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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_khachkars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_khachkars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Endangered khachkars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_khachkars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Khachkar</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خاتشكار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خاتشكار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Խաչքար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խաչքար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa%C3%A7kar" title="Xaçkar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xaçkar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatxkar" title="Khatxkar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khatxkar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C4%8Dkar" title="Chačkar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chačkar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatschkar" title="Chatschkar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chatschkar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1kar" title="Hatškar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hatškar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Χατσκάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χατσκάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jachkar" title="Jachkar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jachkar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4a%C4%89karo" title="Ĥaĉkaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥaĉkaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چلیپاسنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چلیپاسنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatchkar" title="Khatchkar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khatchkar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Khachkar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Խաչքար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաչքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%8Dkar" title="Hačkar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hačkar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khachkar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khachkar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%27%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="חצ'קר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצ'קר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ხაჩქარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხაჩქარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xatckar" title="Xatckar – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Xatckar" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa%C3%A7kevir" title="Xaçkevir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xaçkevir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurolithos" title="Staurolithos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Staurolithos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%8Dkars" title="Hačkars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hačkars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C4%8Dkaras" title="Chačkaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chačkaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacskar" title="Kacskar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kacskar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsjkar" title="Chatsjkar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chatsjkar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaczkar" title="Chaczkar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chaczkar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachecar" title="Cachecar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cachecar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacikar" title="Hacikar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hacikar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khachkar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C4%8Dkhar" title="Chačkhar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chačkhar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%8Dkar" title="Hačkar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hačkar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%8Dkar" title="Hačkar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hačkar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khat%C5%A1kar" title="Khatškar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khatškar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatjkar" title="Chatjkar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chatjkar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฆัชคาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฆัชคาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%A7kar" title="Haçkar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haçkar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хачкар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хачкар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E6%9E%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="亚美尼亚十字架石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚美尼亚十字架石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q654476#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Carved, memorial stele bearing a cross</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kachkar" redirects here. For the mountain range in Turkey, see <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains" title="Kaçkar Mountains">Kaçkar Mountains</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg/170px-Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg/255px-Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg/340px-Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3729" /></a><figcaption><i>Khachkar</i> at <a href="/wiki/Goshavank" title="Goshavank">Goshavank</a>, carved in 1291 by Poghos</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00434">00434</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/ENA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/ENA">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2010 (5th session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>khachkar</b></i> (also spelled as <i><b>khatchkar</b></i>) or <b>Armenian cross-stone</b><sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">խաչքար</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[χɑtʃʰˈkʰɑɾ]</a></span>, խաչ xačʿ "cross" + քար kʿar "stone") is a carved, memorial <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a>, interlaces, and botanical motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Khachkars</i> are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenian art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2010, khachkars, their symbolism and craftsmanship are inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg/170px-Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg/255px-Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg/340px-Stonework_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_James_in_the_Armenian_Quarter_of_Jerusalem_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="2661" /></a><figcaption>A 15th century khachkar at the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_James,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem">Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most common <i>khachkar</i> feature is a <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> surmounting a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar disc</a>. The remainder of the stone face is typically filled with elaborate patterns of leaves, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, and bands of interlace. Occasionally a <i>khachkar</i> is surmounted by a <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> sometimes containing <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> or saintly figures. </p><p>Most early <i>khachkars</i> were erected for the salvation of the soul of either a living or a deceased person. Otherwise they were intended to commemorate a military victory, the construction of a church, or as a form of protection from natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common location for early <i>khachkars</i> was in a graveyard. However, Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a minority are <i>khachkars</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG/250px-Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG/330px-Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG/500px-Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Two 16th century Julfa <i>khachkars</i> in <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin</a>, removed from the <a href="/wiki/Julfa,_Azerbaijan_(city)" title="Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)">Julfa</a> graveyard before its <a href="/wiki/Khachkar_destruction_in_Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan">destruction</a> by Azerbaijan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khachkars.jpg/220px-Khachkars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khachkars.jpg/330px-Khachkars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khachkars.jpg/440px-Khachkars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Khachkars appear in large numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Noratus_cemetery" title="Noratus cemetery">Noratus cemetery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first true <i>khachkars</i> appeared in the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the time of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> revival after liberation from <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> rule. The oldest <i>khachkar</i> with a known date was carved in 879 (though earlier, cruder, examples exist). Erected in <a href="/wiki/Garni" title="Garni">Garni</a>, it is dedicated to queen <a href="/wiki/Katranide_I" title="Katranide I">Katranide I</a>, the wife of king <a href="/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia" title="Ashot I of Armenia">Ashot I Bagratuni</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The peak of the khachkar carving art was between the 12th and the 14th centuries. The art declined during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasion</a> at the end of the 14th century. It revived in the 16th and 17th centuries, but the artistic heights of the 14th century were never achieved again. Today, the tradition still remains, and one can still see khachkar carvers in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 40,000 khachkars survive today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most of them are free standing, though those recording donations are usually built into monastery walls. The following three khachkars are believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2014)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the finest examples of the art form: </p> <ul><li>One in <a href="/wiki/Geghard" title="Geghard">Geghard</a>, carved in 1213, probably by master <i>Timot</i> and master <i>Mkhitar</i></li> <li>The Holy Redeemer khachkar in <a href="/wiki/Haghpat" title="Haghpat">Haghpat</a> (see gallery), carved in 1273 by master <i>Vahram</i></li> <li>A khachkar in <a href="/wiki/Goshavank" title="Goshavank">Goshavank</a>, carved in 1291 by master <i>Poghos</i>.</li></ul> <p>A number of good examples have been transferred to the Historical Museum in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> and beside the cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a>. The largest surviving collection of khachkars is in Armenia, at <a href="/wiki/Noraduz_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Noraduz cemetery">Noraduz cemetery</a> on the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a>, where an old graveyard with around 900 khachkars from various periods and of various styles can be seen. The largest number was formerly located at the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Armenian cemetery in Julfa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic">Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, which contained approximately 10,000 khachkars in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-SAE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of khachkars dwindled over time through destruction of various causes until the only 2,700 khachkars remained in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-BBCreport2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCreport2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Azerbaijani government embarked on a systematic campaign destroying and leveling the entire medieval cemetery between 1998 and 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present">Present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG/220px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG/330px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG/440px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A modern-day <i>khachkar</i> carver's workshop in downtown <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The art of carving khachkars has witnessed a rebirth as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenian culture</a> in the 20th century. </p><p>There are hundreds of khachkars worldwide, many of which are memorials to commemorate the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. Khachkars have been placed in various locations, including at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>'s memorial garden,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Capitol" title="Colorado State Capitol">Colorado State Capitol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Cardiff" title="Temple of Peace, Cardiff">Temple of Peace, Cardiff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elsewhere. </p><p>According to one count, there are nearly 30 khachkars on public locations in France.