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</button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance_of_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_of_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Performance of rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_of_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nirukta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nirukta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Nirukta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nirukta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries_of_Sayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_of_Sayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Commentaries of Sayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_of_Sayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations_and_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations_and_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Abbreviations and schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations_and_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recensions_by_Disciples_of_Vyasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recensions_by_Disciples_of_Vyasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Recensions by Disciples of Vyasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recensions_by_Disciples_of_Vyasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rigveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rigveda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rigveda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rigveda subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rigveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aitareya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aitareya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aitareya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aitareya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kausitaki_/_Samkhyana_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kausitaki_/_Samkhyana_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kausitaki / Samkhyana Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kausitaki_/_Samkhyana_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaushitaki_Brahmana_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaushitaki_Brahmana_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaushitaki_Brahmana_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Samaveda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samaveda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Samaveda subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samaveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panchavimsha_/_Tandya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panchavimsha_/_Tandya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Panchavimsha / Tandya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panchavimsha_/_Tandya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sadvimsa_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sadvimsa_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Sadvimsa Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sadvimsa_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adbhuta_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adbhuta_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Adbhuta Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adbhuta_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samavidhana_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samavidhana_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Samavidhana Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samavidhana_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daivata_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daivata_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Daivata Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daivata_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samhitopanishad_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samhitopanishad_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Samhitopanishad Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samhitopanishad_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsheya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsheya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Arsheya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsheya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vamsha_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vamsha_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Vamsha Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vamsha_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaiminiya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaiminiya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Jaiminiya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaiminiya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jaiminiya_Arsheya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaiminiya_Arsheya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Jaiminiya Arsheya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaiminiya_Arsheya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandogya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandogya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Chandogya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandogya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mantra_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantra_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Mantra Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantra_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yajurveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yajurveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Yajurveda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yajurveda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Yajurveda subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Yajurveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Śukla_(White)_Yajurveda:_Shatapatha_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Śukla_(White)_Yajurveda:_Shatapatha_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Śukla (White) Yajurveda: Shatapatha Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śukla_(White)_Yajurveda:_Shatapatha_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krishna_(Black)_Yajurveda:_Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishna_(Black)_Yajurveda:_Taittiriya_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Krishna (Black) Yajurveda: Taittiriya Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishna_(Black)_Yajurveda:_Taittiriya_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taittiriya_Chardi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taittiriya_Chardi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Taittiriya Chardi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taittiriya_Chardi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taittiriya_Pravargya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taittiriya_Pravargya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Taittiriya Pravargya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taittiriya_Pravargya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vadhula_–_Anvakhyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vadhula_–_Anvakhyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Vadhula – Anvakhyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vadhula_–_Anvakhyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atharvaveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atharvaveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Atharvaveda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atharvaveda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atharvaveda subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atharvaveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gopatha_Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gopatha_Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gopatha Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gopatha_Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_Brahmanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_Brahmanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lost Brahmanas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lost_Brahmanas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lost Brahmanas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lost_Brahmanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rigveda_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigveda_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Rigveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rigveda_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaveda_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaveda_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Samaveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaveda_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yajurveda_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yajurveda_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Yajurveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yajurveda_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Manuscripts and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manuscripts and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rigveda_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigveda_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rigveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rigveda_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yajurveda_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yajurveda_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Yajurveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yajurveda_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atharvaveda_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atharvaveda_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Atharvaveda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atharvaveda_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_Brahmanas_(fragments)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_Brahmanas_(fragments)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Lost Brahmanas (fragments)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_Brahmanas_(fragments)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahmana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="براهمانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براهمانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="ব্রাহ্মণ (হিন্দুশাস্ত্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাহ্মণ (হিন্দুশাস্ত্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1hmany" title="Bráhmany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bráhmany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanas" title="Brahmanas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brahmanas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braahmanad" title="Braahmanad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Braahmanad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1hmana_(texto)" title="Bráhmana (texto) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bráhmana (texto)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="براهمنه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="براهمنه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B" title="બ્રાહ્મણ ગ્રંથો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રાહ્મણ ગ્રંથો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98" title="브라마나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라마나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्राह्मण-ग्रन्थ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्राह्मण-ग्रन्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Brāhmaṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brāhmaṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3_(%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5)" title="ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ (ಹಿಂದೂ ಗ್ರಂಥ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ (ಹಿಂದೂ ಗ್ರಂಥ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanos" title="Brahmanos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brahmanos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1hman%C3%A1k" title="Bráhmanák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bráhmanák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ബ്രാഹ്മണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രാഹ്മണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana_(geschrift)" title="Brahmana (geschrift) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brahmana (geschrift)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A" title="ブラーフマナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラーフマナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="براہمن گرنتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="براہمن گرنتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmany" title="Brahmany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brahmany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A2mana" title="Brâmana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brâmana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Брахманы (книги) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брахманы (книги)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ब्राह्मणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ब्राह्मणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanas" title="Brahmanas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brahmanas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1hmany" title="Bráhmany – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bráhmany" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brahmana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிராமணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராமணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Брахмани (книги) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брахмани (книги)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="براہمن گرنتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="براہمن گرنتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E4%B9%A6" title="梵书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梵书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q823671#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Layer