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<span>Norman arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-England-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle England subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecclesiastical architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Domestic architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scotland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_architecture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_architecture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ecclesiastical architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_architecture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Italy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mezzogiorno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mezzogiorno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mezzogiorno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mezzogiorno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transitional style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Norman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Norman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Neo-Norman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Norman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة نورمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة نورمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_normanda" title="Arquitectura normanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura normanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normansk%C3%BD_sloh" title="Normanský sloh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Normanský sloh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannisk_arkitektur" title="Normannisk arkitektur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Normannisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normannische_Architektur" title="Anglo-Normannische Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglo-Normannische Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_normanda" title="Arquitectura normanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura normanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normana_ar%C4%A5itektura_stilo" title="Normana arĥitektura stilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Normana arĥitektura stilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiar_arkitektura" title="Normandiar arkitektura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Normandiar arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_romane_normande" title="Architecture romane normande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture romane normande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireacht_Normannach" title="Ailtireacht Normannach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailtireacht Normannach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նորմանական ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորմանական ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Norman" title="Arsitektur Norman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Norman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_normanna" title="Architettura normanna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura normanna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות נורמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות נורמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="معمار نورمانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معمار نورمانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E6%A7%98%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="ノルマン様式建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルマン様式建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannisk_arkitektur" title="Normannisk arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Normannisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_normanda" title="Arquitetura normanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura normanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нормандская архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нормандская архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norman architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normansk%C3%BD_sloh" title="Normanský sloh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Normanský sloh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanska_arhitektura" title="Normanska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Normanska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanska_arhitektura" title="Normanska arhitektura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Normanska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandisk_stil" title="Normandisk stil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Normandisk stil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สถาปัตยกรรมนอร์มัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมนอร์มัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_mimarisi" title="Norman mimarisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norman mimarisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_Norman" title="Kiến trúc Norman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc Norman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="諾曼式建築 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諾曼式建築" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q136693#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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For other buildings in Normandy, see <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Normandy" title="Architecture of Normandy">Architecture of Normandy</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg/220px-Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg/330px-Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg/440px-Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The nave of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> in England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg/220px-MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg/330px-MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg/440px-MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a> in Sicily, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg/220px-Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg/330px-Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg/440px-Swithun-natelyscures-swest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Swithun%27s,_Nately_Scures" class="mw-redirect" title="St Swithun's, Nately Scures">St Swithun's, Nately Scures</a> in Hampshire, from the southwest</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>Norman architecture</b> is used to categorise styles of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries. In particular the term is traditionally used for English <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>. The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> including Norman <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keeps</a>, and at the same time <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>, churches and cathedrals, in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a> (particularly over windows and doorways) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> styles originated in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and became widespread in northwestern Europe, particularly in England, which contributed considerable development and where the largest number of examples survived. At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauteville family">a Norman dynasty</a> that ruled in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> produced a distinctive variation–incorporating <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> influences–also known as Norman architecture (or alternatively Sicilian Romanesque).