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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_rudder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_rudder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of the rudder</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_rudder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the rudder subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_rudder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steering_oar/gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steering_oar/gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Steering oar/gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steering_oar/gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sternpost-mounted_rudder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sternpost-mounted_rudder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sternpost-mounted rudder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sternpost-mounted_rudder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Ancient India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Medieval Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_rudders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_rudders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Modern rudders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_rudders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat_rudders_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat_rudders_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Boat rudders details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boat_rudders_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_rudders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_rudders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of rudders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_rudders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of rudders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_rudders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rudder_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudder_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rudder control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudder_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_rudders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_rudders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aircraft rudders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_rudders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roer_(skip)" title="Roer (skip) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roer (skip)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A9" title="دفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܣܘܟܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܘܟܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stiqam%C9%99t_rulu" title="İstiqamət rulu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstiqamət rulu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Суднавы руль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суднавы руль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Стырно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стырно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Рул (морски термин) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рул (морски термин)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stur" title="Stur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%C3%B3" title="Timó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kormidlo" title="Kormidlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kormidlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ror" title="Ror – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ror" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruder" title="Ruder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%C3%B3n_(dispositivo)" title="Timón (dispositivo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Timón (dispositivo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudro" title="Rudro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rudro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema" title="Lema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernail" title="Gouvernail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C3%B3n" title="Temón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Temón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuturi" title="Karuturi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Karuturi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%ED%96%A5%ED%82%A4_(%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0)" title="방향키 (항공기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방향키 (항공기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Ավտողեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտողեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अरित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kormilo" title="Kormilo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kormilo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemudi_sepak" title="Kemudi sepak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemudi sepak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timone" title="Timone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Timone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הגה כיוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגה כיוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚುಕ್ಕಾಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚುಕ್ಕಾಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%A3a_st%C5%ABre" title="Kuģa stūre – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuģa stūre" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moy%C3%ADki" title="Moyíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moyíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldalkorm%C3%A1ny" title="Oldalkormány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oldalkormány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Кормило – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кормило" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemudi" title="Kemudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roer_(schip)" title="Roer (schip) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roer (schip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B5" title="舵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="舵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ror" title="Ror – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ror" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ror" title="Ror – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ror" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empenta" title="Empenta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empenta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster" title="Ster – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ster" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leme_(navega%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Leme (navegação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leme (navegação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2rm%C4%83" title="Cârmă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cârmă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Судовой руль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судовой руль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rudder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smerno_krmilo" title="Smerno krmilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smerno krmilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the navigational instrument. For other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/Rudder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rudder (disambiguation)">Rudder (disambiguation)</a>. For mythological meaning, see <a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum (classical)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg/220px-Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg/330px-Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg/440px-Brosen_propelersterntychy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Modern