Sign In | The New York Review of Books

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"/> <meta name="application-name" content="The New York Review of Books"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#990101"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/img/mstile-144x144.png"/>  <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <script type="text/javascript">var _conv_page_type='page';var _conv_product_name='Sign In';</script> <script src="https://cdn-4.convertexperiments.com/v1/js/100412152-100412539.js" type="text/javascript"></script>   <title>Sign In | The New York Review of Books</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Sign In" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The New York Review of Books" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/nybooks" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-10-13T17:37:35+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/NYR-Logo-Social-1600px.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@nybooks" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/","url":"https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/","name":"Sign In | The New York Review of Books","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2015-11-21T03:10:23+00:00","dateModified":"2020-10-13T17:37:35+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.nybooks.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Account","item":"https://www.nybooks.com/account/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Sign In"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/#website","url":"https://www.nybooks.com/","name":"The New York Review of Books","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.nybooks.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/#organization","name":"The New York Review of Books","url":"https://www.nybooks.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nybooks-t.png","contentUrl":"https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nybooks-t.png","width":1200,"height":1200,"caption":"The New York Review of Books"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.nybooks.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/nybooks","https://x.com/nybooks","https://www.instagram.com/nybooks/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-new-york-review-of-books","https://www.pinterest.com/nybooks/","https://www.youtube.com/nybooks/","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0' href='https://www.nybooks.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?m=1732206022g' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-10' href='https://www.nybooks.com/_static/??-eJzTLy/QzcxLzilNSS3WzyrWz01NyUxMzUnNTc0rQeEU5CRWphbp5qSmJyZX6uVm5uklFxfr6OPTDpRD5sM02efaGpobGxkZmBkYGQMARIMu1Q==' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='elasticpress-facet-style-inline-css'> .widget_ep-facet input[type=search],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[type=search]{margin-bottom:1rem}.widget_ep-facet .searchable .inner,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .searchable .inner{max-height:20em;overflow:scroll}.widget_ep-facet .term.hide,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term.hide{display:none}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term{opacity:.5;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term:after,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term:after{bottom:0;content:" ";display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:2}.widget_ep-facet .level-1,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-1{padding-left:20px}.widget_ep-facet .level-2,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-2{padding-left:40px}.widget_ep-facet .level-3,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-3{padding-left:60px}.widget_ep-facet .level-4,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-4{padding-left:5pc}.widget_ep-facet .level-5,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-5{padding-left:75pt}.widget_ep-facet input[disabled],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[disabled]{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.widget_ep-facet .term a,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox{background-color:#ccc}.ep-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;-ms-flex-negative:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;align-items:center;background-color:#eee;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;height:1em;justify-content:center;margin-right:.25em;width:1em}.ep-checkbox:after{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 .125em .125em 0;content:"";display:none;height:.5em;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:.25em}.ep-checkbox.checked{background-color:#5e5e5e}.ep-checkbox.checked:after{display:block} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-14' href='https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/search/elasticpress/dist/css/related-posts-block-styles.min.css?m=1730999764g' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='screen, print-css-14' href='https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/themes/nyrb_2020/assets/css/nyrb.css?m=1731448588g' type='text/css' media='screen, print' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nybooks.com/_static/??-eJyNjcEKwyAQRH+oZlMD6an0W8QssnbdWF0J/n0t9NBTCQwMA29m4MiGxHPbsEIcejUs/WtTIplivcA/yCQKxSn+wn4XRVHI3AJJBUb37Ca7fjhmUzBQ1dGhXUbYqKDXz+4JbDw80v16W6yd19ku8Q3XSEgq" ></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/47869" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.nybooks.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.nybooks.com/?p=47869' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Faccount%2Fsignin%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Faccount%2Fsignin%2F&format=xml" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> *:focus-visible {outline: 2px solid black !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;} .sr-only { position: absolute; left: -10000px; } .skip-link { left: -10000px; padding: 12px; background-color: white; color: black; border: 2px solid black; border-radius: 5px; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 9999999999; } .skip-link:focus-visible{left: 0px;} </style> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="f1e02e50-8206-49bc-abdc-c0457eeb876b" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn-4.convertexperiments.com/js/10042447-10043211.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.bugherd.com/sidebarv2.js?apikey=4bdbkkrope9hewynvggzaw" async="true"></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KKCB24X');</script>  </head> <body class="page-template page-template-template-sign-in page-template-template-sign-in-php page page-id-47869 page-child parent-pageid-47868 context_nyrb page_default" data-site-url="https://www.nybooks.com" data-ajax-url="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php" data-email-share-nonce="ef50f8b2b9" data-logged-in="false">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KKCB24X" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="fb-connect"></div> <div class="top-ad-wrapper"> </div> <header class="site-header w-100 bg-white" id="side-header-full"> <div class="position-relative header-inner"> <div class="desktop-menu d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 d-flex align-items-center pt-xs-4 menu-top-nav"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center position-absolute"> <div class="desktop-hamburger hover-cursor mr-xs-4 fill-ny-red"> <svg preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 35 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12.0005 1H0.000488281V4H12.0005V1Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M13 9H0V12H13V9Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M18 17H0V20H18V17Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M32.7666 