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id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Trimurti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Trimurti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Trimurti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Trimurti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avatars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Avatars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Avatars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Avatars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Avatars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The <i>Mahabharata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dashavatara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dashavatara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dashavatara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dashavatara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perumal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perumal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Perumal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perumal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vedas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trivikrama:_The_Three_Steps_of_Vishnu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivikrama:_The_Three_Steps_of_Vishnu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Trivikrama: The Three Steps of Vishnu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivikrama:_The_Three_Steps_of_Vishnu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Brahmanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vishnu_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishnu_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Vishnu Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishnu_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhagavata_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavata_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Bhagavata Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavata_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Other Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Agama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sangam_and_Post-Sangam_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sangam_and_Post-Sangam_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sangam and Post-Sangam literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sangam_and_Post-Sangam_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Bhakti movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnava_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnava_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vaishnava theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnava_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Associated deities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_deities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associated deities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lakshmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakshmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Lakshmi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakshmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Garuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shesha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shesha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Shesha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shesha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishvaksena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishvaksena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Vishvaksena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishvaksena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harihara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harihara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Harihara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harihara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Beyond Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Theravada Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Mahayana Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Outside the Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside the Indian subcontinent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>List of temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vishnu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="فيشنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيشنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u" title="Viṣṇu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Viṣṇu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="বিষ্ণু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিষ্ণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visn%C3%BA" title="Visnú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Visnú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Fnu" title="Vişnu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vişnu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9wa_Wisnu" title="Déwa Wisnu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Déwa Wisnu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="বিষ্ণু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিষ্ণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batara_Bisnu" title="Batara Bisnu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Batara Bisnu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вішну – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вішну" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विष्णु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विष्णु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E2%80%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="ཁྱབ་འཇུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྱབ་འཇུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichnou" title="Vichnou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vichnou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixnu" title="Vixnu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vixnu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विष्णु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="विष्णु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Βισνού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βισνού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Dnuo" title="Viŝnuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viŝnuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="ویشنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویشنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnou" title="Vishnou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vishnou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisjn%C3%BB" title="Fisjnû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fisjnû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="વિષ્ણુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિષ્ણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%88%EB%88%84" title="비슈누 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비슈누" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Վիշնու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիշնու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विष्णु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विष्णु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wisnu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnj%C3%BA" title="Visnjú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Visnjú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visn%C3%B9" title="Visnù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Visnù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95" title="וישנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וישנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisnu" title="Wisnu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wisnu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಷ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಷ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ვიშნუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიშნუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A0%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D9%97" title="وؠشنوٗ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وؠشنوٗ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8" title="ພະວິສະນຸ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະວິສະນຸ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnus" title="Visnus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Visnus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nus" title="Višnus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Višnus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixnu" title="Vixnu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vixnu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visnu" title="Visnu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Visnu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विष्णु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विष्णु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81" title="വിഷ്ണു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിഷ്ണു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विष्णु – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विष्णु" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ვიშნუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიშნუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="فشنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فشنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="ویشنو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویشنو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯚꯤꯁꯅꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯤꯁꯅꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%BF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဗိဿနိုးနတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိဿနိုးနတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विष्णु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विष्णु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="विष्णु (सन् १९९५या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विष्णु (सन् १९९५या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8C" title="ヴィシュヌ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィシュヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visjnu" title="Visjnu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Visjnu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishn%C3%B3" title="Vishnó – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vishnó" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବିଷ୍ଣୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଷ୍ଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਨੂੰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਨੂੰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="وشنو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وشنو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="وشنو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وشنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BB" title="ព្រះវិស្ណុ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះវិស្ណុ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisznu" title="Wisznu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wisznu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixnu" title="Vixnu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vixnu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Fnu" title="Vişnu – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vişnu" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C8%99nu" title="Vișnu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vișnu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="विष्णुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विष्णुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="وشنو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="وشنو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="විෂ්ණු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විෂ්ණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="وشنو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وشنو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="ڤیشنو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیشنو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="விஷ்ணு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விஷ்ணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="విష్ణువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విష్ణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B8" title="พระวิษณุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระวิษณุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вишну – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вишну" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಷ್ಣು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಷ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Fnu" title="Vişnu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vişnu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%9Fnu" title="Vişnu – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Vişnu" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вішну – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вішну" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88" title="وشنو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وشنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1nu" title="Višnu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Višnu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vishnu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毗湿奴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4" title="毗濕奴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="毗濕奴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毗湿奴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major deity in Hinduism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vishnu (disambiguation)">Vishnu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Vishnu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Preservation<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Restorer of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>The Protector of Good<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoifer199185_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoifer199185-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Bestower of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">The Supreme Being</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg/220px-Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg/330px-Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg/440px-Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting depicting Vishnu, c. 1730</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_(Vishnu)" title="Madhava (Vishnu)">Madhava</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keshava" title="Keshava">Keshava</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta" title="Achyuta">Achyuta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Janardana" title="Janardana">Janardana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li><li>and various others listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasranama" title="Vishnu Sahasranama">Vishnu Sahasranama</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrahman">Parabrahman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Bhagavate_V%C4%81sudev%C4%81ya" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Om" title="Hari Om">Hari Om</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a> (discus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gada_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gada (weapon)">mace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a> (bow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a> (sword)<sup id="cite_ref-jones492_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones492-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbols</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lotus_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus (plant)">lotus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">conch</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a><sup id="cite_ref-jones492_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones492-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Jayanti" title="Narasimha Jayanti">Narasimha Jayanti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaha_Panchami" title="Vivaha Panchami">Vivaha Panchami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Ekadashi" title="Vaikuntha Ekadashi">Vaikuntha Ekadashi</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashis</a> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> as <a href="/wiki/Yogamaya" title="Yogamaya">Yogamaya</a> (ceremonial sister)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Avatar#Avatars_of_Lakshmi" title="Avatar">forms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>Bala and Utsaha (according to some <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vishnu</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">विष्णु</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'All Pervasive', <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viṣṇu</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ʋɪʂɳʊ]</a></span>), also known as <b>Narayana</b> and <b>Hari</b>, is one of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">principal deities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. He is the supreme being within <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, one of the major traditions within contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu is known as <i>The Preserver</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">triple deity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">supreme divinity</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flood_1996,_p._17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_1996,_p._17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is the supreme Lord who creates, protects, and transforms the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">universe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> is stated to be the energy and creative power (<a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>) of each, with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> being the equal complementary partner of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the five equivalent deities in <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta tradition</a> of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_1996,_p._17_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_1996,_p._17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vaishnavism, the supreme being is with qualities (<a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna</a>), and has definite form, but is limitless, transcendent and unchanging absolute <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, and the primal <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are both benevolent and fearsome depictions of Vishnu. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient being sleeping on the coils of the serpent <a href="/wiki/Adishesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Adishesha">Shesha</a> (who represents time) floating in the primeval ocean of milk called <a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a> with his consort, Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whenever the world is threatened with evil, chaos, and destructive forces, Vishnu descends in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> (incarnation) to restore the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">cosmic order</a> and protect <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> are the ten primary avatars of Vishnu. Out of these ten, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> are the most important.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_1972_p._124_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer_1972_p._124-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <p>Vishnu (also spelled Viṣṇu, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">विष्णु</span>) means 'all pervasive'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to <a href="/wiki/Medh%C4%81tithi" title="Medhātithi">Medhātith</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> CE), 'one who is everything and inside everything'.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Yaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaska">Yaska</a> (4th century BCE) in the <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a> defines Vishnu as <i>viṣṇur viṣvater vā vyaśnoter vā</i> ('one who enters everywhere'); also adding <i>atha yad viṣito bhavati tad viṣnurbhavati</i> ('that which is free from fetters and bondage is Vishnu').<sup id="cite_ref-VishwaBagchee12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VishwaBagchee12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the tenth part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> (4-15th century CE), Danta (Son of <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhīma</a> and King of <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>) lists 108 names of Vishnu (17.98–102).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the ten primary avatars (see <i>Dashavarara</i>, below<i>)</i> and descriptions of the qualities, attributes, or aspects of God. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i> (chapter XV)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "<a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana Parva</a>" of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> both list over 1000 names for Vishnu, each name describing a quality, attribute, or aspect of God. Known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasranama" title="Vishnu Sahasranama">Vishnu Sahasranama</a></i>, <i>Vishnu</i> here is defined as 'the omnipresent'. </p><p>Other notable names in this list include : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a></li> <li>Lakshmikanta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janardana" title="Janardana">Janardana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesha" title="Hrishikesha">Hrishikesha</a></li> <li>Padmanabha</li> <li>Mukunda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 215px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 213px; height: 240px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -120px; left: -17px; width: 250px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuola_di_bilaspur,_vishnu_e_lakshmi,_1810_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miniature painting of Vishnu and Lakshmi in the Salar Jung Museum, circa 1810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/250px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/375px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/500px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="4002" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuola_di_bilaspur,_vishnu_e_lakshmi,_1810_ca.jpg" title="File:Scuola di bilaspur, vishnu e lakshmi, 1810 ca.jpg"> </a></div>Miniature painting of Vishnu and Lakshmi in the <a href="/wiki/Salar_Jung_Museum" title="Salar Jung Museum">Salar Jung Museum</a>, circa 1810 </div> </div> </div><p>Vishnu iconography shows him with dark blue, blue-grey or black coloured skin, and as a well-dressed jewelled man. He is typically shown with four arms, but two-armed representations are also found in Hindu texts on artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KossakWatts2001p30-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rao1993p73_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1993p73-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historic identifiers of his icon include his image holding a conch shell (<i><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">shankha</a></i> named <a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a>) between the first two fingers of one hand (left back), a war discus (<a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram"><i>chakra</i></a> named <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudarshana">Sudarshana</a>) in another (right back). The conch shell is spiral and symbolizes all of interconnected spiraling cyclic existence, while the discus symbolizes him as that which restores dharma with war if necessary when cosmic equilibrium is overwhelmed by evil.<sup id="cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KossakWatts2001p30-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his arms sometimes carries a club or mace (<i><a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">gada</a></i> named <a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a>) which symbolizes authority and power of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KossakWatts2001p30-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourth arm, he holds a lotus flower (<i><a href="/wiki/Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">padma</a></i>) which symbolizes purity and transcendence.<sup id="cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KossakWatts2001p30-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rao1993p73_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1993p73-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The items he holds in various hands vary, giving rise to twenty four combinations of iconography, each combination representing a special form of Vishnu. Each of these special forms is given a special name in texts such as the <i>Agni Purana</i> and the <i>Padma Purana</i>. These texts, however, are inconsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-bidyabinod_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidyabinod-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, Vishnu is depicted bearing the bow <a href="/wiki/Sharanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a> or the sword <a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a>. He is depicted with the <a href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</a> gem in a necklace and wearing <a href="/wiki/Vaijayanti" title="Vaijayanti">Vaijayanti</a>, a garland of forest flowers. The <a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">shrivatsa</a> mark is depicted on his chest in the form of a curl of hair. He generally wears yellow garments. He wears a crown called the <a href="/wiki/Kiritamukuta" title="Kiritamukuta">Kiritamukuta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu iconography shows him either in standing pose, seated in a <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> pose, or reclining.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao1993p73_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1993p73-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A traditional depiction of Vishnu is as <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, showing him reclining on the coils of the serpent <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> floating over the divine ocean <a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a>, accompanied by his consort <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, as he "dreams the universe into reality."