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 20 khachkars are located in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is home to an important <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Armenian community</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>Armenian khachkars have been acquired or donated to many museums or temporarily represented at significant exhibitions all around the world such as at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> or the Special Exhibition of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Japan)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Japan)">National Museum of Ethnology</a>, Osaka, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangered_khachkars">Endangered khachkars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Endangered khachkars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large portion of khachkars, which were created in historic Armenia and surrounding regions, in modern times are now located in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran. As a result of systematic eradication of khachkars in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</a>, today only a few examples survive. These few survivors are not cataloged and properly photographed. Thus, it is difficult to follow up with the current situation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One documented example of such destruction took place in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cemetery_in_Jugha" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Cemetery in Jugha">Armenian Cemetery in Jugha</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> has denied claims that members of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijani Armed Forces</a> smashed the khachkars with sledgehammers in December 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of khachkars was despite a 2000 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> order demanding their protection, in what has been termed "the worst <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> of the 21st century."<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One source says that khachkars are being damaged, neglected, or moved in Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Khachkar.am_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khachkar.am-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons cited for moving these khachkars include; decoration, to create new holy places, or to make space for new burials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Amenaprkich</b> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Ամէնափրկիչ</span>, meaning <i>Holy Saviour</i>) is a particular type of khachkar in which on the cross is a depiction of the crucified <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. Only a few such designs are known, and most date from the late 13th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the few such surviving khachkars today is located in the <a href="/wiki/Sevanavank" title="Sevanavank">Sevanavank monastery</a>, which also depicts scenes from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="13th century Armenian-inscribed double khachkars of the Memorial Bell-Tower of the Dadivank Monastery"><img alt="13th century Armenian-inscribed double khachkars of the Memorial Bell-Tower of the Dadivank Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg/80px-Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg/120px-Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg/160px-Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">13th century Armenian-inscribed double khachkars of the Memorial Bell-Tower of the <a href="/wiki/Dadivank_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadivank Monastery">Dadivank Monastery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A khachkar behind the cathedral in Echmiadzin, Armenia. Place of origin is unknown."><img alt="A khachkar behind the cathedral in Echmiadzin, Armenia. Place of origin is unknown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Khachkar.jpg/74px-Khachkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Khachkar.jpg/112px-Khachkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Khachkar.jpg/149px-Khachkar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A khachkar behind the cathedral in Echmiadzin, Armenia. Place of origin is unknown.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkar_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern khachkar at Sourp Kevork church- Beirut, Lebanon (2016)"><img alt="A modern khachkar at Sourp Kevork church- Beirut, Lebanon (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Khachkar_Beirut.jpg/80px-Khachkar_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Khachkar_Beirut.jpg/120px-Khachkar_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Khachkar_Beirut.jpg/159px-Khachkar_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern khachkar at Sourp Kevork church- Beirut, Lebanon (2016)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="in Gyumri"><img alt="in Gyumri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg/90px-Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg/135px-Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg/180px-Khachkar1_Gyumri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">in <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khachkar at Haghartsin Monastery, near Dilijan, Armenia."><img alt="Khachkar at Haghartsin Monastery, near Dilijan, Armenia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG/90px-Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG/135px-Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG/180px-Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khachkar at <a href="/wiki/Haghartsin_Monastery" title="Haghartsin Monastery">Haghartsin Monastery</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Dilijan" title="Dilijan">Dilijan</a>, Armenia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haghpat_Amenaprkich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Holy Savior khachkar in Haghpat (1273)"><img alt="The Holy Savior khachkar in Haghpat (1273)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Haghpat_Amenaprkich.jpg/120px-Haghpat_Amenaprkich.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Haghpat_Amenaprkich.jpg/250px-Haghpat_Amenaprkich.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Holy Savior</i> khachkar in <a href="/wiki/Haghpat" title="Haghpat">Haghpat</a> (1273)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery,_Armenia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Various khachkars at Makaravank Monastery in Armenia"><img alt="Various khachkars at Makaravank Monastery in Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery%2C_Armenia.JPG/120px-Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery%2C_Armenia.