20.0001C32.2909 20.0001 31.8152 19.8178 31.4514 19.4533L28.3802 16.376C27.6526 15.647 27.6526 14.4694 28.3802 13.7474C29.1077 13.0254 30.2831 13.0184 31.0036 13.7474L34.0749 16.8247C34.8024 17.5537 34.8024 18.7313 34.0749 19.4533C33.7181 19.8178 33.2423 20.0001 32.7666 20.0001Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M29.6955 15.8155C29.4996 15.8155 29.3108 15.7384 29.1638 15.5912L24.8893 11.3083C24.5955 11.0138 24.5955 10.5372 24.8893 10.2428C25.1831 9.94837 25.6589 9.94837 25.9527 10.2428L30.2272 14.5257C30.5211 14.8201 30.5211 15.2968 30.2272 15.5912C30.0803 15.7454 29.8844 15.8155 29.6955 15.8155Z" fill="#990101"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M29 7C29 10.866 25.866 14 22 14C18.134 14 15 10.866 15 7C15 3.13401 18.134 0 22 0C25.866 0 29 3.13401 29 7ZM22.0073 11.0949C24.2649 11.0949 26.0949 9.2648 26.0949 7.00727C26.0949 4.74975 24.2649 2.91967 22.0073 2.91967C19.7498 2.91967 17.9197 4.74975 17.9197 7.00727C17.9197 9.2648 19.7498 11.0949 22.0073 11.0949Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </div> <div class="desktop-menu-close hover-cursor align-self-start"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.85752 12.21L2.29256 19.7172L0 17.4422L7.56496 9.93495L0.131114 2.55785L2.42368 0.282783L9.85752 7.65988L17.5763 0L19.8689 2.27506L12.1501 9.93495L20 17.7249L17.7074 20L9.85752 12.21Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </div> <div class="cat-nav-left"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/" class="pl-xs-2 pr-xs-2 font-giza color-ny-red d-inline-block text-small hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Politics</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/" class="pl-xs-2 pr-xs-2 font-giza color-ny-red d-inline-block text-small hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Literature</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/" class="pl-xs-2 pr-xs-2 font-giza color-ny-red d-inline-block text-small hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Arts</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/" class="pl-xs-2 pr-xs-2 font-giza color-ny-red d-inline-block text-small hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Ideas</span> </a> </div> </div> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com" class="text-center header-logo-short mb-0 mx-auto w-100 fill-ny-red"> <span class="sr-only">short logo</span> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 1210.96 76.13" style="enable-background:new 0 0 1210.96 76.13;" xml:space="preserve"> <g> <path d="M1139.12,74.93h17.58l8.09-22.28l8.29,22.28h17.58l13.29-38.46h6.99V24.98h-23.98v11.49h5.2l-7.09,21.78l-7.59-21.78h5.49 V24.98h-28.17v11.49h5l-7.49,21.78l-6.99-21.78h5.49V24.98h-31.97v11.49h6.99L1139.12,74.93z M1083.58,44.96 c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H1083.58z M1091.57,75.93c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08h-13.99 c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57 c-15.88,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C1062.1,67.34,1074.68,75.93,1091.57,75.93 M1030.13,10.89c0,6.39,4.6,10.99,11.19,10.99 s11.19-4.6,11.19-10.99S1047.91,0,1041.32,0S1030.13,4.5,1030.13,10.89 M1022.33,74.93h38.76V63.44h-9.39V24.98h-29.37v11.49h9.39 v26.97h-9.39V74.93z M952.4,36.47h7.69l17.28,38.46h16.58l17.28-38.46h7.79V24.98h-26.48v11.49h6.49l-8.49,20.18l-8.79-20.18h6.79 V24.98H952.4V36.47z M917.33,44.96c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H917.33z M925.33,75.93 c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08h-13.99c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9 c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57c-15.89,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C895.85,67.34,908.44,75.93,925.33,75.93 M831.02,33.87V19.48 h15.59c5.99,0,8.19,3.4,8.19,7.39c0,4.1-2.2,6.99-8.19,6.99H831.02z M868.48,76.13c22.68,0,26.38-14.09,22.98-30.57h-12.89 c0.2,1.9,0.5,7.19,0.5,10.09c0,4.1-1.3,5.49-3.6,5.49c-2.1,0-3.1-1.3-3.5-4l-0.7-5.2c-0.8-5.99-5.1-9.79-14.89-11.39 c18.88-0.8,23.68-9.39,23.68-17.48c0-9.89-5.69-18.08-22.18-18.08h-63.04v14.49h11.99v40.96h-11.99v14.49h48.46V60.44h-12.29V43.86 h10.59c4.79,0,5.99,1.7,6.09,6.19l0.3,9.89C848.2,67.84,851.7,76.13,868.48,76.13 M698.84,74.93h33.87V63.44h-4.9v-5.89l5.69-4.3 l7.09,10.19h-5.3v11.49h33.97V63.44h-5.09l-14.49-20.58l9.39-6.39h9.19V24.98h-35.47v11.49H742l-14.19,10.29V4.99h-28.97v11.49 h8.99v46.96h-8.99V74.93z M641.39,74.93h44.16V63.44h-14.89V47.56c0-9.59,2.9-12.19,5.79-12.19c3.4,0,4.1,5.09,3.1,12.39h17.98 c3.7-14.69-0.7-23.78-11.09-23.78c-6.99,0-12.29,3.8-16.28,12.99V24.98h-28.77v11.49h9.29v26.97h-9.29V74.93z M600.73,49.95 c0-10.49,2.4-14.59,7.79-14.59s7.79,4.1,7.79,14.59c0,10.39-2.4,14.69-7.79,14.69S600.73,60.34,600.73,49.95 M608.53,75.93 c16.38,0,28.77-10.79,28.77-25.98c0-14.99-12.39-25.98-28.77-25.98c-16.38,0-28.77,10.99-28.77,25.98 C579.75,65.14,592.14,75.93,608.53,75.93 M518.21,74.93h54.15V60.44h-14.99V49.35l23.98-29.87h8.99V5h-35.87v14.49h8.69 l-12.99,16.88l-13.39-16.88h10.69V5h-47.26v14.49h8.99l23.98,29.87v11.09h-14.99V74.93z M411.11,74.93h17.58l8.09-22.28l8.29,22.28 h17.58l13.29-38.46h6.99V24.98h-23.98v11.49h5.2l-7.09,21.78l-7.59-21.78h5.49V24.98H426.8v11.49h5l-7.49,21.78l-6.99-21.78h5.49 V24.98h-31.97v11.49h6.99L411.11,74.93z M355.56,44.96c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H355.56z M363.56,75.93c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08h-13.99c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9 c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57c-15.88,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C334.08,67.34,346.67,75.93,363.56,75.93 M241.17,74.93h46.46 V60.44h-16.98V29.47l36.37,45.46h19.48V19.48h11.99V5h-39.96v14.49h10.99v21.38L281.33,5h-40.16v14.49h11.99v40.96h-11.99V74.93z M179.93,44.96c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H179.93z M187.92,75.93c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08 h-13.99c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57 c-15.88,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C158.45,67.34,171.04,75.93,187.92,75.93 M88.82,74.93h33.27V63.44h-4.3V47.96 c0-8.79,3.3-12.29,7.29-12.29c1.9,0,4.1,0.9,4.1,4.6v23.18h-4.5v11.49h32.47V63.44h-7.99V36.27c0-7.09-5.2-12.29-13.99-12.29 c-8.89,0-13.39,4.59-17.88,14.19V4.99H88.82v11.49h8.99v46.96h-8.99V74.93z M14.09,74.93h56.75V60.44H54.55V19.48h10.99v16.48 h19.38V5H0v30.97h19.38V19.48h10.99v40.96H14.09V74.93z"/> </g> </svg> </a> <div class="text-xs position-right position-absolute pr-xs-3 pr-xl-6 z-index-10 header-sign-in d-flex align-items-center"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/?current_page=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Faccount%2Fsignin%2F" class="font-giza mr-xs-3 button px-0 color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red sign-in-link"> <span>Sign In</span> </a> <span class="button hover-expand bg-ny-red color-white hover-text-white"> <a href="https://subscribe.nybooks.com/ecom/nyb/app/live/subscriptions?org=NYB&publ=NY&key_code=EPKXHWA&type=S" class="font-giza sign-in-subscribe hover-text-inherit"><span>Subscribe</span></a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row cat-nav mt-lg-8"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/" class="pl-xs-8 pr-xs-8 font-giza color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Politics</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/" class="pl-xs-8 pr-xs-8 font-giza color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Literature</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/" class="pl-xs-8 pr-xs-8 font-giza color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Arts</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/" class="pl-xs-8 pr-xs-8 font-giza color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Ideas</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid px-0"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rule-10 