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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi and illegal financial activities by Irish republican and loyalist groups in the Troubles</div> <p> In order to finance their armed campaigns during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> (1969–1998), both <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist</a> paramilitaries engaged in numerous <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> activities within Ireland and the United Kingdom, such as <a href="/wiki/Bank_robbery" title="Bank robbery">bank robbery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootleg recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>, and legitimate businesses such as <a href="/wiki/Social_club" title="Social club">social clubs</a>, taxi companies, and retail shops. They also received finances from overseas, with the Republican paramilitaries being given the most support.<sup id="cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJFS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overwhelming bulk of the revenue provided for the paramilitaries throughout the conflict came from criminal and legitimate activities across the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These funds were used to purchase weapons overseas and parts to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">homemade firearms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">explosives</a>, pay their volunteers and families of imprisoned activists, and for political, public relations, and community activities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDWAD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDWAD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VEFA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEFA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While overseas donations were generally appreciated, they were mostly small and did not really impact any tactical or political decisions on the paramilitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJFS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Businesses">Businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> ran legitimate or semi-legitimate-owned businesses which included private security firms, the black taxi cabs in Belfast (one co-operative of over 300 taxis located on Falls Road was estimated to have had an annual income of about US$1 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They also include at least two known hackney cab services in Dublin, construction firms, shops, restaurants, courier services, guest houses, cars and machinery, pubs which at one time or another have included two small pubs in <a href="/wiki/Finglas" title="Finglas">Finglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a>, two in <a href="/wiki/Coolock" title="Coolock">Coolock</a>, also in Dublin with several more in the city centre, three in <a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, three in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> (including one Cork hotel), and more small pubs 'scattered about the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One IRA interviewee stated that starting in the 1970s: </p> <blockquote><p>Belfast ran itself for years on its [social] clubs. You know the clubs? They formed the clubs, earlier on they formed it and ... the car parks, you know, not building them but taking over areas and running them as car parks. There was no one to say how much you took in and how much you took out and so, you know, if there was twenty-thousand coming in every week you could say there's twelve-thousand coming in and then there's eight-thousand going one way, and you paid your people and say there's so much going every week. And that financed the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 1978, after brothels and massage parlours had multiplied tenfold<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the paramilitary groups saw their potential as sources of revenue. The Provisional IRA had begun to use the earnings from some establishments to buy arms and explosives. Paramilitary-run pubs were established in the wake of civil disorder across Northern Ireland, initially functioning to provide safe areas for local communities to congregate. Over 20 Republican-controlled drinking clubs soon evolved into major fund-raising fronts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with clubs like “The Felons” allegedly handing over a large proportion of the profits to PIRA. Whilst many of the IRA-run clubs became “legalized,” they nonetheless “all ran two sets of books”’ to obscure the diversion of funds to IRA-affiliated organizations, as well as to hide the extent of their illicit profiteering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>British professors Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith estimated that £1,444,000 per year came from IRA-run associated clubs in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1997, <i>The Irish Times</i> reported that "IRA has acquired the services of senior professional figures, including an accountant and banker, in Dublin to oversee the acquisition and running of up to 20 public houses and the laundering of money."<sup id="cite_ref-MHJOY_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHJOY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black taxies were also significantly profitable for the IRA, including the Falls Road Black Taxis service, which attracted former IRA prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> reported in 1995 that over £750,000 per year came from IRA black taxies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neil Southern wrote that: </p> <blockquote><p>[B]lack taxis, which charged reasonable fares, were a significant source of income for the IRA. Drivers contributed a small amount of their weekly takings to 'the cause' and so were not shackled by an overly burdensome extortion racket. Taking a little from a large resource was a better strategy than demanding a lot from a resource pool which is smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Military historian Margaret Sankey stated: </p> <blockquote><p>In 1972, British intelligence tracked a PIRA firebombing campaign against Belfast city buses, assuming that it was solely a terror tactic against the government and meant to unsettle the population and destroy infrastructure. It turned out that the PIRA had decided to buy into the taxi business, putting money "to work" via <a href="/wiki/Sinn_Fein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinn Fein">Sinn Fein</a>'s grants to entrepreneurs affiliated with the cause. Every step of operating the black cabs—renting the vehicle, fueling it, repairing it, and paying a tax on earnings—went into republican pockets, with the additional expectation that the cabs were on call to ferry people around anonymously and deliver crates of arms. The firebombs had also been to render the city's public transportation inoperable and drive passengers to the more expensive cabs, while taking $3 million a year out of the city's budget.