of Hindu text within the Vedas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hindu theological texts. For similar words, see <a href="/wiki/Brahman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brahman (disambiguation)">Brahman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div 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href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1636_CE_Samaveda,_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_(Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement),_Benares_Sanskrit_college,_Edward_Cowell_collection,_sample_i,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1636_CE_Samaveda%2C_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_%28Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement%29%2C_Benares_Sanskrit_college%2C_Edward_Cowell_collection%2C_sample_i%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1636_CE_Samaveda%2C_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_%28Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement%29%2C_Benares_Sanskrit_college%2C_Edward_Cowell_collection%2C_sample_i%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1636_CE_Samaveda%2C_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_%28Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement%29%2C_Benares_Sanskrit_college%2C_Edward_Cowell_collection%2C_sample_i%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/560px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century manuscript page of Sadvimsha Brahmana, a Pañcaviṃśa-Brāhmaṇa supplement (Sanskrit, Devanagari). It is found embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Brahmanas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ब्राह्मणम्</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: <i>Brāhmaṇam</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">śruti</a> works attached to the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> (hymns and mantras) of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a> Vedas. They are a secondary layer or classification of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts embedded within each Veda, which explain and instruct on the performance of <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Vedic rituals</a> (in which the related Samhitas are recited). In addition to explaining the symbolism and meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, Brahmana literature also expounds scientific knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Period</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> and, particularly in relation to altar construction, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>. Divergent in nature, some Brahmanas also contain mystical and philosophical material that constitutes <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each Veda has one or more of its own Brahmanas, and each Brahmana is generally associated with a particular <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> or Vedic school. Less than twenty Brahmanas are currently extant, as most have been lost or destroyed. Dating of the final codification of the <i>Brahmanas</i> and associated Vedic texts is controversial, as they were likely recorded after several centuries of oral transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest Brahmana is dated to about 900 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>, while the most recent are dated to around 700 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bcp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_etymology">Nomenclature and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Brahmana</i> (or <i>Brāhmaṇam</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: ब्राह्मणम्) can be loosely translated as '<a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explanations</a> of sacred knowledge or <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmanical</a> explanation'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> Sanskrit dictionary, 'Brahmana' means:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>'Explanations of sacred knowledge or doctrine [especially] for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brāhmans</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifices</a>'.</li> <li>'The Brāhmaṇa portion of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Veda</a> (as distinct from its <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Mantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishad</a> portion) and consisting of a class of works called Brāhmaṇas (they contain rules for the employment of the Mantras or hymns at various sacrifices, with detailed explanations of their origin and meaning and numerous old legends)'.</li> <li>According to '<a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sāyaṇa</a> to contain two parts: 1. <i>vidhi</i>, rules or directions for [sacrificial] rites [and] 2. <i>artha-vāda</i>, explanatory remarks'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">M. Haug</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a>, 'the word ['Brahmana' or 'Brahmanam'] is derived from <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahman</a> which properly signifies the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahma</a> priest who must know all <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and understand the whole course and meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifice</a>... the <a href="/wiki/Dictum" title="Dictum">dictum</a> of such a Brahma priest who passed as a great authority, was called a Brahmanam'.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S. Shrava states that <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> of the word 'Brahmana' include:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Vyakhyana:</b> In Brahmana works such as the <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> (6.7.4.6),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'the word <i>vyakhyana</i> also is a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> of the commonly used word brahmana'. Definitions of 'Vyakhyana' (व्याख्यान) include 'explaining', 'exposition', 'elucidation', 'expounding', 'interpretation', and 'lecture'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Pravachana':</b> Another 'synonym of the brahmana word is <i>pravachana</i>'. Definitions of 'Pravachana' (प्रवचन) include 'expounding', 'teaching', 'exposition', and 'oral instruction'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Vijnayate:</b> Is 'used to denote a reference from a brahmana work. The word has first of all been used in the <a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha Brahmana</a>'. Definitions of 'Vijnayate' include 'It is a fact that...' and 'be distinguished or discerned'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yajna1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yajna1.jpg/250px-Yajna1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yajna1.jpg/375px-Yajna1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yajna1.jpg/500px-Yajna1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Performance of <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>R. Dalal states that the 'Brahmanas are texts attached to the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> [hymns] – <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a> Vedas – and provide explanations of these and guidance for the priests in <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrificial</a> rituals'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S. Shri elaborates, stating 'Brahmanas explain the hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> and are in both prose and verse form... The Brahmanas are divided into Vidhi and Arthavada. Vidhi are commands in the performance of Vedic <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifices</a>, and Arthavada praises the rituals, the glory of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> and so on. The belief in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> and transmigration of soul started with [the] Brahmanas... [The] Brahmana period ends around 500 BC[E] with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and it overlaps the period of <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>M. Haug states that the 'Veda, or scripture of the Brahmans, consists, according to the opinion of the most eminent divines of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>, of two principal parts, viz. Mantra [<a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a>] and Brahmanam... Each of the four Vedas (<a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Saman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvan</a>) has a Mantra, as well as a Brahmana portion. The difference between both may be briefly stated as follows: That part which contains the sacred prayers, the invocations of the different deities, the sacred verses for chanting at the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifices</a>, the sacrificial formulas [is] called <i>Mantra</i>... The Brahmanam [part] always presupposes the Mantra; for without the latter it would have no meaning... [they contain] speculations on the meaning of the mantras, gives precepts for their application, relates stories of their origin... and explains the secret meaning of the latter'.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eggeling" title="Julius Eggeling">J. Eggeling</a> states that 'While the Brâhma<i>n</i>as are thus our oldest sources from which a comprehensive view of the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrificial ceremonial</a> can be obtained, they also throw a great deal of light on the earliest <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> speculations of the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>. Another, even more interesting feature of these works, consists in the numerous <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> scattered through them. From the archaic style in which these <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythological</a> tales are generally composed, as well as from the fact that not a few of them are found in Brâhma<i>n</i>as of different <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, though often with considerable variations, it is pretty evident that the ground-work of many of them goes back to times preceding the composition of the Brâhma<i>n</i>as'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts" title="Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts">Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts</a> (IGNCA) states that while 'the Upanishads speculate on the nature of the universe, and the relationship of the one and the many, the immanent and transcendental, the Brahmanas make concrete the world-view and the concepts through a highly developed system of ritual-yajna. This functions as a strategy for a continuous reminder of the inter-relatedness of man and nature, the five elements and the sources of energy'.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_of_rituals">Performance of rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance of rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brahmanas are particularly noted for their instructions on the proper performance of rituals, as well as explanations on the symbolic importance of sacred words and ritual actions.<sup id="cite_ref-ebri_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics such as P. Alper, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">K. Klostermaier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">F.M, Muller</a> state that these instructions insist on exact pronunciation (accent),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vedic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic meter">chhandas</a></i> (छन्दः, meters), precise pitch, with coordinated movement of hand and fingers – that is, perfect delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-klkl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klkl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klostermaier adds that the <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Satapatha Brahamana</a>, for example, states that verbal perfection made a mantra infallible, while one mistake made it powerless.<sup id="cite_ref-klkl_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klkl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars suggest that this <a href="/wiki/Orthology_(language)" title="Orthology (language)">orthological</a> perfection preserved Vedas in an age when writing technology was not in vogue, and the voluminous collection of Vedic knowledge were taught to and memorized by dedicated students through <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya#Svadhyaya_as_a_historical_practice" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a>, then remembered and verbally transmitted from one generation to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-klkl_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klkl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems breaking silence too early in at least one ritual is permissible in the Satapatha (1.1.4.9), where 'in that case mutter some Rik [<a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>] or Yagus-text [<a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>] addressed to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>; for Vishnu is the sacrifice, so that he thereby regains obtains a hold on the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifice</a>, and penance is there by done by him'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nirukta">The Nirukta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Nirukta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a>, one of the six <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a> or 'limbs of the Vedas' concerned with correct <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> and interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, references several Brahmanas to do so. These are (grouped by Veda):<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya</a> and Kausitaki </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadvimsha_Brahmana" title="Sadvimsha Brahmana">Sadvimsa</a>, Mantra, and Daivata </td> <td>The Mantra Brahmana is from the first two chapters of the Chandogya Brahmana. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha</a> </td> <td>There are two versions or recensions by different <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakhas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Madhyandina_Shakha" title="Madhyandina Shakha">Madhyandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanva_Shakha" title="Kanva Shakha">Kanva</a>. <p>Both apply to the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Shukla_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Śukla</a> (White) Yajurveda. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya</a> </td> <td>Applies to the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Krishna_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Krishna</a> (Black) Yajurveda </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha</a> </td> <td>The only surviving (i.e. extant) Brahmana of this <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Veda</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries_of_Sayana">Commentaries of Sayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commentaries of Sayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th Century</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a> composed numerous commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature, including the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, Brahmanas, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. B.R. Modak states that 'king <a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka</a> [1356–1377 CE] requested his preceptor and minister Madhavacharya to write a commentary on the Vedas, so that even common people would be able to understand the meaning of the Vedic Mantras. Madhavacharya told him that his younger brother Sayana was a learned person and hence he should be entrusted with the task'.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modak also lists the Brahmanas commented upon by Sayana (with the exception of the Gopatha):<sup id="cite_ref-:13_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panchavimsha_Brahmana" title="Panchavimsha Brahmana">Panchavimsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadvimsha_Brahmana" title="Sadvimsha Brahmana">Sadvimsa</a>, Samavidhana, Arsheya, Daivata, Chandogya, Samhitopanishad, Vamsha </td> <td>All 8 Brahmanas are of the Kauthuma <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittirita</a>, Shatapatha (Mâdhyandina <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha</a> </td> <td>See the main article on the Gopatha Brahmana. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Note:</b> It seems only a few commentaries of Sayana have been translated into English. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations_and_schools">Abbreviations and schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abbreviations and schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For ease of reference, academics often use common <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviations</a> to refer to particular Brahmanas and other Vedic, post-Vedic (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature. Additionally, particular Brahmanas linked to particular Vedas are also linked to (i.e. recorded by) particular <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakhas</a> or schools of those Vedas as well. Based on the abbreviations and Shakhas provided by works cited in this article (and other texts by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfield" title="Maurice Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Keith</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dwight_Whitney" title="William Dwight Whitney">W. D, Whitney</a>, and H.W. Tull),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extant_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant literature">extant</a> Brahmanas have been listed below, grouped by <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Veda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a>. Note that: </p> <ul><li>"--" indicates the abbreviation or school has not been provided or found</li> <li>There are variations of how the translated names of Vedas, Shakhas, and Brahmanas are spelt</li> <li>Lost or fragmentary Brahmanas (e.g. the Kathaka Brahmana, KathB) have not been listed (see the section of Lost Brahmanas, below)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Rigveda </th> <th colspan="3"><b>Samaveda</b> </th> <th colspan="3"><b>YajurVeda<sup>a</sup></b> </th> <th colspan="3"><b>Atharvaveda</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya</a> </td> <td>AB, AiB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Shakala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panchavimsha_Brahmana" title="Panchavimsha Brahmana">Panchavimsha</a><b><sup>c</sup></b> </td> <td>PB </td> <td rowspan="2">Kuthuma-Ranayaniya / Tandin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha</a><b><sup>f</sup></b> </td> <td>SB, CB </td> <td rowspan="2">Mâdhyandina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha</a> </td> <td>GB </td> <td>Paippalada and <a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Shaunaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kausitaki / Samkhyana<sup><b>b</b></sup> </td> <td>KB </td> <td>Baskala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandya Brahmana">Tandya</a><b><sup>c</sup></b> </td> <td>TMB, PB </td> <td>Shatapatha<b><sup>f</sup></b> </td> <td>SBM, MSB, CB </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="13"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" rowspan="12"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadvimsha_Brahmana" title="Sadvimsha Brahmana">Sadvimsa</a><b><sup>c</sup></b> </td> <td>SB, SadvB </td> <td rowspan="10">Kauthuma </td> <td>Shatapatha<b><sup>f</sup></b> </td> <td>SBK, CBK </td> <td>Kanva </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adbhuta<b><sup>c</sup></b> </td> <td>AdB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya</a> </td> <td>TB </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Samavidhana </td> <td rowspan="2">Svidh, SVB </td> <td>Taittiriya Chardi </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pravargya<b><sup>g</sup></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daivata<b><sup>d</sup></b> </td> <td>DB </td> <td>Vadhula – Anvakhyana<b><sup>h</sup></b> </td> <td>VadhAnva </td> <td>Vadhula </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samhitopanishad </td> <td>Samhitopanisad.B </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsheya </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vamsha </td> <td>VB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chandogya<b><sup>e</sup></b> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mantra<b><sup>e</sup></b> </td> <td>MB, SMB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaiminiya </td> <td>JB, Jaim. Br. </td> <td rowspan="2">Jaiminiya </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaiminiya Arsheya </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><b><sup>a:</sup></b> The <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Shukla_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Śukla</a> (White) Yajurveda referred to by the Shatapatha Brahmana is the <i>Vajasaneyi Samhita</i> (Mâdhyandina <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a>: VS, Vag. S.; Kanva recension: VSK). The <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Krishna_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Krishna</a> (Black) Yajurveda referred to by the Taittiriya Brahmana is the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha"><i>Taittiriya Samhita</i></a> (TS). <p><sup><b>b:</b></sup> The Kausitaki and Samkhyana are generally considered to be the same Brahmana. Also called the Cankhayana Brahmana.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup><b>c:</b></sup> The Panchavismsha and Tandya are the same Brahmana. The Sadvimsa Brahmana is considered to be an appendix to the Panchavismsha / Tandya Brahmana. The Adbhuta Brahmana is from the last part of the Sadvimsa Brahmana and deals with 'omens and supernatural things'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attributed by Caland to the Kuthuma-Ranayaniya Shakha,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by Macdonell to the Tandin <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><sup>d:</sup></b> Also called the Devatadhyaya Brahmana. </p><p><b><sup>e:</sup></b> The Mantra Brahmana (also called the Samaveda-Mantrabrahmana, SMB) is from the first two chapters of the Chandogya Brahmana (also called the Chandogyaopanishad and the Upanishad Brahmana); the remaining chapters of the Chandogya Brahmana form the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>. </p><p><b><sup>f:</sup></b> Also called the Catapatha Brahmana (CB; this abbreviation also denotes the Mâdhyandina <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a>) </p><p><b><sup>g:</sup></b> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a>; explains the Pravargya rite. Generally not considered a Brahmana-proper, although it has been published as one.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><sup>h:</sup></b> Linked with the Krishna (Black) Yajurveda, it is 'actually part of the Vadhula Shrauta Sutra'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recensions_by_Disciples_of_Vyasa">Recensions by Disciples of Vyasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recensions by Disciples of Vyasa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S. Sharva states that in 'the brahmana literature this word ['brahmana'] has been commonly used as detailing the ritualism related to the different sacrifices or <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajnas</a>... The known <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recensions</a> [i.e. schools or <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakhas</a>] of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, all had separate brahmanas. Most of these brahmanas are <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">not extant</a>.... [<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a>] differentiates between the old and the new brahmanas... [he asked] Was it when <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa</a> had propounded the Vedic recensions? The brahmanas which had been propounded prior to the exposition of recensions by [<a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>] were called as old brahmanas and those which had been expounded by his disciples were known as new brahmanas'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rigveda">Rigveda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rigveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya</a>, Kausitaki, and <a href="/wiki/Sankhyayana_Brahmana" title="Sankhyayana Brahmana">Samkhyana</a> Brahmanas are the two (or three) known extant Brahmanas of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">A.B. Keith</a>, a translator of the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas, states that it is 'almost certainly the case that these two <a href="/wiki/Sankhyayana_Brahmana" title="Sankhyayana Brahmana">[Kausitaki and Samkhyana] Brahmanas</a> represent for us the development of a single tradition, and that there must have been a time when there existed a single... text [from which they were developed and diverged]'.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although S. Shrava considers the Kausitaki and Samkhyana Brahmanas to be separate although very similar works,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M. Haug considers them to be the same work referred to by different names.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aitareya_Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aitareya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> does never set nor rise. When people think the sun is setting (it is not so). For, after having arrived at the end of the day, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making night to what is below and day to what is on the other side...Having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below and night to what is on the other side. In fact, the sun never sets. Nor does it set for him who has such a knowledge. Such a one becomes united with the sun, assumes its form, and enters its place.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aitareya Brahmanam of the RigVeda, translated by Martin Haug (1922), Book 3, Chapter 4, Section 44<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1827_CE_manuscript_copy,_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana,_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1827_CE_manuscript_copy%2C_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg/220px-1827_CE_manuscript_copy%2C_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1827_CE_manuscript_copy%2C_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg/330px-1827_CE_manuscript_copy%2C_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1827_CE_manuscript_copy%2C_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg/440px-1827_CE_manuscript_copy%2C_Vedic_era_Aitareya_Brahmana%2C_Schoyen_Collection_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Page from the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As detailed in the main article, the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a> (AB) is ascribed to the sage Mahidasa Aitareya of the <a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Shakala Shakha</a> (Shakala school) of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and is estimated to have been recorded around 600-400 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also linked with the Ashvalayana Shakha.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text itself consists of eight <i>pañcikā</i>s (books), each containing five <i>adhyaya</i>s (chapters), totaling forty in all. C. Majumdar states that 'it deals principally with the great <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a> sacrifices and the different ceremonies of royal inauguration'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haug states that the legend about this Brahmana, as told by <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a>, is that the 'name "Aitareya" is by Indian tradition traced to <i>Itara</i>... An ancient <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Risi</a> had among his many wives one who was called <i>Itara</i>. She had a son <i>Mahidasa</i> by name [i.e. Mahidasa Aitareya]... The Risi preferred the sons of his other wives to Mahidasa, and went even so far as to insult him once by placing all his other children in his lap to his exclusion. His mother, grieved at this ill-treatment of her son, prayed to her family deity (<i><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevata</a></i>), [and] the Earth (<a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhūmi">Bhumi</a>), who appeared in her celestial form in the midst of the assembly, placed him on a throne (<i><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">simhasana</a></i>), and gave him as a token of honour for his surpassing all other children in learning a boon (vara) which had the appearance of a Brahmana [i.e. the Aitareya]'.