ship rudder (the long red rectangle behind the <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(marine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (marine)">propeller</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg/220px-Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg/330px-Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg/440px-Olympic_stern_and_rudder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic">RMS <i>Olympic</i></a>'s rudder turned</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rudder</b> is a primary control surface used to steer a <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a>, or other vehicle that moves through a <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> medium (usually <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">air</a> or <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">water</a>). On an <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a>, the rudder is used primarily to counter <a href="/wiki/Adverse_yaw" title="Adverse yaw">adverse yaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-factor" title="P-factor">p-factor</a> and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, thus imparting a turning or <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yawing</a> motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with <a href="/wiki/Hinge" title="Hinge">hinges</a> to the craft's <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a>, tail, or afterend. Often rudders are shaped to minimize <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">hydrodynamic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic drag">aerodynamic drag</a>. On simple <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">watercraft</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a>—essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a <a href="/wiki/Helmsman" title="Helmsman">helmsman</a>. In larger vessels, cables, <a href="/wiki/Pushrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushrod">pushrods</a>, or hydraulics may link rudders to steering wheels. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_rudder">History of the rudder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the rudder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, a rudder is "part of the steering apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull, " denoting all types of oars, paddles, and rudders.<sup id="cite_ref-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, the steering gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders, depending on their location on the ship. A third term, <a href="/wiki/Steering_oar" title="Steering oar">steering oar</a>, can denote both types. In a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position.<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton_255-265_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Edgerton_255-265-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R._O._Faulkner_3-9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._O._Faulkner_3-9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classify a <a href="/wiki/Steering_oar" title="Steering oar">steering oar</a> as a rudder, others<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that the steering oar used in ancient Egypt and Rome was not a true rudder and define only the stern-mounted rudder used in ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty China</a> as a true rudder. The steering oar can interfere with the handling of the sails (limiting any potential for long ocean-going voyages) while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow, rapid-water transport; the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails, took less energy to operate by its <a href="/wiki/Helmsman" title="Helmsman">helmsman</a>, was better fit for larger vessels on ocean-going travel, and first appeared in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a> during the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adshead_156_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adshead_156-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> (1550–300 BC) use of the steering oar without a rudder <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">in the Mediterranean</a>, Leo Block (2003) writes: </p> <blockquote><p>A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction, and rudder action is required to steer a straight course. A steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a straight course; this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar (or rudder) course correction acts as a brake. The second sail, located forward, could be trimmed to offset the turning tendency of the mainsail and minimize the need for course corrections by the steering oar, which would have substantially improved sail performance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The steering oar or steering board is an oversized oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft before the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the starboard side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely if ever, attached. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steering_oar/gear"><span id="Steering_oar.2Fgear"></span>Steering oar/gear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steering oar/gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. 1422–1411 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> (3100 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_255_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_255-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (2686–2134 BC) as many as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats.<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_255_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_255-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a>, at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar, can be traced to the fifth dynasty (2504–2347 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_257_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_257-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post <a href="/wiki/Abaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaft">abaft</a> reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side.<sup id="cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_260_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_260-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single steering oars put on the stern can be found in several tomb models of the time,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> when tomb reliefs suggest them commonly employed in <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first literary reference appears in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (484–424 BC), who had spent several months in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: "They make one rudder, and this is thrust through the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a>", probably meaning the crotch at the end of the keel (as depicted in the "Tomb of Menna").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork, wooden models, and even remnants of actual boats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_(RG_Museum_Koeln,_Germany).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_%28RG_Museum_Koeln%2C_Germany%29.JPG/220px-Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_%28RG_Museum_Koeln%2C_Germany%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_%28RG_Museum_Koeln%2C_Germany%29.JPG/330px-Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_%28RG_Museum_Koeln%2C_Germany%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_%28RG_Museum_Koeln%2C_Germany%29.JPG/440px-Rudder_of_a_Roman_Boat_%28RG_Museum_Koeln%2C_Germany%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Steering oar of a Roman boat, 1st century AD (RG-Museum, Cologne)</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman navigation used sexillie quarter steering oars that went in the Mediterranean through a long period of constant refinement and improvement so that by Roman times ancient vessels reached extraordinary sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness, adaptability and simpleness.