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery%2C_Armenia.JPG/180px-Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery%2C_Armenia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery%2C_Armenia.JPG/240px-Khachkars_at_Makaravank_Monastery%2C_Armenia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various khachkars at <a href="/wiki/Makaravank_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Makaravank Monastery">Makaravank Monastery</a> in Armenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkar_in_Novi_Sad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khachkar in Novi Sad, Serbia"><img alt="Khachkar in Novi Sad, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khachkar_in_Novi_Sad.jpg/120px-Khachkar_in_Novi_Sad.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khachkar_in_Novi_Sad.jpg/250px-Khachkar_in_Novi_Sad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khachkar in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern Amenaprkich-type khatchkar with two others at the Sourp Nshan Church in downtown Beirut, Lebanon (2001)"><img alt="A modern Amenaprkich-type khatchkar with two others at the Sourp Nshan Church in downtown Beirut, Lebanon (2001)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG/90px-Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG/135px-Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG/180px-Amenaprgich_khatchkar_at_Sourp_Nshan_church_in_Beirut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern Amenaprkich-type khatchkar with two others at the <i>Sourp Nshan Church</i> in downtown <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (2001)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern khackhar at the Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon"><img alt="A modern khackhar at the Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg/86px-Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg/129px-Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg/172px-Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia_-_khatchkar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern khackhar at the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicossate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia">Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antelias" title="Antelias">Antelias</a>, Lebanon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Khachkar"><img alt="Armenian Khachkar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg/120px-Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg/180px-Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg/240px-Armenian_%27khachkar%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Khachkar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_%27khachkar%27_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Khachkar"><img alt="Armenian Khachkar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Armenian_%27khachkar%27_1.jpg/120px-Armenian_%27khachkar%27_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Armenian_%27khachkar%27_1.jpg/250px-Armenian_%27khachkar%27_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian Khachkar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Khatchkar_Metropolitan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khackar in Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Khackar in Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NYC_Khatchkar_Metropolitan.JPG/120px-NYC_Khatchkar_Metropolitan.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NYC_Khatchkar_Metropolitan.JPG/250px-NYC_Khatchkar_Metropolitan.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khackar in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khatchkars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khatchkars">Khatchkars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De%C4%9Firmenalt%C4%B1,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Değirmenaltı, Turkey">Değirmenaltı</a> - village in Turkey containing preserved khachkars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trei_Ierarhi_Monastery" title="Trei Ierarhi Monastery">Trei Ierarhi Monastery</a> - a 17th-century church in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, decorated with Khachkar motifs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High cross</a> - Monumental Celtic crosses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preaching_cross" title="Preaching cross">Preaching cross</a> - Monumental crosses used as open air pulpits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Crosses" title="Hill of Crosses">Hill of Crosses</a> - A hill in Lithuania covered with ornamental crosses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Grove-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. — <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2012. — Vol. 2. — P. 222.<i>"'Khatck'ar' [Armen.:'cross-stone'] Typical Armenian stone monument, comprising an upright slab (h. c. 1—3 m) carved with a cross design, usually set on a plinth or rectangular base. "</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thierry, cover sleeve.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Thiery"><a href="#endnote_Thiery">Thierry 1989</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gough M., <i>The Origins of Christian Art</i>, London, 1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00434">"Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars"</a>. UNESCO Culture Sector<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+cross-stones+art.+Symbolism+and+craftsmanship+of+Khachkars&rft.pub=UNESCO+Culture+Sector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Armenian Khatchkars" (Editions Erebuni, 1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatoli L. Yakobson. Armenian Khachkars, Moscow, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAE_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAivazian1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Argam_Aivazian" title="Argam Aivazian">Aivazian, Argam</a> (1983). "Ջուղայի գերեզմանատուն (The Cemetery of Jugha)". <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia">Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia</a> Volume IX</i>. Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Academy of Sciences">Armenian Academy of Sciences</a>. p. 550.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6+%28The+Cemetery+of+Jugha%29&rft.btitle=Armenian+Soviet+Encyclopedia+Volume+IX&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Armenian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Aivazian&rft.aufirst=Argam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCreport2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCreport2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/">Armenian intellectuals blast 'barbaric' destruction of Nakhchivan monuments</a>." <i>BBC News</i> in <i>BBC Monitoring Central Asia</i>. February 13, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html">"Tragedy on the Araxes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a>. 