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1976, a Northern Irish official wrote a detailed letter on a number of firms with strong paramilitary links. In a thinly veiled reference to a well-known West Belfast taxi firm, he wrote it was "managed by men with strong Provisional IRA/Provisional Sinn Féin connections. Since it was formed by detainees from within the Maze, it seems reasonable to assume that most at least of its 200-plus members share their views. It is generally regarded as a PIRA/PSF business." He also said that "It is reported to pay 20 per cent of its profits to PIRA and has a leading member of the PIRA in Londonderry on its board."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist">Loyalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Loyalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drinking clubs were also the main sources of funds for the Loyalists. Initially, the main difference between a drinking club and a pub was that it was more difficult to obtain a license for pubs and so drinking clubs were less regulated. On the other hand, pub owners did not have to provide the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> with a copy of their bank accounts/transactions. Anti-racketeering officers estimated that, in 1990, more than £100,000 went missing from one club in Belfast alone, siphoned off in support of terrorist criminal activity. During the early 1990s, regulations and oversight were tightened and the government closed a great number of clubs. These new regulations and controls had a serious impact on the funding of the Loyalists, and the Loyalists were forced into other avenues to fund their activity.<sup id="cite_ref-HWWDA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWWDA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loyalists also operated security firms as well. These companies were legally established and they operated by protecting businesses, estates, and so forth. Incidentally, the business owner could claim the money paid for security as a tax allowance (which essentially meant that the British government, through tax breaks, was indirectly funding the Loyalists). These security firms used harsh measures to protect their clients from common criminals. During the last half of the 1990s, these security firms executed some 1,400 reprisals in support of their clients. Because even the Royal Ulster Constabulary avoided some of the Loyalist areas, the only protection against criminals that was available for some was from the paramilitaries. One famous <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a> leader, James Craig, was the head of three such legal security companies.<sup id="cite_ref-HWWDA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWWDA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building firms were also valuable as do taxi companies. As violence increased in Northern Ireland, many abandoned public buses in favor of taxis. Loyalist and Republican paramilitaries controlled taxi companies, often for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and as employment for their supporters. Like the Republicans, building firms were also seen as <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organizations</a> by Loyalists to create avenues of money. These companies might win contracts against regular companies because of lower costs and they didn't have to pay "<a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protection money</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-HWWDA_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWWDA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armed_robbery">Armed robbery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Armed robbery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_2">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, the IRA formally began robberies. In December 1974, a team of IRA members carried out a robbery at the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank#Merger_as_Chase_Manhattan_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a>, netting them approximately £140,000. On 31 March 1976, an IRA unit robbed the Cork-Dublin train at <a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">County Kildare</a> of over £220.000 in an operation planned by the PIRA long in advance of the actual robbery, a raid that was even considered by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> because of the nature of the potential reward. By the late 1970s, armed robberies in the Republic of Ireland were taking place almost every other day. In 1978, there were 237 armed robberies, with £837,000 stolen. The following year, nearly £2.25 million was taken in 250 armed robberies. The IRA was believed to be responsible for about half of the money being stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-KFESF_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFESF-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1978 <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> report by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/James_Glover_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Glover (British Army officer)">James Glover</a> estimated the IRA's annual income at £950,000, of which £550,000 were from theft.<sup id="cite_ref-HAFFES_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAFFES-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trend continued into the 1980s, including sizable bank robberies in <a href="/wiki/Killarney" title="Killarney">Killarney</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Ross" title="New Ross">New Ross</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a> in April and June 1980 respectively. In New Ross, bank employees and patrons were padlocked into the building as the perpetrators made their escape. Following a <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a> robbery in 1982, the IRA unit escaped by boat across the River Suir, avoiding garda roadblocks on bridges. Much of the money went into the purchase of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-KFESF_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFESF-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> report of 26 March 1983 stated: "Between 1971 and 1982 over £7 million was stolen in armed robberies in Northern Ireland, the largest proportion being taken by the Provisionals. In the Irish Republic, it is estimated that the Provisional IRA takes some 50 percent of £400,000 of the cash stolen each year."