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P. Deussen agrees, relating the same story.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, The story itself is remarkably similar to the legend of a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> boy called <a href="/wiki/Dhruva" title="Dhruva">Dhruva</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, Canto 4, Chapter 8-12).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kausitaki_/_Samkhyana_Brahmana"><span id="Kausitaki_.2F_Samkhyana_Brahmana"></span>Kausitaki / Samkhyana Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kausitaki / Samkhyana Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">gods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> were in conflict over these worlds. From them <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> departed, and entered the seasons. The gods, having been victorious and having slain the Asuras, sought for him; <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> discerned him. Him (the gods) invited, him they instructed, to him they offered a boon. He chose this as a boon, '(Give) me the fore-offering and the after-offerings for my own, and the <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> of the waters and make of plants.' Therefore they say 'Agni's are the fore-offerings and the after-offerings; Agni's is the butter.' Then indeed did the gods prosper, the Asuras were defeated. He prospers himself, his foe is defeated, who knows thus.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rigveda Brahmanas: The Aitareya And Kausitaki Brahmanas Of The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a> (1920), Kausitaki Brahmana, Adhyaya I, Verse 2<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg/220px-Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg/330px-Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg/440px-Tools_used_for_Yajna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="4632" /></a><figcaption>Tools used for <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts" title="Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts">Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts</a> (IGNCA) states that the 'Kaushitaki Brahmana [is] associated with Baskala <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> of [the] <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and [is] also called Sankhyayana Brahmana. It is divided into thirty chapters [adhyayas] and 226 Khanda[s]. The first six chapters dealing with food sacrifice and the remaining to <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a> sacrifice. This work is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Sankhyayana" title="Sankhyayana">Sankhyayana</a> or Kaushitaki'.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S. Shrava disagrees, stating that it 'was once considered that [the] Kaushitaki or Samkhayana was the name of the same brahmana... [but the Samkhayana] differs, though slightly, from the Kaushitaki Brahmana'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C. Majumdar states that it 'deals not only with the <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a>, but also other sacrifices'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keith estimates that the Kaushîtaki-brâhmana was recorded around 600–400 BCE, adding that it is more 'scientific' and 'logical' than the Aitareya Brahmana, although much 'of the material of the Kausitaki, and especially the legends, has been taken over by the Brahmana from a source common to it and the Aitareya, but the whole has been worked up into a harmonious unity which presents no such irregularities as are found in the Aitareya. It is clearly a redaction of the tradition of the school made deliberately after the redaction of the Aitareya'.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaushitaki_Brahmana_Upanishad">Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki Upanishad</a> – also called the <i>Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad</i> (KBU) – 'does not form part of the Kaushîtaki-brâhmana in 30 adhyâyas which we possess, and we must therefore account for its name by admitting that the <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Âranyaka</a>, of which it formed a portion, could be reckoned as part of the Brâhmana literature of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig-veda</a> (see Aitareya-âranyaka, Introduction, p. xcii), and that hence the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishad</a> might be called the Upanishad of the Brâhmana of the Kaushîtakins'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samaveda">Samaveda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Samaveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W. Caland states that of the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakhas</a> (schools or branches) 'are to be distinguished; that of the Kauthumas, that of the Ranayaniyas, and that of the Jaiminiyas'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panchavimsha_/_Tandya_Brahmana"><span id="Panchavimsha_.2F_Tandya_Brahmana"></span>Panchavimsha / Tandya Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Panchavimsha / Tandya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panchavimsha_Brahmana" title="Panchavimsha Brahmana">Panchavimsha Brahmana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Visnu</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifice</a>; what here (on this day) is not brought about, that he brings about through Vishnu (who is) the sacrifice.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pancavimsa Brahmana, translated by W. Caland (1931), Prapathaka XIII (13), Adhyaya 5, Verse 5<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Willem_Caland" title="Willem Caland">Caland</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Panchavimsha_Brahmana" title="Panchavimsha Brahmana">Panchavimsha</a> / Tandya Brahmana of the Kauthuma <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> consists of 25 prapathakas (books or chapters).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C. Majumdar states that it 'is one of the oldest and most important of Brahmanas. It contains many old legends, and includes the <i>Vratyastoma</i>, a ceremony by which people of non-Aryan stock could be admitted into the Aryan family'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sadvimsa_Brahmana">Sadvimsa Brahmana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sadvimsa Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1636_CE_Samaveda,_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_(Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement),_Benares_Sanskrit_college,_Edward_Cowell_collection,_sample_i,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1636_CE_Samaveda%2C_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_%28Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement%29%2C_Benares_Sanskrit_college%2C_Edward_Cowell_collection%2C_sample_i%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1636_CE_Samaveda%2C_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_%28Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement%29%2C_Benares_Sanskrit_college%2C_Edward_Cowell_collection%2C_sample_i%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1636_CE_Samaveda%2C_Sadvimsha_Brahmana_%28Pa%C3%B1cavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Babr%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a_supplement%29%2C_Benares_Sanskrit_college%2C_Edward_Cowell_collection%2C_sample_i%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Sadvimsha Brahmana page.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sadvimsa Brahmana is also of the Kauthuma Shakha, and consists of 5 adhyayas (lessons or chapters). Caland states it is 'a kind of appendix to the [Panchavimsha Brahmana], reckoned as its 26th book [or chapter]... The text clearly intends to supplement the Pancavimsabrahmana, hence its desultory character. It treats of the <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Subrahmanya">Subrahmanya</a> formula, of the one-day-rites that are destined to injure (<i>abhicara</i>) and other matters. This brahmana, at least partly, is presupposed by the Arseyakalpa and the Sutrakaras'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adbhuta_Brahmana">Adbhuta Brahmana</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adbhuta Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caland states that the Adbhuta Brahmana, also of the Kauthuma Shakha, is the 'latest part [i.e. 5th adhyaya of the Sadvimsa Brahmana], that which treats of Omina and Portenta [<a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a>]'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majumdar agrees.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samavidhana_Brahmana">Samavidhana Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Samavidhana Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caland states that the Samavidhana Brahmana of the Kauthuma Shakha is 'in 3 prapathakas [books or chapters]... its aim is to explain how by chanting various samans [hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>]<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some end may be attained. It is probably older than one of the oldest dharmasastras, that of Gautama'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M. S. Bhat states that it is not properly a Brāhmaṇa text, but belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Vidh%C4%81na" title="Vidhāna">Vidhāna</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daivata_Brahmana">Daivata Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Daivata Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam,_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6,_page_1_front,_Raghunath_temple_archives,_Jammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam%2C_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6%2C_page_1_front%2C_Raghunath_temple_archives%2C_Jammu.jpg/220px-12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam%2C_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6%2C_page_1_front%2C_Raghunath_temple_archives%2C_Jammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam%2C_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6%2C_page_1_front%2C_Raghunath_temple_archives%2C_Jammu.jpg/330px-12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam%2C_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6%2C_page_1_front%2C_Raghunath_temple_archives%2C_Jammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam%2C_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6%2C_page_1_front%2C_Raghunath_temple_archives%2C_Jammu.jpg/440px-12th-century_Samaveda_samhita_and_brahmanam%2C_Aranyaganam_Prapathaka_1-6%2C_page_1_front%2C_Raghunath_temple_archives%2C_Jammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Page from the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> samhita and brahmanam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Caland states that the Daivata Brahmana of the Kauthuma Shakha is 'in 3 prapathakas [books or chapters]... It deals with the deities to which the samans are addressed'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalal adds that the 'first part of the Devatadhyaya is the most important as it provides rules to determine the deities to whom the samans are dedicated. Another section ascribes colours to different verses, probably as aids to memory or for meditation... [It] includes some very late passages such as references to the four yugas or ages'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samhitopanishad_Brahmana">Samhitopanishad Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Samhitopanishad Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caland states that the Samhitopanishad Brahmana of the Kauthuma Shakha is 'in 5 khandas [books]... It treats of the effects of recitation, the relation of the saman [hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>] and the words on which it is chanted, the <i>daksinas</i> to be given to the religious teacher'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalal agrees, stating that it 'describes the nature of the chants and their effects, and how the riks or Rig Vedic verses were converted into samans. Thus it reveals some of the hidden aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama Veda</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsheya_Brahmana">Arsheya Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arsheya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caland states that the Arsheya Brahmana of the Kauthuma Shakha is ''in 3 prapathakas [books or chapters]... This quasi-brahmana is, on the whole, nothing more than an anukramanika, a mere list of the names of the samans [hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>] occurring in the first two ganas [of the Kauthumas, i.e. the Gramegeya-gana / Veya-gana and the Aramyegeya-gana / Aranya-gana]'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of the ganas noted are discussed in the same text. As illustrated below, this Brahmana is virtually identical to the Jaiminiya Arsheya Brahmana of the Jaiminiya <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vamsha_Brahmana">Vamsha Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vamsha Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caland states that the Vamsha Brahmana of the Kauthuma Shakha is 'in 3 khandas [books]... it contains the lists of teachers of the Samaveda'.