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His abode is described as <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a> and his mount (<i><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a></i>) is the bird king <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu was associated with the sun because he used to be "a minor solar deity but rose in importance in the following centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Trimurti">The Trimurti</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UgrataraTemple2_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/UgrataraTemple2_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-UgrataraTemple2_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/UgrataraTemple2_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-UgrataraTemple2_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/UgrataraTemple2_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-UgrataraTemple2_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>Shiva (left), Vishnu (middle), and Brahma (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Particularly in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, the Trimurti (also known as the <b>Hindu Triad</b> or <b>Great Trinity</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represents the three fundamental forces (<a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa"><i>guṇas</i></a>) through which the universe is created, maintained, and destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">cyclic succession</a>. Each of these forces is represented by a Hindu deity:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>:</b> presiding deity of <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">Rajas</a> (passion, creation)</li> <li><b>Vishnu:</b> presiding deity of <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattva</a> (goodness, preservation)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>:</b> presiding deity of <a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas</a> (darkness, destruction)</li></ul> <p>The trimurti themselves are beyond three gunas and are not affected by it.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hindu tradition, the trio is often referred to as <b>Brahma-Vishnu-Mahesh</b>. All have the same meaning of three in one; different forms or manifestations of <a href="/wiki/One" class="mw-redirect" title="One">One</a> person the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">Supreme Being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avatars">Avatars</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></div> <p>The concept of the avatar (or incarnation) within Hinduism is most often associated with Vishnu, the preserver or sustainer aspect of God within the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>. The avatars of Vishnu descend to empower the good and to destroy evil, thereby restoring <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and relieving the burden of the Earth. An oft-quoted passage from the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> describes the typical role of an avatar of Vishnu: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth.<br /> For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil,<br /> and for the establishment of righteousness,<br /> I come into being age after age. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> 4.7–8</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature, in particular the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i> (ancient; similar to <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia"><i>encyclopedias</i></a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a></i> (chronicle, history, legend), narrate numerous <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of Vishnu. The most well-known of these avatars are <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (most notably in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>; the latter encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> (most notably in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>). Krishna in particular is venerated in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> as the ultimate, primeval, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)#Hinduism" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> source of all existence, including all the other <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a> and gods, such as Vishnu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mahabharata">The <i>Mahabharata</i></h3></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, Vishnu (as <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>) states to <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> that He will appear in the following ten incarnations: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Appearing in the forms of a swan [Hamsa], a tortoise [<a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>], a fish [<a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>], O foremost of regenerate ones, I shall then display myself as a boar [<a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>], then as a Man-lion (<a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Nrisingha</a>), then as a dwarf [<a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>], then as <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Rama</a> of Bhrigu's race, then as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the son of Dasaratha, then as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> the scion of the Sattwata race, and lastly as <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book 12, Santi Parva, Chapter CCCXL (340), translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, 1883–1896<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Puranas">The Puranas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA,_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA%2C_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg/220px-Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA%2C_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA%2C_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg/330px-Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA%2C_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA%2C_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg/440px-Ravana_converses_with_MAHAJAMBUNADA%2C_who_is_surrounded_by_a_ring_of_fire_and_attended_by_Laksmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Ravana converses with MAHAJAMBUNADA, who is surrounded by a ring of fire and attended by Laksmi</figcaption></figure> <p>Specified avatars of Vishnu are listed against some of the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> in the table below. However, this is a complicated process, and the lists are unlikely to be exhaustive because: </p> <ul><li>Not all Puranas provide lists <i>per se</i> (e.g. the Agni Purana dedicates entire chapters to avatars, and some of these chapters mention other avatars within them)</li> <li>A list may be given in one place but additional avatars may be mentioned elsewhere (e.g. the Bhagavata Purana lists 22 avatars in Canto 1, but mentions others elsewhere)</li> <li>Manava Purana, the only Upa Purana lists 42 avatars of Vishnu.</li> <li>A personality in one Purana may be considered an avatar in another (e.g. Narada is not specified as an avatar in the Matsya Purana but is in the Bhagavata Purana)</li> <li>Some avatars consist of two or more people considered as different aspects of a single incarnation (e.g. Nara-Narayana, Rama and his three brothers)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Purana </th> <th>Avatars </th> <th>Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> lists are in bold </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a> (3.11), <a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a> (3.12), <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> (4), <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> (4.3–4), <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> (4.5–11), <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parasurama</a> (4.12–20), <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> (5–11; one of the 'four forms' of Vishnu, including his brothers <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Laksmana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Satrughna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (12), <a href="/wiki/Sugata" title="Sugata">Buddha</a> (16), <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a> (16) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 49) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a> </td> <td>22<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Kumaras</a>, Varaha, <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rsabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prthu</a>, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanvantari, Mohini, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parashurama, <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasadeva</a>, Rama, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> and Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 1, Chapter 3). </td></tr> <tr> <td>20<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Varaha, Suyajna (Hari), Kapila, Dattātreya, Four Kumaras, Nara-Narayana, Prthu, Rsabha, <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a>, Matsya, Kurma, Nṛsiṁha, Vamana, <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>, Dhanvantari, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 2, Chapter 7) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a>, Buddha, Rama, Kalki, <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Ananta</a>, Acyuta, Jamadagnya (<a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>), <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a> (Volume 4: 52.68–73) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>20<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kumara, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Datta</a> (Dattatreya), Yajna, Urukrama, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanavantari, Mohini, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Vyasadeva, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter 1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10</b><sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1, Chapter 86, Verses 10–11) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 3, Chapter 30, Verse 37) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>10</b><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31–32) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3 celestial incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, Nrishimha, and Vamana; and 7 human incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandhatri" title="Mandhatri">Mandhitri</a>, Parasurama, Rama, Vedavyasa (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter XLVII / 47) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Narada</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, Kalki (Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19), and Kapila<sup id="cite_ref-jacobsen08_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobsen08-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td><b>Part 7:</b> <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a> (66.44–54) and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (71.23–29) name 'Matsya, Kurma, and Varaha. Narasimha and Vamana, (Parasu-)rama, Rama, Krsna, Buddha, and Kalki'; <b>Part 9:</b> this list is repeated by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (229.40–44); Kapila<sup id="cite_ref-jacobsen08_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobsen08-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, 'Rama trio' [Rama, Parasurama, Balarama], Krishna, Kalki (Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56–58 and Chapter 31, verses 134–136) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a> </td> <td>14<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Nrsimha, Vamana, Kapila, Datta, Rsabha, Bhargava Rama (Parashurama), Dasarathi <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, Krsna, Krsna Dvaipayana (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Part 7: Vasudeva-Mamatmya: Chapter 18) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10</b><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 15: Reva Khanda: Chapter 151, Verses 1–7) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manavā </td> <td>42 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adi_Purusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Purusha">Adi Purusha</a>, Kumaras, Narada, Kapila, Yajna, Dattatreya, Nara-Narayana, Vibhu, Satyasena, Hari, Vaikunta, Ajita, Shaligram, Sarvabhauma, Vrishbha, Visvaksena, Sudhama(not krishna's friend Sudama), Dharmasetu, Yogeshwara, Brihadbhanu, Hamsa, Hayagriva, Vyasa, Prithu, Vrishbha deva, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balrama, Krishna, Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateswara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a>, Kalki </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td>Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 4, Verses 2–3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22; and Chapter 211, Verse 69) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rama and his brothers are considered as one unit. Volume 3, Chapter 276 also lists the same incarnations. <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> have not been counted; a list of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></i> is provided in chapter 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Others such as Hamsa, Ajita, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a> are mentioned elsewhere but have not been counted. For a complete list, see <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana#Avatars_of_Vishnu" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumara is more likely to be the Four Kumaras (one unit) than – as the translator believes – <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Karttikeya</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva's</a> sons and the Hindu god of war</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These avatars are stated to incarnate 'for the good of the world' in every cycle of <a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">yugas</a>; It is also stated that there are other avatars due to the curse of <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrgu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>, etc., have not been counted</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Avatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg/220px-Vishnu_Avatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg/330px-Vishnu_Avatars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god Vishnu (centre) surrounded by his avatars (counter-clockwise, from left-top: <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>), 19th century <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">oleograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></div> <p>The <i>Dashavatara</i> is a list of the so-called <i>Vibhavas</i>, or '10 [primary] <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a>' of Vishnu. The <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Narada Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> all provide matching lists. The same <i>Vibhavas</i> are also found in the <i>Garuda Purana</i> <i>Saroddhara</i>, a commentary or 'extracted essence' written by Navanidhirama about the Garuda Purana (i.e. not the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purana</a> itself, with which it seems to be confused): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Fish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Tortoise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Boar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Man-Lion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parasurama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krisna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>: These ten names should always be meditated upon by the wise. Those who recite them near the diseased are called relatives.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Navanidhirama, <i>Garuda Purana Saroddhara</i>, Chapter VIII, Verses 10–11, translated by E. Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Apparent disagreements concerning the placement of either the <a href="/wiki/Sugata" title="Sugata">Buddha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> in the <i>Dashavarara</i> seems to occur from the <i>Dashavarara</i> list in the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> (the only other list with ten avatars including Balarama in the Garuda Purana substitutes Vamana, not Buddha). Regardless, both versions of the <i>Dashavarara</i> have a scriptural basis in the canon of authentic <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature (but not from the <i>Garuda Purana</i> <i>Saroddhara</i>)<i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perumal">Perumal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perumal_(deity)" title="Perumal (deity)">Perumal (deity)</a></div> <p>Perumal (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">பெருமாள்</span>)—also known as Thirumal (Tamil: <span lang="ta">திருமால்</span>), or Mayon (as described in the Tamil scriptures)— was accepted as a manifestation of Vishnu during the process of the syncretism of South Indian deities into mainstream Hinduism. Mayon is indicated to be the deity associated with the <i>mullai tiṇai</i> (pastoral landscape) in the <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkappiyam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> (200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions <b>Mayon</b> or the "dark one" and as the <b>Supreme deity</b> who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe and was worshipped in the plains and mountains of <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses of <a href="/wiki/Parip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADal" title="Paripāṭal">Paripadal</a> describe the glory of Perumal in the most poetic of terms. Many Poems of the <a href="/wiki/Parip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADal" title="Paripāṭal">Paripadal</a> consider Perumal as the Supreme god of <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a popular <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> deity among <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamilians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, as well among the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revered by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnava</a> denomination of Hinduism, Perumal is venerated in popular tradition as <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateshwara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Sri Ranganathaswamy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Vishnu icons across cultures</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:250px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:125px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_(3.22_gm,_12h)._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg/125px-KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg/188px-KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg/250px-KINGS_of_BAKTRIA._Agathokles._Circa_185-170_BC._AR_Drachm_%283.22_gm%2C_12h%29._Bilingual_series._BASILEWS_AGAQOKLEOUS_with_Indian_god_Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">180 BCE <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a>.</div></td><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:125px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VishnuGandhara.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/VishnuGandhara.JPG/92px-VishnuGandhara.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/VishnuGandhara.JPG/138px-VishnuGandhara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/VishnuGandhara.JPG/183px-VishnuGandhara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Nicolo_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Nicolo Seal">Vishnu Nicolo Seal</a>, <span class="nowrap">4th–6th</span> century CE, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:125px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg/120px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg/250px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_036_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="2348" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">13th century <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> Vishnu.</div></td><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:125px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Vishnu,_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London,_UK_(IM_127-1927)_-_20090209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Statue_of_Vishnu%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK_%28IM_127-1927%29_-_20090209.jpg/94px-Statue_of_Vishnu%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK_%28IM_127-1927%29_-_20090209.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Statue_of_Vishnu%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK_%28IM_127-1927%29_-_20090209.jpg/141px-Statue_of_Vishnu%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK_%28IM_127-1927%29_-_20090209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Statue_of_Vishnu%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK_%28IM_127-1927%29_-_20090209.jpg/188px-Statue_of_Vishnu%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK_%28IM_127-1927%29_-_20090209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:125px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beikthano_(Vishnu)_Nat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Beikthano_%28Vishnu%29_Nat.jpg/120px-Beikthano_%28Vishnu%29_Nat.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Beikthano_%28Vishnu%29_Nat.jpg/250px-Beikthano_%28Vishnu%29_Nat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div></td><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:125px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Kediri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vishnu_Kediri.jpg/66px-Vishnu_Kediri.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vishnu_Kediri.jpg/100px-Vishnu_Kediri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vishnu_Kediri.jpg/133px-Vishnu_Kediri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="infobox-caption">The iconography of Hindu god Vishnu has been widespread in history.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedas">Vedas</h3></div> <p>Vishnu is a <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deity</a>, but not a prominent one when compared to <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, Agni and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonda1969p1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just 5 out of 1028 hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> are dedicated to Vishnu, although he is mentioned in other hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> layer of text in the Vedas, thereafter his profile rises and over the history of Indian scriptures, states <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, Vishnu becomes a divinity of the highest rank, one equivalent to the Supreme Being.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonda1969p1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1898p167_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1898p167-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though a minor mention and with overlapping attributes in the Vedas, he has important characteristics in various hymns of the Rig Veda, such as 1.154.5, 1.56.3 and 10.15.3.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonda1969p1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these hymns, the Vedic scriptures assert that Vishnu resides in that highest home where departed <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self) reside, an assertion that may have been the reason for his increasing emphasis and popularity in Hindu <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonda1969p1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1898p10_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1898p10-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also described in the Vedic literature as the one who supports heaven and earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="sa" class="poem"> <p>तदस्य प्रियमभि पाथो अश्यां नरो यत्र देवयवो मदन्ति । उरुक्रमस्य स हि बन्धुरित्था विष्णोः पदे परमे मध्व उत्सः ॥५॥ ऋग्वेद १-१५४-५ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>5. Might I reach that dear cattle-pen of his, where men seeking the gods find elation, for exactly that is the bond to the wide-striding one: the wellspring of honey in the highest step of Viṣṇu. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—RV. 1.154.5<sup id="cite_ref-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—translated by Stephanie Jamison, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="sa" class="poem"> <p>आहं पितॄन्सुविदत्राँ अवित्सि नपातं च विक्रमणं च विष्णोः । <br /> बर्हिषदो ये स्वधया सुतस्य भजन्त पित्वस्त इहागमिष्ठाः ॥३॥ ऋग्वेद १०-१५-३ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>3. I have found here the forefathers good to find and the grandson and the wide stride of Viṣṇu.<br /> Those who, sitting on the ritual grass, share in the pressed soma and the food at (the cry of) "svadhā", they are the most welcome arrivals here. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—RV 10.15.13<sup id="cite_ref-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—translated by Stephanie Jamison, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Vedic hymns, Vishnu is invoked alongside other deities, especially Indra, whom he helps kill the symbol of evil named <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1898p18_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1898p18-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His distinguishing characteristic in the Vedas is his association with light. Two Rigvedic hymns in <a href="/wiki/Mandala_7" title="Mandala 7">Mandala 7</a> refer to Vishnu. In section 7.99 of the Rigveda, Vishnu is addressed as the god who separates heaven and earth, a characteristic he shares with Indra. In the Vedic texts, the deity or god referred to as Vishnu is <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a> (Sun god), who also bears the name <i>Suryanarayana</i>. Again, this link to Surya is a characteristic Vishnu shares with fellow Vedic deities named Mitra and Agni, wherein in different hymns, they too "bring men together" and cause all living beings to rise up and impel them to go about their daily activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1898p29_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1898p29-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hymn 7.99 of Rigveda, Indra-Vishnu is equivalent and produce the sun, with the verses asserting that this sun is the source of all energy and light for all.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1898p29_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1898p29-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other hymns of the Rigveda, Vishnu is a close friend of Indra.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilakanta_Sastri_1980_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilakanta_Sastri_1980-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Rigveda, Atharvaveda and Upanishadic texts, Vishnu is equivalent to Prajapati, both are described as the protector and preparer of the womb, and according to Klaus Klostermaier, this may be the root behind the post-Vedic fusion of all the attributes of the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> unto the avatars of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Aranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Aranyaka">Taittiriya Aranyaka</a> (10.13.1), "<a href="/wiki/Narayana_sukta" title="Narayana sukta">Narayana sukta</a>", Narayana is mentioned as the supreme being. The first verse of "Narayana Suktam" mentions the words <i>paramam padam</i>, which literally mean 'highest post' and may be understood as the 'supreme abode for all Selfs'. This is also known as <b>Param Dhama</b>, <b>Paramapadam</b>, or <b>Vaikuntha</b>. Rigveda 1.22.20 also mentions the same <i>paramam padam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, the mythology of a boar who raises goddess earth from the depths of cosmic ocean appears, but without the word Vishnu or his alternate avatar names. In post-Vedic mythology, this legend becomes one of the basis of many cosmogonic myth called the <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> legend, with Varaha as an avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1898p18_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1898p18-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trivikrama:_The_Three_Steps_of_Vishnu">Trivikrama: The Three Steps of Vishnu</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">The Three Strides of Vishnu</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG/178px-Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG/267px-Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG/356px-Trivikram_Vishnu_-_Gupta_Period_-_ACCN_70-58_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5411.