mt-xs-5"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="desktop-nav"> <div class="d-flex desktop-nav-inner"> <div class="desktop-main d-inline-block pt-xs-6 d-flex flex-column position-relative bg-yellow"> <div class="overflow-scroll h-100"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="d-flex"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com" class="align-self-center logo-menu-width w-100 mx-auto fill-ny-red"> <span class="sr-only">logo stacked</span> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <svg version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 1729.18 197.28" style="enable-background:new 0 0 1729.18 197.28;" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M1626.6,107h25.11l11.56-31.81l11.84,31.81h25.11l18.97-54.92h9.99V35.67h-34.24v16.41h7.42l-10.13,31.1l-10.84-31.1h7.85 V35.67H1649v16.41h7.13l-10.7,31.1l-9.99-31.1h7.85V35.67h-45.65v16.41h9.99L1626.6,107z M1547.29,64.2 c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55H1547.29z M1558.7,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97 c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95 c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C1516.61,96.15,1534.59,108.42,1558.7,108.42 M1470.96,15.55c0,9.13,6.56,15.69,15.98,15.69 c9.42,0,15.98-6.56,15.98-15.69S1496.36,0,1486.94,0C1477.52,0,1470.96,6.42,1470.96,15.55 M1459.84,107h55.35V90.59h-13.41V35.67 h-41.94v16.41h13.41v38.52h-13.41V107z M1359.97,52.07h10.98l24.68,54.92h23.68L1444,52.07h11.13V35.67h-37.81v16.41h9.27 l-12.13,28.82l-12.55-28.82h9.7V35.67h-51.64V52.07z M1309.9,64.2c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55 H1309.9z M1321.31,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83 h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C1279.23,96.15,1297.2,108.42,1321.31,108.42 M1186.64,48.36V27.82h22.26c8.56,0,11.7,4.85,11.7,10.56c0,5.85-3.14,9.99-11.7,9.99H1186.64z M1240.14,108.71 c32.38,0,37.66-20.11,32.81-43.65h-18.4c0.29,2.71,0.71,10.27,0.71,14.41c0,5.85-1.86,7.85-5.14,7.85c-3,0-4.42-1.86-4.99-5.71 l-1-7.42c-1.14-8.56-7.28-13.98-21.26-16.26c26.96-1.14,33.81-13.41,33.81-24.97c0-14.12-8.13-25.82-31.67-25.82H1135v20.69h17.12 v58.49H1135V107h69.19V86.31h-17.55V62.63h15.12c6.85,0,8.56,2.43,8.7,8.84l0.43,14.12C1211.18,96.87,1216.18,108.71,1240.14,108.71 M997.91,107h48.36V90.59h-6.99v-8.42l8.13-6.13l10.13,14.55h-7.56V107h48.51V90.59h-7.27l-20.69-29.39l13.41-9.13h13.13V35.67 h-50.64v16.41h13.13l-20.26,14.69V7.13h-41.37v16.41h12.84v67.05h-12.84V107z M915.88,107h63.06V90.59h-21.26V67.91 c0-13.7,4.14-17.4,8.27-17.4c4.85,0,5.85,7.27,4.42,17.69h25.68c5.28-20.97-1-33.95-15.84-33.95c-9.99,0-17.55,5.42-23.25,18.54 V35.67h-41.09v16.41h13.27v38.52h-13.27V107z M857.81,71.33c0-14.98,3.42-20.83,11.13-20.83c7.7,0,11.13,5.85,11.13,20.83 c0,14.84-3.42,20.97-11.13,20.97C861.24,92.3,857.81,86.17,857.81,71.33 M868.94,108.42c23.4,0,41.09-15.41,41.09-37.09 c0-21.4-17.69-37.09-41.09-37.09c-23.4,0-41.09,15.69-41.09,37.09C827.85,93.01,845.54,108.42,868.94,108.42 M739.98,107h77.32 V86.31h-21.4V70.47l34.24-42.66h12.84V7.13h-51.21v20.69h12.41l-18.55,24.11l-19.12-24.11h15.27V7.13H714.3v20.69h12.84l34.24,42.66 v15.84h-21.4V107z M587.04,107h25.11l11.56-31.81L635.55,107h25.11l18.97-54.92h9.99V35.67h-34.24v16.41h7.42l-10.13,31.1 l-10.84-31.1h7.85V35.67h-40.23v16.41h7.13l-10.7,31.1l-9.99-31.1h7.84V35.67h-45.65v16.41h9.99L587.04,107z M507.73,64.2 c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55H507.73z M519.14,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97 c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95 c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C477.05,96.15,495.03,108.42,519.14,108.42 M344.38,107h66.34V86.31h-24.25V42.08L438.39,107 h27.82V27.82h17.12V7.13h-57.06v20.69h15.69v30.53L401.73,7.13h-57.35v20.69h17.12v58.49h-17.12V107z M256.93,64.2 c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55H256.93z M268.34,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97 c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95 c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C226.26,96.15,244.23,108.42,268.34,108.42 M126.82,107h47.51V90.59h-6.13V68.48 c0-12.55,4.71-17.55,10.41-17.55c2.71,0,5.85,1.28,5.85,6.56v33.1h-6.42V107h46.37V90.59h-11.41v-38.8 c0-10.13-7.42-17.55-19.97-17.55c-12.7,0-19.12,6.56-25.54,20.26V7.13h-40.66v16.41h12.84v67.05h-12.84V107z M20.12,107h81.03V86.31 H77.89V27.82h15.69v23.54h27.68V7.13H0v44.23h27.68V27.82h15.69v58.49H20.12V107z"/> <path d="M1019.73,197.28c9.49,0,13.91-5.28,13.91-11.91c0-7.92-4.42-11.06-12.91-12.27l-8.35-1.21c-2.43-0.36-3.14-1.5-3.14-2.64 c0-1.21,0.78-2.85,4.49-2.85c5.35,0,7.28,3,8.13,5.63h8.49V160.9h-9.2v5.71c-1.85-3.57-5.92-6.42-11.63-6.42 c-8.84,0-12.91,5.49-12.91,11.13c0,5.56,2.71,9.77,11.06,11.06l8.06,1.21c3.07,0.43,4.14,1.35,4.14,3.28c0,1.71-1.21,3.21-4.92,3.21 c-5.06,0-7.78-2.85-9.77-6.99h-8.06v13.48h9.27v-7.56C1008.18,192.86,1012.45,197.28,1019.73,197.28 M942.48,196.57h24.18v-8.2 h-3.49v-4.21l4.07-3.07l5.06,7.28h-3.78v8.2h24.25v-8.2h-3.64l-10.34-14.7l6.7-4.57h6.56v-8.2h-25.32v8.2h6.56l-10.13,7.35V144.5 h-20.69v8.2h6.42v35.67h-6.42V196.57z M915.16,178.73c0-7.49,1.71-10.41,5.56-10.41c3.85,0,5.56,2.92,5.56,10.41 c0,7.42-1.71,10.49-5.56,10.49C916.87,189.22,915.16,186.15,915.16,178.73 M920.72,197.28c11.7,0,20.54-7.7,20.54-18.55 c0-10.7-8.85-18.54-20.54-18.54c-11.7,0-20.54,7.85-20.54,18.54C900.18,189.58,909.03,197.28,920.72,197.28 M870.93,178.73 c0-7.49,1.71-10.41,5.56-10.41s5.56,2.92,5.56,10.41c0,7.42-1.71,10.49-5.56,10.49S870.93,186.15,870.93,178.73 M876.5,197.28 c11.7,0,20.54-7.7,20.54-18.55c0-10.7-8.84-18.54-20.54-18.54s-20.54,7.85-20.54,18.54C855.96,189.58,864.8,197.28,876.5,197.28 M818.22,166.89v-9.92h7.92c3.85,0,5.71,1.85,5.71,4.99c0,3.21-1.93,4.92-5.78,4.92H818.22z M818.22,186.22v-11.27h9.27 c4.57,0,6.63,2.43,6.63,5.64s-2.07,5.63-6.63,5.63H818.22z M791.69,196.57h41.51c14.19,0,19.69-5.85,19.69-13.62 c0-7.7-5.63-11.77-14.27-12.34c6.13-0.93,11.41-4.92,11.41-11.06c0-7.49-4.78-12.91-18.26-12.91h-40.09v10.34h9.27v29.24h-9.27 V196.57z M739.55,196.57h28.32v-8.2h-7.42V169.1h8.63v-8.2h-8.63v-4.57c0-2.14,1-3.85,4.14-3.85c2.92,0,3.99,1.78,3.71,4.78h11.77 c0.36-7.35-2.28-14.2-15.69-14.2c-11.48,0-18.19,4.92-18.19,14.05v3.78h-6.63v8.2h6.63v19.26h-6.63V196.57z M710.52,178.73 c0-7.49,1.71-10.41,5.56-10.41c3.85,0,5.56,2.92,5.56,10.41c0,7.42-1.71,10.49-5.56,10.49 C712.23,189.22,710.52,186.15,710.52,178.73 M716.08,197.28c11.7,0,20.54-7.7,20.54-18.55c0-10.7-8.84-18.54-20.54-18.54 c-11.7,0-20.54,7.85-20.54,18.54C695.54,189.58,704.38,197.28,716.08,197.28"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="header_search position-relative logo-menu-width mx-auto mt-xs-6 mb-xs-6"> <form method="get" action="/search/" autocomplete="off"> <div class="input-append"> <input class="text-small w-100 pr-xs-10 st-default-search-input" name="q" type="text" placeholder="Search by article title, author, book, contributor or subject" title="search"> <button title="submit search" type="submit" class="pl-xs-3 pr-xs-3 bg-transparent border-0 search-submit"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.7666 20.0001C17.2909 20.0001 16.8152 19.8178 16.4514 19.4533L13.3802 16.376C12.6526 15.647 12.6526 14.4694 13.3802 13.7474C14.1077 13.0254 15.2831 13.0184 16.0036 13.7474L19.0749 16.8247C19.8024 17.5537 19.8024 18.7313 19.0749 19.4533C18.7181 19.8178 18.2423 20.0001 17.7666 20.0001Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M14.6955 15.8155C14.4996 15.8155 14.3108 15.7384 14.1638 15.5912L9.88932 11.3083C9.59549 11.0138 9.59549 10.5372 9.88932 10.2428C10.1831 9.94837 10.6589 9.94837 10.9527 10.2428L15.2272 14.5257C15.5211 14.8201 15.5211 15.2968 15.2272 15.5912C15.0803 15.7454 14.8844 15.8155 14.6955 15.8155Z" fill="#990101"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14 7C14 10.866 10.866 14 7 14C3.13401 14 0 10.866 0 7C0 3.13401 3.13401 0 7 0C10.866 0 14 3.13401 14 7ZM7.00733 11.0949C9.26485 11.0949 11.0949 9.2648 11.0949 7.00727C11.0949 4.74975 9.26485 2.91967 