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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87" title="اثرات فمینیسم بر جامعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثرات فمینیسم بر جامعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூகத்தில் பெண்ணிய விளைவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூகத்தில் பெண்ணிய விளைவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Feminist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Feminist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> has affected change in Western society, including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>; greater access to education; more equitable pay with men; the right to initiate divorce proceedings; the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy (including access to <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>); and the right to own property.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Messer-Davidow_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messer-Davidow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvard Psychology Professor Steven Pinker argues that feminism has reduced domestic violence against men as their likelihood of being killed by a female intimate partner has decreased six-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">fourth-wave feminism</a> has coincided with significant increases in male violence and <a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">femicides</a> against women, a lot of it regarded as a backlash.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue,_Cleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue%2C_Cleveland.jpg/220px-Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue%2C_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue%2C_Cleveland.jpg/330px-Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue%2C_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue%2C_Cleveland.jpg/440px-Woman_suffrage_headquarters_in_Upper_Euclid_Avenue%2C_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1960s on, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation movement</a> campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, including the same pay as men, equal rights in law, and the freedom to plan their families. Their efforts were met with mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to, the right to bodily integrity and autonomy; to vote (universal suffrage); to hold public office; to work; to fair wages or <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal pay for women">equal pay</a>; to own property; to education; to serve in the military; to enter into legal contracts; and to have marital, parental, and religious rights.<sup id="cite_ref-quarterly_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterly-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminists have worked to protect women and girls from <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> challenging the prior belief that girls caused men to have sex with them even when the girls were very young.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, a public groundswell of opinion in favour of legal equality gained pace,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2009)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> including during the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights#Modern_movements" title="Women's rights">modern movement</a>, partly through the extensive employment of women in men's traditional roles during both world wars. By the 1960s, the legislative process was being readied, tracing through MP <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hamilton" title="Willie Hamilton">Willie Hamilton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">select committee</a> report, his Equal Pay for Equal Work Bill, the creation of a Sex Discrimination Board, Lady Sear's draft sex anti-discrimination bill, and a government <a href="/wiki/Green_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Paper">Green Paper</a> of 1973, until 1975 when the first British Sex Discrimination Act, an <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_1970" title="Equal Pay Act 1970">Equal Pay Act</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunities_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Equal Opportunities Commission (United Kingdom)">Equal Opportunities Commission</a> came into force.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With encouragement from the UK government, the other countries of the <a href="/wiki/EEC" class="mw-redirect" title="EEC">EEC</a> soon followed suit with an agreement to ensure that discriminatory laws would be phased out across the European Community. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">NOW</a>) was created in 1966 to bring about equality for all women. NOW was one important group that fought for the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">ERA</a>). This amendment stated that "Equality" of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there was disagreement on how the proposed amendment would be understood. Supporters believed it would guarantee women equal treatment. But critics feared it might deny women the right to be financially supported by their husbands. It died in 1982 because not enough states had ratified it. ERAs have been introduced in subsequent Congresses, but have failed to be passed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, various laws advancing women's rights were promulgated, although many issues remained to be resolved. </p><p>In the final three decades of the 20th century, Western women knew a new freedom through <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, which enabled them to plan their adult lives, often making way for both careers and families. The movement had been started in the 1910s by U.S. pioneering social reformer <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> and in the UK and internationally by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publication of data and advocacy relevant to rights increased in recent decades. For example, the <i>United Nations Human Development Report 2004</i> estimated that, on average, women work more than men when both paid employment and unpaid household tasks are accounted for. In rural areas of selected developing countries, women performed an average of 20 per cent more work than men, or an additional 102 minutes per day. In the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries surveyed, on average women performed 5 per cent more work than men or 20 minutes per day when both paid employment and unpaid household tasks are taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CEDAW">CEDAW</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CEDAW"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">CEDAW</a>) is an international convention adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>. Described as an international <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> for women, it came into force on 3 September 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several countries have ratified the Convention subject to certain declarations, reservations, and objections.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and the United States have not ratified CEDAW.