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, Dalal adds that of the 53 teachers listed, the 'earliest teacher, <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>, is said to have received the teaching from the god, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaiminiya_Brahmana">Jaiminiya Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jaiminiya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He should proceed thus: Having taken a water-pot or a water-jar he should go pouring it out from the garhapatya to the ahavaniya with the verse: "Here <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Visnu</a> strode". The <i>rc</i> [RigVeda verse, e.g. 1.22.17] is a divine purification, water is a divine purification. Whatever here is unappeased of the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifice</a> and whatever is impure, for all that, water forms the means of appeasing. So by water they appease it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jaiminya Brahmana, translated by Hendrik Bodewitz (1973), Book 1, Section 52 ('Vehicles or animals pass between the fires')<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya,_Sanskrit,_Telugu_script,_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Telugu_script%2C_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg/349px-16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Telugu_script%2C_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="349" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Telugu_script%2C_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg/524px-16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Telugu_script%2C_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Telugu_script%2C_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg/698px-16th-century_Jaiminiya_Mimamsa_Sutra_Bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Telugu_script%2C_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Page form the <a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa sutra</a> of Jaiminimi, who also recorded the Jaiminiya Brahmana and other works.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It seems that this Brahmana has not been fully translated to date, or at least a full translation has not been made available. </p><p>S. Shrava states that the Jaiminiya Brahmana of the Jaiminiya Shakha, also called the T<i>alavakara Brahmana</i>, 'is divided into 1348 khandas [verses]... Many of the sentences of this brahmana are similar to those found in Tamdya, Sadavimsam, <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Satapatha</a> [Brahmanas] and [the] <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittirya Samhita</a> [Krishna/Black <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>]. Many of the hymns are found for the first time in it. Their composition is different from that available in Vedic literature. Most of the subjects described in it are completely new and are not found in other bramanas like Tamdya, etc... In the beginning khandas, details of daily oblation to the sacrificial fire are described... This brahmana was compiled by Jaimini a famous preceptor of <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> and the worthy disciple of <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Krishna Dvaipayana Vedavyasa</a> and his disciple Talavakara'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jaiminiya_Arsheya_Brahmana">Jaiminiya Arsheya Brahmana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jaiminiya Arsheya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalal states that the Jaiminiya Arsheya Brahmana of the Jaiminiya Shakha 'is similar to the Arsheya Brahmana of the Kauthuma school but for the fact that the names of the <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a> in the two are different. Unlike the Kauthuma texts, this lists only one rishi per saman'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" title="Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</a></div> <p>As detailed in the main article, also called the <i>Talavakara Upanishad Brahmana</i> and <i>Jaiminiyopanishad Brahmana</i>, it is considered an <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a> – not a Brahmana – and forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena Upanishad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandogya_Brahmana">Chandogya Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chandogya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now that light which shines above this heaven, higher than all, higher than everything, in the highest world, beyond which there are no other worlds, that is the same light which is within man.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandogya Upanishad, edited by F.M. Muller (1879), Prapathaka 3 (Prapathaka 5 of the Chandogya Brahmana), Khanda 13, Verse 7<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts" title="Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts">Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts</a> (IGNCA) states that the Chandogya Brahmana, also called the <i>chanddogyopanishad Brahmana,</i> 'is divided into ten prapathakas (chapters). Its first two prapathakas (chapters) form the Mantra Brahmana (MB) and each of them is divided into eight khandas (sections). Prapathakas 3–10 form the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K.G. Witz states it is of the Kauthuma Shakha (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mantra_Brahmana">Mantra Brahmana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mantra Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>ad etad dhridayam tava tad astu hridayam mama,<br /> Yad idam hridayam mama tad astu hridayam tava </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>That heart of thine shall be mine,<br /> and this heart of mine shall be thine. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Mantra Brahmana, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> and translation of Chapter 1, Sukta 3<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>K. G. Witz states that the Mantra Brahmana is 'a text in two chapters which mostly give Vedic Mantras which should be used in rites such as for birth and marriage. The combined text [with 8 chapters forming the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>] is [also] called [the] Upanishad Brahmana and is one of the eight canonical Brahmanas of the Kauthumas. The fact that the Upanishad was combined with the Mantra Brahmana into a single text is significant. Just as everyone in society is blessed and made part of the overall divine societal, social and world order by the household rites in the Mantra Brahmana, so everyone can direct his life toward the Infinite Reality by the numerous upasanas and vidyas of the Chandogya Upanishad.'<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>R. Mitra is quoted as stating that of 'the two portions differ greatly, and judged by them they appear to be productions of very different ages, though both are evidently relics of pretty remote antiquity. Of the two chapters of the Khandogya-Brahmana [Chandogya Brahmana, forming the Mantra Brahmana], the first includes eight suktas [hymns] on the ceremony of marriage and the rites necessary to be observed at the birth of a child. The first Sukta is intended to be recited when offering an oblation to <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> on the occasion of a marriage, and its object is to pray for prosperity [on] behalf of the married couple. The second prays for a long life, kind relatives, and a numerous progeny [i.e. children]. The third is the marriage pledge by which the [couple] bind themselves to each other. Its spirit may be guessed from a single verse. In talking of the unanimity with which they will dwell, the bridegroom addresses his bride, "That heart of thine shall be mine, and this heart of mine shall be thine" [as quoted above]'.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Yajurveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Śukla_(White)_Yajurveda:_Shatapatha_Brahmana"><span id=".C5.9Aukla_.28White.29_Yajurveda:_Shatapatha_Brahmana"></span>Śukla (White) Yajurveda: Shatapatha Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Śukla (White) Yajurveda: Shatapatha Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>tarhi videgho māthava āsa | sarasvatyāṃ sa tata eva prāṅdahannabhīyāyemām pṛthivīṃ taṃ gotamaśca rāhūgaṇo videghaśca māthavaḥ paścāddahantamanvīyatuḥ sa imāḥ sarvā nadīratidadāha sadānīretyuttarādgirernirghāvati tāṃ haiva nātidadāha tāṃ ha sma tām purā brāhmaṇā na tarantyanatidagdhāgninā vaiśvānareṇeti </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Mâthava, the Videgha, was at that time on the (river) Sarasvatî. He (<a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>) thence went burning along this earth towards the east; and Gotama Râhûgana and the Videgha Mâthava followed after him as he was burning along. He burnt over (dried up) all these rivers. Now that (river), which is called 'Sadânîrâ,' flows from the northern (Himâlaya) mountain: that one he did not burn over. That one the Brâhmans did not cross in former times, thinking, 'it has not been burnt over by Agni Vaisvânara.' </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Satapatha Brahmnana, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of Kanda I, Adhyâya IV, Brâhmana I, Verse 14<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Satapatha Brahmana, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Eggeling" title="Julius Eggeling">Julius Eggeling</a> (1900), Kanda I, Adhyâya IV, Brâhmana I, Verse 14<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4,_page_1r_and_1v,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1r_and_1v%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/220px-13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1r_and_1v%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1r_and_1v%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/330px-13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1r_and_1v%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1r_and_1v%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/440px-13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1r_and_1v%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Extract from a 13th-century manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> (Khanda 14).</figcaption></figure> <p>The 'final form' of the Satapatha Brahmana is estimated to have been recorded around 1000–800 BCE, although it refers to <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> phenomena dated to 2100 BCE, and, as quoted above, historical events such as the drying up of the <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati river</a>, which is believed to have occurred around 1900 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, and is considered significant in the development of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> as the possible origin of several <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> legends and <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">RigVedic</a> god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, all of which (<a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>) are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">M. Winternitz</a> states that this Brahmana is 'the best known, the most extensive, and doubtless, also on account of its contents, the most important of all the Brahmanas'.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggeling states that 'The Brâhma<i>n</i>a of the Vâ<i>g</i>asaneyins bears the name of <i>S</i>atapatha, that is, the Brâhma<i>n</i>a 'of a hundred paths,' because it consists of a hundred lectures (adhyâyas). Both the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Vâ<i>g</i>asaneyi-sa<i>m</i>hitâ</a> [Yajurveda] and the <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana"><i>S</i>atapatha-brâhma<i>n</i>a</a> have come down to us in two different <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recensions</a>, those of the <a href="/wiki/Madhyandina_Shakha" title="Madhyandina Shakha">Mâdhyandina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kanva_Shakha" title="Kanva Shakha">Kâ<i>n</i>va schools</a>':<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Mâdhyandina recension:</b> Ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a> Vājasaneya, it consists of 14 khandas ('books') which can be divided into two major parts. The first nine khandas are commentaries of the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhita</a> of the Śukla (white) <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>. The final five khandas cover supplementary and ritualistically newer material; and the final book constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadaranyaka">Bṛhad-Āraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Kanva recension:</b> Ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Samkara</a>, it consists of 17 khandas. The IGNCA adds that 'the division of Kandika [verses] is more rational in the <a href="/wiki/Kanva" title="Kanva">Kanva</a> text than in the other... The name 'Satapatha', as Eggeling has suggested, might have been based on the number of Adhyayas [chapters] in the Madhyandina which is exactly one hundred. But the Kanva recension, which has one hundred and four Adhyayas is also known by the same name. In Indian tradition words like 'sata' and 'sahasra', indicating numbers, do not always stand for exact numbers'.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krishna_(Black)_Yajurveda:_Taittiriya_Brahmana"><span id="Krishna_.28Black.29_Yajurveda:_Taittiriya_Brahmana"></span>Krishna (Black) Yajurveda: Taittiriya Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Krishna (Black) Yajurveda: Taittiriya Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya Brahmana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the completion of <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> does not happen in a year (<i><a href="/wiki/Samvatsara" title="Samvatsara">samvatsara</a></i>) then everything is not stable. Then one has to seek the grace of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>) by performing a special rite on the <i><a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">ekadashi</a></i> day. Yajna means Vishnu (worshipping Vishnu). They perform yajna only for stabilising. They depend on <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>. Indra and Agni give the abode for Gods (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a>). Devas only seek shelter in them and only depend on them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya</a> Brahmana, translated by R.L. Kashyap (2017), Ashtaka 1, Prapathaka 2, Anuvaka 5, Verses 1–7<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas,_Devanagari_script,_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg/217px-Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg/326px-Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg/434px-Taittiriya_Samhita_Vedas%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_Sanskrit_pliv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Page of the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ascribed to the sage Tittiri (or Taittiri), the Taittiriya Brahmana of the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya Shakha</a> consists of three <i>Ashtakas</i> (books or parts) of commentaries on the performance of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrificial rituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and information about the gods. It is stated by the <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Centre_for_the_Arts" title="Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts">Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts</a> (IGNCA) to be 'mixed of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> and Brahmans... composed in poetic and prose manner'.