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="2787" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_(Bhaktapur)_(8567815983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_%28Bhaktapur%29_%288567815983%29.jpg/133px-Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_%28Bhaktapur%29_%288567815983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_%28Bhaktapur%29_%288567815983%29.jpg/200px-Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_%28Bhaktapur%29_%288567815983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_%28Bhaktapur%29_%288567815983%29.jpg/266px-Le_temple_de_Changu_Narayan_%28Bhaktapur%29_%288567815983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badami_Cave_Temples_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Badami_Cave_Temples_35.jpg/120px-Badami_Cave_Temples_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Badami_Cave_Temples_35.jpg/250px-Badami_Cave_Temples_35.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The depiction of the "three strides of Vishnu" is common in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a>, wherein his leg is shown raised like a gymnast, symbolizing a huge step. Left: Trivikrama in the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period. Center: at a temple in <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>, Nepal; Right: at 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a>, India.</div></div></div></div> <p>Several hymns of the Rigveda repeat the mighty deed of Vishnu called the <i>Trivikrama</i>, which is one of the lasting mythologies in Hinduism since the Vedic times.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p85-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an inspiration for ancient artwork in numerous <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> such as at the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, which depict the Trivikrama legend through the Vamana avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Trivikrama</i> refers to the celebrated <i>three steps</i> or "three strides" of Vishnu. Starting as a small insignificant looking being, Vishnu undertakes a herculean task of establishing his reach and form, then with his first step covers the earth, with second the ether, and the third entire heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p85-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>विष्णोर्नु कं वीर्याणि प्र वोचं यः पार्थिवानि विममे रजांसि ।<br /> यो अस्कभायदुत्तरं सधस्थं विचक्रमाणस्त्रेधोरुगायः ॥१॥…<br /> <br /> <i>viṣṇōrnu kaṃ vīryāṇi pra vōcaṃ yaḥ pārthivāni vimamē rajāṃsi |</i><br /> <i>yō askabhāyaduttaraṃ sadhasthaṃ vicakramāṇastrēdhōrugāyaḥ ||1||</i><br /> <br /> I will now proclaim the heroic deeds of Visnu, who has measured out the terrestrial regions, <br /> who established the upper abode having, wide-paced, strode out triply… </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rigveda 1.154.1, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Vishnu Sukta 1.154 of Rigveda says that the first and second of Vishnu's strides (those encompassing the earth and air) are visible to the mortals and the third is the realm of the immortals. The Trivikrama describing hymns integrate salvific themes, stating Vishnu to symbolize that which is freedom and life.<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p85-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> elaborates this theme of Vishnu, as his herculean effort and sacrifice to create and gain powers that help others, one who realizes and defeats the evil symbolized by the Asuras after they had usurped the three worlds, and thus Vishnu is the saviour of the mortals and the immortals (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier2000p85-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmanas">Brahmanas</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>To what is One</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Seven germs unripened yet are heaven's prolific seed: <br /> their functions they maintain by <b>Vishnu's</b> ordinance.<br /> Endued with wisdom through intelligence and thought,<br /> they compass us about present on every side.<br /> <br /> What thing I truly am I know not clearly: <br /> mysterious, fettered in my mind I wonder.<br /> When the first-born of holy Law approached me, <br /> then of this speech, I first obtain a portion.<br /> (...)<br /> <br /> They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni,<br /> and he is heavenly-winged Garutman.<br /> To what is One, sages give many a title. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> 1.164.36–37, 46</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i> contains ideas which Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism has long mapped to a pantheistic vision of Vishnu as supreme, he as the essence in every being and everything in the empirically perceived universe. In this Brahmana, states Klaus Klostermaier, Purusha Narayana (Vishnu) asserts, "all the worlds have I placed within mine own self, and my own self has I placed within all the worlds."<sup id="cite_ref-klostermaier86_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klostermaier86-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text equates Vishnu to all knowledge there is (Vedas), calling the essence of everything as imperishable, all Vedas and principles of universe as imperishable, and that this imperishable which is Vishnu is the all.<sup id="cite_ref-klostermaier86_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klostermaier86-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu is described to be permeating all object and life forms, states S. Giora Shoham, where he is "ever-present within all things as the intrinsic principle of all", and the eternal, transcendental self in every being.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedic literature, including its Brahmanas layer, while praising Vishnu do not subjugate others gods and goddesses. They present an inclusive pluralistic <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Muller</a>, "Although the gods are sometimes distinctly invoked as the great and the small, the young and the old (Rig Veda 1:27:13), this is only an attempt to find the most comprehensive expression for the divine powers and nowhere is any of the gods represented as the subordinate to others. It would be easy to find, in the numerous hymns of the Veda, passages in which almost every single god is represented as supreme and absolute."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Upanishads" title="Vaishnava Upanishads">Vaishnava Upanishads</a> are minor <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, related to Vishnu theology. There are 14 Vaishnava Upanishads in the <a href="/wiki/Muktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktika">Muktika</a> anthology of 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear when these texts were composed, and estimates vary from the 1st-century BCE to 17th-century CE for the texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahony1998290_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahony1998290-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2002191_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002191-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Upanishads highlight Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> or one of his <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> as the supreme metaphysical reality called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahony1998p271_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahony1998p271-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p217_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p217-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They discuss a diverse range of topics, from ethics to the methods of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen193726_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen193726-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagavata_Purana_(Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord)_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/250px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/500px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> (c. 16th century) is centred around <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, a Vishnu avatar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vishnu is the primary focus of the Vaishnavism-focused <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> genre of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>. Of these, according to <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>, the most important texts are the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radeya_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāradeya Purana">Nāradeya Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Purana texts include many versions of cosmologies, mythologies, encyclopedic entries about various aspects of life, and chapters that were medieval era regional Vishnu temples-related tourist guides called <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">mahatmyas</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''._98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''.-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One version of the cosmology, for example, states that Vishnu's eye is at the Southern Celestial Pole from where he watches the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another version found in section 4.80 of the Vayu Purana, he is the <a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a>, or the golden egg from which were simultaneously born all feminine and masculine beings of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vishnu_Purana">Vishnu Purana</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> presents Vishnu as the central element of its cosmology, unlike some other Puranas where Shiva or Brahma or goddess Shakti are. The reverence and the worship of Vishnu is described in 22 chapters of the first part of Vishnu Purana, along with the profuse use of the synonymous names of Vishnu such as Hari, Janardana, Madhava, Achyuta, Hrishikesha and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vishnu Purana also discusses the Hindu concept of supreme reality called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>; a discussion that the theistic Vedanta scholar <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> interprets to be about the equivalence of the Brahman with Vishnu, a foundational theology in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhagavata_Purana">Bhagavata Purana</h4></div> <p>Vishnu is equated with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, such as in verse 1.2.11, as "learned transcendentalists who know the Absolute Truth call this non-dual substance as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatma</a> and Bhagavan."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> has been the most popular and widely read Purana texts relating to Vishnu avatar Krishna, it has been translated and available in almost all Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Puranas, it discusses a wide range of topics including cosmology, genealogy, geography, mythology, legend, music, dance, yoga and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–151_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–151-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it begins, the forces of evil have won a war between the benevolent <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a></i> (deities) and evil <i><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a></i> (demons) and now rule the universe. Truth re-emerges as the Vishnu avatar first makes peace with the demons, understands them and then creatively defeats them, bringing back hope, justice, freedom and good – a cyclic theme that appears in many legends.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> is a revered text in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puranic legends of Vishnu have inspired plays and dramatic arts that are acted out over festivals, particularly through performance arts such as the <a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–97_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–97-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Puranas">Other Puranas</h4></div> <p>Some versions of the Purana texts, unlike the Vedic and Upanishadic texts, emphasize Vishnu as supreme and on whom other gods depend. Vishnu, for example, is the source of creator deity <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> in the Vaishnavism-focussed Purana texts. Vishnu's iconography and a Hindu myth typically shows Brahma being born in a lotus emerging from his navel, who then is described as creating the world<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2000164_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2000164-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or all the forms in the universe, but not the primordial universe itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailskrishnasourceboo00brya_424pagen32_18]_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailskrishnasourceboo00brya_424pagen32_18]-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>-focussed Puranas describe Brahma and Vishnu to have been created by <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>, that is half Shiva and half Parvati; or alternatively, Brahma was born from <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, or Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma creating each other cyclically in different aeons (<a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205-206_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205-206-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some Vaishnava Puranas, Vishnu takes the form of Rudra or commands Rudra to destroy the world, thereafter the entire universe dissolves and along with time, everything is reabsorbed back into Vishnu. The universe is then recreated from Vishnu all over again, starting a new <i>Kalpa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger71_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger71-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> employs the metaphor of Vishnu as a spider and the universe as his web. Other texts offer alternate cosmogenic theories, such as one where the universe and time are absorbed into Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger71_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger71-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a> scripture called the <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> describes a mode of worship of Vishnu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangam_and_Post-Sangam_literature">Sangam and Post-Sangam literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal">Thirumal</a></div> <p>The Sangam literature refers to an extensive regional collection in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, mostly from the early centuries of the common era. These Tamil texts revere <b>Vishnu</b> and his avatars such as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, as well as other pan-Indian deities such as Shiva, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Muruga</a>, Durga, Indra and others.<sup id="cite_ref-padmaja27_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padmaja27-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu is described in these texts as <i>Mayon</i>, or "one who is dark or black in color" (in north India, the equivalent word is Krishna).<sup id="cite_ref-padmaja27_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padmaja27-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms found for Vishnu in these ancient Tamil genre of literature include <i>mayavan, mamiyon, netiyon, mal</i> and <i>mayan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishna as Vishnu avatar is the primary subject of two post-Sangam Tamil epics <i><a href="/wiki/Silappadikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappadikaram">Silappadikaram</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i>, each of which was probably composed about the 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-padmaja30_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padmaja30-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Tamil epics share many aspects of the story found in other parts of India, such as those related to baby Krishna such as stealing butter, and teenage Krishna such as teasing girls who went to bathe in a river by hiding their clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-padmaja30_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padmaja30-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_movement">Bhakti movement</h3></div> <p>Ideas about Vishnu in the mid 1st millennium CE were important to the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> theology that ultimately swept India after the 12th century. The <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>, which literally means "those immersed in God", were Tamil Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu as they traveled from one place to another.<sup id="cite_ref-olson231_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson231-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They established temple sites such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, and spread ideas about <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>. Their poems, compiled as Alwar Arulicheyalgal or <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabhandham">Divya Prabhandham</a>, developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>'s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on <i>bhakti</i>, have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins, though some scholars question whether this evidence excludes the possibility that <i>bhakti</i> movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaishnava_theology">Vaishnava theology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1caratra" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/250px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/500px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Bhagavata Purana summarizes the Vaishnava theology, wherein it frequently discusses the merging of the individual Self with the Absolute <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Ultimate Reality, Supreme Truth), or "the return of Brahman into His own true nature", a distinctly <a href="/wiki/Advaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaitic">Advaitic</a> or non-dualistic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> is explained as <i>Ekatva</i> ('Oneness') and <i>Sayujya</i> ('Absorption, intimate union'), wherein one is completely lost in Brahman (Self, Supreme Being, one's true nature).<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, states Rukmini (1993), is proclamation of "return of the individual Self to the Absolute and its merging into the Absolute", which is unmistakably Advaitic in its trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same passages, the Bhagavata includes a mention of <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> as the object of concentration, thereby presenting the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> path from the three major paths of Hindu spirituality discussed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaishnava thought holds Vishnu to exist in the alternate guise of "Isvara, the Lord of All Being" and the universe to be his breath that he will "assimilate" into him again, by breathing and causing the end of the world, which has happened before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, he will "exhale again and re-create the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theology in the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i> discusses both the sentient and the non-sentient, the Self and the matter of existence. It envisions the universe as the body of Vishnu (Krishna), state Harold Coward and Daniel Maguire. Vishnu in Gita's theology pervades all selves, all matter, and time,<sup id="cite_ref-coward113_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coward113-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sri Vaishnavism sub-tradition, Vishnu and Sri (goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>) are described as inseparable, that they pervade everything together. Both together are the creators, who also pervade and transcend their creation.<sup id="cite_ref-coward113_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coward113-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhagavata Purana, in many passages, parallels the ideas of Nirguna Brahman and non-duality of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The aim of life is an inquiry into the Truth, and not the desire for enjoyment in heaven by performing religious rites,<br /> Those who possess the knowledge of the Truth, call the knowledge of non-duality as the Truth,<br /> It is called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the Highest <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Self</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sūta, Bhagavata Purana 1.2.10–11, translated by Daniel Sheridan<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Scholars describe the Vaishnava theology as built on the foundation of non-dualism speculations in Upanishads, and term it as "Advaitic Theism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199817_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199817-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhagavata Purana suggests that Vishnu and the Self (Atman) in all beings is one.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryant states that the monism discussed in Bhagavata Purana is certainly built on the Vedanta foundations, but not exactly the same as the monism of Adi Shankara.<sup id="cite_ref-bryant45_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant45-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhagavata asserts, according to Bryant, that the empirical and the spiritual universe are both metaphysical realities, and manifestations of the same Oneness, just like heat and light are "real but different" manifestations of sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-bryant45_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant45-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> tradition of Vaishnavism, Vishnu is attributed with numerous qualities such as omniscience, energy, strength, lordship, vigour, and splendour.<sup id="cite_ref-Tapasyananda_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tapasyananda-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vaishnava tradition started by <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> considers Vishnu in the form of Krishna to be the supreme creator, personal God, all-pervading, all devouring, one whose knowledge and grace leads to "moksha".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Madhvacharya Vaishnava theology, the supreme Vishnu and the Selfs of living beings are two different realities and nature (dualism), while in Ramanuja's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a>, they are different but share the same essential nature (qualified non-dualism).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_deities">Associated deities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg/250px-Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg/330px-Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg/500px-Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Narayan">Lakshmi Narayan</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, painted in <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> c. 1820 </figcaption></figure><p>Lakshmi, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu goddess">Hindu goddess</a> of wealth, fortune and prosperity (both material and spiritual), is the wife and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">active energy</a> of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-anandrao167_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandrao167-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also called <a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">Sri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jmuir_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmuir-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Vishnu incarnated on earth as the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, Lakshmi incarnated as his respective consorts: <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2006_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2006-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various regional beliefs consider Lakshmi to be manifested as various goddesses, who are considered Vishnu's wives. In South India, Lakshmi is worshipped in two forms – Sridevi and <a href="/wiki/Bhudevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhudevi">Bhudevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tirupati, <a href="/wiki/Venkateshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshwara">Venkateshwara</a> (identified as a form of Vishnu) is depicted with consorts, Lakshmi and <a href="/wiki/Padmavathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmavathi">Padmavathi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garuda">Garuda</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></div> <p>Among Vishnu's primary mounts (<a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a>) is Garuda, the demigod eagle. Vishnu is commonly depicted as riding on his shoulders. Garuda is also considered as Vedas on which Vishnu travels. Garuda is a sacred bird in Vaishnavism. In the <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, Garuda carries Vishnu to save the elephant <a href="/wiki/Gajendra_Moksha" title="Gajendra Moksha">Gajendra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shesha">Shesha</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_sleeps_on_the_coils_of_Ananta_(the_World_Snake)._He_will_awake_for_the_next_cycle_of_creation_which_heralds_the_destruction_of_all_things._Sculpture._From_India,_c._14th_century_CE._National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vishnu_sleeps_on_the_coils_of_Ananta_%28the_World_Snake%29._He_will_awake_for_the_next_cycle_of_creation_which_heralds_the_destruction_of_all_things._Sculpture._From_India%2C_c._14th_century_CE._National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vishnu_sleeps_on_the_coils_of_Ananta_%28the_World_Snake%29._He_will_awake_for_the_next_cycle_of_creation_which_heralds_the_destruction_of_all_things._Sculpture._From_India%2C_c._14th_century_CE._National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vishnu_sleeps_on_the_coils_of_Ananta_%28the_World_Snake%29._He_will_awake_for_the_next_cycle_of_creation_which_heralds_the_destruction_of_all_things._Sculpture._From_India%2C_c._14th_century_CE._National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu sleeps on the coils of Ananta (Shesha, the World Snake). He will awake for the next cycle of creation which heralds the destruction of all things. 14th century sculpture from India, housed in <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the primordial beings of creation, Shesha, or Adishesha, is the king of the serpents in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residing in <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, Vishnu sleeps upon Adishesha in a perpetual slumber in his form of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vishvaksena">Vishvaksena</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vishvaksena" title="Vishvaksena">Vishvaksena</a></div> <p>Vishvaksena, also known as Senadhipathi (both meaning 'army-chief'), is the commander-in-chief of the army of Vishnu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harihara">Harihara</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harihara_V%26A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Harihara_V%26A.jpg/220px-Harihara_V%26A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Harihara_V%26A.