2006-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tragedy+on+the+Araxes&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fonline%2Ffeatures%2Fdjulfa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702131733/https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2014/09/20/serzh-sargsyan-vatika/846590">"Medieval Armenian cross-stone unveiled in Vatican"</a>. <i>aysor.am</i>. 20 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2014/09/20/serzh-sargsyan-vatika/846590">the original</a> on 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aysor.am&rft.atitle=Medieval+Armenian+cross-stone+unveiled+in+Vatican&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aysor.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2014%2F09%2F20%2Fserzh-sargsyan-vatika%2F846590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBl3ZEyH13k">"The story behind the Medieval Armenian Cross that's now in the Vatican Museums"</a>. ROME REPORTS in English. Mar 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/VBl3ZEyH13k">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+story+behind+the+Medieval+Armenian+Cross+that%27s+now+in+the+Vatican+Museums&rft.pub=ROME+REPORTS+in+English&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVBl3ZEyH13k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404172740/http://asbarez.com/178156/the-canterbury-khachkar-a-historic-day-in-the-heart-of-the-anglican-church/">"The Canterbury Khachkar: A Historic Day in the Heart of the Anglican Church"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a></i>. March 6, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/178156/the-canterbury-khachkar-a-historic-day-in-the-heart-of-the-anglican-church/">the original</a> on 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=The+Canterbury+Khachkar%3A+A+Historic+Day+in+the+Heart+of+the+Anglican+Church&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F178156%2Fthe-canterbury-khachkar-a-historic-day-in-the-heart-of-the-anglican-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305210806/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/966493.html">"1st Armenian cross-stone dedicated to memory of Armenian Genocide victims unveiled in Great Britain's spiritual center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenpress" title="Armenpress">Armenpress</a>. 5 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/966493.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1st+Armenian+cross-stone+dedicated+to+memory+of+Armenian+Genocide+victims+unveiled+in+Great+Britain%27s+spiritual+center&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F966493.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2018" class="citation news cs1">Rodrigues, Marilyn (December 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicweekly.com.au/armenian-monument-unveiled-at-cathedral/">"Armenian monument unveiled at cathedral"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Weekly" title="The Catholic Weekly">The Catholic Weekly</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Weekly&rft.atitle=Armenian+monument+unveiled+at+cathedral&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicweekly.com.au%2Farmenian-monument-unveiled-at-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621050835/https://news.am/eng/news/486878.html">"Armenian khachkar unveiled at Sydney's St. Mary's Cathedral (PHOTO)"</a>. 18 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.am/eng/news/486878.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+khachkar+unveiled+at+Sydney%27s+St.+Mary%27s+Cathedral+%28PHOTO%29&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F486878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/136097/colorado-governor-unveils-americas-first-state-capitol-khachkar/">"Colorado Governor Unveils America's First State Capitol Khachkar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a></i>. May 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=Colorado+Governor+Unveils+America%27s+First+State+Capitol+Khachkar&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F136097%2Fcolorado-governor-unveils-americas-first-state-capitol-khachkar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502112433/https://armenianweekly.com/2015/05/15/colorado-khachkar/">"Colorado Governor Unveils First State Capitol 'Khachkar' on Genocide Centennial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Armenian_Weekly" title="The Armenian Weekly">The Armenian Weekly</a></i>. May 15, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2015/05/15/colorado-khachkar/">the original</a> on 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Colorado+Governor+Unveils+First+State+Capitol+%27Khachkar%27+on+Genocide+Centennial&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2015%2F05%2F15%2Fcolorado-khachkar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228031730/https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Memorial.158/current_category.62/memorials_detail.html">"The Armenian Genocide Monument in Wales"</a>. <i>armenian-genocide.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Institute" title="Armenian National Institute">Armenian National Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Memorial.158/current_category.62/memorials_detail.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=armenian-genocide.org&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Monument+in+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FMemorial.158%2Fcurrent_category.62%2Fmemorials_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114021336/http://armenians.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Service_of_Remembrance_Programme_24April2017.pdf">"Service of Remembrance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Armenian Church & Community in Ireland. April 2017. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenians.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Service_of_Remembrance_Programme_24April2017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 November 2017. <q>In December 2015 we unveiled the Khachkar Memorial (Stone-Cross) in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin in remembrance of the Armenian Genocide "MEZ YEGHERN" and in dedication to the massive destruction that took place 102 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Service+of+Remembrance&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Armenian+Church+%26+Community+in+Ireland&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenians.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FService_of_Remembrance_Programme_24April2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acam-france.org/contacts/index_lieux.php">"Toponymie et Monuments arméniens"</a>. <i>acam-france.org</i> (in French). Association Culturelle Arménienne de Marne-la-Vallée (France).