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the first half of the 1st century AD, steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> river and harbour craft as proved from <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and archaeological finds (<a href="/wiki/Zwammerdam" title="Zwammerdam">Zwammerdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a> 7). A tomb plaque of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrianic</a> age shows a harbour tug boat in <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> with a long stern-mounted oar for better leverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lionel_Casson_(1965)_plate_1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lionel_Casson_(1965)_plate_1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boat already featured a <a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">spritsail</a>, adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further attested Roman uses of stern-mounted steering oars includes barges under tow, transport ships for wine casks, and diverse other ship types.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_V._Mott_84,_95f._27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_V._Mott_84,_95f.-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lionel_Casson_S.XXVIII,_336f.;_Fig.193_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lionel_Casson_S.XXVIII,_336f.;_Fig.193-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tilmann_Bechert_p.183,_203_(Fig.266)_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilmann_Bechert_p.183,_203_(Fig.266)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large river barge found at the mouth of the Rhine near <a href="/wiki/Zwammerdam" title="Zwammerdam">Zwammerdam</a> featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern.<sup id="cite_ref-M._D._de_Weerd_15ff._30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._D._de_Weerd_15ff.-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._D._de_Weerd_187ff._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._D._de_Weerd_187ff.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to new research, the advanced <a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a>, the palace barges of emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (37–41 AD), may have featured 14-m-long rudders.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sternpost-mounted_rudder">Sternpost-mounted rudder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sternpost-mounted rudder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Han dynasty">Science and technology of the Han dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG/220px-Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG/330px-Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG/440px-Eastern_Han_pottery_boat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a> (25–220 AD) Chinese pottery boat fit for riverine and maritime sea travel, with an anchor at the bow, a steering rudder at the stern, roofed compartments with windows and doors, and miniature sailors</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg/220px-Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg/330px-Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg/440px-Guo_Zhongshu-Traveling_on_the_River_in_Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279) painting on silk of two <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Chinese cargo ships</a> accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">smaller boat</a>, by Guo Zhongshu (c. 910–977 AD); notice the large sternpost-mounted rudder on the ship shown in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>The world's oldest known depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> dating from the 1st century AD during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (c. 475–221 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sternpost-mounted rudders started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Chinese continued to use the steering oar long after they invented the rudder, since the steering oar still had practical use for inland rapid-river travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of oldest known depictions of the Chinese stern-mounted rudder (<i>duò</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">舵</span></span>) can be seen on a 2-foot (61 cm) pottery model of a <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> dating from the 1st century AD, during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairbank_192_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairbank_192-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> in an archaeological excavation carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Provincial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong Provincial Museum">Guangdong Provincial Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairbank_192_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairbank_192-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within decades, several other Han dynasty ship models featuring rudders were found in archaeological excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first solid written reference to the use of a rudder without a steering oar dates to the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese rudders are attached to the hull by means of wooden jaws or sockets,<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while typically larger ones were suspended from above by a rope <a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">tackle</a> system so that they could be raised or lowered into the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, many junks incorporated "fenestrated rudders" (rudders with holes in them, supposedly allowing for better control). Detailed descriptions of Chinese junks during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> are known from various travellers to China, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The later Chinese encyclopedist <a href="/wiki/Song_Yingxing" title="Song Yingxing">Song Yingxing</a> (1587–1666) and the 17th-century European traveler Louis Lecomte wrote of the junk design and its use of the rudder with enthusiasm and admiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_634_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_634-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg/220px-Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg/330px-Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg/440px-Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Pottery boat from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> showing the earliest known representation of a rudder</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that the Chinese invented the "median, vertical and axial" sternpost-mounted rudder, and that such a kind of rudder preceded the pintle-and-gudgeon rudder found in the West by roughly a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a> (West Bengal) seal dated between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD depicts a steering mechanism on a ship named ''Indra of the Ocean'' (Jaladhisakra), which indicates that it was a sea-bound vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Near_East">Medieval Near East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medieval Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> ships also used a sternpost-mounted rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-Mott-93_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mott-93-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their ships "the rudder is controlled by two lines, each attached to a crosspiece mounted on the rudder head perpendicular to the plane of the rudder blade."