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1997, <i>The Irish Times</i> reported that "£60,000 stolen in armed robberies was surrendered to this [IRA head accountant] man at the beginning of the 1994 ceasefire."<sup id="cite_ref-MHJOY_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHJOY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist_2">Loyalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Loyalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the IRA, armed robberies committed by loyalist paramilitaries were largely restricted within Northern Ireland. In July 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF) stole £250,000 from a Northern Bank in <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>. The money was used to fund a weapons shipment from the South African <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime, in which the British government largely assisted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA) carried out a well-planned and executed robbery. It began in the home of the security company's driver, where his family were handcuffed and gagged. The actual robbery occurred when armed and masked men outside <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> stopped the van, and a million pounds in used banknotes were seized by the UDA. It was one of the biggest attacks on a money transport.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kidnapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_3">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kidnapping, while a very risky task, was also a prominent source of funds. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Irish_Banks" title="Allied Irish Banks">Allied Irish Banks</a> paid out £5,000 to save the life of one of its staff who was "under sentence of death" for thwarting an IRA bank raid. In 1981, the IRA abducted Irish businessman <a href="/wiki/Ben_Dunne_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Dunne (entrepreneur)">Ben Dunne</a> on a <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a> road and was held in an unknown location, most likely in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>, Northern Ireland. He was released six days later, with the Dunne family reportedly denying paying the ransom, although it was widely reported that the IRA received £700,000.<sup id="cite_ref-KFESF_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFESF-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A string of kidnappings of (Northern and Southern) bank managers and their families netted approximately £60,000 ($80,000) to £80,000 ($110,000) per event (no one knows how many such kidnappings occurred because banks often preferred to pay up and keep quiet). </p><p>On 24 November 1983, <a href="/wiki/Tesco_Ireland" title="Tesco Ireland">Quinnsworth</a> executive Don Tidey was kidnapped outside his home in <a href="/wiki/Rathfarnham" title="Rathfarnham">Rathfarnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> by the IRA.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish security forces began a manhunt for the kidnappers, culminating in a shootout with the IRA, in which Irish soldier <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Patrick_Kelly" title="Killing of Patrick Kelly">Patrick Kelly</a> and Garda officer <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheehan_(police_officer)" title="Gary Sheehan (police officer)">Gary Sheehan</a> were killed. The killings created an uproar in the Republic of Ireland and the ransom was never officially paid.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IRA was forced to abandon kidnapping as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racketeering,_smuggling,_and_fraud"><span id="Racketeering.2C_smuggling.2C_and_fraud"></span>Racketeering, smuggling, and fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Racketeering, smuggling, and fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Racketeering, smuggling, and fraud also generated significant sources of income, with contraband ranging from pigs to tobacco. <a href="/wiki/John_Hermon" title="John Hermon">John Hermon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, stated in his annual report for 1983 that:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Republican and Loyalist paramilitary organisations have established a lucrative foothold in criminal racketeering which, if not eradicated, will become a pernicious feature of the social and economic life of our community.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_4">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most notorious operation is that of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)">Thomas "Slab" Murphy</a>, who earned his nickname from his habit of dropping cement blocks on peoples' legs. In the mid-1980s, Murphy led an active service unit along the border. For many years he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">IRA Northern Command</a>. In 1970, Murphy constructed a barn that straddles the border with the Republic of Ireland. When the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> offered a subsidy to Irish farmers for every animal exported to the UK, Murphy brought livestock into the North by ferry, collected the subsidy, and then herded the animals into one end of his barn. The livestock then went through the structure to the South, whence Murphy again ferried the animals up North for the collection of the subsidy. As of 2005, Murphy's smuggling operations were believed to net IRA and Sinn Féin in the range of £20 million per year. For the most part, Republicans control this sector.<sup id="cite_ref-HFES_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFES-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1978 British Army report by Brigadier James Glover estimated that of the IRA's annual income at £950,000, £250,000 came from racketeering.