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expecting a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">U.S. Senate</a> vote,<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOW has encouraged <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a> to remove U.S. reservations and objections added in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CEDAW does not protect men from any form of discrimination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive_rights">Reproductive rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproductive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S., a major focus of political activism has centered on <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, including for (and, among opponents, against) the decision by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade"><i>Roe</i> v. <i>Wade</i></a> enunciating a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitutional</a> right for a woman to choose whether to carry a pregnancy to term. However, on June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overruled <i>Roe</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> on the grounds that the right to abortion was not "deeply rooted in this Nation's history or tradition", nor considered a right when the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> was ratified in 1868, and was unknown in U.S. law until Roe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender-neutral_language">Gender-neutral language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gender-neutral language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">Gender-neutral English</a> is a description of <a href="/wiki/Word_usage" title="Word usage">language usages</a> which do not recognize gender and are aimed at minimizing assumptions regarding the biological <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> of human <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">referents</a>. The advocacy of gender-neutral language reflects, at least, two different agendas: one to clarify the <i>inclusion</i> of both sexes or genders (gender-inclusive language); the other that gender, as a category, is rarely worth marking in language (gender-neutral language). Gender-neutral language is sometimes described as <i>non-sexist language</i> by advocates and <i>politically correct language</i> by opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heterosexual_family_relationships">Heterosexual family relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heterosexual family relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increased entry of women into the workplace beginning in the twentieth century has affected gender roles and the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> within <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</a>. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a> in <i>The Second Shift</i> and <i>The Time Bind</i> presented evidence that, in two-career couples, men and women, on average, spend about equal amounts of time working, but women still spend more time on housework.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Young" title="Cathy Young">Cathy Young</a> responds to Hochschild's assertions by arguing that, in some cases, women may prevent the equal participation of men in housework and parenting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg/220px-Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg/330px-Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg/440px-Anna_Fischer-Dueckelmann_-_Die_Frau_als_Hausaerztin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>"The Woman as Family Doctor," traditional form of <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Feminist criticisms of men's contributions to child care and domestic labor in the Western middle class are typically centered on the idea that it is unfair for women to be expected to perform more than half of a household's domestic work and child care when both members of the relationship also work outside the home. Several studies provide statistical evidence that the financial income of married men does not affect their rate of attending to household duties.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Dubious Conceptions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Luker" title="Kristin Luker">Kristin Luker</a> discusses the effect of feminism on teenage women's choices to bear children, both in and out of wedlock. She says that as childbearing out of wedlock has become more socially acceptable, young women, especially poor young women, while not bearing children at a higher rate than in the 1950s, now see less of a reason to get married before having children. Her explanation for this is that the economic prospects for poor men are slim, hence poor women have a low chance of finding a husband who will be able to provide reliable financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-Luker_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luker-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although research suggests that, to an extent, both women and men perceive feminism to be in conflict with romance, studies of undergraduates and older adults have shown that feminism has positive impacts on relationship health for women and sexual satisfaction for men, and found no support for negative stereotypes of feminists.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this contradicts Luker's statement that young women from poorer backgrounds now see less reason to get married before having children.<sup id="cite_ref-Luker_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luker-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> reconsiders the traditions, practices, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">texts</a>, and theologies of religions from a feminist perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons_S-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loades_A_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades_A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its goals include increasing the role of women among the clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about the <a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="God and gender (disambiguation)">deity or deities</a>, determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood, and studying images of women in the religion's sacred texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons_S-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loades_A_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades_A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bundesen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundesen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference feminism</a> offers compatibility with gender-differentiating teachings of many major theologies, although difference feminism, when essentialist, is itself controversial. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> is a branch of feminist theology which seeks to interpret and understand <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in light of the equality of women and men. Because this equality has been historically ignored, Christian feminists believe their contributions are necessary for a complete understanding of Christianity. While there is no standard set of beliefs among Christian feminists, most agree that God does not discriminate on the basis of biologically determined characteristics such as sex. Their major issues are the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, male dominance in Christian marriage, and claims of moral deficiency and inferiority of abilities of women compared to men. They also are concerned with the balance of parenting between mothers and fathers and the overall treatment of women in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddad_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddad-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anderson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New feminism</a> is a branch of difference feminism situated within Catholicism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a> is concerned with the role of <a href="/wiki/Women_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Islam">women in Islam</a> and aims for the full equality of all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, regardless of gender, in public and private life. Islamic feminists advocate <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, and social justice grounded in an Islamic framework. Although rooted in Islam, the movement's pioneers have also utilized secular and Western feminist discourses and recognize the role of Islamic feminism as part of an integrated global feminist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates of the movement seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Quran, <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> (sayings of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> (law) towards the creation of a more equal and just society.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a> is a movement that seeks to improve the religious, legal, and social status of women within <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women. Feminist movements, with varying approaches and successes, have opened up within all major branches of Judaism. In its modern form, the movement can be traced to the early 1970s in the United States. According to <a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a>, who has focused on feminism in <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, the main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or <i><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a></i>, the exemption from positive time-bound <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a></i>, and women's inability to function as witnesses and to initiate <a href="/wiki/Jewish_view_of_marriage#Divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish view of marriage">divorce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plaskow1997_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plaskow1997-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a> or Wiccan feminism is a female-focused and <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a>-centered Wiccan faith that is also known as a feminist religion that teaches witchcraft as every woman's right. It is also one faith of the many practiced in <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist feminism</a> advocates the <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">equality of men and women</a> within atheism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atheist feminists also oppose <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, being a major source of female oppression and inequality, believing that all religions are sexist and oppressive to women.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a>, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a>, is a movement found in several religions to reconsider the traditions, practices, <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologies</a> of those religions from a feminist perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons_S-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loades_A_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades_A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">the deity or deities</a>, determining women's place in relation to <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">career</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherhood">motherhood</a>, and studying images of women in the religion's <a href="/wiki/Sacred_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred texts">sacred texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons_S-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loades_A_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loades_A-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, "the Goddess" is a deity of prime importance, along with her consort the <a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a>. In the earliest Wiccan publications, she is described as a tribal goddess of the witch community, neither omnipotent nor universal, and it was recognised that there was a greater "<a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Prime Mover</a>", although the witches did not concern themselves much with this being.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Butler2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFButler1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a> (Summer 1994). "Feminism by any other name (Judith Butler interviews <a href="/wiki/Rosi_Braidotti" title="Rosi Braidotti">Rosi Braidotti</a>)". <i><a href="/wiki/Differences_(journal)" title="Differences (journal)">differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2–3). <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: 272–361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=differences%3A+A+Journal+of+Feminist+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Feminism+by+any+other+name+%28Judith+Butler+interviews+Rosi+Braidotti%29&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=272-361&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messer-Davidow-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Messer-Davidow_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesser-Davidow2002" class="citation book cs1">Messer-Davidow, Ellen (2002). <i>Disciplining feminism: from social activism to academic discourse</i>. Durham, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822328438" title="Special:BookSources/9780822328438"><bdi>9780822328438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disciplining+feminism%3A+from+social+activism+to+academic+discourse&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780822328438&rft.aulast=Messer-Davidow&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon2011" class="citation news cs1">Pynchon, Victoria (December 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/shenegotiates/2011/12/05/womens-economic-power-decreases-domestic-violence-against-both-genders/">"Women's economic power decreases domestic violence against both genders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Women%27s+economic+power+decreases+domestic+violence+against+both+genders&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fshenegotiates%2F2011%2F12%2F05%2Fwomens-economic-power-decreases-domestic-violence-against-both-genders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Alisha Haridasani (4 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/us/domestic-violence-international.html">"Across the Globe, a 'Serious Backlash Against Women's Rights'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812024820/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/us/domestic-violence-international.