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Harihara – Combined form of Vishnu and Shiva, c. 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>Shiva and Vishnu are both viewed as the ultimate form of god in different Hindu denominations. Harihara is a composite of half Vishnu and half Shiva, mentioned in literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana Purana</a> (chapter 36),<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in artwork found from mid 1st millennium CE, such as in the cave 1 and cave 3 of the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another half Vishnu half Shiva form, which is also called Harirudra, is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Hinduism">Beyond Hinduism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <p>Vishnu is referred to as <b>Gorakh</b> in the scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in verse 5 of <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> ('teacher') is praised as who gives the word and shows the wisdom, and through whom the awareness of immanence is gained. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Shackle</a> and Mandair (2013), teaches that the Guru are "Shiva (isar), Vishnu (gorakh), Brahma (barma) and mother Parvati (parbati)," yet the one who is all and true cannot be described.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a></i> lists the 24 avatars of Vishnu, including <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. Similarly, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i> includes Vishnu mythology that mirrors that found in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnav</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberoi97_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi97-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is of particular importance to <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sikh" title="Sanatan Sikh">Sanatan Sikhs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahajdhari" title="Sahajdhari">Sahajdhari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keshdhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshdhari">Keshdhari</a>/Khalsa sects of Sikhism; however, the Khalsa Sikhs disagree with the Sanatan Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberoi97_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi97-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sanatan Sikh writers, the Gurus of Sikhism were avatars of Vishnu, because the Gurus brought light in the age of darkness and saved people in a time of evil <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal-era</a> persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers,_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers%2C_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg/220px-Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers%2C_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers%2C_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg/330px-Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers%2C_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers%2C_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg/440px-Vishnu_bearing_a_tray_of_flowers%2C_Relic_chamber_of_Mahiyangana_Stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu bearing a tray of flowers. A painting of the relic chamber of <a href="/wiki/Mahiyangana" title="Mahiyangana">Mahiyangana Stupa</a> (9-11 centuries CE). Currently displayed at Archaeological Museum of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Vishnu_Shrine,_Dondra_0675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Modern_Vishnu_Shrine%2C_Dondra_0675.jpg/220px-Modern_Vishnu_Shrine%2C_Dondra_0675.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Modern_Vishnu_Shrine%2C_Dondra_0675.jpg/330px-Modern_Vishnu_Shrine%2C_Dondra_0675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Modern_Vishnu_Shrine%2C_Dondra_0675.jpg/440px-Modern_Vishnu_Shrine%2C_Dondra_0675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A modern Buddhist Vishnu shrine in <a href="/wiki/Dondra" title="Dondra">Dondra</a>, Sri Lanka.</figcaption></figure> <p>While some Hindus consider Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu, Buddhists in Sri Lanka venerate Vishnu as the custodian deity of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and protector of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu is also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Upulvan" title="Upulvan">Upulvan</a></b> or <b>Upalavarṇā</b>, meaning 'Blue Lotus coloured'. Some postulate that Uthpala varna was a local deity who later merged with Vishnu while another belief is that Utpalavarṇā was an early form of Vishnu before he became a supreme deity in <a href="/wiki/Puranic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic Hinduism">Puranic Hinduism</a>. According to the chronicles of <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cūḷavaṃsa">Cūḷavaṃsa</a></i>, and folklore in Sri Lanka, Buddha himself handed over the custodianship to Vishnu. Others believe that Buddha entrusted this task to Sakra (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>), who delegated this task of custodianship to Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> shrines are dedicated to Vishnu in Sri Lanka. In addition to specific Vishnu <i>Kovils</i> or <i>Devalayas</i>, all Buddhist temples necessarily house shrine rooms (Devalayas) closer to the main Buddhist shrine dedicated to Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Holt states that Vishnu was one of the several Hindu gods and goddesses who were integrated into the Sinhala Buddhist religious culture, such as the 14th and 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Lankatilaka_Vihara" title="Lankatilaka Vihara">Lankatilaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadaladeniya_Vihara" title="Gadaladeniya Vihara">Gadaladeniya</a> Buddhist temples.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that the medieval Sinhala tradition encouraged Visnu worship (puja) as a part of Theravada Buddhism just like Hindu tradition incorporated the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu, but contemporary <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> monks are attempting to purge the Vishnu worship practice from Buddhist temples.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Holt, the veneration of Vishnu in Sri Lanka is evidence of a remarkable ability over many centuries, to reiterate and reinvent culture as other ethnicities have been absorbed into their own. Though the Vishnu cult in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> was formally endorsed by Kandyan kings in the early 1700s, Holt states that Vishnu images and shrines are among conspicuous ruins in the medieval capital <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>. </p><p>Vishnu iconography such as statues and etchings have been found in archaeological sites of Southeast Asia, now predominantly of the Theravada Buddhist tradition. In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, for example, statues of four-armed Vishnu have been found in provinces near Malaysia and dated to be from the 4th to 9th-century, and this mirror those found in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-hobsonxxiii_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobsonxxiii-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Vishnu statues have been discovered from the 6th to 8th century eastern <a href="/wiki/Prachinburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachinburi Province">Prachinburi Province</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Phetchabun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phetchabun Province">Phetchabun Province</a> of Thailand and southern <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Th%C3%A1p_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đồng Tháp Province">Đồng Tháp Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="An Giang Province">An Giang Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–135,_145_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–135,_145-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishna statues dated to the early 7th century to 9th century have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Takéo Province">Takéo Province</a> and other provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]–148,_154–155_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]–148,_154–155-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahayana_Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg/220px-Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg/330px-Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg/440px-Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Nīlakaṇṭha-Avalokiteśvara (青頸観音 Shōkyō-kannon), from the Besson-zakki (別尊雑記 "Miscellaneous Record of Classified Sacred Images"), as reproduced in the Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō Zuzō-bu (大正新脩大藏經圖像部), vol. 3.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naraen-ten_(%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9)_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naraen-ten_%28%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9%29_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg/250px-Naraen-ten_%28%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9%29_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naraen-ten_%28%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9%29_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg/330px-Naraen-ten_%28%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9%29_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naraen-ten_%28%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9%29_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg/500px-Naraen-ten_%28%E9%82%A3%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%B6%E5%A4%A9%29_from_the_Shoson_Zuz%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Nārāyaṇa (那羅延天 Naraen-ten), the Chinese Buddhist version of Hindu God Vishnu, from volume 9 of the Shoson Zuzōshō (諸尊図像鈔), a compendium of Buddhist images.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Mahayana Buddhism sources, Vishnu (along with other deities) was adopted into the vast pantheon of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deities</a>. These deities are often associated with the multiform <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>. Mahayana Buddhism holds that Avalokiteśvara is able to manifest in different forms according to the needs of different beings (a doctrine called "skillful means" - <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">upaya</a>). The <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Sūtra">Lotus Sūtra</a></i> states that Avalokiteśvara can take many different forms, including <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Īśvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Maheśvara</a> - to teach <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Buddhism" title="Dharma">the Dharma</a> to various classes of beings.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karandavyuha_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karandavyuha Sutra"><i>Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra</i></a>, names Vishnu (along with <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>), as emanations of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>, now seen as a transcendent deity out of which the entire world emanates.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Karandavyuha</i> states that Narayana was emanated from Avalokiteshvara's heart (hṛdayānnārāyaṇaḥ), as a skillful means (upaya) for the benefit of all beings. In a similar manner, <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> is called a bodhisattva in the popular <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī</a>,</i> which states: "O Effulgence, World-Transcendent, come, oh <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, the great bodhisattva."<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Furthermore, the <i>Ratnamalastotra</i> states:</p><blockquote><p>In order to teach the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavas</a> and convert then to the Dharma, he (Vishnu) emanated from the heart of the lotus holder (Avalokitesvara). He is truly <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> indeed, the lord of the world. Thus, you are indeed the greatest being (puṁsāṁ paramottama), without equal.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>These Indian Buddhist sources depict a stage of the development of Indian Mahayana in which Vishnu (along with Shiva) was being assimilated into a supreme universal form of Avalokiteśvara which is similar to the Hindu concept of <a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Viśvarūpa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Vajrayana sources continue to refer to Vishnu as a form of Avalokiteśvara. For example, the <i>Sadhanamala</i> contains a spiritual practice in which one meditates on a form of Vishnu called Harihariharivāhana or Harihariharivāhanalokeśvara.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form includes Avalokiteśvara riding on Vishnu who in turn rides on <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, who also rides a lion.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lokeśvara</a> might be Nepalese in origin and its source myth might be found in the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Swayambhu_Purana" title="Swayambhu Purana">Swayambhu Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological studies have uncovered Vishnu statues on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, which was once a great stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism. These statues have been dated to the 5th century and thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy20147–9_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy20147–9-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to statues, inscriptions and carvings of Vishnu, such as those related to the "three steps of Vishnu" (Trivikrama) have been found in many parts of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy201411–12,_118–129_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy201411–12,_118–129-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some iconography, the symbolism of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, Vishnu and Buddha are fused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2014221–225_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2014221–225-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japanese Buddhist pantheon</a>, Vishnu is known as Bichū-ten (毘紐天), and he appears in Japanese texts such as the 13th century compositions of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science">In science</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/4034_Vishnu" title="4034 Vishnu">4034 Vishnu</a> is an asteroid discovered by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_F._Helin" title="Eleanor F. Helin">Eleanor F. Helin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnu rocks are a type of volcanic <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sediment</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, Arizona, USA. Consequently, mass formations are known as Vishnu's temples.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent">Outside the Indian subcontinent</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Vishnu or <i>Wisnu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> spelling) is a well-known figure in the world of <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesian</a> puppetry), Wisnu is often referred to as the title <i>Sanghyang Batara Wisnu</i>. Wisnu is the god of justice or welfare, Wisnu was the fifth son of <a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a> and Batari Uma. He is the most powerful son of all the sons of Batara Guru. </p><p>Wisnu is described as a god who has bluish black or dark blue skin, has four arms, each of which holds a weapon, namely a <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Cakra</a>. He can also do tiwikrama, become an infinitely large giant. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Javanese_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese mythology">Javanese mythology</a>, Wisnu first came down to the world and became a king with the title Srimaharaja Suman. The country is called <a href="/wiki/Medang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Medang Kingdom">Medangpura</a>, located in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> region. Then changed its name to Sri Maharaja Matsyapati. In addition, according to the Javanese wayang puppet version, Batara Wisnu also incarnates Srimaharaja Kanwa, Resi Wisnungkara, Prabu Arjunasasrabahu, Sri Ramawijaya, Sri Batara Kresna, Prabu <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a>, Prabu <a href="/wiki/Jayabaya" title="Jayabaya">Jayabaya</a>, Prabu Anglingdarma. </p><p>In Javanese mythology, Wisnu also incarnated as a matsya (<a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>) to kill the giant Hargragiwa who stole the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a>. Become Narasingha (human with a tiger head) to destroy King <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>. He once intended to become a Wimana (<a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarf</a>) to defeat Ditya Bali. Batara Wisnu also incarnated in Ramaparasu to destroy gandarwa. Incarnated as Arjunasasra or Arjunawijaya to defeat King Rahwana. The last one was for King Krishna to become the great Pandavas parampara or advisor to get rid of greed and evil committed by the <a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a>. </p><p>Sang Hyang Wisnu has a mount in the form of a giant <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">garuda</a> named <i>Bhirawan</i>. Because of his affection for the garuda he rode, Bhirawan was then adopted as son-in-law, married to one of his daughters named Dewi Kastapi.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C.jpg/220px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C.jpg/330px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C.jpg/440px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The front-view of <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angkor_Wat.jpg/250px-Angkor_Wat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angkor_Wat.jpg/330px-Angkor_Wat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angkor_Wat.jpg/500px-Angkor_Wat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> Temple was built as a dedication to Vishnu<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest surviving grand Vishnu temples in India have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> period. The Sarvatobhadra temple in <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, Uttar Pradesh, for example, is dated to the early 6th century and features the ten avatars of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20077_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20077-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its design based on a square layout and Vishnu iconography broadly follows the 1st millennium Hindu texts on architecture and construction such as the <i>Brihat Samhita</i> and <i>Visnudharmottarapurana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence suggest that Vishnu temples and iconography probably were already in existence by the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant Vishnu-related epigraphy and archaeological remains are the two 1st century BCE inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> which refer to temples of Sankarshana and Vasudeva, the Besnagar Garuda column of 100 BCE which mentions a Bhagavata temple, another inscription in <a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a> cave in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> by a Queen Naganika that also mentions Sankarshana, Vasudeva along with other major Hindu deities and several discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> relating to Vishnu, all dated to about the start of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, Kerala, is dedicated to Vishnu. The temple has attracted huge donations in gold and precious stones over its long history.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_temples">List of temples</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg/170px-Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg/255px-Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg/340px-Candi_Wisnu_prambanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="3716" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu temple at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> trimurti temple compound, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">108 Divya Desams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhimana_Kshethram" title="Abhimana Kshethram">108 Abhimana Kshethram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateswara Temple">Venkateswara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple, Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swaminarayan_temples" title="List of Swaminarayan temples">Swaminarayan temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Candi Wisnu, Prambanan</a>, Java, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, Cambodia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxminarayan_Temple" title="Laxminarayan Temple">Birla Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" title="Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundarikakshan_Perumal_Temple" title="Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple">Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallalagar temple">Kallalagar temple, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur Temple</a>, Thrissur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananthapura_Lake_Temple" title="Ananthapura Lake Temple">Ananthapura Lake Temple</a>, Kasaragod</li></ol> <div class="thumb tnone" style="width:auto;max-width:610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Srirangamlong_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu located in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (630,000 m2) with a perimeter of 4,116 m (13,504 ft) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Srirangamlong_view.jpg/960px-Srirangamlong_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Srirangamlong_view.jpg/1200px-Srirangamlong_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Srirangamlong_view.jpg" title="File:Srirangamlong view.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> dedicated to Vishnu located in <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (630,000 m<sup>2</sup>) with a perimeter of 4,116 m (13,504 ft) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalThursby2005456_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalThursby2005456-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:011_Vishnu_(32881394093).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5th-century Vishnu at Udayagiri Caves."><img alt="5th-century Vishnu at Udayagiri Caves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/011_Vishnu_%2832881394093%29.jpg/250px-011_Vishnu_%2832881394093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/011_Vishnu_%2832881394093%29.jpg/330px-011_Vishnu_%2832881394093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5th-century Vishnu at <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="9th-century Vishnu murti at Prambanan, Java, Indonesia."><img alt="9th-century Vishnu murti at Prambanan, Java, Indonesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg/131px-Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg/196px-Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg/262px-Vishnu_Statue_in_Prambanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="2551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">9th-century Vishnu murti at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>, Java, Indonesia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="11th-century Vishnu sculpture the goddesses Lakshmi and Sarasvati. The edges show reliefs of Vishnu avatars Varaha, Narasimha, Balarama, Rama, and others. Also shown is Brahma. (Brooklyn Museum)[191]"><img alt="11th-century Vishnu sculpture the goddesses Lakshmi and Sarasvati. The edges show reliefs of Vishnu avatars Varaha, Narasimha, Balarama, Rama, and others. Also shown is Brahma. (Brooklyn Museum)[191]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg/168px-Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg/252px-Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg/337px-Vishnu_and_his_Avatars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="3015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">11th-century Vishnu sculpture the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a>. The edges show reliefs of Vishnu avatars Varaha, Narasimha, Balarama, Rama, and others. Also shown is Brahma. (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:077_Visnu,_14c,_Sukhothai_(35086946062).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="14th-century Vishnu, Thailand."><img alt="14th-century Vishnu, Thailand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/077_Visnu%2C_14c%2C_Sukhothai_%2835086946062%29.jpg/120px-077_Visnu%2C_14c%2C_Sukhothai_%2835086946062%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/077_Visnu%2C_14c%2C_Sukhothai_%2835086946062%29.jpg/250px-077_Visnu%2C_14c%2C_Sukhothai_%2835086946062%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="5262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">14th-century Vishnu, Thailand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A statue in Bangkok depicting Vishnu on his vahana Garuda, the eagle. One of the oldest discovered Hindu-style statues of Vishnu in Thailand is from Wat Sala Tung in Surat Thani Province and has been dated to ~400 CE.[161]"><img alt="A statue in Bangkok depicting Vishnu on his vahana Garuda, the eagle. One of the oldest discovered Hindu-style statues of Vishnu in Thailand is from Wat Sala Tung in Surat Thani Province and has been dated to ~400 CE.[161]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg/168px-Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg/252px-Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg/336px-Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A statue in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> depicting Vishnu on his <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> Garuda, the eagle. One of the oldest discovered Hindu-style statues of Vishnu in Thailand is from Wat Sala Tung in <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Thani Province">Surat Thani Province</a> and has been dated to ~400 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-hobsonxxiii_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobsonxxiii-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_(_Ahom_kingdom).