<sup id="cite_ref-HAFFES_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAFFES-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1984, two armed IRA members hijacked a lorry as it left the <a href="/wiki/Carroll%27s" title="Carroll's">PJ Carroll</a> cigarette factory on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a>. The lorry was packed with cigarettes with an estimated market value of £250,000. The raiders brought the lorry to a side road where the cigarettes were transferred to a waiting vehicle. A former lorry driver was later charged six months later for providing the IRA with information leading to the hijacking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist_3">Loyalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loyalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loyalist paramilitaries also engaged in racketeering in the conflict. In a November 18, 1996 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Jeff Maxwell of government-funded Base 2 charity – charged with verifying intimidation – stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>In loyalist areas, you take a loan from someone who is a member of a paramilitary organization. They are running the local shebeens [drinking clubs]. Social clubs, taxi drivers, and shops pay protection money. The depot pays the paramilitaries seven pounds per taxi on the road per week. It is organized crime. The loyalist side is directly involved in selling drugs. Both sides take cuts from people who operate in their areas. </p> </blockquote> <p>Unlike Irish Republican groups, who saw drug activity as immoral, there was less hesitation among Loyalists. The Loyalist involvement began by taking a cut of the regular criminals' drug trade. Once the leadership discovered the volume of money and the low risk involved, they also took over more of the import and distribution. In 1991, the British government estimated that the Ulster Defense Association and the Ulster Volunteer Force made a million pounds from the drug business. During the 1990s it was estimated that the Loyalists controlled some 60 percent of the drugs in Northern Ireland. According to the U.S. Northern Ireland Threat Assessment for 2001, it was believed that half of the groups involved in drug dealing had paramilitary associations.<sup id="cite_ref-GFWA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFWA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Loyalists' involvement in the drug trade was seen as controversial in the Loyalist community and never supported. But for many, it was justified on the grounds it was a low risk compared to extortion and drinking clubs (the latter which attracted government attention) and in order to keep the cash flow going. The UVF was a significant actor in this trade even though its senior leadership was against it. It was also a major reason why the splinter groups of the Ulster Freedom Fighters and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> were established in 1996 in order to keep the drug trade going.<sup id="cite_ref-GFWA_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFWA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Donations">Donations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Donations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_5">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish Republican militants also received considerable donations from groups, individuals and state actors outside Northern Ireland. From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Libyan dictator <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> gave the IRA over $12.5 million in cash (the equivalent of roughly $40 million in 2021).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IRA also received at least $2 million from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC) in exchange for training them with bomb techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane_bomb" title="Propane bomb">propane bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a> and the construction of mortars (see also the <a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish Australians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_New_Zealanders" title="Irish New Zealanders">Irish New Zealanders</a> provided financial donations to Republican organisations, mostly the Provisionals. The financial backbone of the Provisional cause in America was the Irish Northern Aid Committee (<a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a>), which was estimated to have raised $3.6 million between 1970 and 1991, ranging from supporting families of dead or imprisoned IRA members to lobbying and propaganda efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, officials estimated that by the 1990s, no more than A$20,000 were raised annually for the Provisionals.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian supporters raised money to secretly purchase weapons, notably detonators used for Canadian mining sites and smuggled to the IRA.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist_4">Loyalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Loyalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee">Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee</a> report of June 2002 estimated that in 1992, Scottish support for the UVF and UDA was at £100,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of these methods, both Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries were largely well-funded and sophisticated in their methods, enough to buy enough firearms and explosives as well as other activities throughout the conflict. The sums involving donations from overseas were very small and paled in comparison to the sources generated within the British Isles, which provided the overwhelming bulk of revenue for both Republican and loyalist paramilitaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_6">Republican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1978, Glover estimated the IRA's annual income at £950,000.<sup id="cite_ref-HAFFES_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAFFES-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1980s, IRA's annual funding ranged from £2 million to £4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-KFESF_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFESF-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1987, RUC chief constable John Hermon told government ministers at the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement#Anglo-Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a> that "[i]t costs the IRA £2-£3 million per year to maintain its activity. That amount is no problem to them and they have no shortage of money to purchase weapons."