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Across+the+Globe%2C+a+%27Serious+Backlash+Against+Women%27s+Rights%27&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Alisha+Haridasani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F04%2Fus%2Fdomestic-violence-international.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Freeman, Jo</a> (1995), "From suffrage to women's liberation: feminism in twentieth century America", in <a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Freeman, Jo</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfeministper00freerich/page/509"><i>Women: a feminist perspective</i></a> (5th ed.), Mountain View, California: Mayfield Pub. Co, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfeministper00freerich/page/509">509–528</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559341110" title="Special:BookSources/9781559341110"><bdi>9781559341110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+suffrage+to+women%27s+liberation%3A+feminism+in+twentieth+century+America&rft.btitle=Women%3A+a+feminist+perspective&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+California&rft.pages=509-528&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Mayfield+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781559341110&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenfeministper00freerich%2Fpage%2F509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/suffrage.htm">View online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quarterly-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quarterly_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, Bert B. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensrightshuma0000unse"><i>Women's rights: a human rights quarterly reader</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801883743" title="Special:BookSources/9780801883743"><bdi>9780801883743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+rights%3A+a+human+rights+quarterly+reader&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780801883743&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Bert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensrightshuma0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaveyWarner2003" class="citation cs2">Reavey, Paula; Warner, Sam (2003), "Introduction", in Reavey, Paula; Warner, Sam (eds.), <i>New feminist stories of child sexual abuse: sexual scripts and dangerous dialogues</i>, London: New York Routledge, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415259446" title="Special:BookSources/9780415259446"><bdi>9780415259446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=New+feminist+stories+of+child+sexual+abuse%3A+sexual+scripts+and+dangerous+dialogues&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=New+York+Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415259446&rft.aulast=Reavey&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Warner%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obHkvCPnos0C&pg=PA2">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentich2011" class="citation cs2">Valentich, Mary (2011), "Feminist theory and social work practice (child sexual abuse)", in Turner, Francis J. (ed.), <i>Social work treatment: interlocking theoretical approaches</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 215, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195394658" title="Special:BookSources/9780195394658"><bdi>9780195394658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminist+theory+and+social+work+practice+%28child+sexual+abuse%29&rft.btitle=Social+work+treatment%3A+interlocking+theoretical+approaches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195394658&rft.aulast=Valentich&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_k8Aptn6tEC&pg=PA215">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Sheila</a> (1997), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Henpecking': women's campaigns to gain legislation against the sexual abuse of girls", in <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Sheila</a> (ed.), <i>The spinster and her enemies: feminism and sexuality, 1880–1930</i>, North Melbourne, Victoria: Spinifex, p. 84, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781875559633" title="Special:BookSources/9781875559633"><bdi>9781875559633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Henpecking%27%3A+women%27s+campaigns+to+gain+legislation+against+the+sexual+abuse+of+girls&rft.btitle=The+spinster+and+her+enemies%3A+feminism+and+sexuality%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.place=North+Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Spinifex&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781875559633&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0m96bhnEwYC&pg=PA84">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlafson2004" class="citation cs2">Olafson, Erna (2004), "Child sexual abuse", in Cling, B.J. (ed.), <i>Sexualized violence against women and children: a psychology and law perspective</i>, New York: Guilford Press, p. 177, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593850616" title="Special:BookSources/9781593850616"><bdi>9781593850616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Child+sexual+abuse&rft.btitle=Sexualized+violence+against+women+and+children%3A+a+psychology+and+law+perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781593850616&rft.aulast=Olafson&rft.aufirst=Erna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRush1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florence_Rush" title="Florence Rush">Rush, Florence</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestkeptsecretse00rush"><i>The best kept secret: sexual abuse of children</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130747815" title="Special:BookSources/9780130747815"><bdi>9780130747815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+best+kept+secret%3A+sexual+abuse+of+children&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780130747815&rft.aulast=Rush&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestkeptsecretse00rush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1975" class="citation news cs1">Mackie, Lindsay (29 December 1975). "The equal payday is here: Lindsay Mackie looks at the new laws aimed at boosting women's status". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/185773278">185773278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+equal+payday+is+here%3A+Lindsay+Mackie+looks+at+the+new+laws+aimed+at+boosting+women%27s+status&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1975-12-29&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Sex discrimination in advertising banned". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 29 December 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sex+discrimination+in+advertising+banned&rft.date=1975-12-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://now.org/about/history/statement-of-purpose/">"The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a>. 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Organization+for+Women%27s+1966+Statement+of+Purpose&rft.pub=National+Organization+for+Women&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnow.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fstatement-of-purpose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://now.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Statement-of-Purpose.pdf">Pdf.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/national-organization-for-women?cat=biz-fin&nr=1">"National Organization for Women: Definition"</a>. <i>answers.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=answers.com&rft.atitle=National+Organization+for+Women%3A+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fnational-organization-for-women%3Fcat%3Dbiz-fin%26nr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1676.html">"Margaret Sanger"</a>. <i>u-s-history.com</i>. US History.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=u-s-history.com&rft.atitle=Margaret+Sanger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh1676.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Section 28: Gender, Work Burden, and Time Allocation", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr04_complete.pdf"><i>United Nations Human Development Report 2004</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+28%3A+Gender%2C+Work+Burden%2C+and+Time+Allocation&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Human+Development+Report+2004&rft.pages=233&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fhdr04_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx">"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979"</a>. 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Women's Media Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womensmediacenter.com/ex/033009.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chances+Improve+for+Ratification+of+CEDAW&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womensmediacenter.com%2Fex%2F033009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010145456/http://www.now.org/lists/now-action-list/msg00395.html">"Women need a strong CEDAW, not one with disabling RDUs"</a>. National Organization for Women (capwiz.com). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+need+a+strong+CEDAW%2C+not+one+with+disabling+RDUs&rft.pub=National+Organization+for+Women+%28capwiz.com%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcapwiz.com%2Fnow%2Fissues%2Falert%2F%3Falertid%3D13970771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090910064523/http://www.nowfoundation.org/issues/global/083109cedaw.html">"Don't Be Deceived: Only a 'Clean' CEDAW Should Be Ratified"</a>. National Organization for Women Foundation. August 31, 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Be+Deceived%3A+Only+a+%27Clean%27+CEDAW+Should+Be+Ratified&rft.pub=National+Organization+for+Women+Foundation&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowfoundation.org%2Fissues%2Fglobal%2F083109cedaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028110505/http://www.usask.ca/policies/2_03.htm">"University of Saskatchewan Policies 2001: Gender Neutral Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Saskatchewan+Policies+2001%3A+Gender+Neutral+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usask.ca%2Fpolicies%2F2_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hochschild1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_HochschildMachung2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Russell Hochschild, Arlie</a>; Machung, Anne (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Shift" title="The Second Shift"><i>The second shift: working families and the revolution at home</i></a>. New York: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+second+shift%3A+working+families+and+the+revolution+at+home&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Russell+Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie&rft.au=Machung%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780142002926" title="Special:BookSources/9780142002926">9780142002926</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hochschild2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Hochschild2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Russell Hochschild, Arlie</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Time_bind" class="mw-redirect" title="Time bind"><i>The time bind: when work becomes home and home becomes work</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+time+bind%3A+when+work+becomes+home+and+home+becomes+work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Russell+Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805066432" title="Special:BookSources/9780805066432">9780805066432</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Young" title="Cathy Young">Young, Cathy</a> (June 12, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/">"The Mama Lion at the Gate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+Mama+Lion+at+the+Gate&rft.date=2000-06-12&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2000%2F06%2F12%2Fgatekeeping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthSpitze1994" class="citation journal cs1">South, Scott J.; Spitze, Gelnna (June 1994). "Housework in marital and nonmarital households". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>59</b> (3): 327–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2095937">10.2307/2095937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095937">2095937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Housework+in+marital+and+nonmarital+households&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-348&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2095937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2095937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=South&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rft.au=Spitze%2C+Gelnna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenstermaker_BerkShih1980" class="citation cs2">Fenstermaker Berk, Sarah; Shih, Anthony (1980), "Contributions to household labour: comparing wives' and husbands' reports", in Fenstermaker Berk, Sarah (ed.), <i>Women and household labour</i>, SAGE Yearbooks on Women and Politics Series, Beverly Hills, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803912113" title="Special:BookSources/9780803912113"><bdi>9780803912113</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+household+labour%3A+comparing+wives%27+and+husbands%27+reports&rft.btitle=Women+and+household+labour&rft.place=Beverly+Hills%2C+California&rft.series=SAGE+Yearbooks+on+Women+and+Politics+Series&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780803912113&rft.aulast=Fenstermaker+Berk&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Shih%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luker-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luker_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luker_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Luker" title="Kristin Luker">Luker, Kristin</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dubiousconceptio00luke"><i>Dubious conceptions: The politics of teenage pregnancy</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674217034" title="Special:BookSources/9780674217034"><bdi>9780674217034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubious+conceptions%3A+The+politics+of+teenage+pregnancy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780674217034&rft.aulast=Luker&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdubiousconceptio00luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudmanPhelan2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_A._Rudman" title="Laurie A. Rudman">Rudman, Laurie A.