7.00733 2.91967C4.74981 2.91967 2.91972 4.74975 2.91972 7.00727C2.91972 9.2648 4.74981 11.0949 7.00733 11.0949Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container menu-scrollable pb-xs-2"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-3"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/" class="h4 color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red mb-xs-4 d-block hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Politics</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/us-politics/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>United States</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/international/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>International</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/human-rights/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Human Rights</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/climate-change/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Climate Change</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/election-2024/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Election 2024</span> </a> </div> <div class="col-3"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/" class="h4 color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red mb-xs-4 d-block hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Literature</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/fiction/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Fiction</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/poetry/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Poetry</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/biography-memoir/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Biography & Memoir</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/in-translation/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>In Translation</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/essays/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Essays</span> </a> </div> <div class="col-3"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/" class="h4 color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red mb-xs-4 d-block hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Arts</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/visual-arts/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Visual Arts</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/performing-arts/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Performing Arts</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/film-television/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Film & Television</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/music/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Music</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/society-culture/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Society & Culture</span> </a> </div> <div class="col-3"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/" class="h4 color-ny-red hover-text-ny-red mb-xs-4 d-block hover-border-ny-red"> <span>Ideas</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/history/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>History</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/economics/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Economics</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/science-technology/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Science & Technology</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/law/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Law</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/philosophy-religion/" class="h6 color-black mb-xs-4 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black"> <span>Philosophy & Religion</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="desktop-menu-bottom bg-white mt-auto"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6 pt-xs-6 pb-xs-6"> <p class="h5 color-ny-red">More from the Review</p> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-6"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/events/" class="color-black hover-text-black font-giza text-small d-block mt-xs-4 hover-border-black"> <span>Events</span> </a> <a href="/issues/" class="color-black hover-text-black font-giza text-small d-block mt-xs-4 hover-border-black"> <span>All Issues</span> </a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/" class="color-black hover-text-black font-giza text-small d-block mt-xs-4 hover-border-black"> <span>About Us</span> </a> </div> <div class="col-6"> <a href="https://shop.nybooks.com/" class="color-black hover-text-black hover-border-black text-small font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block mt-xs-4" target="_blank"> <span>Shop Literary Gifts</span> </a> <a href="http://www.nyrb.com/" class="color-black hover-text-black hover-border-black text-small font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block mt-xs-4" target="_blank"> <span>Shop NYRB Classics</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-6 column-left-border pt-xs-6 pb-xs-6"> <p class="h5 mb-xs-4 color-ny-red">Subscribe to our Newsletter</p> <p class="text-small">Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest</p> <div class="menu-newsletter text-small" data-form-source="Menu Signup"> <form class="newsletter-trigger"> <div class="newsletter-trigger__wrapper"> <label for="email" class="sr-only">Email Address</label> <input type="email" class="newsletter-trigger__input bg-transparent w-100 pt-xs-3 pb-xs-3" id="email" placeholder="Enter your email address"> <div class="newsletter-trigger__submit"> <button type="submit" class="button">Continue</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="desktop-header-sidebar bg-ny-red pt-xs-4 pb-xs-6 pl-xs-6 pr-xs-6 d-flex flex-column"> <div class="text-center w-100 mt-auto mb-auto"> <p class="color-yellow text-small mb-0">December 5, 2024</p> <p class="color-white h5 mb-xs-3">Current Issue</p> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/issues/2024/12/05/" class="d-block shadow-hover-dark"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=360" srcset="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=165 165w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=240 240w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=330 330w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=360 360w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=480 480w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=660 660w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 165px, 330px" class="mw-100" alt="Image of the December 5, 2024 issue cover." > </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-menu d-lg-none position-relative"> <div class="pt-xs-4 pb-xs-4"> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="d-flex position-relative justify-content-center"> <div class="mr-xs-2 mobile-hamburger fill-ny-red"> <svg preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 35 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M12.0005 1H0.000488281V4H12.0005V1Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M13 9H0V12H13V9Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M18 17H0V20H18V17Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M32.7666 20.0001C32.2909 20.0001 31.8152 19.8178 31.4514 19.4533L28.3802 16.376C27.6526 15.647 27.6526 14.4694 28.3802 13.7474C29.1077 13.0254 30.2831 13.0184 31.0036 13.7474L34.0749 16.8247C34.8024 17.5537 34.8024 18.7313 34.0749 19.4533C33.7181 19.8178 33.2423 20.0001 32.7666 20.0001Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M29.6955 15.8155C29.4996 15.8155 29.3108 15.7384 29.1638 15.5912L24.8893 11.3083C24.5955 11.0138 24.5955 10.5372 24.8893 10.2428C25.1831 9.94837 25.6589 9.94837 25.9527 10.2428L30.2272 14.5257C30.5211 14.8201 30.5211 15.2968 30.2272 