<sup id="cite_ref-Mott-93_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mott-93-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence comes from the <i>Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Marifat al-Aqalim</i> ('The Best Divisions for the Classification of Regions') written by <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> in 985: </p> <dl><dd><i>The captain from the crow's nest carefully observes the sea. When a rock is espied, he shouts: "Starboard!" or 'Port!" Two youths, posted there, repeat the cry. The helmsman, with two ropes in his hand, when he hears the calls tugs one or the other to the right or left. If great care is not taken, the ship strikes the rocks and is wrecked.</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg/220px-Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg/330px-Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg/440px-Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck._Model_ship_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pintle" title="Pintle">Pintle</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Gudgeon" title="Gudgeon">gudgeon</a> rudder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic league">Hanseatic league</a> flagship <i><a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a></i> (1567–1581), the largest ship in the world at its time</figcaption></figure> <p>Oars mounted on the side of ships evolved into quarter steering oars, which were used from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. As the size of ships and the height of the freeboards increased, quarter steering oars became unwieldy and were replaced by the more sturdy rudders with <a href="/wiki/Pintle" title="Pintle">pintle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gudgeon" title="Gudgeon">gudgeon</a> attachment. While steering oars were found in Europe on a wide range of vessels since Roman times, including light war galleys in Mediterranean,<sup id="cite_ref-adshead_156_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adshead_156-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the oldest known depiction of a pintle-and-gudgeon rudder can be found on church carvings of <a href="/wiki/Zedelgem" title="Zedelgem">Zedelgem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> dating to around 1180.<sup id="cite_ref-adshead_156_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adshead_156-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg/220px-RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg/330px-RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg/440px-RudderBereFerrersBenchEnd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A ship's rudder carved in oak, 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Bere_Ferrers" title="Bere Ferrers">Bere Ferrers</a> church, Devon. Heraldic <a href="/wiki/Badge_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Badge (heraldry)">badge</a> of Cheyne and Willoughby families.</figcaption></figure> <p>While earlier rudders were mounted on the stern by the way of rudderposts or tackles, the iron hinges allowed the rudder to be attached to the entire length of the sternpost in a permanent fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its full potential could only to be realized after the introduction of the vertical sternpost and the full-rigged ship in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_118f._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_118f.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> onwards, European ships with pintle-and-gudgeon rudders sailed successfully on all seven seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_118f._43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_118f.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> holds that the stern-mounted rudder was transferred from China to Europe and the Islamic world during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_rudders">Modern rudders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern rudders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional rudders have been essentially unchanged since <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Balanced_rudder" title="Balanced rudder">balanced rudder</a> on the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS <i>Great Britain</i></a> in 1843<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Steering_engine" title="Steering engine">steering engine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">SS <i>Great Eastern</i></a> in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-google_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a vessel requires extra maneuverability at low speeds, the rudder may be supplemented by a <a href="/wiki/Manoeuvring_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoeuvring thruster">manoeuvring thruster</a> in the bow,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be replaced entirely by <a href="/wiki/Azimuth_thruster" title="Azimuth thruster">azimuth thrusters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boat_rudders_details">Boat rudders details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boat rudders details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boat rudders may be either outboard or inboard. Outboard rudders are hung on the stern or transom. Inboard rudders are hung from a keel or skeg and are thus fully submerged beneath the hull, connected to the steering mechanism by a rudder post that comes up through the hull to deck level, often into a cockpit. Inboard keel hung rudders (which are a continuation of the aft trailing edge of the full keel) are traditionally deemed the most damage resistant rudders for off shore sailing. Better performance with faster handling characteristics can be provided by skeg hung rudders on boats with smaller fin keels. </p><p>Rudder post and mast placement defines the difference between a ketch and a yawl, as these two-masted vessels are similar. Yawls are defined as having the mizzen mast abaft (i.e. "aft of") the rudder post; ketches are defined as having the mizzen mast forward of the rudder post. </p><p>Small boat rudders that can be steered more or less perpendicular to the hull's longitudinal axis make effective brakes when pushed "hard over." However, terms such as "hard over," "hard to starboard," etc. signify a maximum-rate turn for larger vessels. Transom hung rudders or far aft mounted fin rudders generate greater moment and faster turning than more forward mounted keel hung rudders. Rudders on smaller craft can be operated by means of a tiller that fits into the rudder stock that also forms the fixings to the rudder foil. Craft where the length of the tiller could impede movement of the helm can be split with a rubber universal joint and the part adjoined the tiller termed a tiller extension. Tillers can further be extended by means of adjustable telescopic twist locking extension. </p><p>There is also the <b>barrel type rudder</b>, where the ship's screw is enclosed and can be swiveled to steer the vessel. Designers claim that this type of rudder on a smaller vessel will answer the helm faster.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_rudders">Types of rudders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of rudders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various types of rudders are used in the marine industry, including spade rudders,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> semi-spade rudders, high-lift rudders, and balanced rudders. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rudder_control">Rudder control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rudder control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rudder_control"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about other types of steering gear, such as rotary type steering gear.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rudder" title="Talk:Rudder">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Large ships (over 10,000 ton gross tonnage) have requirements on rudder turnover time. To comply with this, high torque rudder controls are employed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One commonly used system is the <b>ram type steering gear</b>. It employs four hydraulic rams to rotate the rudder stock (rotation axis), in turn rotating the rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_rudders">Aircraft rudders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aircraft rudders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileron_yaw.