</a>; Phelan, Julie E. (December 2007). "The interpersonal power of feminism: is feminism good for romantic relationships?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Roles_(journal)" title="Sex Roles (journal)">Sex Roles</a></i>. <b>57</b> (11): 787–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-007-9319-9">10.1007/s11199-007-9319-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62792118">62792118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=The+interpersonal+power+of+feminism%3A+is+feminism+good+for+romantic+relationships%3F&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=787-799&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11199-007-9319-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62792118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rudman&rft.aufirst=Laurie+A.&rft.au=Phelan%2C+Julie+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rutgerssocialcognitionlab.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/9/7/13979590/rudmanphelan2007sr.pdf">Pdf.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parsons_S-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_S_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Frank_Parsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Frank Parsons (page does not exist)">Parsons, Susan Frank</a> (2002). <i>The Cambridge companion to feminist theology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521663809" title="Special:BookSources/9780521663809"><bdi>9780521663809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+feminist+theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521663809&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Susan+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loades_A-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_A_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_A_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_A_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades_A_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoadesArmstong1990" class="citation book cs1">Loades, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstong, Karen</a> (1990). <i>Feminist theology: a reader</i>. London: SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664251291" title="Special:BookSources/9780664251291"><bdi>9780664251291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+theology%3A+a+reader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780664251291&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Armstong%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalie_K._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalie K. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson, Natalie K.</a> (2003). <i>Feminist theology</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802848284" title="Special:BookSources/9780802848284"><bdi>9780802848284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802848284&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Natalie+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bundesen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bundesen_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundesen2007" class="citation book cs1">Bundesen, Lynne (2007). <i>The feminine spirit: recapturing the heart of Scripture: the woman's guide to the Bible</i>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787984953" title="Special:BookSources/9780787984953"><bdi>9780787984953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+feminine+spirit%3A+recapturing+the+heart+of+Scripture%3A+the+woman%27s+guide+to+the+Bible&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780787984953&rft.aulast=Bundesen&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddad-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haddad_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2006" class="citation journal cs1">Haddad, Mimi (Autumn 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cbeinternational.org/CBE_InfoPack/pdf_files/haddad_egalitarian_pioneers.pdf">"Egalitarian pioneers: Betty Friedan or Catherine Booth?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Priscilla Papers</i>. <b>20</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Christians_for_Biblical_Equality" title="Christians for Biblical Equality">Christians for Biblical Equality</a>: 53–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Priscilla+Papers&rft.atitle=Egalitarian+pioneers%3A+Betty+Friedan+or+Catherine+Booth%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=53-59&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cbeinternational.org%2FCBE_InfoPack%2Fpdf_files%2Fhaddad_egalitarian_pioneers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonClack2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Sue_Anderson" title="Pamela Sue Anderson">Anderson, Pamela Sue</a>; Clack, Beverley (2004). <i>Feminist philosophy of religion: critical readings</i>. 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Progressive Media International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2009/07/women-god-stangroom-benson">the original</a> on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Does+God+hate+women%3F&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft.aulast=Hari&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2F07%2Fwomen-god-stangroom-benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B.</a> (1988) [1959], "Witches' memories and beliefs", in <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B.</a> (ed.), <i>The meaning of witchcraft</i>, Lakemont, Georgia: Copple House Books, pp. 26–27, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939708024" title="Special:BookSources/9780939708024"><bdi>9780939708024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witches%27+memories+and+beliefs&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+witchcraft&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780939708024&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+effects+on+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&oldid=1197958044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_effects_on_society&oldid=1197958044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_and_society" title="Category:Feminism and society">Feminism and society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_September_2009" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from September 2009">Vague or ambiguous time from September 2009</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 January 2024, at 15:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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