Młyniska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Port" title="Nowy Port">Nowy Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliwa" title="Oliwa">Oliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olszynka" title="Olszynka">Olszynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orunia_G%C3%B3rna-Gda%C5%84sk_Po%C5%82udnie" title="Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe">Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orunia-%C5%9Aw._Wojciech-Lipce" title="Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce">Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowa" title="Osowa">Osowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piecki-Migowo" title="Piecki-Migowo">Piecki-Migowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przer%C3%B3bka" title="Przeróbka">Przeróbka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przymorze_Ma%C5%82e" title="Przymorze Małe">Przymorze Małe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przymorze_Wielkie" title="Przymorze Wielkie">Przymorze Wielkie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Przymorze" title="Przymorze">Przymorze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudniki,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Rudniki, Gdańsk">Rudniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Siedlce, Gdańsk">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Śródmieście, Gdańsk">Śródmieście</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biskupia_G%C3%B3rka" title="Biskupia Górka">Biskupia Górka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_City" title="Main City">Główne Miasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Old_Town" title="Gdańsk Old Town">Stare Miasto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stogi,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Stogi, Gdańsk">Stogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzy%C5%BCa" title="Strzyża">Strzyża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchanino" title="Suchanino">Suchanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uje%C5%9Bcisko-%C5%81ostowice" title="Ujeścisko-Łostowice">Ujeścisko-Łostowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VII_Dw%C3%B3r" title="VII Dwór">VII Dwór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrzeszcz_Dolny" title="Wrzeszcz Dolny">Wrzeszcz Dolny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowe_Szkoty" title="Nowe Szkoty">Nowe Szkoty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrzeszcz_G%C3%B3rny" title="Wrzeszcz Górny">Wrzeszcz Górny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrzeszcz" title="Wrzeszcz">Wrzeszcz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobieszewo_Island" title="Sobieszewo Island">Wyspa Sobieszewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rze_Mickiewicza" title="Wzgórze Mickiewicza">Wzgórze Mickiewicza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysi%C4%85clecia" title="Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia">Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelitkowo" title="Jelitkowo">Jelitkowo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaspa-M%C5%82yniec" title="Zaspa-Młyniec">Zaspa-Młyniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaspa-Rozstaje" title="Zaspa-Rozstaje">Zaspa-Rozstaje</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaspa" title="Zaspa">Zaspa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Main_City" title="Main City">Main City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artus_Court" title="Artus Court">Artus Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_walls_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="City walls of Gdańsk">City walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ugi_Targ" title="Długi Targ">Długi Targ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Golden Gate (Gdańsk)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Island" title="Granary Island">Granary Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Danzig)" title="Great Synagogue (Danzig)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Gate" title="Green Gate">Green Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot%C5%82awa" title="Motława">Motława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune%27s_Fountain,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk">Neptune's Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Mot%C5%82awa" title="Nowa Motława">Nowa Motława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82owianka" title="Ołowianka">Ołowianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk">St. Mary's Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Town_Hall" title="Gdańsk Town Hall">Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulica_D%C5%82uga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulica Długa">Ulica Długa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uphagen%27s_House" title="Uphagen's House">Uphagen's House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Old_Town" title="Gdańsk Old Town">Old Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski_Monument_in_Gda%C5%84sk" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Sobieski Monument in Gdańsk">John III Sobieski Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970" title="Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970">Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preachers%27_House,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Preachers' House, Gdańsk">Preachers' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Catherine's Church, Gdańsk">St. Catherine's Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Metro area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot%27s_Palace_(Oliwa)" title="Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)">Abbot's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliwa_Cathedral" title="Oliwa Cathedral">Oliwa Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Island" title="Ostrów Island">Ostrów Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Island_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Port Island (Gdańsk)">Port Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Port of Gdańsk">Port of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przekop_Wis%C5%82y" title="Przekop Wisły">Przekop Wisły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Park,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Ronald Reagan Park, Gdańsk">Ronald Reagan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_John_Paul_II_Bridge" title="Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge">Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westerplatte_Monument" title="Westerplatte Monument">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82ouj%C5%9Bcie_Fortress" title="Wisłoujście Fortress">Wisłoujście Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Days_of_Jewish_Culture" title="Baltic Days of Jewish Culture">Baltic Days of Jewish Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_State_Opera" title="Baltic State Opera">Baltic State Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergo_Arena" title="Ergo Arena">Ergo Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Forum Gdańsk">Forum Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Solidarity_Centre" title="European Solidarity Centre">European Solidarity Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_(Gda%C5%84sk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Miejski (Gdańsk)">Gdańsk City Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre">Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Sports_Center_Stadium" title="Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium">Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala_Olivia" title="Hala Olivia">Hala Olivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%BAnia_Centre_for_Contemporary_Art" title="Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art">Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Museum of the Second World War">Museum of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="National Museum, Gdańsk">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Baltic_Philharmonic" title="Polish Baltic Philharmonic">Polish Baltic Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Dominic%27s_Fair" title="St. Dominic's Fair">St. Dominic's Fair</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="In_popular_culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jew_(Turgenev)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jew (Turgenev)">The Jew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum" title="The Tin Drum">The Tin Drum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)" title="The Tin Drum (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajemnica_Westerplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajemnica Westerplatte">Tajemnica Westerplatte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_from_Gda%C5%84sk_(Koncert_w_Stoczni)" title="Live from Gdańsk (Koncert w Stoczni)">Live from Gdańsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_in_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Live in Gdańsk">Live in Gdańsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strike_(2006_film)" title="Strike (2006 film)">Strike</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty" title="Zero Dark Thirty">Zero Dark Thirty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walesa:_Man_of_Hope" title="Walesa: Man of Hope">Walesa: Man of Hope</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities and academies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Gdańsk">Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology" title="Gdańsk University of Technology">Gdańsk University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Medical University of Gdańsk">Medical University of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Category:Gdańsk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216173#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79146936620213780476">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12344935w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12344935w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Svobodné město Gdaňsk (1920-1939)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge980988&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032415370">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Free_City_of_Danzig&params=54.40_N_18.66_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">18°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial 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