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/220px-Aileron_yaw.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/330px-Aileron_yaw.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/440px-Aileron_yaw.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Movement caused by the use of rudder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MM00756-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/220px-MM00756-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/330px-MM00756-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/440px-MM00756-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The rudder is controlled through <a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudder pedals">rudder pedals</a> on the bottom rear of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.</figcaption></figure> <p>On an aircraft, a <b>rudder</b> is the directional <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">control surface</a> along with the rudder-like <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevator (aircraft)">elevator</a> (usually attached to the horizontal tail structure, if not a slab elevator) and <a href="/wiki/Ailerons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailerons">ailerons</a> (attached to the wings) that control pitch and roll, respectively. The rudder is usually attached to the <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a>), which allows the pilot to control <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">yaw</a> about the vertical axis, i.e., change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing. </p><p>Unlike a ship, both <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">aileron</a> and rudder controls are used together to turn an aircraft, with the ailerons imparting roll and the rudder imparting yaw and also compensating for a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Adverse_yaw" title="Adverse yaw">adverse yaw</a>. A rudder alone will turn a conventional fixed-wing aircraft, but much more slowly than if ailerons are also used in conjunction. Sometimes pilots may intentionally operate the rudder and ailerons in opposite directions in a maneuver called a <a href="/wiki/Slip_(aerodynamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slip (aerodynamic)">slip</a> or sideslip. This may be done to overcome crosswinds and keep the fuselage in line with the runway, or to lose altitude by increasing drag, or both. </p><p>Another technique for yaw control, used on some <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wings</a>, is to add one or more drag-creating surfaces, such as split ailerons, on the outer wing section. Operating one of these surfaces creates drag on the wing, causing the plane to yaw in that direction. These surfaces are often referred to as drag rudders. </p><p>Rudders are typically controlled with <a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">pedals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rudder" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rudder">rudder</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel" title="Ship's wheel">Ship's wheel</a> – Mechanism used to steer watercraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azipod" title="Azipod">Azipod</a> – Electric drive azimuth thruster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_rudder" title="Kitchen rudder">Kitchen rudder</a> – Type of directional propulsion system for vessels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuger_rudder" title="Pleuger rudder">Pleuger rudder</a> – Thruster assisted ship's rudder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilling_rudder" title="Schilling rudder">Schilling rudder</a> – Low aspect ratio rudder with endplates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorotor" title="Cyclorotor">Voith Schneider propeller</a> – Perpendicular-axis marine propulsion system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Mott in his comprehensive treatment of the history of the rudder,<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_V._Mott_2f.,_92_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_V._Mott_2f.,_92-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timothy Runyan,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The Concise <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_Etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology">Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lefebvre_des_No%C3%ABttes" title="Richard Lefebvre des Noëttes">Lefèbre des Noëttes</a>, K.S. Tom, Chung Chee Kit, S.A.M. Adshead, John K. Fairbank, Merle Goldman, Frank Ross, and Leo Block.<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adshead_156_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adshead_156-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudder.Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">rudder.Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 8, 2008, from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_2006_Ultimate_Reference_Suite_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD">Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_F._Edgerton_255-265-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton_255-265_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Edgerton: “Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear”, <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255-265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._O._Faulkner_3-9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R._O._Faulkner_3-9_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. O. Faulkner: <i>Egyptian Seagoing Ships</i>, <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>, Vol. 26. (1941), pp. 3-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_V._Mott_2f.,_92-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_V._Mott_2f.,_92_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautarch.tamu.edu/pdf-files/Mott-MA1991.pdf">Lawrence V. Mott, <i>The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale</i>, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.2f., 92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy J. Runyan: “Review of The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale“, <i>Speculum</i>, Vol. 74, No. 4, (1999), pp. 1096-1098 (1098)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-rudder.html">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom, K.S. (1989). <i>Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom</i>. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1285-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1285-9">0-8248-1285-9</a>. Page 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_649_650_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 649-650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adshead_156-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adshead_156_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000). <i>China in World History</i>. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22565-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22565-2">0-312-22565-2</a>. Page 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adshead_156-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adshead_156_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adshead_156_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adshead_156_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000). <i>China in World History</i>. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22565-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22565-2">0-312-22565-2</a>. Page 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_627_628_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph. (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 627–628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank, John K. and Merle Goldman. (1998). <i>China: A New History, Enlarged Edition</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-11673-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-11673-9">0-674-11673-9</a>. Page 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Block, Leo. (2003). <i>To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-209-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-209-9">1-55750-209-9</a>. Page 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Block, Leo. (2003). <i>To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-209-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-209-9">1-55750-209-9</a>. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_255-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_255_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_255_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear", <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_257-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_257_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear", <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_F._Edgerton,_260-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_F._Edgerton,_260_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear", <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Tiradritti (ed.): “The Treasures of the Egyptian Museum”, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-504-6">978-977-424-504-6</a>, p.92f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohamed Ata: “Egypt from Past to Present. Through the Eyes of an Egyptian”, Cairo 2007, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodot" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodot">Herodot</a>: <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>, 2.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Edgerton: “Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear”, <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_p.1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100–1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lionel_Casson_(1965)_plate_1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lionel_Casson_(1965)_plate_1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lionel Casson: <i>Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome</i>, <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>, Vol. 55, No. 1/2, Parts 1 and 2 (1965), pp. 31–39 (plate 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lionel Casson, Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome, <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>, Vol. 55, No. ½, Parts 1 and 2. (1965), pp. 35 (Pl. I); 36, Fn.43 (Pl.II,1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_V._Mott_84,_95f.-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_V._Mott_84,_95f._27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100–1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.84, 95f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lionel_Casson_S.XXVIII,_336f.;_Fig.193-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lionel_Casson_S.XXVIII,_336f.;_Fig.193_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lionel Casson: “Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World”, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0">0-8018-5130-0</a>, S.XXVIII, 336f.; Fig.193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilmann_Bechert_p.183,_203_(Fig.266)-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilmann_Bechert_p.183,_203_(Fig.266)_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilmann Bechert: Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania inferior, Hirmer, München 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7774-3440-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7774-3440-X">3-7774-3440-X</a>, p.183, 203 (Fig.266)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._D._de_Weerd_15ff.-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M._D._de_Weerd_15ff._30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. D. de Weerd: Ships of the Roman Period at Zwammerdam / Nigrum Pullum, Germania Inferior, in: Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces. (The Council for) British Archaeology, Research Report 24, 1978, 15ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._D._de_Weerd_187ff.-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M._D._de_Weerd_187ff._31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. D. de Weerd: Römerzeitliche Transportschiffe und Einbäume aus Nigrum Pullum / Zwammerdam, in: Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II (1977), 187ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/forschak/515375/">Deutschlandfunk: Römische Schiffsversuchsanstalt in den Albaner Bergen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnstone_mcgrail_191-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_mcgrail_191_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnstone, Paul and Sean McGrail. (1988). <i>The Sea-craft of Prehistory</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02635-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02635-0">0-415-02635-0</a>. Page 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairbank_192-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fairbank_192_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fairbank_192_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deng, Gang. (1997). <i>Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29212-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29212-4">0-313-29212-4</a>. Page 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_632_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham_volume_4_part_3_634-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Needham_volume_4_part_3_634_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Par634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesParkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Ruth; Parkin, David (2015-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXhACwAAQBAJ&q=Angavijja+ship&pg=PT35"><i>Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79342-7"><bdi>978-1-317-79342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+the+Development+of+Maritime+Technology+on+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-79342-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Parkin%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwXhACwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAngavijja%2Bship%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Guy, John (1999). "A Boat Model and State Ritual in Eastern India". <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>86</b>: <span class="nowrap">105–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1999.3407">10.3406/befeo.1999.3407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0336-1519">0336-1519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43732572">43732572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=A+Boat+Model+and+State+Ritual+in+Eastern+India&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0336-1519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43732572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1999.3407&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mott-93-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mott-93_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mott-93_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence V. Mott, p.93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence V. Mott, p.92f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautarch.tamu.edu/pdf-files/Mott-MA1991.pdf">Lawrence V. Mott, <i>The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale</i>, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, S.2, 92f.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_Mott,_118f.-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_118f._43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Mott,_118f._43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautarch.tamu.edu/pdf-files/Mott-MA1991.pdf">Lawrence V. Mott, <i>The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale</i>, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, S.118f.