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Vishnu bronze metal sculpture from Dibrugarh, Assam"><img alt="16th century Vishnu bronze metal sculpture from Dibrugarh, Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_%28_Ahom_kingdom%29.jpg/250px-Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_%28_Ahom_kingdom%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_%28_Ahom_kingdom%29.jpg/330px-Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_%28_Ahom_kingdom%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_%28_Ahom_kingdom%29.jpg/500px-Bronze_metal_Vishnu_sculptures_from_Medieval_Assam_%28_Ahom_kingdom%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Vishnu bronze metal sculpture from Dibrugarh, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA445"><i>Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp. <span class="nowrap">445–</span>448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbibAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1134">1134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=1134&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoifer199185-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoifer199185_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoifer1991">Soifer 1991</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonigerO'Flaherty1980" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy; O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1 January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C"><i>Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</i></a>. University of California Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980-01-01&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=O%27Flaherty%2C+Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&dq=vishnu+supreme+being+vaishnavism&pg=PA112"><i>Indian Civilization and Culture</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330832" title="Special:BookSources/9788175330832"><bdi>9788175330832</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326040621/https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&dq=vishnu+supreme+being+vaishnavism&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Civilization+and+Culture&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788175330832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKItocaxbibUC%26dq%3Dvishnu%2Bsupreme%2Bbeing%2Bvaishnavism%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Trimurti system having <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as the destroyer. see Zimmer (1972) p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones492-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones492_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones492_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">491–</span>492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E492&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shesha">"Shesha, Sesa, Śeṣa, Śeṣā: 34 definitions"</a>. 23 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803043235/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shesha">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shesha%2C+Sesa%2C+%C5%9Ae%E1%B9%A3a%2C+%C5%9Ae%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%3A+34+definitions&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fshesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuriel_Marion_Underhill1991" class="citation book cs1">Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC"><i>The Hindu Religious Year</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0523-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0523-7"><bdi>978-81-206-0523-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Year&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0523-7&rft.au=Muriel+Marion+Underhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb9Zc0yPVUUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebroy2005" class="citation book cs1">Debroy, Bibek (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCxAAQAAIAAJ&q=Bala+and+Utsaha"><i>The History of Puranas</i></a>. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4"><bdi>978-81-8090-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Puranas&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8090-062-4&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCxAAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DBala%2Band%2BUtsaha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George M. (27 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=durga+sister+visnu&pg=PA122"><i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i></a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC%26dq%3Ddurga%2Bsister%2Bvisnu%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/4/12/">"Śb 10.4.12"</a>. <i>vedabase.io/en/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io%2Fen%2F&rft.atitle=%C5%9Ab+10.4.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F10%2F4%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKedar_Nath_Tiwari1987" class="citation book cs1">Kedar Nath Tiwari (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb0rCQD9NcoC"><i>Comparative Religion</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802933" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802933"><bdi>9788120802933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788120802933&rft.au=Kedar+Nath+Tiwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb0rCQD9NcoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986" class="citation book cs1">Pratapaditya Pal (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC"><i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 BCE- 700 CE</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+BCE-+700+CE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05991-7&rft.au=Pratapaditya+Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclUmKaWRFTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlando_O._EspínJames_B._Nickoloff2007" class="citation book cs1">Orlando O. Espín; James B. Nickoloff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539"><i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5856-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7&rft.au=Orlando+O.+Esp%C3%ADn&rft.au=James+B.+Nickoloff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk85JKr1OXcQC%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_1996,_p._17-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_1996,_p._17_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_1996,_p._17_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">An Introduction to Hinduism</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184710/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">Archived</a> 23 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (1996), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Leeming2005" class="citation book cs1">David Leeming (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190288884" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190288884"><bdi>978-0190288884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0190288884&rft.au=David+Leeming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPrhBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_BryantMaria_Ekstrand2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Bryant; Maria Ekstrand (23 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC"><i>The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231508438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231508438"><bdi>978-0231508438</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165940/https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft.isbn=978-0231508438&rft.au=Edwin+Bryant&rft.au=Maria+Ekstrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanamali2018" class="citation book cs1">Vanamali (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OIzDwAAQBAJ"><i>In the Lost City of Sri Krishna: The Story of Ancient Dwaraka</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 737. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620556825" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620556825"><bdi>978-1620556825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Lost+City+of+Sri+Krishna%3A+The+Story+of+Ancient+Dwaraka&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1620556825&rft.au=Vanamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OIzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer_1972_p._124-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_1972_p._124_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich Robert</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTfNMQP81nAC"><i>Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01778-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01778-5"><bdi>978-0-691-01778-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01778-5&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTfNMQP81nAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasran%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Sahasranāma">Vishnu Sahasranāma</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Chinmayananda">Swami Chinmayananda</a>. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier2000p84-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p84_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2000" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos"><i>Hinduism: A Short History</i></a></span>. Oneworld. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos/page/83">83</a>–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-213-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-213-3&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduismshorthis0000klos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VishwaBagchee12-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VishwaBagchee12_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdluriJoydeep_Bagchee2012" class="citation journal cs1">Adluri, Vishwa; Joydeep Bagchee (February 2012). "From Poetic Immortality to Salvation: Ruru and Orpheus in Indic and Greek Myth". <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>51</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F662191">10.1086/662191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/662191">10.1086/662191</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56331632">56331632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=From+Poetic+Immortality+to+Salvation%3A+Ruru+and+Orpheus+in+Indic+and+Greek+Myth&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56331632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F662191%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F662191&rft.aulast=Adluri&rft.aufirst=Vishwa&rft.au=Joydeep+Bagchee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A.1956" class="citation book cs1">N.A. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21961"><i>THE PADMA-PURANA PART.10</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21961/page/n201">3471</a>–3473.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+PADMA-PURANA+PART.10&rft.pages=3471-3473&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+DELHI&rft.date=1956&rft.au=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.21961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A.1957" class="citation book cs1">N.A. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541"><i>THE GARUDA-PURANA PART. 1</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541/page/n54">44</a>–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+GARUDA-PURANA+PART.+1&rft.pages=44-71&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+DELHI&rft.date=1957&rft.au=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.20541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KossakWatts2001p30-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KossakWatts2001p30_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteven_KossakEdith_Whitney_Watts2001" class="citation book cs1">Steven Kossak; Edith Whitney Watts (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orBAYzCRJhIC"><i>The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31, 16, 25, <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41, <span class="nowrap">74–</span>78, <span class="nowrap">106–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-992-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-992-5"><bdi>978-0-87099-992-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+South+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Resource+for+Educators&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31%2C+16%2C+25%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E78%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-992-5&rft.au=Steven+Kossak&rft.au=Edith+Whitney+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorBAYzCRJhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao1993p73-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1993p73_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1993p73_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1993p73_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC"><i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA137">137</a>, 231 (Vol. 1), 624 (Vol. 2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=137%2C+231+%28Vol.+1%29%2C+624+%28Vol.+2%29&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span><br /> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_g._Lochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">James g. Lochtefeld, PhD (15 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC"><i>Vol. 1</i></a>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140900/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vol.+1&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2001-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.aulast=James+g.+Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=PhD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span><br /> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>Vol. 2</i></a></span>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vol.+2&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bidyabinod-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bidyabinod_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.B.B. Bidyabinod, Varieties of the Vishnu Image, Memoirs of Archaeological Survey of India, No. 2, Calcutta, pages 23–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlurton1993" class="citation book cs1">Blurton, T. Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&dq=kiritamukuta&pg=PA114"><i>Hindu Art</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5"><bdi>978-0-674-39189-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164811/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&dq=kiritamukuta&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39189-5&rft.aulast=Blurton&rft.aufirst=T.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ-lzU_nj_MC%26dq%3Dkiritamukuta%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFred_S._Kleiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Fred S. Kleiner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&q=vishnu+ananta&pg=PA22"><i>Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495573678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495573678"><bdi>978-0495573678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+Non-Western+Perspectives&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0495573678&rft.au=Fred+S.+Kleiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlVeuxIgjwQC%26q%3Dvishnu%2Bananta%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vishnu">"Vishnu | Hindu deity | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Vishnu+%7C+Hindu+deity+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FVishnu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200057_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2000">Stevenson 2000</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Apte, p. 485, for a definition of <i>Trimurti</i> as 'the unified form' of Brahmā, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viṣṇu</i></span> and Śiva, as well as the use of phrase "Hindu triad."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Jansen, p. 83, for the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quotation defining the Trimurti see: Matchett, Freda. 2003. "'The Purāṇas'." In <i>Flood</i>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Trimurti system having Brahma as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva as the transformer or destroyer see Zimmer (1972) p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskconnews.org/shiva-the-auspicious-one/">"Shiva: The Auspicious One"</a>. <i>ISKCON News</i>. 6 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212162157/https://iskconnews.org/shiva-the-auspicious-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISKCON+News&rft.atitle=Shiva%3A+The+Auspicious+One&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiskconnews.org%2Fshiva-the-auspicious-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123213949/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en">"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23"</a>. Vedabase.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en">the original</a> on 23 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Srimad+Bhagavatam+Canto+1+Chapter+2+Verse+23&rft.pub=Vedabase.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fsb%2F1%2F2%2F23%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c039.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Section CCCXL"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020103146/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c039.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+12%3A+Santi+Parva%3A+Section+CCCXL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm12%2Fm12c039.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Shastri1998" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Shastri, G. P. Bhatt (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal"><i>Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal (vol 1.)</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal/page/n8">1</a>–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agni+Purana+Unabridged+English+Motilal+%28vol+1.%29&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.aulast=J.+L.+Shastri&rft.aufirst=G.+P.+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/">"CHAPTER THREE"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022081732/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+THREE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F1%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/7/">"CHAPTER SEVEN"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022081756/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/7/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vedabase.io&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+SEVEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F2%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A.1957" class="citation book cs1">N.A. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20270"><i>BRAHMA PURANA PART. 4</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20270/page/n222">970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BRAHMA+PURANA+PART.+4&rft.pages=970&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+DELHI&rft.date=1957&rft.au=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.20270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A.1957" class="citation book cs1">N.A. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541"><i>THE GARUDA-PURANA PART. 1</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541/page/n33">1</a>–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+GARUDA-PURANA+PART.+1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+DELHI&rft.date=1957&rft.au=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.20541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A1957" class="citation book cs1">N.A (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12942"><i>THE GARUDA-PURANA PART. 3</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+GARUDA-PURANA+PART.+3&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+LTD%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1957&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.L.Shastri1951" class="citation book cs1">J.L.Shastri (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2"><i>Linga Purana – English Translation – Part 2 of 2</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2/page/n281">774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linga+Purana+%E2%80%93+English+Translation+%E2%80%93+Part+2+of+2&rft.pages=774&rft.date=1951&rft.au=J.L.Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasu1916" class="citation book cs1">Basu, B. D. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856"><i>The Matsya Puranam</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856/page/n157">137</a>–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matsya+Puranam&rft.pages=137-138&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.45856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A1952" class="citation book cs1">N.A (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976"><i>The Narada-Purana Part. 4</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976/page/n152">1486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narada-Purana+Part.+4&rft.pages=1486&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+LTD%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1952&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobsen08-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jacobsen08_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacobsen08_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. 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MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+PADMA-PURANA+PART.+7&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+LTD%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1952&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A1956" class="citation book cs1">N.A (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12954"><i>THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 9</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+PADMA-PURANA+PART.+9&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+LTD%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1956&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.L.Shastri1950" class="citation book cs1">J.L.Shastri (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4"><i>Siva Purana – English Translation – Part 4 of 4</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siva+Purana+%E2%80%93+English+Translation+%E2%80%93+Part+4+of+4&rft.date=1950&rft.au=J.L.Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A1951" class="citation book cs1">N.A (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008"><i>THE SKANDA-PURANA PART. 7</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008/page/n295">285</a>–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+SKANDA-PURANA+PART.+7&rft.pages=285-288&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+LTD%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1951&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A.1957" class="citation book cs1">N.A. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20778"><i>THE SKANDA-PURANA PART.15</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+SKANDA-PURANA+PART.15&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS+PUBLISHERS+PVT.+DELHI&rft.date=1957&rft.au=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.20778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A1960" class="citation book cs1">N.A (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962"><i>THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 1</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962/page/n23">13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+VARAHA+PURANA+PART.+1&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1960&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.A1960" class="citation book cs1">N.A (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12972"><i>THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 2</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12972/page/n308">652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+VARAHA+PURANA+PART.+2&rft.pages=652&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARSIDASS%2C+DELHI&rft.date=1960&rft.au=N.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam1911" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, S. V. 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An Account of the Gifts for the Dying"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020134419/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu10.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Motilal Banarsidass. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3816-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3816-1"><bdi>978-81-208-3816-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710044852/https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viraha+Bhakti%3A+The+Early+History+of+Krsna+Devotion&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3816-1&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Friedhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXY42EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmayon%2Bmullai%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClothey2019" class="citation book cs1">Clothey, Fred W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span> – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=In+praise+of+Vishnu&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Freligion%2Fin-praise-of-vishnu%2Farticle6245959.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html">"Devotion to Mal (Mayon)"</a>. <i>University of Cumbria, Division of Religion and Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721221104/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cumbria%2C+Division+of+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Devotion+to+Mal+%28Mayon%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philtar.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fascetic%2Fmal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSykes,_Egerton2014" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Egerton (4 February 2014). <i>Who's who in non-classical mythology</i>. Kendall, Alan, 1939– (2nd ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136414442" title="Special:BookSources/9781136414442"><bdi>9781136414442</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872991268">872991268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+non-classical+mythology&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872991268&rft.isbn=9781136414442&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Egerton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2000" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Nanditha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnXXAAAAMAAJ&q=perumal+venkateshwara+temple"><i>Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati: An Introduction</i></a>. Vakils, Feffer, and Simons. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87111-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87111-46-7"><bdi>978-81-87111-46-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balaji-Venkateshwara%2C+Lord+of+Tirumala-Tirupati%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Vakils%2C+Feffer%2C+and+Simons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87111-46-7&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Nanditha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnXXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dperumal%2Bvenkateshwara%2Btemple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyyar1982" class="citation book cs1">Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=perumal+srirangam+temple"><i>South Indian Shrines: Illustrated</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0151-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Shrines%3A+Illustrated&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0151-2&rft.aulast=Ayyar&rft.aufirst=P.+V.+Jagadisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLSGFW1uZboC%26q%3Dperumal%2Bsrirangam%2Btemple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonda1969p1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonda1969p1_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJan_Gonda1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC"><i>Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1087-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1087-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1087-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Early+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87uism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1087-7&rft.au=Jan+Gonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8urRsuUJ9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonell1898p167-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1898p167_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1898" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint). pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1113-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%281996+Reprint%29&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1113-3&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonell1898p10-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1898p10_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1898" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint). pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11, <span class="nowrap">167–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1113-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%281996+Reprint%29&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1113-3&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१५४_–_विकिस्रोतः_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA">ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १.१५४ – विकिस्रोतः</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617232532/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA">Archived</a> 17 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>sa.wikisource.org</i>. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamison,_Stephanie_2020_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamison, Stephanie (2020). <i>The Rigveda</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0190633395" title="Special:BookSources/0190633395">0190633395</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonell1898p18-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1898p18_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1898p18_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1898" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint). pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1113-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%281996+Reprint%29&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1113-3&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonell1898p29-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1898p29_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1898p29_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1898" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint). pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1113-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%281996+Reprint%29&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1113-3&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilakanta_Sastri_1980-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nilakanta_Sastri_1980_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1980). <i>Advanced History of India</i>, Allied Publishers, New Delhi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenate_Söhnen-ThiemeRenate_SöhnenPeter_Schreiner1989" class="citation book cs1">Renate Söhnen-Thieme; Renate Söhnen; Peter Schreiner (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC"><i>Brahmapurāṇa</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447029605" title="Special:BookSources/9783447029605"><bdi>9783447029605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9783447029605&rft.au=Renate+S%C3%B6hnen-Thieme&rft.au=Renate+S%C3%B6hnen&rft.au=Peter+Schreiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2c6-tAt4vwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier2000p85-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier2000p85_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2000" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos"><i>Hinduism: A Short History</i></a></span>. Oneworld. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos/page/84">84</a>–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-213-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-213-3&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduismshorthis0000klos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Boner1990" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA96"><i>Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">96–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Composition+in+Hindu+Sculpture%3A+Cave+Temple+Period&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0705-1&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoQLZ21CGScC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBettina_BäumerKapila_Vatsyayan1988" class="citation book cs1">Bettina Bäumer; Kapila Vatsyayan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8f38pN2lvhIC&pg=PA251"><i>Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidas. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1044-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81tattvako%C5%9Ba%3A+A+Lexicon+of+Fundamental+Concepts+of+the+Indian+Arts&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1044-0&rft.au=Bettina+B%C3%A4umer&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8f38pN2lvhIC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Hackin1994" class="citation book cs1">J. Hackin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA130"><i>Asiatic Mythology: A Detailed Description and Explanation of the Mythologies of All the Great Nations of Asia</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0920-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0920-4"><bdi>978-81-206-0920-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asiatic+Mythology%3A+A+Detailed+Description+and+Explanation+of+the+Mythologies+of+All+the+Great+Nations+of+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0920-4&rft.au=J.+Hackin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAZrFhvqnTkC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJan_Gonda1970" class="citation book cs1">Jan Gonda (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YIAQAAIAAJ"><i>Viṣṇuism and Śivaism: a comparison</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474280808" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474280808"><bdi>978-1474280808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87uism+and+%C5%9Aivaism%3A+a+comparison&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1474280808&rft.au=Jan+Gonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1YIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC"><i>A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 103 with footnote 10 on page 529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=103+with+footnote+10+on+page+529&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CVviRghVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, Griffith's Rigveda translation: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164">Wikisource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235352/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164">Archived</a> 6 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klostermaier86-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klostermaier86_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klostermaier86_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2000" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos"><i>Hinduism: A Short History</i></a></span>. Oneworld. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos/page/85">85</a>–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-213-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-213-3&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduismshorthis0000klos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Giora_Shoham2010" class="citation book cs1">S. Giora Shoham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_hOAQAAIAAJ"><i>To Test the Limits of Our Endurance</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2068-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2068-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-2068-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Test+the+Limits+of+Our+Endurance&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2068-4&rft.au=S.+Giora+Shoham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_hOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, Max</a>. <i>History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</i>. London: Spottiswoode and Co. p. 533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahony1998290-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahony1998290_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahony1998">Mahony 1998</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002191-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2002191_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb2002">Lamb 2002</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahony1998p271-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahony1998p271_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_K._Mahony1998" class="citation book cs1">William K. Mahony (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC"><i>The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3579-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-3579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artful+Universe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Vedic+Religious+Imagination&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3579-3&rft.au=William+K.+Mahony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1KR_kE5ZYoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinternitzSarma1996p217-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WinternitzSarma1996p217_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoriz_WinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1996" class="citation book cs1">Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C"><i>A History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 217–224 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226083105/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=217-224+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0264-3&rft.au=Moriz+Winternitz&rft.au=V.+Srinivasa+Sarma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen193726-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen193726_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1937">Sen 1937</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''.-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''._98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlucklich2008">Glucklich 2008</a>, p. 146, <b>Quote:</b> The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called <i>mahatmyas</i>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSpbyjw5DMC&pg=PA273"><i>Sinister Yogis</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 273 with footnote 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89515-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89515-4"><bdi>978-0-226-89515-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinister+Yogis&rft.pages=273+with+footnote+47&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89515-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsSpbyjw5DMC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.M_Masson2012" class="citation book cs1">J.M Masson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swsrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>The Oceanic Feeling: The Origins of Religious Sentiment in Ancient India</i></a>. Springer Science. pp. 63 with footnote 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8969-6"><bdi>978-94-009-8969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceanic+Feeling%3A+The+Origins+of+Religious+Sentiment+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=63+with+footnote+4&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8969-6&rft.au=J.M+Masson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswsrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sucharita Adluri (2015), Textual Authority in Classical Indian Thought: Ramanuja and the Visnu Purana, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415695756" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415695756">978-0415695756</a>, pages 1–11, 18–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhagavata_Purana" class="citation web cs1">Bhagavata Purana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/11/en">"1.2.11"</a>. <i>Bhaktivedanta VedaBase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523204721/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/11/en">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2006. <q>vadanti tat tattva-vidas tattvam yaj jnanam advayam brahmeti paramatmeti bhagavan iti sabdyate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bhaktivedanta+VedaBase&rft.atitle=1.2.11&rft.au=Bhagavata+Purana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.net%2Fsb%2F1%2F2%2F11%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das 2006</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–151-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–151_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 138–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231149990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231149990">978-0231149990</a>, pages 3–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance Jones and James Ryan (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054589">978-0816054589</a>, page 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–97-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–97_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande 1987</a>, pp. 92–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Schweig (2007), Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions (Editor: Yudit Kornberg Greenberg), Volume 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099801">978-1851099801</a>, pages 247–249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2000164-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2000164_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2000">Stevenson 2000</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailskrishnasourceboo00brya_424pagen32_18]-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailskrishnasourceboo00brya_424pagen32_18]_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krishnasourceboo00brya_424/page/n32">18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205-206-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stella_Kramrisch_1994_pages_205-206_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691019307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691019307">978-0691019307</a>, pages 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger71-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger71_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger71_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1988" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoaUKmMG9gC&pg=PA71"><i>Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61847-0"><bdi>978-0-226-61847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61847-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxoaUKmMG9gC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1993" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC"><i>The Presence of Siva</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">274–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01930-7"><bdi>978-0-691-01930-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092524/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+Siva&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01930-7&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5BanndcIgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padmaja27-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padmaja27_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padmaja27_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._Padmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">T. Padmaja (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA27"><i>Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.au=T.+Padmaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._Padmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">T. Padmaja (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA28"><i>Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.au=T.+Padmaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padmaja30-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padmaja30_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padmaja30_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._Padmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">T. Padmaja (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA28"><i>Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.au=T.+Padmaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgaS1wRnl8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff1982" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley; Donna Marie Wulff (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&pg=PA238"><i>The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-102-8"><bdi>978-0-89581-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Consort%3A+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+and+the+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-102-8&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley&rft.au=Donna+Marie+Wulff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3R1z0sE340C%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8341-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-8341-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0XqbG0LKBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson231-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olson231_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2007). <i>The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-4068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+many+colors+of+Hinduism%3A+a+thematic-historical+introduction&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._B._van_Buitenen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J. A. B. van Buitenen</a> (1996). "The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa". In S.S Shashi (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia Indica</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7"><bdi>978-81-7041-859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Indica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-859-7&rft.au=J.+A.+B.+van+Buitenen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1983">Brown 1983</a>, pp. 553–557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, pp. 1–2, 17–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukmani_217-218-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukmani_217-218_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRukmani1993">Rukmani 1993</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray_Milner_Jr.1994" class="citation book cs1">Murray Milner Jr. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EdqMMcYQ7r8C"><i>Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535912-1"><bdi>978-0-19-535912-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Sacredness%3A+A+General+Theory+of+Status+Relations+and+an+Analysis+of+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535912-1&rft.au=Murray+Milner+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdqMMcYQ7r8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coward113-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coward113_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coward113_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarold_CowardDaniel_C._Maguire2000" class="citation book cs1">Harold Coward; Daniel C. Maguire (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkIwI84XajEC&pg=PA113"><i>Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption, and Ecology</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4458-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4458-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-4458-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+a+New+Earth%3A+Religious+Perspectives+on+Population%2C+Consumption%2C+and+Ecology&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4458-0&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Maguire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkIwI84XajEC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, p. 23 with footnote 17;<br />Sanskrit: कामस्य नेन्द्रियप्रीतिर्लाभो जीवेत यावता | जीवस्य तत्त्वजिज्ञासा नार्थो यश्चेह कर्मभिः ||<br /> वदन्ति तत्तत्त्वविदस्तत्त्वं यज्ज्ञानमद्वयम् | ब्रह्मेति परमात्मेति भगवानिति शब्द्यते || Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa">Bhagavata Purana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708002627/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa">Archived</a> 8 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199817-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199817_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryant45-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryant45_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryant45_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140447996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140447996">978-0140447996</a>, pages 43–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tapasyananda-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tapasyananda_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTapasyananda1991" class="citation book cs1">Tapasyananda (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_VtAAAACAAJ"><i>Bhakti Schools of Vedānta</i></a>. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7120-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7120-226-3"><bdi>978-81-7120-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Schools+of+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7120-226-3&rft.au=Tapasyananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_VtAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeepak_Sarma2007" class="citation book cs1">Deepak Sarma (2007). Edwin F. Bryant (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC&pg=PA358"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">358–</span>360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972431-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972431-4"><bdi>978-0-19-972431-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972431-4&rft.au=Deepak+Sarma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVDqCkW1WpUC%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Chandradhar (1994). <i>A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Survey+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0365-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoker2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stoker, Valerie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/">"Madhva (1238-1317)"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012131604/http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madhva+%281238-1317%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fmadhva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford Betty (2010), Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa, Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East, Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 215–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anandrao167-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anandrao167_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnand_Rao2004" class="citation book cs1">Anand Rao (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxGEy6m4N9kC&pg=PA167"><i>Soteriologies of India</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7205-2"><bdi>978-3-8258-7205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soteriologies+of+India&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-7205-2&rft.au=Anand+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxGEy6m4N9kC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Parasarthy (1983), Symbolism in Hinduism, Chinmaya Mission Publication, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8175971493" title="Special:BookSources/978-8175971493">978-8175971493</a>, pages 91-92, 160-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwlak-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). "lakṣmī". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685239912">685239912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=lak%E1%B9%A3m%C4%AB&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685239912&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fprem%2Fmw%2Fl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmuir-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jmuir_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Muir, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymLZAAAAMAAJ">Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India – Their Religions and Institutions</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Volume 5, pp. 348–362 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2010" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Radha"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131040/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Radha">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC%26q%3DRadha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen2006-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen2006_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Rosen" title="Steven J. Rosen">Rosen, Steven J.</a> (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C&pg=PA136"><i>Essential Hinduism</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99006-0"><bdi>978-0-275-99006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99006-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuVG8PxKq_0C%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2009" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Stephen (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=sridevi+and+bhudevi&pg=PT378"><i>Spiritual India Handbook</i></a>. Jaico Publishing House. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-024-3"><bdi>978-81-8495-024-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225080942/https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=sridevi+and+bhudevi&pg=PT378">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+India+Handbook&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8495-024-3&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjI5mL2qeocC%26dq%3Dsridevi%2Band%2Bbhudevi%26pg%3DPT378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Quinn2014" class="citation book cs1">Edward Quinn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC"><i>Critical Companion to George Orwell</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438108735" title="Special:BookSources/9781438108735"><bdi>9781438108735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Companion+to+George+Orwell&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781438108735&rft.au=Edward+Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZET2sSUVsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HindiBook-gajendra-moksha#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Gajendra Moksha</i></a> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gajendra+Moksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FHindiBook-gajendra-moksha%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1993" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC"><i>Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791413814" title="Special:BookSources/9780791413814"><bdi>9780791413814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780791413814&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHāṇḍā2004" class="citation book cs1">Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55617010"><i>Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya</i></a>. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-161-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-161-2"><bdi>81-7387-161-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55617010">55617010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331130943/https://search.worldcat.org/title/55617010">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naga+cults+and+traditions+in+the+western+Himalaya&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indus+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55617010&rft.isbn=81-7387-161-2&rft.aulast=H%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Omacanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55617010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAchuthananda2018" class="citation book cs1">Achuthananda, Swami (27 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+vishnu&pg=PA75"><i>The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma</i></a>. Relianz Communications Pty Ltd. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757883-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757883-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9757883-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Vishnu+and+the+Fall+of+Brahma&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Relianz+Communications+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2&rft.aulast=Achuthananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9FqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshesha%2Bvishnu%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1968" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, anand Swarup (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313087"><i>The Vamana Purana With English Translation</i></a>. p. 326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vamana+Purana+With+English+Translation&rft.pages=326&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=anand+Swarup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.313087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807051" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807051">978-8120807051</a>, pages 89–95, 115–124, 174–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120808775" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120808775">978-8120808775</a>, pages 334–335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Harirudra citation to Mahabharata 3:39:76f see Hopkins (1969), p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA65"><i>Sikhism: An Introduction</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8"><bdi>978-1-84885-321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-321-8&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0ZmAXw7ok8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC"><i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45101-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45101-0&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvoJV8mw0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi97-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi97_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi97_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111155406/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/sanatan.html">Sanatan Singh Sabha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041131/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/sanatan.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Overview of World Religions, Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111155406/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. Bloomsburg Academic. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 48, 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=48%2C+238&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwarna_Wickremeratne2012" class="citation book cs1">Swarna Wickremeratne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYrQnZT9JREC"><i>Buddha in Sri Lanka: Remembered Yesterdays</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791468814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791468814"><bdi>978-0791468814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Remembered+Yesterdays&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0791468814&rft.au=Swarna+Wickremeratne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYrQnZT9JREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm_Geiger" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Wilhelm Geiger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahawamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahawamsa"><i>Mahawamsa: English Translation (1908)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahawamsa%3A+English+Translation+%281908%29&rft.au=Wilhelm+Geiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwarna_Wickremeratne2012" class="citation book cs1">Swarna Wickremeratne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYrQnZT9JREC"><i>Buddha in Sri Lanka: Remembered Yesterdays</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791468814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791468814"><bdi>978-0791468814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Remembered+Yesterdays&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0791468814&rft.au=Swarna+Wickremeratne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYrQnZT9JREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C_Holt2004" class="citation book cs1">John C Holt (2004). <i>The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious transformation, politics and culture</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231133234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231133234"><bdi>978-0231133234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Vishnu%3A+Religious+transformation%2C+politics+and+culture&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0231133234&rft.au=John+C+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C_Holt2004" class="citation book cs1">John C Holt (2004). <i>The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious transformation, politics and culture</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>7, <span class="nowrap">13–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231133234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231133234"><bdi>978-0231133234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Vishnu%3A+Religious+transformation%2C+politics+and+culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0231133234&rft.au=John+C+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hobsonxxiii-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hobsonxxiii_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hobsonxxiii_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Michel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC&pg=PR23"><i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)</i></a>. Translated by Hobson, Victoria. BRILL Academic. p. xxiii, 116–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11973-4"><bdi>978-90-04-11973-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk-Road+%28100+BC-1300+AD%29&rft.pages=xxiii%2C+116-128&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11973-4&rft.aulast=Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5rG6reWhloC%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–135,_145-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA131_131]–135,_145_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2014">Guy 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a>–135, 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]–148,_154–155-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvO_-AgAAQBAJpgPA146_146]–148,_154–155_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2014">Guy 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">146</a>–148, 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandra, Lokesh (1988). <i>The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara.</i> New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, p, 15. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 81-7017-247-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Studholme, Alexander (2002). <i>The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra.</i> State University of New York Press. p. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandra, Lokesh (1988). <i>The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara,</i> pp. 130-133. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-247-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-247-0">81-7017-247-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/book/132">"Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon - Books"</a>. <i>www.dsbcproject.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204164635/https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/book/132">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dsbcproject.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Sanskrit+Buddhist+Canon+-+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsbcproject.org%2Fcanon-text%2Fbook%2F132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeyworth,_George_A.2011" class="citation book cs1">Keyworth, George A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA526">"Avalokiteśvara"</a>. In Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (eds.). <i>Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004184916" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004184916"><bdi>978-9004184916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avalokite%C5%9Bvara&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Buddhism+and+the+Tantras+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E526&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004184916&rft.au=Keyworth%2C+George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0XNX3N1a2AC%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhattacharyya, B. (1924). The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on The Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals. H. Milford, Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2020" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/harihariharivahana">"Harihariharivahana, Harihariharivāhana, Hariharihari-vahana: 1 definition"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204171114/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/harihariharivahana">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Harihariharivahana%2C+Hariharihariv%C4%81hana%2C+Hariharihari-vahana%3A+1+definition&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fharihariharivahana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakya, M. B. (1994). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/icon_nepbud.pdf">The Iconography of Nepalese Buddhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807235432/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/icon_nepbud.pdf">Archived</a> 7 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy20147–9-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy20147–9_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2014">Guy 2014</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy201411–12,_118–129-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy201411–12,_118–129_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2014">Guy 2014</a>, pp. 11–12, 118–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy2014221–225-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy2014221–225_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2014">Guy 2014</a>, pp. 221–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichiren1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoHJwAACAAJ"><i>The Major Writings of Nichiren Daishonin</i></a>. Nichiren Shoshu International Center. p. 1107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-88872-012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-88872-012-0"><bdi>978-4-88872-012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Writings+of+Nichiren+Daishonin&rft.pages=1107&rft.pub=Nichiren+Shoshu+International+Center&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-4-88872-012-0&rft.au=Nichiren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxoHJwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span>, Alternate site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-2/Appendix/C">Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317061345/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-2/Appendix/C">Archived</a> 17 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMH64M_Vishnu_4034_Vishnu_Asteroid__Pasadena_CA">"Vishnu & 4034 Vishnu Asteroid – Pasadena, CA – Extraterrestrial Locations on Waymarking.com"</a>. <i>waymarking.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023231328/https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMH64M_Vishnu_4034_Vishnu_Asteroid__Pasadena_CA">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Vishnu+%26+4034+Vishnu+Asteroid+%E2%80%93+Pasadena%2C+CA+%E2%80%93+Extraterrestrial+Locations+on+Waymarking.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWMH64M_Vishnu_4034_Vishnu_Asteroid__Pasadena_CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2012" class="citation web cs1">Young, Matt (27 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2012/08/vishnu-temple-a.html">"Vishnu Temple at the Grand Canyon"</a>. <i>The Panda's Thumb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023231328/https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2012/08/vishnu-temple-a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Panda%27s+Thumb&rft.atitle=Vishnu+Temple+at+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpandasthumb.org%2Farchives%2F2012%2F08%2Fvishnu-temple-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5YLAQAAMAAJ&q=wisnu+jawa"><i>Layang kandha kelir Jawa Timuran: seri Mahabharata</i></a>. Surwedi. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789791596923" title="Special:BookSources/9789791596923"><bdi>9789791596923</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layang+kandha+kelir+Jawa+Timuran%3A+seri+Mahabharata&rft.pub=Surwedi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789791596923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5YLAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwisnu%2Bjawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTia_Ghose2012" class="citation web cs1">Tia Ghose (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/24440-angkor-wat-canals.html">"Mystery of Angkor Wat Temple's Huge Stones Solved"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927034204/https://www.livescience.com/24440-angkor-wat-canals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Mystery+of+Angkor+Wat+Temple%27s+Huge+Stones+Solved&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.au=Tia+Ghose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F24440-angkor-wat-canals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Lubotsky (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500">The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001051034/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500">Archived</a> 1 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 26 (1996), page 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20077-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20077_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Lubotsky (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500">The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001051034/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500">Archived</a> 1 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 26 (1996), pages 66–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200718_with_footnote_19_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 18 with footnote 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>220, <span class="nowrap">240–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224139/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E220%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1989" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82vtCre6vTcC"><i>Mathurā: The Cultural Heritage</i></a>. Manohar. pp. <span class="nowrap">389–</span>392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85054-37-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85054-37-7"><bdi>978-81-85054-37-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathur%C4%81%3A+The+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85054-37-7&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82vtCre6vTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span>;<br />[b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1981" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ">"Early Krishan Icons: the case at Mathura"</a>. In Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.). <i>Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India</i>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06498-0"><bdi>978-90-04-06498-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116175658/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Krishan+Icons%3A+the+case+at+Mathura&rft.btitle=Kal%C4%81dar%C5%9Bana%3A+American+Studies+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06498-0&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qoeAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kerala-temple-may-reveal-more-riches/1/144004.html">"Keralas Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple may reveal more riches"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 7 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216214014/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kerala-temple-may-reveal-more-riches/1/144004.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Keralas+Sree+Padmanabha+Swamy+temple+may+reveal+more+riches&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fkerala-temple-may-reveal-more-riches%2F1%2F144004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPomfret2011" class="citation web cs1">Pomfret, James (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009161127/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58866020110819">"Kerala temple treasure brings riches, challenges"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58866020110819">the original</a> on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kerala+temple+treasure+brings+riches%2C+challenges&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Pomfret&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidINIndia-58866020110819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlitzer2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Blitzer, Jonathan (23 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple">"The Secret of the Temple"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818160415/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Secret+of+the+Temple&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.aulast=Blitzer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F04%2F30%2Fthe-secret-of-the-temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/11/13/a-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple/">"A One Trillion Dollar Hidden Treasure Chamber is Discovered at India's Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple"</a>. <i>Forbes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/11/13/a-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=A+One+Trillion+Dollar+Hidden+Treasure+Chamber+is+Discovered+at+India%27s+Sree+Padmanabhaswamy+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjimdobson%2F2015%2F11%2F13%2Fa-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalThursby2005456-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalThursby2005456_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittalThursby2005">Mittal & Thursby 2005</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/147369">Stele with Vishnu, His Consorts, His Avatars, and Other Dieties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070238/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/147369">Archived</a> 5 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brooklyn Museum, Item 1991.244, Gift of David Nalin</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C. Mackenzie (1983). "The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>51</b> (4). Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">551–</span>567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fli.4.551">10.1093/jaarel/li.4.551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462581">1462581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Transmission+of+the+Two+%22Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as%22%3A+A+Canonical+and+Theological+Dilemma&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fli.4.551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1462581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&pg=PA17"><i>The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess; a translation, annotation, and commentary</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-3940-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132130/https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dev%C4%AB+G%C4%ABt%C4%81%3A+the+song+of+the+Goddess%3B+a+translation%2C+annotation%2C+and+commentary&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3940-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxayHczql9EC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F., ed. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krishnasourceboo00brya_424"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkrishnasourceboo00brya_424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span> [Via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132131/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC">Archived</a> 31 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA556"><i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC"><i>The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161546/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoifer1991" class="citation book cs1">Soifer, Deborah A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC"><i>The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791407998" title="Special:BookSources/9780791407998"><bdi>9780791407998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+of+Narasimha+and+Vamana%3A+Two+Avatars+in+Cosmological+Perspective&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780791407998&rft.aulast=Soifer&rft.aufirst=Deborah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoFDK_sDGHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy2014" class="citation book cs1">Guy, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ"><i>Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-524-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-524-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060324/https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-524-5&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvO_-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Das2006" class="citation book cs1">Kumar Das, Sisir (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC"><i>A history of Indian literature, 500–1399</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0"><bdi>978-81-260-2171-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116180757/https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+literature%2C+500%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2171-0&rft.aulast=Kumar+Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC3l1AbPM8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb2002" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Ramdas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv1nxyOTgN0C&pg=PA191"><i>Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5386-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapt+in+the+Name%3A+The+Ramnamis%2C+Ramnam%2C+and+Untouchable+Religion+in+Central+India&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Ramdas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDv1nxyOTgN0C%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahony1998" class="citation book cs1">Mahony, William K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC"><i>The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3579-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-3579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artful+Universe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Vedic+Religious+Imagination&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3579-3&rft.aulast=Mahony&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1KR_kE5ZYoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittalThursby2005" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, G. R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&q=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456"><i>The Hindu World</i></a>. New York: Routelge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67414-7"><bdi>978-0-203-67414-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132126/https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&q=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routelge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-67414-7&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft.au=Thursby%2C+G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfz6KBkgEacAC%26q%3DThe%2BHindu%2BWorld%2B%252B%2Bsrirangam%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen1937" class="citation book cs1">Sen, S.C. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnhNZQJ07DYC&pg=PA26"><i>The Mystical Philosophy of the Upanishads</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-307-0660-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-307-0660-3"><bdi>978-81-307-0660-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystical+Philosophy+of+the+Upanishads&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-81-307-0660-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnhNZQJ07DYC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRukmani1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">Rukmani, T. S.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC&pg=PA217">"Siddhis in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and in the Yogasutras of Patanjali – a Comparison"</a>. In Wayman, Alex (ed.). <i>Researches in Indian and Buddhist philosophy: essays in honour of Professor Alex Wayman</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">217–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0994-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0994-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0994-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132035/https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC&pg=PA217#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siddhis+in+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+and+in+the+Yogasutras+of+Patanjali+%E2%80%93+a+Comparison&rft.btitle=Researches+in+Indian+and+Buddhist+philosophy%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Professor+Alex+Wayman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0994-9&rft.aulast=Rukmani&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1ffdTIbNJkC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1986" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Daniel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C"><i>The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa</i></a>. Columbia, MO: South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0179-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116181247/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaitic+Theism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0179-0&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrtYYTjYFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2000" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Jay (2000). <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy</i>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Books" title="Alpha Books">Alpha Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028638201" title="Special:BookSources/9780028638201"><bdi>9780028638201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780028638201&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC"><i>History of Indian theatre, Vol. 3</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215134446/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+theatre%2C+Vol.