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acam-france.org&rft.atitle=Toponymie+et+Monuments+arm%C3%A9niens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acam-france.org%2Fcontacts%2Findex_lieux.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Chaczkar stanął w Białymstoku". <i>Awedis</i> (in Polish). No. 48. 2021. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awedis&rft.atitle=Chaczkar+stan%C4%85%C5%82+w+Bia%C5%82ymstoku&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/478063">"Khachkar (Stone Cross)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khachkar+%28Stone+Cross%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F478063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1977-0505-1">British Museum Collection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sirarpie_Der-Nersessian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirarpie Der-Nersessian">Der Nersessian S.</a> Armenian Art, Paris, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=261191&apc_state=henh">"Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes"</a>. <i>Caucasus Reporting Service, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">Institute for War and Peace Reporting</a></i>. April 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Reporting+Service%2C+Institute+for+War+and+Peace+Reporting&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Famous+Medieval+Cemetery+Vanishes&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2F%3Fp%3Dcrs%26s%3Df%26o%3D261191%26apc_state%3Dhenh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060911033444/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=281">"World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. 2006-05-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=281">the original</a> on 2006-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Watches+In+Silence+As+Azerbaijan+Wipes+Out+Armenian+Culture&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Farticle01.asp%3Fid%3D281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html">"Tragedy on the Araxes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a>. 2006-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tragedy+on+the+Araxes&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fonline%2Ffeatures%2Fdjulfa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastle2006" class="citation news cs1">Castle, Stephen (2006-05-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213758/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10731370.html">"Azerbaijan 'flattened' sacred Armenian site"</a>. <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10731370.html">the original</a> on 2018-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+%27flattened%27+sacred+Armenian+site&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-10731370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWomack2019" class="citation news cs1">Womack, Catherine (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-11-07/armenian-monuments-azerbaijan">"Historic Armenian monuments were obliterated. Some call it 'cultural genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Historic+Armenian+monuments+were+obliterated.+Some+call+it+%27cultural+genocide%27&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Womack&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment-arts%2Fstory%2F2019-11-07%2Farmenian-monuments-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawa2019" class="citation news cs1">Sawa, Dale Berning (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/01/monumental-loss-azerbaijan-cultural-genocide-khachkars">"Monumental loss: Azerbaijan and 'the worst cultural genocide of the 21st century'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Monumental+loss%3A+Azerbaijan+and+%27the+worst+cultural+genocide+of+the+21st+century%27&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.aulast=Sawa&rft.aufirst=Dale+Berning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2019%2Fmar%2F01%2Fmonumental-loss-azerbaijan-cultural-genocide-khachkars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khachkar.am-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khachkar.am_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khachkar.am/en/endangered.php">"Endangered Khachkars"</a>. Khachkar.am<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Khachkars&rft.pub=Khachkar.am&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhachkar.am%2Fen%2Fendangered.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvahemart2012" class="citation web cs1">vahemart (2012-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vahemart.livejournal.com/117481.html">"Хачкар Айрапета и Ребекки (Всеспаситель) в Севанаванке"</a>. <i>Vahe Martirosyan's blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vahe+Martirosyan%27s+blog&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8+%28%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%29+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft.au=vahemart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvahemart.livejournal.com%2F117481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Thierry"><b><a href="#ref_Thierry">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThierry1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Thierry" title="Jean-Michel Thierry">Thierry, Jean-Michel</a> (1989). <i>Armenian Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-0625-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-0625-2"><bdi>0-8109-0625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8109-0625-2&rft.aulast=Thierry&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhachkar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/armenian-cross-stones-art-symbolism-and-craftsmanship-of-khachkars-00434">Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualani.org/por/index.htm">Photos of 15th/16th CE khatchkars near Bitlis, Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djulfa.com/">Djulfa Virtual Memorial and Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun</a>' (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochari" title="Kochari">Kochari, traditional group dance</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Apostle_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery">St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery</a> (2020)</li> <li>Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox851" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654476#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4569934-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131823899">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131823899">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kačkary"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph849067&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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