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>M. Winternitz adds that the "Taittiriya-Brahmana of the Black <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> is nothing but a continuation of the Taittiriya-Samhita, for the Brahmanas were already included in the Samhitas of the Black Yajurveda. The Taittiriya-Brahmana, therefore, contains only later additions to the Samhita."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Dictionary, Taittiri was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Yaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaska">Yaska</a> (300–400 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-:22_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although according to the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> (Book 3, Chapter 5), Taittiri and Yaska were disciples of <a href="/wiki/Vaisampayana" title="Vaisampayana">Vaiśampáyana</a> (500–600 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">H.H. Wilson</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Anukrama%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Anukramaṇī">Anukramańí</a> (index of the black Yajurveda), it 'is there said that Vaiśampáyana taught it to Yaska, who taught it to Tittiri, who also became a teacher; whence the term Taittiríya, for a grammatical rule explains it to mean, 'The Taittiríyas are those who read what was said or repeated by Tittiri'.'<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taittiriya_Chardi">Taittiriya Chardi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Taittiriya Chardi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Taittiriya Chardi Brahmana is mentioned (i.e. listed) by academics such as S. Shri<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and S.N. Nair,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no further information could be found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taittiriya_Pravargya">Taittiriya Pravargya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Taittiriya Pravargya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></div> <p>The Taittiriya Pravargya is a commentary on the Pravargya ritual, contained in the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya Aranyaka</a>. This is not listed or referred to as a Brahmana in the works cited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vadhula_–_Anvakhyana"><span id="Vadhula_.E2.80.93_Anvakhyana"></span>Vadhula – Anvakhyana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Vadhula – Anvakhyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalal states that the Vadhula (or Anvakhyana) Brahmana of the Vadhula <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> is 'a Brahmana type of text, though it is actually part of the Vadhula Shrauta Sutra'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, B.B. Chaubey states that about 'the nature of the text there has been confusion whether <i>VadhAnva</i> [Vadhula Anvakhyana Brahmana] is a Brahmana, or an Anubrahmana ['work resembling a brahmana' or 'according to the brahmana'],<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an Anvakhyana ['explanation keeping close to the text' or 'minute account or statement'].<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Caland found some newly discovered MSS [manuscript] of the Vadhula School he was not sure about the nature of the text. Because of the composite nature of the MS [manuscript] he took the text as part of the Srautasurta of the Vadhulas. However, he was not unaware of the Brahmanic character of the text... according to Caland, the word Anvakhyana was given as a specific name to the Brahmanas, or Brahmana-like passages of the Vadhulasutra'.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Atharvaveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png/186px-Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png/279px-Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png/372px-Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="3106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva-Veda</a> <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhita</a> page.</figcaption></figure><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfield" title="Maurice Bloomfield">M. Bloomfield</a>, the 9 <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakhas</a> – schools or branches – of the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-:10_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>Paippalada, Paippaladaka, Paippaladi, Pippalada, or Paopalayana: A 'patronymic derived from the name of a teacher Pippaladi'.</li> <li>Tauda, Taudayana, Stauda, or Staudayana: There is 'nothing to the real history of the name'.</li> <li>Mauda or Maydayana</li> <li>Saunakiya, <a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Saunaka</a>, or Saunakin</li> <li>Jajala: 'The acarya eponymous of the school seems to have been Jajali, as reported by the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahabhasya</a>'.</li> <li>Jalada or Jaladayana</li> <li>Brahmavada</li> <li>Devadarsa or Devadarsin</li> <li>Caranavaidya</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gopatha_Brahmana">Gopatha Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Gopatha Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha Brahmana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These (waters) which having encircled the seed, the ocean, rested into (it); those (waters) flowed together towards the east, south, west, and north. In that those (waters) flowed together (towards it), therefore, it is called samudra (ocean). Frightened they said to the lord, alone may we choose as King. And in that having encircled (the ocean), rested into (it), that became Varana. Him who is (really) Varana they call mystically <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>. Gods are fond of mystical (presentation) as it were, and haters of direct (presentation).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gopatha Brahmana, translated by H.C. Patyal (1969), Prapathaka I.1.7<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Bloomfield states that the <a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha Brahmana</a> 'does not favour us with a report of the name of its author or authors. it is divided into two parts, the purva-brahmana in five prapathakas (chapters), and the uttara-brahmana in six prapathakas. The purva shows considerable originality, especially when it is engaged in the glorification of the <a href="/wiki/Atharvan" title="Atharvan">Atharvan</a> and its priests; this is indeed its main purpose. Its materials are by no means all of the usual Brahmana-character; they broach frequently upon the domain of <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishad</a>... The uttara has certainly some, though probably very few original sections'.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S.S. Bahulkar states that the 'Gopatha Brahmana (GB.) is the only brahmana text of AV [<a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>], belonging to both the recensions [<a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakhas</a>], viz. Saunaka and Paippalada'.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalal agrees, stating the 'aim of this Brahmana seems to be to incorporate the Atharva [Veda] in the Vedic ritual, and bring it in line with the other three Vedas. This Brahmana is the same for the Paippalada and Shaunaka shakhas, and is the only existing Brahmana of the Artharva Veda'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C. Majumdar states that 'although classed as a Brahmana, [it] really belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a> literature, and is a very late work'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_Brahmanas">Lost Brahmanas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Lost Brahmanas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">M Haug</a> states that there 'must have been, as we may learn from <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahabhasya</a>, a much larger number of Brahmanas belonging to each <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Veda</a>; and even Sayana, who lived only about four [now five] hundred years ago, was acquainted with more than we have now'.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S. Shrava states that 'Innumerable manuscripts of the valuable [Vedic] literature have been lost due to atrocities of the rulers and invaders, ravages of time, and utter disregard and negligence. These factors contributed to the loss of hundreds of manuscripts. Once their number was more than a few hundred. Had these been available today the ambiguity in the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Vedic hymns</a> could not have crept in'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on references in other Sanskrit literature, Shrava lists many of these lost works:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigveda_2">Rigveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rigveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Paimgi, Paimgya, Paimgayani</b> </td> <td>Also referred to as 'Madhuka' by the <a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaddevat%C4%81" title="Bṛhaddevatā">Brhaddevata</a>. Referenced in other Sanskrit texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Nidana Sutra</a>, as well as the Kaushitaki, <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya</a> Brahmanas. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bahvricha</b> </td> <td>Possibly a sub-division or <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a>. Referenced in other Sanskrit texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Srauta</a> Sutra,</i> and in commentaries such as by Devapala on the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kathaka Grihya Sutra</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aabara" title="Śabara">Sabara</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimasa Darsana</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Asvalayana</b> </td> <td>Possibly considered the same as the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a>. Referenced by '<a href="/wiki/Raghunandana" title="Raghunandana">Raghunandana</a> in the <i>Malamasa Prakarana</i> of his Smrititattva'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Galava Brahmana</b> </td> <td>One of the five <a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Sakala</a> recensions of the Rigveda. The sage Galava, who prepared the 'proper sequences of the readings from the Rigveda' was also known as <i>Babhravya,</i> and is mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Pratishakhyas" title="Pratishakhyas">Rikpratisakhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaddevat%C4%81" title="Bṛhaddevatā">Brihaddevata</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaveda_2">Samaveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Samaveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bhallavi</b> </td> <td>Recorded by the sage Bhallavi. 'A <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">sruti</a> of Bhallavi recension is available in <a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Suresvara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>' (219). Also referred to in <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Samkara</a>'s commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Vedanta Sutra</a>, amongst other Sanskrit works. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kalabavi</b> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>. Quoted in works such as the Upagrantha <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Rauruki</b> </td> <td>Referred to in works such as Gobhila Grihya <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a> and the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Panchavimsha_Brahmana" title="Panchavimsha Brahmana">Tamdya Brahmana</a> (also known as the Panchavimsha Brahmana). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Satyayana</b> </td> <td>Referred to by <a href="/wiki/Jayaditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayaditya">Jayadita</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Talavakara</b> </td> <td>Recorded by the sage Telavakara. Possibly a <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaiminiya Brahmana">Jaiminiya Brahmana</a> or the same text named after a different <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yajurveda_2">Yajurveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Yajurveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Charaka</b> </td> <td>Main Brahmana of the <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charaka</a> recension of the Yajurveda. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a>, referred to in works such as the commentary of Devaraja Yajva on the <a href="/wiki/Nighantu" title="Nighantu">Nightantu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Svetasvatara</b> </td> <td>This is 'a sub-division of the <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charakas</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Charanvyuha</a>'. The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> is from the <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a> of this Brahmana. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kathaka</b> </td> <td>This is 'a sub-division of the <a href="/wiki/Charaka" title="Charaka">Charaka</a> recension of [the] Yajurveda. Kathas were northern Charakas'. Referred to in works such as the <i>Kathaka Samkalana</i>. and portions have been published by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Caland" title="Willem Caland">Caland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Schroeder" title="Leopold von Schroeder">Schroeder</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Maitrayani</b> </td> <td>Recorded by the sage Maitrayani. Referred to in works such as the <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_Shrauta_Sutra" title="Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra">Baudhayana Srauta Sutra</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Jabala</b> </td> <td>Recorded by <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a> Mahasala Satyakama Jabala, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala Upanishad</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Khandikeya</b> </td> <td>A division of the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya school</a>. Referenced by the Bhashika <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Aukheya</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the Bhashika <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Haridravika</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a> on the Rigveda. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tumburu</b> </td> <td>Recension of both the Yajurveda and Samaveda. Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahabhashya</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patañjali">Patañjali</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ahvaraka</b> </td> <td>This is 'a sub-division of the Charakas'. Referred to in works such as the <i>Sampradaya Paddhati</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kankati</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba</a> Srauta Sutra. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Baral</b> </td> <td>A division of the <a href="/wiki/Mudgal" title="Mudgal">Mudgal</a>. Referred to in works such as the Manava and Bharadvaja Sutra </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>|- |<b>Chhagaleya</b> |A division of the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya school</a>. Referred to in works such as the <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_Shrauta_Sutra" title="Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra">Baudhayana Srauta Sutra</a>. |} </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unknown">Unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brahmanas listed below are often only mentioned by name in other texts without any further information such as what Veda they are attached to. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Aruneya</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantra</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81rttikak%C4%81ra" title="Vārttikakāra">Varttika</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Saulabha</b> </td> <td>Possibly a <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. Referred to in the Samkhyana Grihya <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a>, Asvalayana Grihya Sutra, and Kaushitaki Brahmana. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Sailali</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba</a> Srauta Sutra. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Parasara</b> </td> <td>Possibly a <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahabhasya</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mashasaravi</b> </td> <td>Referred to in works such as the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Ganapatha</a> by <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kapeya</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the <i>Satyashada Srauta <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a>.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Rahasyamnaya</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a> Ratnakara. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nirukta</b> </td> <td>Referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> (see also the <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Anvakhyana</b> </td> <td>Referred to by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Caland" title="Willem Caland">Caland</a>, who published extracts in the fourth volume of <a href="/wiki/Acta_Orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae" title="Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae">Acta Orientalia</a> in 1926. This is available in German.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bashkala</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Referred to in a list of manuscripts in the library of <i>Kavindracharya Saravati</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mandukeya</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Trikharvva</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Recensions mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Karadvisha</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_translations">Manuscripts and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigveda_3">Rigveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Rigveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana"><b>Aitareya</b></a> </td> <td>archive.org: <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405445/page/n141/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.405445/page/n141/mode/2up">version 1</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_man_0869c3469d43f35e259e0aee6ea91a9d/page/n29/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bub man 0869c3469d43f35e259e0aee6ea91a9d/page/n29/mode/2up">version 2</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/rv/ab/ab.htm">TITUS (e-text)</a> </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24205/page/n173/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.24205/page/n173/mode/2up">archive.org</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">M. Haug</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kausitaki / Samkhyana</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/kausibru.htm">Gretil (e-text)</a> </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84867/page/n7/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.84867/page/n7/mode/2up">archive.org</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">A.B. Keith</a>; includes the Aitareya Brahmana) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yajurveda_3">Yajurveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Yajurveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Shatapatha (Mâdhyandina) </td> <td rowspan="2">archive.org: Part <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.311865/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.311865/mode/2up">One</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.311864/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.311864/mode/2up">Two</a>, and <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.311866/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.311866/mode/2up">Three</a> </td> <td>Gretil (e-text): Part <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_01_u.htm">One</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_02_u.htm">Two</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_03_u.htm">Three</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_04_u.htm">Four</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_05_u.htm">Five</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_06_u.htm">Six</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_07_u.htm">Seven</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_08_u.htm">Eight</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_09_u.htm">Nine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_10_u.htm">Ten</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_11_u.htm">Eleven</a>, Twelve (N/A), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_13_u.htm">Thirteen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/satapath/sb_14_u.htm">Fourteen</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/index.htm">Sacred-Texts.com (e-texts)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedavid.org/1sb/sbverse.html">Vedavid.org (e-text)</a> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvw/sbm/sbm.htm">TITUS (e-text)</a> </p> </td> <td>Archive,org: Part <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38188/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.38188/page/n3/mode/2up">One</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238722/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.238722/page/n3/mode/2up">Two</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37911/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.37911/page/n3/mode/2up">Three</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48505/page/n9/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.48505/page/n9/mode/2up">Four</a>, and <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37912/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.37912/page/n3/mode/2up">Five</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shatapatha (Kanva) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya</a> </td> <td>archive.org: <a href="//archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7919/page/n391/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.gov.ignca.7919/page/n391/mode/2up">version 1</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.486522/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.486522/mode/2up">version 2</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/tb/tb.htm">TITUS (e-text)</a> </td> <td>SAKSHI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedah.com/product/taittiriya-brahmana-volume-1/">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedah.com/product/taittiriya-brahmana-volume-2/">Volume 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taittiriya Chardi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vadhula – Anvakhyana </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/VadhulaAnvakhyanaBrahmana/page/n61/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:VadhulaAnvakhyanaBrahmana/page/n61/mode/2up">archive.org</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atharvaveda_2">Atharvaveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Atharvaveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gopatha</b> </td> <td>archive.org: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Complete_Works_of_Jibananda_Vidyasagara/Gopatha_Brahmana_-_Jibananda_Vidyasagara_1891#mode/2up">version 1</a> (Complete Works of Jibananda Vidyasagara), <p><a href="//archive.org/details/gopathabrahmanao00gopauoft/page/26/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:gopathabrahmanao00gopauoft/page/26/mode/2up">version 2</a> (Rajendralala Mitra and Harachandra Vidyabhushana) </p> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/2_bra/gopbra_u.htm">Gretil (e-text)</a> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/av/gb/gb.htm">TITUS (e-text)</a> </p> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/151631">Shodhganga</a> (C.G. Kashikar) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_Brahmanas_(fragments)"><span id="Lost_Brahmanas_.28fragments.29"></span>Lost Brahmanas (fragments)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Lost Brahmanas (fragments)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brahmanas </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ahvaraka, Kaukati, Kalabavi, Caraka, Chagaleya, Jabali, Jaiminya, Pamgayanu, Bhallavi, Masasaravi, Maitrayaniya, Rauruki, Satyayana, Sailali, Svetasvatara, and Haridravika. </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62507/page/n9/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.62507/page/n9/mode/2up">archive.org</a> (B. Ghosh) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic literature">Vedic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Āgama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1927" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, M. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551"><i>A History Of Indian Literature,vol.1</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/page/n213">187</a>–225, 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Indian+Literature%2Cvol.1&rft.pages=187-225%2C+192&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791470824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791470824">978-0791470824</a>, page 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a>, "Tracing the Vedic dialects" in <i>Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes</i> ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bcp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bcp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biswas et al (1989), Cosmic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521343541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521343541">978-0521343541</a>, pages 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=brAhmaNas&direct=se&anz=100">"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'brahmana'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spokensanskrit.org&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary+for+Spoken+Sanskrit%3A+%27brahmana%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Fmode%3D3%26script%3Dhk%26tran_input%3DbrAhmaNas%26direct%3Dse%26anz%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325053343/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/b.html">"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary – b: 'brāhmaṇa'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>faculty.washington.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/b.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Monier-Williams+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+b%3A+%27br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fprem%2Fmw%2Fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaug1922" class="citation book cs1">Haug, Martin (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aitareyabrahmana04hauguoft"><i>The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda</i></a>. Robarts – University of Toronto. Bahadurganj, Allahabad Sudhindra Nath Vasu. pp. ix–x (overview), xi (etymology), xl (lost Brahmanas, Kausitaki and Samkhyana).