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1994, it reached $7.5 million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FDWAD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDWAD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee">Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee</a> report of June 2002 estimated the PIRA's running cost at £1.5 million per year against its estimated annual funding of £5-8 million. The same report also saw the INLA's running cost at £25-30,000 per year against its estimated annual funding of £500,000, and the <a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a> (RIRA)'s running cost at £500,000 per year against its estimated annual funding of £5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist_5">Loyalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Loyalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee report of June 2002 estimated the UVF's annual running costs at £1–2 million per year, against an annual fundraising capability of £1.5 million. The same report also estimated the UDA's annual running costs at £500,000 against an annual fundraising capability of £500,000-1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DDBVGEW-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmniaf/978/97806.htm">Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i> (Report). 26 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Select+Committee+on+Northern+Ireland+Affairs+-+Part+One%3A+The+continuing+threat+from+paramilitary+organisations&rft.date=2002-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmselect%2Fcmniaf%2F978%2F97806.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJFS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JJFS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JJFS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_K._Donohue2006" class="citation journal cs1">Laura K. Donohue (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1187&context=mjil#page=8">"Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States"</a>. <b>27</b> (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anti-Terrorist+Finance+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+United+States&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Laura+K.+Donohue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1187%26context%3Dmjil%23page%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horgan and Taylor. “The Provisional Irish Republican Army: Command and Functional Structure. Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 11, No. 3 (Fall 1999), p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDWAD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDWAD_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDWAD_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Coll1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> (12 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/02/12/ira-thrives-on-income-from-rackets-investigators-say/01900ed9-f6b5-4463-aba9-b720cd25c976/">"IRA THRIVES ON INCOME FROM RACKETS, INVESTIGATORS SAY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=IRA+THRIVES+ON+INCOME+FROM+RACKETS%2C+INVESTIGATORS+SAY&rft.date=1994-02-12&rft.au=Steve+Coll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1994%2F02%2F12%2Fira-thrives-on-income-from-rackets-investigators-say%2F01900ed9-f6b5-4463-aba9-b720cd25c976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VEFA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VEFA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Freeman2016" class="citation book cs1">Michael Freeman (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvkFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170"><i>Financing Terrorism: Case Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5074" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5074"><bdi>9-7813-1713-5074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financing+Terrorism%3A+Case+Studies&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.isbn=9-7813-1713-5074&rft.au=Michael+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvkFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Woodford_and_M.L.R._Smith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/62491411/Inside_the_Finances_of_the_PIRA_RAINSBOROUGH_AcceptedJanuary2017_GREEN_AAM.pdf#page=4">"The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <b>41</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Provos%3A+Inside+the+Finances+of+the+Provisional+IRA+%E2%80%93+A+Revision&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Isabel+Woodford+and+M.L.R.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F62491411%2FInside_the_Finances_of_the_PIRA_RAINSBOROUGH_AcceptedJanuary2017_GREEN_AAM.pdf%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). <i>A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980</i>. Merrion Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Woodford_and_M.L.R._Smith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/62491411/Inside_the_Finances_of_the_PIRA_RAINSBOROUGH_AcceptedJanuary2017_GREEN_AAM.pdf#page=17">"The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <b>41</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Provos%3A+Inside+the+Finances+of+the+Provisional+IRA+%E2%80%93+A+Revision&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Isabel+Woodford+and+M.L.R.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F62491411%2FInside_the_Finances_of_the_PIRA_RAINSBOROUGH_AcceptedJanuary2017_GREEN_AAM.pdf%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHJOY-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MHJOY_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MHJOY_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Cusack1997" class="citation news cs1">Jim Cusack (24 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ira-owns-up-to-20-pubs-in-the-republic-1.55148">"IRA "owns up to 20 pubs in the Republic"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IRA+%22owns+up+to+20+pubs+in+the+Republic%22&rft.date=1997-03-24&rft.au=Jim+Cusack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fira-owns-up-to-20-pubs-in-the-republic-1.55148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_H._Norwitz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_H._Norwitz" title="Jeffrey H. Norwitz">Jeffrey H. Norwitz</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbu_lcs6NL8C&pg=PA53"><i>Armed groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7801-6086-6999" title="Special:BookSources/9-7801-6086-6999"><bdi>9-7801-6086-6999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+groups%3A+Studies+in+National+Security%2C+Counterterrorism%2C+and+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9-7801-6086-6999&rft.au=Jeffrey+H.+Norwitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvbu_lcs6NL8C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Rose_and_Bruce_Oswald2016" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Rose and Bruce Oswald (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DHFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167"><i>Detention of Non-State Actors Engaged in Hostilities: The Future Law</i></a>. BRILL. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7890-0431-0643" title="Special:BookSources/9-7890-0431-0643"><bdi>9-7890-0431-0643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detention+of+Non-State+Actors+Engaged+in+Hostilities%3A+The+Future+Law&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.isbn=9-7890-0431-0643&rft.au=Gregory+Rose+and+Bruce+Oswald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DHFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Southern2018" class="citation book cs1">Neil Southern (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJJVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Policing and Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7833-1975-9999" title="Special:BookSources/9-7833-1975-9999"><bdi>9-7833-1975-9999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Combating+Terrorism+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+The+Royal+Ulster+Constabulary+GC&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.isbn=9-7833-1975-9999&rft.au=Neil+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJJVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Sankey2022" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Sankey (15 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6v5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Blood Money: How Criminals, Militias, Rebels, and Warlords Finance Violence</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7816-8247-7519" title="Special:BookSources/9-7816-8247-7519"><bdi>9-7816-8247-7519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Money%3A+How+Criminals%2C+Militias%2C+Rebels%2C+and+Warlords+Finance+Violence&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.isbn=9-7816-8247-7519&rft.au=Margaret+Sankey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6v5vEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉamon_Phoenix2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_Phoenix" title="Éamon Phoenix">Éamon Phoenix</a> (30 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/paramilitary-roles-in-black-taxi-and-building-trade-monitored-1.1043307">"Paramilitary roles in 'black taxi' and building trade monitored"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paramilitary+roles+in+%27black+taxi%27+and+building+trade+monitored&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft.au=%C3%89amon+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fparamilitary-roles-in-black-taxi-and-building-trade-monitored-1.1043307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWWDA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HWWDA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HWWDA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HWWDA_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUGDAAAQBAJ&dq=taxi+cabs+money+loyalist+paramilitary&pg=PT213"><i>Financing Terrorism: Case Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 15 April 2016. p. 213-214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5067" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5067"><bdi>9-7813-1713-5067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financing+Terrorism%3A+Case+Studies&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.isbn=9-7813-1713-5067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfUGDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtaxi%2Bcabs%2Bmoney%2Bloyalist%2Bparamilitary%26pg%3DPT213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KFESF-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KFESF_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFESF_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFESF_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFESF_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2023" class="citation news cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (11 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/2023/03/11/the-many-ways-the-ira-sought-to-finance-itself-during-the-troubles/">"Armed robberies, kidnappings and counterfeit cash: The many ways the IRA sought to finance itself during the Troubles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armed+robberies%2C+kidnappings+and+counterfeit+cash%3A+The+many+ways+the+IRA+sought+to+finance+itself+during+the+Troubles&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F2023%2F03%2F11%2Fthe-many-ways-the-ira-sought-to-finance-itself-during-the-troubles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAFFES-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAFFES_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAFFES_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAFFES_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Pat_Coogan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Tim Pat Coogan</a> (5 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33sWKhmPl3UC&pg=PA252"><i>The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7803-1229-4182" title="Special:BookSources/9-7803-1229-4182"><bdi>9-7803-1229-4182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles%3A+Ireland%27s+Ordeal+and+the+Search+for+Peace&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002-01-05&rft.isbn=9-7803-1229-4182&rft.au=Tim+Pat+Coogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33sWKhmPl3UC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1987/proni_NIO-12-525A_1983-05-26h.pdf#page=5">THE IRA: FINANCE AND WEAPONS</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a>. 26 May 1983. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=THE+IRA%3A+FINANCE+AND+WEAPONS&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Office&rft.date=1983-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fproni%2F1987%2Fproni_NIO-12-525A_1983-05-26h.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cassidy" class="citation web cs1">John Cassidy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/EXPOSED%3A+LVF%2FUFF+PLAN+TO+BRING+IN+GUNS+FROM+S.A.%3B+Exclusive%3A+The+evil...-a080172142">"EXPOSED: LVF/UFF PLAN TO BRING IN GUNS FROM S.A.; Exclusive: The evil loyalist scheme to bring Armageddon to Ulster Handguns, grenades rifles & ammo on sick shopping list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary#The_Free_Library" title="The Free Dictionary">Free Library</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Library&rft.atitle=EXPOSED%3A+LVF%2FUFF+PLAN+TO+BRING+IN+GUNS+FROM+S.A.%3B+Exclusive%3A+The+evil+loyalist+scheme+to+bring+Armageddon+to+Ulster+Handguns%2C+grenades+rifles+%26+ammo+on+sick+shopping+list.&rft.au=John+Cassidy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FEXPOSED%253A%2BLVF%252FUFF%2BPLAN%2BTO%2BBRING%2BIN%2BGUNS%2BFROM%2BS.A.