15.5912C30.0803 15.7454 29.8844 15.8155 29.6955 15.8155Z" fill="#990101"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M29 7C29 10.866 25.866 14 22 14C18.134 14 15 10.866 15 7C15 3.13401 18.134 0 22 0C25.866 0 29 3.13401 29 7ZM22.0073 11.0949C24.2649 11.0949 26.0949 9.2648 26.0949 7.00727C26.0949 4.74975 24.2649 2.91967 22.0073 2.91967C19.7498 2.91967 17.9197 4.74975 17.9197 7.00727C17.9197 9.2648 19.7498 11.0949 22.0073 11.0949Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </div> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com" class="header-logo-short w-100 fill-ny-red"> <span class="sr-only">site logo</span> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 1210.96 76.13" style="enable-background:new 0 0 1210.96 76.13;" xml:space="preserve"> <g> <path d="M1139.12,74.93h17.58l8.09-22.28l8.29,22.28h17.58l13.29-38.46h6.99V24.98h-23.98v11.49h5.2l-7.09,21.78l-7.59-21.78h5.49 V24.98h-28.17v11.49h5l-7.49,21.78l-6.99-21.78h5.49V24.98h-31.97v11.49h6.99L1139.12,74.93z M1083.58,44.96 c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H1083.58z M1091.57,75.93c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08h-13.99 c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57 c-15.88,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C1062.1,67.34,1074.68,75.93,1091.57,75.93 M1030.13,10.89c0,6.39,4.6,10.99,11.19,10.99 s11.19-4.6,11.19-10.99S1047.91,0,1041.32,0S1030.13,4.5,1030.13,10.89 M1022.33,74.93h38.76V63.44h-9.39V24.98h-29.37v11.49h9.39 v26.97h-9.39V74.93z M952.4,36.47h7.69l17.28,38.46h16.58l17.28-38.46h7.79V24.98h-26.48v11.49h6.49l-8.49,20.18l-8.79-20.18h6.79 V24.98H952.4V36.47z M917.33,44.96c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H917.33z M925.33,75.93 c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08h-13.99c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9 c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57c-15.89,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C895.85,67.34,908.44,75.93,925.33,75.93 M831.02,33.87V19.48 h15.59c5.99,0,8.19,3.4,8.19,7.39c0,4.1-2.2,6.99-8.19,6.99H831.02z M868.48,76.13c22.68,0,26.38-14.09,22.98-30.57h-12.89 c0.2,1.9,0.5,7.19,0.5,10.09c0,4.1-1.3,5.49-3.6,5.49c-2.1,0-3.1-1.3-3.5-4l-0.7-5.2c-0.8-5.99-5.1-9.79-14.89-11.39 c18.88-0.8,23.68-9.39,23.68-17.48c0-9.89-5.69-18.08-22.18-18.08h-63.04v14.49h11.99v40.96h-11.99v14.49h48.46V60.44h-12.29V43.86 h10.59c4.79,0,5.99,1.7,6.09,6.19l0.3,9.89C848.2,67.84,851.7,76.13,868.48,76.13 M698.84,74.93h33.87V63.44h-4.9v-5.89l5.69-4.3 l7.09,10.19h-5.3v11.49h33.97V63.44h-5.09l-14.49-20.58l9.39-6.39h9.19V24.98h-35.47v11.49H742l-14.19,10.29V4.99h-28.97v11.49 h8.99v46.96h-8.99V74.93z M641.39,74.93h44.16V63.44h-14.89V47.56c0-9.59,2.9-12.19,5.79-12.19c3.4,0,4.1,5.09,3.1,12.39h17.98 c3.7-14.69-0.7-23.78-11.09-23.78c-6.99,0-12.29,3.8-16.28,12.99V24.98h-28.77v11.49h9.29v26.97h-9.29V74.93z M600.73,49.95 c0-10.49,2.4-14.59,7.79-14.59s7.79,4.1,7.79,14.59c0,10.39-2.4,14.69-7.79,14.69S600.73,60.34,600.73,49.95 M608.53,75.93 c16.38,0,28.77-10.79,28.77-25.98c0-14.99-12.39-25.98-28.77-25.98c-16.38,0-28.77,10.99-28.77,25.98 C579.75,65.14,592.14,75.93,608.53,75.93 M518.21,74.93h54.15V60.44h-14.99V49.35l23.98-29.87h8.99V5h-35.87v14.49h8.69 l-12.99,16.88l-13.39-16.88h10.69V5h-47.26v14.49h8.99l23.98,29.87v11.09h-14.99V74.93z M411.11,74.93h17.58l8.09-22.28l8.29,22.28 h17.58l13.29-38.46h6.99V24.98h-23.98v11.49h5.2l-7.09,21.78l-7.59-21.78h5.49V24.98H426.8v11.49h5l-7.49,21.78l-6.99-21.78h5.49 V24.98h-31.97v11.49h6.99L411.11,74.93z M355.56,44.96c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H355.56z M363.56,75.93c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08h-13.99c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9 c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57c-15.88,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C334.08,67.34,346.67,75.93,363.56,75.93 M241.17,74.93h46.46 V60.44h-16.98V29.47l36.37,45.46h19.48V19.48h11.99V5h-39.96v14.49h10.99v21.38L281.33,5h-40.16v14.49h11.99v40.96h-11.99V74.93z M179.93,44.96c0.4-5.79,2.9-9.49,7.19-9.49c4.3,0,6.79,2.4,6.89,9.49H179.93z M187.92,75.93c13.89,0,25.18-6.39,26.58-20.08 h-13.99c-1.2,4.9-4.2,8.39-10.49,8.39c-6.49,0-10.09-3.9-10.19-11.79h34.57v-1.9c0-15.99-10.39-26.57-27.27-26.57 c-15.88,0-28.67,9.39-28.67,26.37C158.45,67.34,171.04,75.93,187.92,75.93 M88.82,74.93h33.27V63.44h-4.3V47.96 c0-8.79,3.3-12.29,7.29-12.29c1.9,0,4.1,0.9,4.1,4.6v23.18h-4.5v11.49h32.47V63.44h-7.99V36.27c0-7.09-5.2-12.29-13.99-12.29 c-8.89,0-13.39,4.59-17.88,14.19V4.99H88.82v11.49h8.99v46.96h-8.99V74.93z M14.09,74.93h56.75V60.44H54.55V19.48h10.99v16.48 h19.38V5H0v30.97h19.38V19.48h10.99v40.96H14.09V74.93z"/> </g> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="rule-ny-red"></div> <div class="mobile-nav bg-yellow"> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between pt-xs-4"> <div class="mobile-close hover-cursor"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.85752 12.21L2.29256 19.7172L0 17.4422L7.56496 9.93495L0.131114 2.55785L2.42368 0.282783L9.85752 7.65988L17.5763 0L19.8689 2.27506L12.1501 9.93495L20 17.7249L17.7074 20L9.85752 12.21Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </div> <div class="pt-lg-3 text-xs"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/account/signin/?current_page=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Faccount%2Fsignin%2F" class="font-giza mr-xs-3 color-ny-red">Sign In</a> <a href="https://subscribe.nybooks.com/ecom/nyb/app/live/subscriptions?org=NYB&publ=NY&key_code=EPKXHWA&type=S" class="button font-giza bg-ny-red color-yellow hover-text-yellow hover-expand"><span>Subscribe</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com" class="d-block mt-xs-8 mb-xs-8 fill-ny-red" > <span class="sr-only">Site logo</span> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <svg version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 1729.18 197.28" style="enable-background:new 0 0 1729.18 197.28;" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M1626.6,107h25.11l11.56-31.81l11.84,31.81h25.11l18.97-54.92h9.99V35.67h-34.24v16.41h7.42l-10.13,31.1l-10.84-31.1h7.85 V35.67H1649v16.41h7.13l-10.7,31.1l-9.99-31.1h7.85V35.67h-45.65v16.41h9.99L1626.6,107z M1547.29,64.2 c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55H1547.29z M1558.7,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97 c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95 c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C1516.61,96.15,1534.59,108.42,1558.7,108.42 M1470.96,15.55c0,9.13,6.56,15.69,15.98,15.69 c9.42,0,15.98-6.56,15.98-15.69S1496.36,0,1486.94,0C1477.52,0,1470.96,6.42,1470.96,15.55 M1459.84,107h55.35V90.59h-13.41V35.67 h-41.94v16.41h13.41v38.52h-13.41V107z M1359.97,52.07h10.98l24.68,54.92h23.68L1444,52.07h11.13V35.67h-37.81v16.41h9.27 l-12.13,28.82l-12.55-28.82h9.7V35.67h-51.64V52.07z M1309.9,64.2c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55 H1309.9z M1321.31,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83 h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C1279.23,96.15,1297.2,108.42,1321.31,108.42 M1186.64,48.36V27.82h22.26c8.56,0,11.7,4.85,11.7,10.56c0,5.85-3.14,9.99-11.7,9.99H1186.64z M1240.14,108.71 c32.38,0,37.66-20.11,32.81-43.65h-18.4c0.29,2.71,0.71,10.27,0.71,14.41c0,5.85-1.86,7.85-5.14,7.85c-3,0-4.42-1.86-4.99-5.71 l-1-7.42c-1.14-8.56-7.28-13.98-21.26-16.26c26.96-1.14,33.81-13.41,33.81-24.97c0-14.12-8.13-25.82-31.67-25.82H1135v20.69h17.12 v58.49H1135V107h69.19V86.31h-17.55V62.63h15.12c6.85,0,8.56,2.43,8.7,8.84l0.43,14.12C1211.18,96.87,1216.18,108.71,1240.14,108.71 M997.91,107h48.36V90.59h-6.99v-8.42l8.13-6.13l10.13,14.55h-7.56V107h48.51V90.59h-7.27l-20.69-29.39l13.41-9.13h13.13V35.67 h-50.64v16.41h13.13l-20.26,14.69V7.13h-41.37v16.41h12.84v67.05h-12.84V107z M915.88,107h63.06V90.59h-21.26V67.91 c0-13.7,4.14-17.4,8.27-17.4c4.85,0,5.85,7.27,4.42,17.69h25.68c5.28-20.97-1-33.95-15.84-33.95c-9.99,0-17.55,5.42-23.25,18.54 V35.67h-41.09v16.41h13.27v38.52h-13.27V107z