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aitareya+Brahmanam+of+the+Rigveda&rft.pages=ix-x+%28overview%29%2C+xi+%28etymology%29%2C+xl+%28lost+Brahmanas%2C+Kausitaki+and+Samkhyana%29&rft.pub=Bahadurganj%2C+Allahabad+Sudhindra+Nath+Vasu&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Haug&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faitareyabrahmana04hauguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Narinder_Sharma" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Narinder Sharma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfVedicLiteratureBrahmanaAndAranyakaWorksSShr"><i>History Of Vedic Literature Brahmana And Aranyaka Works S Shr</i></a>. pp. 6–9, 21–22 (Kausitaki and Samkhyana), 39–40 (Jaiminiya Brahmana), 43–83 (chapter 3: Lost Brahmanas).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Vedic+Literature+Brahmana+And+Aranyaka+Works+S+Shr&rft.pages=6-9%2C+21-22+%28Kausitaki+and+Samkhyana%29%2C+39-40+%28Jaiminiya+Brahmana%29%2C+43-83+%28chapter+3%3A+Lost+Brahmanas%29&rft.au=Dr.+Narinder+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfVedicLiteratureBrahmanaAndAranyakaWorksSShr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe41/sbe4152.htm">"Satapatha Brahmana Part III (SBE41): Sixth Kânda: VI, 7, 4. Fourth Brâhmana"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Satapatha+Brahmana+Part+III+%28SBE41%29%3A+Sixth+K%C3%A2nda%3A+VI%2C+7%2C+4.+Fourth+Br%C3%A2hmana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fsbr%2Fsbe41%2Fsbe4152.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=vyakhyana&direct=se&anz=100">"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'Vyakhyana'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spokensanskrit.org&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary+for+Spoken+Sanskrit%3A+%27Vyakhyana%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Fmode%3D3%26script%3Dhk%26tran_input%3Dvyakhyana%26direct%3Dse%26anz%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=pravachana&direct=se&anz=100">"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'Pravachana'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spokensanskrit.org&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary+for+Spoken+Sanskrit%3A+%27Pravachana%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Fmode%3D3%26script%3Dhk%26tran_input%3Dpravachana%26direct%3Dse%26anz%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=vijJAyate&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3">"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'Vijnayate'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spokensanskrit.org&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary+for+Spoken+Sanskrit%3A+%27Vijnayate%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Ftran_input%3DvijJAyate%26direct%3Dse%26script%3Dhk%26link%3Dyes%26mode%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (15 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ&q=Arsheya+Brahmana&pg=PT59"><i>The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. Chapter 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-763-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-763-7"><bdi>978-81-8475-763-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vedas%3A+An+Introduction+to+Hinduism%27s+Sacred+Texts&rft.pages=Chapter+2&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-763-7&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCEoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DArsheya%2BBrahmana%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShri2017" class="citation book cs1">Shri, Satya (23 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMf1DQAAQBAJ&q=Arsheya+Brahmana&pg=PT295"><i>Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 1 – Demystifying Brahminism</i></a>. Notion Press. pp. (Brahmana Period). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-946515-54-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-946515-54-4"><bdi>978-1-946515-54-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+Brahminism+and+Re-Inventing+Hinduism%3A+Volume+1+%E2%80%93+Demystifying+Brahminism&rft.pages=%28Brahmana+Period%29&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.isbn=978-1-946515-54-4&rft.aulast=Shri&rft.aufirst=Satya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMf1DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DArsheya%2BBrahmana%26pg%3DPT295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1202.htm">"Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): Introduction"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Satapatha+Brahmana+Part+1+%28SBE12%29%3A+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fsbr%2Fsbe12%2Fsbe1202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArts1994" class="citation book cs1">Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32TjMr-7zgoC&q=shatapatha+brahmana+kanva+english&pg=PR20"><i>काण्वशतपथब्राह्मणम्</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. v–vi, xix–xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1127-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D&rft.pages=v-vi%2C+xix-xx&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1127-0&rft.aulast=Arts&rft.aufirst=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32TjMr-7zgoC%26q%3Dshatapatha%2Bbrahmana%2Bkanva%2Benglish%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebri-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebri_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77126/Brahmana">Brahmana</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation challenge arises from the change in meaning, in some cases, if something is pronounced incorrectly; for example hrA, hrada, hradA, hradya, hrag, hrAm and hrAsa, each has different meanings; see Harvey P. Alper (2012), Understanding Mantras, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807464" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807464">978-8120807464</a>, pages 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klkl-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klkl_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klkl_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klkl_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> (1994), A Survey of Hinduism, Second Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791421093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791421093">978-0791421093</a>, pages 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdQXYYp9e50C">A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, page 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> (Ed) (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5">1-4051-3251-5</a>, pages 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1206.htm">"Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 1, 4. Fourth Brâhmana"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Satapatha+Brahmana+Part+1+%28SBE12%29%3A+First+K%C3%A2nda%3A+I%2C+1%2C+4.+Fourth+Br%C3%A2hmana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fsbr%2Fsbe12%2Fsbe1206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakshman_Sarup1967" class="citation book cs1">Lakshman Sarup (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheNighantuAndTheNirukta"><i>The Nighantu And The Nirukta</i></a>. pp. 282 (archive.org e-reader numbering, Appendix 1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nighantu+And+The+Nirukta&rft.pages=282+%28archive.org+e-reader+numbering%2C+Appendix+1%29&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Lakshman+Sarup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheNighantuAndTheNirukta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModak1995" class="citation book cs1">Modak, B. R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rL1RtLr2KkC&q=brahmana&pg=PA17"><i>Sayana</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-940-2"><bdi>978-81-7201-940-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayana&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-940-2&rft.aulast=Modak&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rL1RtLr2KkC%26q%3Dbrahmana%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1906" class="citation book cs1">Bloomfield, Maurice (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15782"><i>A Vedic Concordance (1906)</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xxii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vedic+Concordance+%281906%29&rft.pages=xv-xxii&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.15782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1970" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PaH4uKI7MaEC&q=Chandogya+Brahmana+CB&pg=PR10"><i>The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0645-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0645-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0645-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+and+Philosophy+of+the+Veda+and+Upanishads&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0645-0&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Berriedale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPaH4uKI7MaEC%26q%3DChandogya%2BBrahmana%2BCB%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1994" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, William Dwight (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSMEUYzirNQC&q=Chandogya+Brahmana+CB&pg=PR26"><i>Sanskrit Grammar: Including Both, the Classical Language and the Older Dialects of Veda and Brāhmaṇa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. Abbreviations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0621-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0621-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0621-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammar%3A+Including+Both%2C+the+Classical+Language+and+the+Older+Dialects+of+Veda+and+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a&rft.pages=Abbreviations&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0621-4&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=William+Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSMEUYzirNQC%26q%3DChandogya%2BBrahmana%2BCB%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTull1989" class="citation book cs1">Tull, Herman Wayne (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auqGWz2l9pYC&q=KathB+Katha+brahmana&pg=PA123"><i>The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0094-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vedic+Origins+of+Karma%3A+Cosmos+as+Man+in+Ancient+Indian+Myth+and+Ritual&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0094-4&rft.aulast=Tull&rft.aufirst=Herman+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauqGWz2l9pYC%26q%3DKathB%2BKatha%2Bbrahmana%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1977" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=adbhuta&pg=PA37"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 36–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=36-39&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26q%3Dadbhuta%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaland._W1931" class="citation book cs1">Caland. W (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pancavimsabrahma032052mbp"><i>Pancavimsa Brahmana</i></a>. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. The Asiatic Society Of Bengal. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pancavimsabrahma032052mbp/page/n48">1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pancavimsa+Brahmana&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=The+Asiatic+Society+Of+Bengal&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Caland.+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpancavimsabrahma032052mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Macdonell1912" class="citation book cs1">A Macdonell (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282476"><i>Vedic Index Of Names And Subjects Vol I 1912</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282476/page/n321">305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Index+Of+Names+And+Subjects+Vol+I+1912&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1912&rft.au=A+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.282476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouben1991" class="citation book cs1">Houben, Jan E. 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London : Trübner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksbylatehorac08wils/page/54">54</a> (footnote 1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+by+the+late+Horace+Hayman+Wilson+%28Vol.+8%29%2C+The+Vishnu+Purana+Books+III+and+IV&rft.pages=54+%28footnote+1%29&rft.pub=London+%3A+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.+%28Horace+Hayman%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksbylatehorac08wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2008" class="citation book cs1">Nair, Shantha N. 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(19 May 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/151631">"Gopatha brahmana english translation with notes and introduction"</a>. <i>University</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F151631">10603/151631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University&rft.atitle=Gopatha+brahmana+english+translation+with+notes+and+introduction&rft.date=1969-05-19&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F151631&rft.aulast=Kasjikar&rft.aufirst=C.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F10603%2F151631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahulkar1990" class="citation book cs1">Bahulkar, S. S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5AydkGbl5gC&q=Gopatha+Brahmana&pg=PA10"><i>Vedic texts, a revision: Prof. C.G. Kashikar felicitation volume</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0806-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+texts%2C+a+revision%3A+Prof.+C.G.+Kashikar+felicitation+volume&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0806-5&rft.aulast=Bahulkar&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ5AydkGbl5gC%26q%3DGopatha%2BBrahmana%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonow1926" class="citation book cs1">Konow, Sten (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71001"><i>Acta Orientalia (Volume IV)</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71001/page/n39">35</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Orientalia+%28Volume+IV%29&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Konow&rft.aufirst=Sten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.71001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrahmana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brahmanas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brahmanas">Brahmanas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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