%253B%2BExclusive%253A%2BThe%2Bevil...-a080172142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McKittrick1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">David McKittrick</a> (14 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uda-linked-to-pounds-1m-raid-in-belfast-1304961.html">"UDA linked to pounds 1m raid in Belfast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=UDA+linked+to+pounds+1m+raid+in+Belfast&rft.date=1996-04-14&rft.au=David+McKittrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuda-linked-to-pounds-1m-raid-in-belfast-1304961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Freeman2016" class="citation book cs1">Michael Freeman (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvkFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Financing Terrorism: Case Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5074" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5074"><bdi>9-7813-1713-5074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financing+Terrorism%3A+Case+Studies&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.isbn=9-7813-1713-5074&rft.au=Michael+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvkFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Bird1983" class="citation news cs1">Charlie Bird (25 November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/2018/1124/1012375-don-tidey-kidnapped/">"Supermarket Executive Kidnapped 1983"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supermarket+Executive+Kidnapped+1983&rft.date=1983-11-25&rft.au=Charlie+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2F2018%2F1124%2F1012375-don-tidey-kidnapped%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan_McGreevy2022" class="citation news cs1">Ronan McGreevy (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/gardai-confirm-provisional-ira-killed-garda-and-soldier-during-don-tidey-kidnap-1.4767480">"Gardaí confirm Provisional IRA killed garda and soldier during Don Tidey kidnap"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Garda%C3%AD+confirm+Provisional+IRA+killed+garda+and+soldier+during+Don+Tidey+kidnap&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft.au=Ronan+McGreevy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fgardai-confirm-provisional-ira-killed-garda-and-soldier-during-don-tidey-kidnap-1.4767480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Dingley2012" class="citation book cs1">James Dingley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFO9lPphsQC&pg=PA194"><i>The IRA: The Irish Republican Army</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7803-1338-7036" title="Special:BookSources/9-7803-1338-7036"><bdi>9-7803-1338-7036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+IRA%3A+The+Irish+Republican+Army&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9-7803-1338-7036&rft.au=James+Dingley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYFO9lPphsQC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Adam1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Adams_(entrepreneur)" title="James Adams (entrepreneur)">James Adam</a> (1986). <i>The Financing of Terror</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7806-7149-7002" title="Special:BookSources/9-7806-7149-7002"><bdi>9-7806-7149-7002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Financing+of+Terror&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9-7806-7149-7002&rft.au=James+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFES-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HFES_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_K._Donohue2006" class="citation journal cs1">Laura K. Donohue (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1187&context=mjil#page=17">"Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States"</a>. <b>27</b> (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anti-Terrorist+Finance+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+United+States&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Laura+K.+Donohue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1187%26context%3Dmjil%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Hall1997" class="citation book cs1">Julia Hall (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pOuHn2gfucC&pg=PA112"><i>To Serve Without Favor: Policing, Human Rights, and Accountability in Northern Ireland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7815-6432-2166" title="Special:BookSources/9-7815-6432-2166"><bdi>9-7815-6432-2166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Serve+Without+Favor%3A+Policing%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Accountability+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9-7815-6432-2166&rft.au=Julia+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pOuHn2gfucC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFWA-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GFWA_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFWA_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUGDAAAQBAJ&dq=taxi+cabs+money+loyalist+paramilitary&pg=PT214"><i>Financing Terrorism: Case Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 15 April 2016. p. 214-215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5067" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1713-5067"><bdi>9-7813-1713-5067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financing+Terrorism%3A+Case+Studies&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.isbn=9-7813-1713-5067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfUGDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtaxi%2Bcabs%2Bmoney%2Bloyalist%2Bparamilitary%26pg%3DPT214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaddy_Clancy2021" class="citation news cs1">Paddy Clancy (31 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/news/gaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers">"Libyan leader Gaddafi's IRA support revealed in secret Irish State Papers"</a>. Irish Central.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libyan+leader+Gaddafi%27s+IRA+support+revealed+in+secret+Irish+State+Papers&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.au=Paddy+Clancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fgaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McCullagh,_Conor_McMorrow_and_Justin_McCarthy2021" class="citation news cs1">David McCullagh, Conor McMorrow and Justin McCarthy (28 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1228/1267955-state-papers-libya-ira/">"Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extent+of+Libyan+backing+for+IRA+%27shocked%27+British&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.au=David+McCullagh%2C+Conor+McMorrow+and+Justin+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2021%2F1228%2F1267955-state-papers-libya-ira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence">"Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a>. 