M857.81,71.33c0-14.98,3.42-20.83,11.13-20.83c7.7,0,11.13,5.85,11.13,20.83 c0,14.84-3.42,20.97-11.13,20.97C861.24,92.3,857.81,86.17,857.81,71.33 M868.94,108.42c23.4,0,41.09-15.41,41.09-37.09 c0-21.4-17.69-37.09-41.09-37.09c-23.4,0-41.09,15.69-41.09,37.09C827.85,93.01,845.54,108.42,868.94,108.42 M739.98,107h77.32 V86.31h-21.4V70.47l34.24-42.66h12.84V7.13h-51.21v20.69h12.41l-18.55,24.11l-19.12-24.11h15.27V7.13H714.3v20.69h12.84l34.24,42.66 v15.84h-21.4V107z M587.04,107h25.11l11.56-31.81L635.55,107h25.11l18.97-54.92h9.99V35.67h-34.24v16.41h7.42l-10.13,31.1 l-10.84-31.1h7.85V35.67h-40.23v16.41h7.13l-10.7,31.1l-9.99-31.1h7.84V35.67h-45.65v16.41h9.99L587.04,107z M507.73,64.2 c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55H507.73z M519.14,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97 c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95 c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C477.05,96.15,495.03,108.42,519.14,108.42 M344.38,107h66.34V86.31h-24.25V42.08L438.39,107 h27.82V27.82h17.12V7.13h-57.06v20.69h15.69v30.53L401.73,7.13h-57.35v20.69h17.12v58.49h-17.12V107z M256.93,64.2 c0.57-8.27,4.14-13.55,10.27-13.55c6.13,0,9.7,3.42,9.84,13.55H256.93z M268.34,108.42c19.83,0,35.95-9.13,37.95-28.67h-19.97 c-1.71,6.99-5.99,11.98-14.98,11.98c-9.27,0-14.41-5.56-14.55-16.83h49.36v-2.71c0-22.83-14.84-37.95-38.95-37.95 c-22.68,0-40.94,13.41-40.94,37.66C226.26,96.15,244.23,108.42,268.34,108.42 M126.82,107h47.51V90.59h-6.13V68.48 c0-12.55,4.71-17.55,10.41-17.55c2.71,0,5.85,1.28,5.85,6.56v33.1h-6.42V107h46.37V90.59h-11.41v-38.8 c0-10.13-7.42-17.55-19.97-17.55c-12.7,0-19.12,6.56-25.54,20.26V7.13h-40.66v16.41h12.84v67.05h-12.84V107z M20.12,107h81.03V86.31 H77.89V27.82h15.69v23.54h27.68V7.13H0v44.23h27.68V27.82h15.69v58.49H20.12V107z"/> <path d="M1019.73,197.28c9.49,0,13.91-5.28,13.91-11.91c0-7.92-4.42-11.06-12.91-12.27l-8.35-1.21c-2.43-0.36-3.14-1.5-3.14-2.64 c0-1.21,0.78-2.85,4.49-2.85c5.35,0,7.28,3,8.13,5.63h8.49V160.9h-9.2v5.71c-1.85-3.57-5.92-6.42-11.63-6.42 c-8.84,0-12.91,5.49-12.91,11.13c0,5.56,2.71,9.77,11.06,11.06l8.06,1.21c3.07,0.43,4.14,1.35,4.14,3.28c0,1.71-1.21,3.21-4.92,3.21 c-5.06,0-7.78-2.85-9.77-6.99h-8.06v13.48h9.27v-7.56C1008.18,192.86,1012.45,197.28,1019.73,197.28 M942.48,196.57h24.18v-8.2 h-3.49v-4.21l4.07-3.07l5.06,7.28h-3.78v8.2h24.25v-8.2h-3.64l-10.34-14.7l6.7-4.57h6.56v-8.2h-25.32v8.2h6.56l-10.13,7.35V144.5 h-20.69v8.2h6.42v35.67h-6.42V196.57z M915.16,178.73c0-7.49,1.71-10.41,5.56-10.41c3.85,0,5.56,2.92,5.56,10.41 c0,7.42-1.71,10.49-5.56,10.49C916.87,189.22,915.16,186.15,915.16,178.73 M920.72,197.28c11.7,0,20.54-7.7,20.54-18.55 c0-10.7-8.85-18.54-20.54-18.54c-11.7,0-20.54,7.85-20.54,18.54C900.18,189.58,909.03,197.28,920.72,197.28 M870.93,178.73 c0-7.49,1.71-10.41,5.56-10.41s5.56,2.92,5.56,10.41c0,7.42-1.71,10.49-5.56,10.49S870.93,186.15,870.93,178.73 M876.5,197.28 c11.7,0,20.54-7.7,20.54-18.55c0-10.7-8.84-18.54-20.54-18.54s-20.54,7.85-20.54,18.54C855.96,189.58,864.8,197.28,876.5,197.28 M818.22,166.89v-9.92h7.92c3.85,0,5.71,1.85,5.71,4.99c0,3.21-1.93,4.92-5.78,4.92H818.22z M818.22,186.22v-11.27h9.27 c4.57,0,6.63,2.43,6.63,5.64s-2.07,5.63-6.63,5.63H818.22z M791.69,196.57h41.51c14.19,0,19.69-5.85,19.69-13.62 c0-7.7-5.63-11.77-14.27-12.34c6.13-0.93,11.41-4.92,11.41-11.06c0-7.49-4.78-12.91-18.26-12.91h-40.09v10.34h9.27v29.24h-9.27 V196.57z M739.55,196.57h28.32v-8.2h-7.42V169.1h8.63v-8.2h-8.63v-4.57c0-2.14,1-3.85,4.14-3.85c2.92,0,3.99,1.78,3.71,4.78h11.77 c0.36-7.35-2.28-14.2-15.69-14.2c-11.48,0-18.19,4.92-18.19,14.05v3.78h-6.63v8.2h6.63v19.26h-6.63V196.57z M710.52,178.73 c0-7.49,1.71-10.41,5.56-10.41c3.85,0,5.56,2.92,5.56,10.41c0,7.42-1.71,10.49-5.56,10.49 C712.23,189.22,710.52,186.15,710.52,178.73 M716.08,197.28c11.7,0,20.54-7.7,20.54-18.55c0-10.7-8.84-18.54-20.54-18.54 c-11.7,0-20.54,7.85-20.54,18.54C695.54,189.58,704.38,197.28,716.08,197.28"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="header_search position-relative mb-xs-8"> <form method="get" action="/search/"> <div class="input-append"> <input class="w-100 pr-xs-10 st-default-search-input" id="mobile-search" name="s" type="text" placeholder="Search" title="search"> <button title="Search" type="submit" class="pl-xs-3 pr-xs-3"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.7666 20.0001C17.2909 20.0001 16.8152 19.8178 16.4514 19.4533L13.3802 16.376C12.6526 15.647 12.6526 14.4694 13.3802 13.7474C14.1077 13.0254 15.2831 13.0184 16.0036 13.7474L19.0749 16.8247C19.8024 17.5537 19.8024 18.7313 19.0749 19.4533C18.7181 19.8178 18.2423 20.0001 17.7666 20.0001Z" fill="#990101"/> <path d="M14.6955 15.8155C14.4996 15.8155 14.3108 15.7384 14.1638 15.5912L9.88932 11.3083C9.59549 11.0138 9.59549 10.5372 9.88932 10.2428C10.1831 9.94837 10.6589 9.94837 10.9527 10.2428L15.2272 14.5257C15.5211 14.8201 15.5211 15.2968 15.2272 15.5912C15.0803 15.7454 14.8844 15.8155 14.6955 15.8155Z" fill="#990101"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14 7C14 10.866 10.866 14 7 14C3.13401 14 0 10.866 0 7C0 3.13401 3.13401 0 7 0C10.866 0 14 3.13401 14 7ZM7.00733 11.0949C9.26485 11.0949 11.0949 9.2648 11.0949 7.00727C11.0949 4.74975 9.26485 2.91967 7.00733 2.91967C4.74981 2.91967 2.91972 4.74975 2.91972 7.00727C2.91972 9.2648 4.74981 11.0949 7.00733 11.0949Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="menu-item mb-xs-6"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/" class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0 pt-xs-1 h3 hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red">Politics</a> <a class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-politics" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-politics"> <span class="sr-only">Collapse</span> <svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 35 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M34.03 17.0541C34.03 25.8955 26.6613 33.1082 17.515 33.1082C8.36871 33.1082 1 25.8955 1 17.0541C1 8.21263 8.36871 1 17.515 1C26.6613 1 34.03 8.21263 34.03 17.0541Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> <path d="M10.5839 12.3416L17.9512 19.3916L25.3184 12.3416L26.927 13.8502L17.9512 22.4395L8.97534 13.8502L10.5839 12.3416Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="collapse pl-xs-4" id="collapse-politics"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/us-politics/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">United States</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/international/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">International</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/human-rights/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Human Rights</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/climate-change/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Climate Change</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/politics/election-2024/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Election 2024</a> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item mb-xs-6"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/" class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0 pt-xs-1 h3 hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red">Literature</a> <a class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-literature" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-literature"> <span class="sr-only">Collapse</span> <svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 35 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M34.03 17.0541C34.03 25.8955 26.6613 33.1082 17.515 33.1082C8.36871 33.1082 1 25.8955 1 17.0541C1 8.21263 8.36871 1 17.515 1C26.6613 1 34.03 8.21263 34.03 17.0541Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> <path d="M10.5839 12.3416L17.9512 19.3916L25.3184 12.3416L26.927 13.8502L17.9512 22.4395L8.97534 13.8502L10.5839 12.3416Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="collapse