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1991" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Adrian (1991) [1991]. <i>Isambard Kingdom Brunel</i> (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-4636-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-4636-2"><bdi>0-7195-4636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.place=London&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7195-4636-2&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_S.1986" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gfKkqB_fTcC"><i>A History of Control Engineering, 1800-1930</i></a>. Peregrinus. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863410475" title="Special:BookSources/9780863410475"><bdi>9780863410475</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Control+Engineering%2C+1800-1930&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Peregrinus&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780863410475&rft.au=Bennett%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gfKkqB_fTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmotech.co.uk/boat-building/bow-thrusters/39/">Osmotech UK on Uses and advantages of bow thrusters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726031611/http://www.osmotech.co.uk/boat-building/bow-thrusters/39/">Archived</a> July 26, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xd8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Popular+Mechanics%22+Jan+1935+floating&pg=PA495">"Barrel Type Rudder Makes Quicker Turns"</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, October 1934, bottom-right pg.495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nauticalvoice.com/understanding-marine-rudders-types-usage-and-design-considerations/11196/">"Understanding Marine Rudders: Types, Usage, and Design Considerations"</a>. <i>Nautical Voice</i>. 2024-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nautical+Voice&rft.atitle=Understanding+Marine+Rudders%3A+Types%2C+Usage%2C+and+Design+Considerations&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnauticalvoice.com%2Funderstanding-marine-rudders-types-usage-and-design-considerations%2F11196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolland2011" class="citation book cs1">Molland, Anthony F. (2011-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59XvXKbyvZIC&q=ram+type+steering+gear&pg=PA458"><i>The Maritime Engineering Reference Book: A Guide to Ship Design, Construction and Operation</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-056009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-056009-0"><bdi>978-0-08-056009-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maritime+Engineering+Reference+Book%3A+A+Guide+to+Ship+Design%2C+Construction+and+Operation&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-08-056009-0&rft.aulast=Molland&rft.aufirst=Anthony+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59XvXKbyvZIC%26q%3Dram%2Btype%2Bsteering%2Bgear%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/understanding-steering-gear-ships/">"Understanding Steering Gear in Ships"</a>. <i>Marine Insight</i>. 2019-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Insight&rft.atitle=Understanding+Steering+Gear+in+Ships&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineinsight.com%2Fnaval-architecture%2Funderstanding-steering-gear-ships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautarch.tamu.edu/pdf-files/Mott-MA1991.pdf">Lawrence V. Mott, <i>The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale</i>, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University</a></li> <li>Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). <i>China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition</i> (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01828-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01828-1">0-674-01828-1</a></li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftercastle" title="Aftercastle">Aftercastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterdeck" title="Afterdeck">Afterdeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_windlass" title="Anchor windlass">Anchor windlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_wind_indicator" title="Apparent wind indicator">Apparent wind indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beakhead" title="Beakhead">Beakhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilge" title="Bilge">Bilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilgeboard" title="Bilgeboard">Bilgeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitts" title="Bitts">Bitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_brake" title="Boom brake">Boom brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow or prow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">Bowsprit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_cable" title="Nautical cable"> Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">Capstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathead" title="Cathead">Cathead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter%27s_walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter's walk">Carpenter's walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centreboard" title="Centreboard">Centreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chains_(nautical)" title="Chains (nautical)">Chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockpit_(sailing)" title="Cockpit (sailing)">Cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companionway" title="Companionway">Companionway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow%27s_nest" title="Crow's nest">Crow's nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daggerboard" title="Daggerboard">Daggerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">Forecastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(nautical)" title="Frame (nautical)">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangway_(nautical)" title="Gangway (nautical)">Gangway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunwale" title="Gunwale">Gunwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" title="Head (watercraft)">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold_(compartment)" title="Hold (compartment)">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackline" title="Jackline">Jackline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibboom" title="Jibboom">Jibboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canting_keel" title="Canting keel">Canting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelson" title="Keelson">Kelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeboard" title="Leeboard">Leeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlop_deck" title="Orlop deck">Orlop deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger" title="Outrigger">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poop_deck" title="Poop deck">Poop deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porthole" title="Porthole">Porthole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_gallery" title="Quarter gallery">Quarter gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterdeck" title="Quarterdeck">Quarterdeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(nautical)" title="Rib (nautical)">Rib</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel" title="Ship's wheel">Ship's wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeg" title="Skeg">Skeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">Starboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">Stern or poop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffrail" title="Taffrail">Taffrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">Tiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)" title="Top (sailing ship)">Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipstaff" title="Whipstaff">Whipstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">Winch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_components_and_systems469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aircraft_rudders">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle 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