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+Extent+of+Gaddafi%27s+financial+support+for+IRA+stunned+British+intelligence&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Flibya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hosford2015" class="citation news cs1">Paul Hosford (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/farc-rebels-may-be-a-ceasefire-1986656-Mar2015/">"The IRA, the US and Colombia's 50 years of violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+IRA%2C+the+US+and+Colombia%27s+50+years+of+violence&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.au=Paul+Hosford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Ffarc-rebels-may-be-a-ceasefire-1986656-Mar2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Lessons of Case Studies for Strengthening International Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict</i>. 1997. p. 31. <q>[T]he Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) which was established in the early 1970s to raise money for the republican cause, is reported to have collected and sent at least $3 million to Ireland by 1986.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+of+Case+Studies+for+Strengthening+International+Mediation+and+Arbitration+to+Prevent+Deadly+Conflict&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_P._Cunningham2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Christopher P. Cunningham (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:1836/fulltext.pdf#page=196"><i>DIASPORAS, ETHNIC CONFLICT, AND TRAUMATIC EVENTS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Northeastern University Department of Political Science. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=DIASPORAS%2C+ETHNIC+CONFLICT%2C+AND+TRAUMATIC+EVENTS&rft.inst=Northeastern+University+Department+of+Political+Science&rft.date=2013-04&rft.au=Christopher+P.+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.northeastern.edu%2Ffiles%2Fneu%3A1836%2Ffulltext.pdf%23page%3D196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesserYoung1997" class="citation book cs1">Jesser, P.; Young, P. (13 October 1997). <i>The Media and the Military</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7802-3037-6809" title="Special:BookSources/9-7802-3037-6809"><bdi>9-7802-3037-6809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+and+the+Military&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997-10-13&rft.isbn=9-7802-3037-6809&rft.aulast=Jesser&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Young%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945"><bdi>9-7813-1744-8945</bdi></a>. <q>The only other source of arms outside the United States that warrants inclusion here is Canada, because of several attempts in that country to supply arms and finance to both Loyalist and Republican paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland. The first evidence of this supportive activity was seen in August 1969 with an announcement by some 150 Toronto Irish-Canadians that they intended sending money, which could be used to buy guns if necessary, to the women and children of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">(Catholic) Bogside in Derry</a>. Thereafter the networks of the US-based Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) and the Irish Republican Clubs were extended to Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Ireland+%28RLE%3A+Terrorism+%26+Insurgency%29&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=9-7813-1744-8945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_G._Molinaro" class="citation book cs1">Dennis G. Molinaro. <i>Bridge in the Parks: The Five Eyes and Cold War Counter-Intelligence</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718" title="Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718"><bdi>9-7814-8752-3718</bdi></a>. <q>Supporters of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) smuggled detonators from Canadian mining operations for use in the indiscriminate bombings that wracked Northern Ireland for years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+in+the+Parks%3A+The+Five+Eyes+and+Cold+War+Counter-Intelligence&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.isbn=9-7814-8752-3718&rft.au=Dennis+G.+Molinaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Bell" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Bell. <i>Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223" title="Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223"><bdi>9-7804-7015-6223</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a> found that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was also fundraising in Canada, but authorities at first did nothing because collecting cash was considered a nonviolent pursuit that was not a threat to Canada. The British government, however, put pressure on Ottawa to take action, since the money raised in Canada was financing the purchase of weapons. Canadian-made detonators were turning up inside IRA bombs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Terror%3A+How+Canada+Nurtures+and+Exports+Terrorism+Around+the+World&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=9-7804-7015-6223&rft.au=Stewart+Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Hutton2017" class="citation news cs1">Brian Hutton (29 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cost-of-running-ira-was-up-to-3m-a-year-in-1980s-1.3333565">"Cost of running IRA was 'up to £3m a year' in 1980s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cost+of+running+IRA+was+%27up+to+%C2%A33m+a+year%27+in+1980s&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.au=Brian+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fcost-of-running-ira-was-up-to-3m-a-year-in-1980s-1.3333565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamilitary+finances+in+the+Troubles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&oldid=1236014535">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles&oldid=1236014535</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Troubles_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Category:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)">The Troubles (Northern Ireland)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 July 2024, at 12:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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