pl-xs-4" id="collapse-literature"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/fiction/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Fiction</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/poetry/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Poetry</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/biography-memoir/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Biography & Memoir</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/in-translation/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">In Translation</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/literature/essays/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Essays</a> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item mb-xs-6"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/" class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0 pt-xs-1 h3 hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red">Arts</a> <a class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-arts" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-arts"> <span class="sr-only">Collapse</span> <svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 35 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M34.03 17.0541C34.03 25.8955 26.6613 33.1082 17.515 33.1082C8.36871 33.1082 1 25.8955 1 17.0541C1 8.21263 8.36871 1 17.515 1C26.6613 1 34.03 8.21263 34.03 17.0541Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> <path d="M10.5839 12.3416L17.9512 19.3916L25.3184 12.3416L26.927 13.8502L17.9512 22.4395L8.97534 13.8502L10.5839 12.3416Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="collapse pl-xs-4" id="collapse-arts"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/visual-arts/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Visual Arts</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/performing-arts/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Performing Arts</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/film-television/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Film & Television</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/music/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Music</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/arts/society-culture/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Society & Culture</a> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item mb-xs-6"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/" class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0 pt-xs-1 h3 hover-text-ny-red hover-border-ny-red">Ideas</a> <a class="font-giza color-ny-red mb-0" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-ideas" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-ideas"> <span class="sr-only">Collapse</span> <svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 35 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M34.03 17.0541C34.03 25.8955 26.6613 33.1082 17.515 33.1082C8.36871 33.1082 1 25.8955 1 17.0541C1 8.21263 8.36871 1 17.515 1C26.6613 1 34.03 8.21263 34.03 17.0541Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> <path d="M10.5839 12.3416L17.9512 19.3916L25.3184 12.3416L26.927 13.8502L17.9512 22.4395L8.97534 13.8502L10.5839 12.3416Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="collapse pl-xs-4" id="collapse-ideas"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/history/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">History</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/economics/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Economics</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/science-technology/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Science & Technology</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/law/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Law</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/ideas/philosophy-religion/" class="color-black font-giza mt-xs-3 d-block hover-text-black hover-border-black">Philosophy & Religion</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-xl bg-ny-red pt-xs-3 pb-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-5 col-md-3"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/issues/2024/12/05/"> <span class="sr-only">Current Issue</span> <img src="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=652" srcset="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=142 142w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=284 284w,, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=652 652w, https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/nyrb120524.jpg?w=1304 1304w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 142px, 652px" class="mw-100" alt="" > </a> </div> <div class="col-7 col-md-9"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/issues/2024/12/05/" class="text-decoration-none"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center h-100"> <div class="text-center w-100"> <p class="color-yellow text-small mb-0"></p> <p class="color-white h5 mb-0">Current Issue</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-xl bg-white pt-xs-5 pb-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p class="color-ny-red mb-xs-4 h5">More from the Review</p> </div> <div class="col-6"> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/events/" class="hover-text-black color-black font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block">Events</a> <a href="/issues/" class="hover-text-black color-black font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block">All Issues</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/" class="hover-text-black color-black font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block">About Us</a> </div> <div class="col-6"> <a href="https://shop.nybooks.com/" target="_blank" class="hover-text-black color-black font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block "> <span>Shop Literary Gifts</span> </a> <a href="http://www.nyrb.com/" target="_blank" class="hover-text-black color-black font-giza mb-xs-4 d-block "> <span>Shop NYRB Classics</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container mt-xs-16"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="page-content"> <h2>Sign In</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container"> <div class="container mb-xs-6"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="page-content"> <div id="leaky-paywall-login-form"><form name="loginform" id="loginform" action="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-login.php" method="post"><p class="login-username"> <label for="user_login">Username or Email Address</label> <input type="text" name="log" id="user_login" autocomplete="username" class="input" value="" size="20" /> </p><p class="login-password"> <label for="user_pass">Password</label> <input type="password" name="pwd" id="user_pass" autocomplete="current-password" spellcheck="false" class="input" value="" size="20" /> </p><p class="login-remember"><label><input name="rememberme" type="checkbox" id="rememberme" value="forever" /> Remember Me</label></p><p class="login-submit"> <input type="submit" name="wp-submit" id="wp-submit" class="button button-primary" value="Log In" /> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_to" value="" /> </p><a id="leaky-paywall-lost-password-link" href="https://subscribe.nybooks.com/ecom/nyb/app/live/web_user_maint?org=NYB&pagemode=c">Lost Password?</a></form></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="toast-cta w-100 bg-white shadow to-activate"> <div class="pb-xs-3 pt-xs-3 position-relative"> <div class="toast-close"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.85752 12.21L2.29256 19.7172L0 17.4422L7.56496 9.93495L0.131114 2.55785L2.42368 0.282783L9.85752 7.65988L17.5763 0L19.8689 2.27506L12.1501 9.93495L20 17.7249L17.7074 20L9.85752 12.21Z" fill="#990101"/> </svg> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="short-width mx-auto position-relative"> <img class="toast-img" src="https://www.nybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Sub_PrintDigital_FREEcalendar_7_2024.png" alt="New York Review subscription offer with free calendar"> <p class="font-giza mb-xs-3 color-ny-red text-xs-22 pr-xs-10">Give the gift they鈥檒l open all year.