+3&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Vishnu</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" class="extiw" title="c:Vishnu">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vishnu" class="extiw" title="q:Vishnu">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11380" class="extiw" title="d:Q11380">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630506">Vishnu</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/vishnu.shtml">"BBC Religion & Ethics – Who is Vishnu"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Religion+%26+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Who+is+Vishnu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fdeities%2Fvishnu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachek1960" class="citation journal cs1">Machek, Vaclav (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/13e939c55359de68af67a10fdaf9d1c3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817606">"Origin of the God Vishnu"</a>. <i>Archiv Orientální</i>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>126 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+Orient%C3%A1ln%C3%AD&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+God+Vishnu&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Machek&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F13e939c55359de68af67a10fdaf9d1c3%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeyton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Peyton, Allysa B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665691">"Vishnu: Hinduism's Blue-Skinned Savior"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Museum, June 24 – October 2, 2011</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F665691">10.1086/665691</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-5531">2153-5531</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665691">10.1086/665691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192592953">192592953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum%2C+June+24+%E2%80%93+October+2%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Vishnu%3A+Hinduism%27s+Blue-Skinned+Savior&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=2153-5531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192592953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F665691%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F665691&rft.aulast=Peyton&rft.aufirst=Allysa+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F665691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VishnuAvatars" title="Template talk:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a><br />(for example)<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/60px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/90px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/120px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Other avatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsnigarbha" title="Prsnigarbha">Prsnigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><small><sup><small>1</small></sup> The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vishnu_temples177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vishnu_temples" title="Template:Vishnu temples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vishnu_temples" title="Template talk:Vishnu temples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vishnu_temples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vishnu temples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vishnu_temples177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a> temples</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahobilam" title="Ahobilam">Ahobilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanarayana_Temple,_Annavaram" title="Satyanarayana Temple, Annavaram">Annavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple,_Tirumala" title="Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala">Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwaraka_Tirumala" title="Dwaraka Tirumala">Dwaraka Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavanarayana_Temple,_Sarpavaram" title="Bhavanarayana Temple, Sarpavaram">Sarpavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Lakshmi_Narasimha_temple,_Simhachalam" title="Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam">Simhachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Temple,_Mangalagiri" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Mangalagiri">Mangalagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindaraja_Temple,_Tirupati" title="Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati">Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Tirupati" title="Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati">Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana_Venkateswara_Temple,_Srinivasamangapuram" title="Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Srinivasamangapuram">Srinivasamangapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavya_Narayana_Swamy_Temple" title="Mandavya Narayana Swamy Temple">Mandavya Narayana Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanna_Venkateswara_Temple,_Appalayagunta" title="Prasanna Venkateswara Temple, Appalayagunta">Appalayagunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahaswamy_Temple" title="Varahaswamy Temple">Varahaswamy Temple, Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Vontimitta" title="Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta">Vontimitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana_Venkateswara_Temple,_Narayanavanam" title="Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam">Narayanavanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanarayana_Temple,_Nagalapuram" title="Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram">Nagalapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venugopalaswamy_Temple,_Karvetinagaram" title="Venugopalaswamy Temple, Karvetinagaram">Karvetinagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konetirayala_Temple,_Keelapatla" title="Konetirayala Temple, Keelapatla">Keelapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanathaswamy_temple,_Srikurmam" title="Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam">Srikurmam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Vishnu" title="Andhra Vishnu">Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Temple</a></li> <li>Ranganatha Temple, Nellore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Gollala_Mamidada" title="Kodandarama Temple, Gollala Mamidada">Gollala Mamidada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Konda" title="Narasimha Konda">Narasimha Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchalakona" title="Penchalakona">Penchalakona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavanarayana_Temple,_Bapatla" title="Bhavanarayana Temple, Bapatla">Bapatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintalarayaswami_Temple" title="Chintalarayaswami Temple">Chintalarayaswami Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Temple,_Antarvedi" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi">Antarvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramateertham" title="Ramateertham">Ramateertham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabham" title="Padmanabham">Padmanabham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Buchireddipalem" title="Kodandarama Temple, Buchireddipalem">Buchireddipalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koulutla_Chenna_Kesava_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple">Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narapura_Venkateswara_Temple,_Jammalamadugu" title="Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Jammalamadugu">Jammalamadugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntanatha_Temple,_Therani" title="Vaikuntanatha Temple, Therani">Therani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srungara_Vallabha_Swamy_Temple" title="Srungara Vallabha Swamy Temple">Tholi Tirupati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnupad_Temple,_Gaya" title="Vishnupad Temple, Gaya">Vishnupad Temple, Gaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Shivanasamudra" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra">Shivanasamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangapatna" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Sri_Krishna_Matha" title="Udupi Sri Krishna Matha">Udupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melukote" title="Melukote">Melukote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devarayanadurga" title="Devarayanadurga">Devarayanadurga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara_Temple" title="Thrikkakara Temple">Thirukatkarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumoozhikkulam_Lakshmana_Perumal_Temple" title="Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple">Moozhikkalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreevallabha_Temple" title="Sreevallabha Temple">Tiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikodithanam_Mahavishnu_Temple" title="Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple">Thirukadithanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrichittatt_Maha_Vishnu_Temple" title="Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple">Sengunroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyur_Mahavishnu_Temple" title="Puliyur Mahavishnu Temple">Thiruppuliyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Parthasarathy_Temple" title="Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple">Thiruvaaranvilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanvandoor_Mahavishnu_Temple" title="Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple">Thiruvanvandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunavaya_Navamukunda_Temple" title="Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple">Thirunavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumittakode_Anchumoorthi_Temple" title="Thirumittakode Anchumoorthi Temple">Viththuvakkodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha_Sree_Krishna_Swamy_Temple" title="Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Poornathrayeesa_Temple" title="Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple">Tripunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunelli_Temple" title="Thirunelli Temple">Thirunelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janardanaswamy_Temple" title="Janardanaswamy Temple">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Pandharpur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraha_Kshetra" title="Baraha Kshetra">Baraha Kshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupaduka_(shrine)" title="Bishnupaduka (shrine)">Bishnupaduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sathyamurthi_Perumal_Temple" title="Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple">Thirumeyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowmya_Narayana_Perumal_temple" title="Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple">Thirukoshtiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodal_Azhagar_Temple" title="Koodal Azhagar Temple">Koodal Azhagar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_Temple" title="Kallalagar Temple">Azhagar Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumohoor_Kalamegaperumal_temple" title="Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple">Tirumogoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_Temple" title="Srivilliputhur Andal Temple">Srivilliputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninra_Narayana_Perumal_temple" title="Ninra Narayana Perumal temple">Tiruththangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Jagannatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple">Thiruppullani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varadharaja_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram" title="Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram">Tirukkacchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabujakaram" title="Ashtabujakaram">Ashtabujakaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yathothkari_Perumal_Temple" title="Yathothkari Perumal Temple">Tiruvekkaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruththanka" title="Tiruththanka">Tiruththanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvelukkai" title="Tiruvelukkai">Tiruvelukkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple" title="Kamakshi Amman Temple">Tirukalvanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulagalantha_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram" title="Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram">Tiru oorakam, Tiru neeragam, Tiru kaaragam, Tirukaarvaanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiru_Parameswara_Vinnagaram" title="Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram">Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavalavannam_Temple" title="Pavalavannam Temple">Pavalavannam Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandava_Thoothar_Perumal_Temple" title="Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple">Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilathingal_Thundam_Perumal_temple" title="Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple">Nilathingal Thundam Perumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruputkuzhi" title="Thiruputkuzhi">Thiruputkuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple,_Chennai" title="Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai">Thiruvallikeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruneermalai_(temple_complex)" title="Thiruneermalai (temple complex)">Thiruneermalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithyakalyana_Perumal_temple" title="Nithyakalyana Perumal temple">Thiruvidandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukadalmallai" title="Thirukadalmallai">Thirukadalmallai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktavatsala_Perumal_Temple,_Thirunindravur" title="Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple, Thirunindravur">Thiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeraraghava_Swamy_Temple" title="Veeraraghava Swamy Temple">Thiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkadigai" title="Thirukkadigai">Thirukkadigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaadi_Raja_Perumal_temple" title="Devaadi Raja Perumal temple">Thiruvazhunthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parimala_Ranganatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple">Thiruindaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazheesirama_Vinnagaram" title="Kazheesirama Vinnagaram">Kazheesirama Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkavalampadi" title="Thirukkavalampadi">Thirukkavalampadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruchsemponsey" title="Thiruchsemponsey">Thiruchsemponsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruarimeya_Vinnagaram" title="Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram">Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanpurushothamam" title="Thiruvanpurushothamam">Thiruvanpurushothamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvaikunda_Vinnagaram" title="Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram">Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumanimadam" title="Thirumanimadam">Thirumanimadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruthevanartthogai" title="Thiruthevanartthogai">Thiruthevanartthogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruthetriyambalam" title="Thiruthetriyambalam">Thiruthetriyambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumanikkoodam" title="Thirumanikkoodam">Thirumanikkoodam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvellakkulam" title="Thiruvellakkulam">Thiruvellakkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppaarththanpalli" title="Thiruppaarththanpalli">Thiruppaarththanpalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalai_Sanga_Nanmathiyam" title="Thalai Sanga Nanmathiyam">Thalai Sanga Nanmathiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthalasayana_Perumal_Temple,_Tirusirupuliyur" title="Sthalasayana Perumal Temple, Tirusirupuliyur">Thiruchsirupuliyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvali-Thirunagari" title="Thiruvali-Thirunagari">Thiruvali-Thirunagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram#Sri_Govindaraja_Swamy_Shrine" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Thiruccithra kootam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Loganatha Perumal Temple">Thirukkannangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundararajaperumal_Temple,_Nagapattinam" title="Soundararajaperumal Temple, Nagapattinam">Thirunagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjai_Mamani_Koil" title="Thanjai Mamani Koil">Thiru Thanjai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulagalantha_Perumal_Temple,_Tirukoyilur" title="Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur">Tirukkoilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakath_Rakshaka_Perumal_temple" title="Jakath Rakshaka Perumal temple">Thirukkoodaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajendra_Varadha_Temple" title="Gajendra Varadha Temple">Thiru Kavith Thalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiru_Aadanoor_Temple" title="Thiru Aadanoor Temple">Thiru Adhanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupullabhoothangudi_Temple" title="Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple">Thirupullabhoothangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangapani_Temple" title="Sarangapani Temple">Thirukkudandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranathan_Temple" title="Saranathan Temple">Tirucherai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Kovil" title="Nathan Kovil">Thirunandipura Vinnagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachiyar Koil">ThiruNaraiyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppiliappan_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppiliappan temple">Thiruvinnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Valvill_Ramar_Temple,_Tiruvelliyangudi" title="Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi">Thiruvelliyangudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktavatsala_Perumal_temple,_Tirukannamangai" title="Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Tirukannamangai">Thirukkanamangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelamegha_Perumal_Temple" title="Neelamegha Perumal Temple">Thirukkkannapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Saabha_Vimocchana_Perumal_Temple" title="Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple">Thirukkandiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Srirangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhagiya_Manavala_Perumal_Temple" title="Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple">Thirukkozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthamar_Kovil" title="Uthamar Kovil">Thirukkarambanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundarikakshan_Perumal_Temple" title="Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple">Thiruvellarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundararaja_Perumal_temple,_Tiruchirapalli" title="Sundararaja Perumal temple, Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appakkudathaan_Perumal_Temple" title="Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple">Thirupper Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanathaswamy_temple,_Thiruvanthipuram" title="Devanathaswamy temple, Thiruvanthipuram">Thiruvanthipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanamamalai_Perumal_Temple" title="Vanamamalai Perumal Temple">Thiruvaramangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Nambi_and_Thirukurungudivalli_Nachiar_temple" title="Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple">Thirukkurungudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivaikuntanathan_Permual_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivaikuntanathan Permual Temple">Srivaikundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvaragunamangai_Perumal_Temple" title="Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple">Thiruvaragunamangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirupuliyangudi_Perumal_Temple" title="Thirupuliyangudi Perumal Temple">Thiruppulingudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwarthirunagari_Permual_Temple" title="Alwarthirunagari Permual Temple">Thirukkurugoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irattai_Thiruppathy" title="Irattai Thiruppathy">Thirutthulaivillimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaithamanidhi_Perumal_Temple" title="Vaithamanidhi Perumal Temple">Thirukkoloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Perumal_Temple,_Tirukulandhai" title="Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai">Tirukulandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makara_Nedunkuzhaikathar_Temple" title="Makara Nedunkuzhaikathar Temple">Thentirupperai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikesava_Perumal_Temple,_Kanyakumari" title="Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari">Thiruvattaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvazhmarban_temple" title="Thiruvazhmarban temple">Thiruvanparisaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanna_Venkatachalapathy_Temple" title="Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple">Gunaseelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ramachandraswamy_Temple,_Bhadrachalam" title="Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam">Bhadrachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_Temple,_Yadadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri">Yadadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchadri_Venkateshwara_Swamy_Temple" title="Kuchadri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple">Kuchadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Mandir,_Hyderabad" title="Birla Mandir, Hyderabad">Birla Mandir, Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogananda_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_Temple" title="Yogananda Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple">Mattapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Temple,_Dharmapuri" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Naimishnath_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Naimishnath Temple">Naimisaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navamohana_Krishna_Temple" title="Navamohana Krishna Temple">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ayodhya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathji_Temple,_Devprayag" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathji Temple, Devprayag">Devprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotir_Math" title="Jyotir Math">Thiruppirithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuprayag" title="Vishnuprayag">Vishnuprayag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharanga_Kshetrams" title="Pancharanga Kshetrams">Pancharanga Kshetrams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛta">Nirṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsha" title="Amsha">Amsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatri">Dhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushan" title="Pushan">Pushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvashtri">Tvashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Vivasvat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/60px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yami</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurushas" title="Kimpurushas">Kimpurushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri" title="Pitri">Pitṛs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ribhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhyas" title="Sadhyas">Sadhyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11380#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374578668">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72189930">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonigerO\u0026#039;Flaherty1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Quinn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin_BryantMaria_Ekstrand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFred_S._Kleiner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlucklich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_CowardDaniel_C._Maguire2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHāṇḍā2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.L.Shastri1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.L.Shastri1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.M_Masson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._A._B._van_Buitenen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Hackin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._L._Shastri1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacq-Hergoualc\u0026#039;h2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_g._Lochtefeld2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Gonda1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Gonda1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_C_Holt2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKedar_Nath_Tiwari1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyworth,_George_A.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2000\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnapp2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Das2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachek1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahony1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittalThursby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriz_WinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuriel_Marion_Underhill1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_Milner_Jr.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.A.1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.A.1957\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFN.A1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.A1952\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFN.A1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.A1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.A1960\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNichiren1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlando_O._EspínJames_B._Nickoloff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomfret2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratapaditya_Pal1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenate_Söhnen-ThiemeRenate_SöhnenPeter_Schreiner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRukmani1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Giora_Shoham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoifer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_KossakEdith_Whitney_Watts2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwarna_Wickremeratne2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSykes,_Egerton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._Padmaja2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFTapasyananda1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTia_Ghose2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanamali2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaradpande1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Doniger1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Doniger1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm_Geiger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_K._Mahony1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"*\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CSS image crop\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite MWSD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 122,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Famous Vishnu temples\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hindu Culture and Epics\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 6,\n [\"IAST\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Image array\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 34,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 2,\n [\"VishnuAvatars\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vishnu","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vishnu","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11380","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11380","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-27T20:22:15Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:55:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg","headline":"One of the principal deities of Hinduism"}</script> </body> </html>