</p> <p class="text-xs-16">Save 65% off the regular rate and over 75% off the cover price <em>and</em> receive a free 2025 calendar!</p> <div class="text-xs pr-xs-6 z-index-10 d-flex align-items-center"> <a href="https://subscribe.nybooks.com/ecom/nyb/app/live/subscriptions?org=NYB&publ=NY&key_code=7PKXHPB&type=S&gift_key=7PKXHPB" class="button font-giza bg-ny-red color-white hover-text-white hover-expand sign-in-subscribe text-xs-16 mr-xs-3"><span>Give a gift</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="bg-black color-white pt-xs-6 pt-lg-10"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6"> <p class="text-xs-24 text-lg-30 font-giza mb-xs-3">Subscribe to our Newsletters</p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6"> <div class="mb-xs-6 mb-lg-3 text-xs-16 text-lg-20 footer-newsletter-text"><p>Best of <em>The New York Review</em>, plus books, events, and other items of interest. Or, see all newsletter options <a href="/newsletter/">here</a>.</p> </div> <div class="menu-newsletter mb-xs-6" data-form-source="Footer Signup"> <form class="newsletter-trigger"> <div class="newsletter-trigger__wrapper"> <label for="email" class="sr-only">Email Address</label> <input type="email" class="newsletter-trigger__input bg-transparent w-100 pt-xs-3 pb-xs-3" id="email" placeholder="Enter your email address"> <div class="newsletter-trigger__submit"> <button type="submit" class="button">Continue</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rule-white mb-xs-6"></div> </div> <div class="col-12 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between font-giza text-small"> <div class="footer-left-links"> <a class="pl-0 pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block" href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/" title=""> <span>About Us</span> </a> <a class=" pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block" href="https://www.nybooks.com/archive/" title=""> <span>Archive</span> </a> <a class=" pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block" href="https://www.nybooks.com/classifieds/" title=""> <span>Classifieds</span> </a> <a class=" pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block" href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/advertising/" title=""> <span>Advertising</span> </a> <a class=" pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block" href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/faq/" title=""> <span>Help/FAQ</span> </a> <a class=" pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block" href="https://www.nybooks.com/newsletter/" title=""> <span>Newsletters</span> </a> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block d-lg-none" href="https://shop.nybooks.com/" target="blank"> <span>Shop Literary Gifts</span> </a> <a class=" mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-inline-block d-lg-none" href="http://www.nyrb.com/" target="blank"> <span>Shop NYRB Classics</span> </a> </div> <div class="footer-right-links"> <a class="mr-xs-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-none d-lg-inline-block" href="https://shop.nybooks.com/" target="blank"> <span>Shop Literary Gifts</span> </a> <a class=" mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-border-white d-none d-lg-inline-block" href="http://www.nyrb.com/" target="blank"> <span>Shop NYRB Classics</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 d-lg-none"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-6"> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-underline d-block font-giza text-small" href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/" title="">About Us</a> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-underline d-block font-giza text-small" href="https://www.nybooks.com/archive/" title="">Archive</a> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-underline d-block font-giza text-small" href="https://www.nybooks.com/classifieds/" title="">Classifieds</a> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-underline d-block font-giza text-small" href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/advertising/" title="">Advertising</a> </div> <div class="col-6"> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-underline d-block font-giza text-small" href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/faq/" title="">Help/FAQ</a> <a class="pr-lg-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white hover-underline d-block font-giza text-small" href="https://www.nybooks.com/newsletter/" title="">Newsletters</a> <a class="mr-xs-6 mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white d-block font-giza text-small d-lg-none" href="https://shop.nybooks.com/" target="_blank"> <span class="color-white hover-underline">Shop Literary Gifts</span> </a> <a class=" mb-xs-5 mb-lg-6 hover-text-white d-block font-giza text-small d-lg-none" href="http://www.nyrb.com/" target="_blank"> <span class="color-white hover-underline">Shop NYRB Classics</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 pb-xs-6"> <div class="rule-white mb-xs-4"></div> <p class="text-label color-gray d-lg-inline-block mr-lg-6 mb-0">© 1963-2024 NYREV, Inc. All rights reserved.</p> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/about/terms-of-service/" class="mr-xs-6 text-label color-gray hover-text-white">Terms of Service</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/privacy/" class="mr-xs-6 text-label color-gray hover-text-white">Privacy Statement</a> <a href="https://subscribe.nybooks.com/ecom/nyb/app/live/subcustserv?org=NYB&publ=NY&php=y" class="mr-xs-6 text-label color-gray hover-text-white">Subscription Customer Service</a> <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/accessibility-statement/" class="mr-xs-6 text-label color-gray hover-text-white">Accessibility Statement</a> <span class="text-label color-gray float-lg-right d-block d-lg-inline-block mt-xs-1 mt-lg-0">Site by <a href="http://athleticsnyc.com/" target="_blank" class="text-label color-gray hover-text-white text-underline">Athletics</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script> var NYRBSearch = { "nonce": "b40e5dab31" }; </script> <div id="search-dev-tools-portal"></div> <style> .single .paywall-article { display: none; } </style><script type="text/javascript" id="leaky_paywall_cookie_js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var leaky_paywall_cookie_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","post_container":".paywall-article","page_container":".page-content","lead_in_elements":"5"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="leaky_paywall_validate-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var leaky_paywall_validate_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","register_nonce":"d78532cdcb"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="leaky_paywall_script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var leaky_paywall_script_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","stripe_pk":"","apple_pay":"no"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nybooks.com/_static/??-eJydkM0KwjAQhF/IdttaMRfxUWRNF026+SGbWvL2Rm96qsKchu9jYGCNjQ4+k88QebkZL8CEc2kilhWZwUpNZcJsqLWygy3GR/Gr7IxOwYUJuXXG/7n5QDYT5u2ropOJ+RvPd3Ik4Eu6XoZu6ABFKL8ueXcVP7tTf9z346gOStkn07t88w==" ></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"195950105\",\"post\":\"47869\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"www.nybooks.com\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "195950105", "47869" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Sign In | The New York Review of Books