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Norman may have originated with eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarians</a>, but its usage in a sequence of styles has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rickman" title="Thomas Rickman">Thomas Rickman</a> in his 1817 work <i>An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation</i>. In this work he used the labels "Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular". The more inclusive term <i>romanesque</i> was used of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in English by 1715,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was applied to architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries from 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> built the original <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in Romanesque style (now all replaced by later rebuildings), its construction predates the Norman Conquest: it is still believed to have been the earliest major Romanesque building in England. No other significant remaining Romanesque architecture in Britain can clearly be shown to predate the Norman Conquest. However, historians believe that many surviving "Norman" elements in buildings–nearly all churches–may well in fact be Anglo-Saxon elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norman_arch">Norman arch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Norman arch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norman arch is a defining point of Norman architecture. Grand <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">archways</a> are designed to evoke feelings of <a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">awe</a> and are very commonly seen as the entrance to large religious buildings such as cathedrals. Norman arches are semicircular in form. Early examples have plain, square edges; later ones are often enriched with the zig-zag and roll mouldings. The arches are supported on massive <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, generally plain and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder" title="Cylinder">cylindrical</a>, sometimes with spiral decoration; occasionally, square-section <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a> are found. Main doorways have a succession of receding semicircular arches, often decorated with mouldings, typically of chevron or zig-zag design; sometimes there is a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> at the back of the head of the arch, which may feature sculpture representing a Biblical scene. Norman windows are mostly small and narrow, generally of a single round-headed light; but sometimes, especially in a <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a>, divided by a shaft into two lights.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normandy">Normandy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Normandy" title="Architecture of Normandy">Architecture of Normandy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> invaders arrived at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">river Seine</a> in 911, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> were fighting on <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseback</a> and Frankish lords were building castles. Over the next century the population of the territory ceded to the Vikings now called <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, adopted these customs as well as Christianity and the <i><a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a></i>. Norman barons built timber castles on earthen mounds, beginning the development of <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">motte-and-bailey castles</a>, and great stone churches in the Romanesque style of the Franks. By 950, they were building stone <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keeps</a>. The Normans were among the most travelled peoples of Europe, exposing them to a wide variety of cultural influences which became incorporated in their art and architecture. They elaborated on the early Christian basilica plan. Originally longitudinal with side <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a> and an apse they began to add in <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a>, as at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne-le-Vieux" title="Church of Saint-Étienne-le-Vieux">Church of Saint-Étienne</a> at Caen, in 1067. This would eventually form a model for the larger English cathedrals some 20 years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England">England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg/220px-Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg/330px-Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg/440px-Andover_-_Norman_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_556600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A Norman arch <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150</span> in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover, Hampshire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Norman_arch.jpg/220px-Norman_arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Norman_arch.jpg/330px-Norman_arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Norman_arch.jpg/440px-Norman_arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Norman arch with zig-zag mouldings above the church doorway at <a href="/wiki/Guiting_Power" title="Guiting Power">Guiting Power</a>, Gloucestershire</figcaption></figure> <p>In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, and Norman influences affected late <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon architecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> was brought up in Normandy and in 1042 brought masons to work on the first Romanesque building in England, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. In 1051 he brought in Norman <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> who built "motte" castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion, Normans rapidly constructed <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte-and-bailey">motte-and-bailey</a> castles along with churches, <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>, and more elaborate <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> such as Norman stone <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keeps</a>. </p><p>The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries using small bands of sculpture. Paying attention to the concentrated spaces of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> and round doorways as well as the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> under an arch. The "Norman arch" is the rounded, often with mouldings carved or incised onto it for decoration. <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron patterns</a>, frequently termed "zig-zag <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">mouldings</a>", were a frequent signature of the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cruciform#Cruciform_architectural_plan" title="Cruciform">cruciform churches</a> often had deep <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancels</a> and a square <a href="/wiki/Crossing_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing tower">crossing tower</a> which has remained a feature of English <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical architecture">ecclesiastical architecture</a>. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083. </p><p>After a fire damaged <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. Around 1191 <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_architecture">Ecclesiastical architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Castle" title="Oxford Castle">Oxford Castle</a> 1074: church tower doubles as a place of refuge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Chapel,_London" title="St John's Chapel, London">St John's Chapel</a> (<i>c.</i> 1078), <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> (from 1093) was the first to employ a <a href="/wiki/Ribbed_vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribbed vault">ribbed vault</a> system with pointed arches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> (from 1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> (1083–1109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a> (from 1118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_David,_Kilpeck" title="Church of St Mary and St David, Kilpeck">Kilpeck Church</a>, Herefordshire</li> <li>St Nicholas Church, <a href="/wiki/Pyrford" title="Pyrford">Pyrford</a>, Surrey (<i>c.</i> 1140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Iffley" title="St Mary the Virgin, Iffley">St Mary the Virgin</a>, Iffley, Oxfordshire (1170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Swithuns_Nately_Scures" class="mw-redirect" title="St Swithuns Nately Scures">St Swithun's</a> in Nately Scures, Hampshire (1175), an example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a> (1096–1145)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Church,_Stow-on-the-Wold" title="St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold">St Edward's Church</a> (eleventh century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Priory" title="St Botolph's Priory">St Botolph's Priory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Abbey,_Colchester" title="St John's Abbey, Colchester">St John's Abbey, Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey" title="Tewkesbury Abbey">Tewkesbury Abbey</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1102</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Germans_Priory" title="St Germans Priory">St Germans Priory</a>, Cornwall (12th Century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_and_St_Paul,_Trottiscliffe" title="Church of St Peter and St Paul, Trottiscliffe">Church of St Peter and St Paul, Trottiscliffe</a>, Kent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Tickencote" title="St Peter's Church, Tickencote">St Peter's Church, Tickencote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a> – Norman chancel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstable_Priory" title="Dunstable Priory">Dunstable Priory</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Harold_Sedding" title="Edmund Harold Sedding">Sedding, Edmund H</a>. (1909) Norman Architecture in Cornwall: a handbook to old ecclesiastical architecture. With over 160 plates. London: Ward & Co.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_architecture">Military architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)" title="White Tower (Tower of London)">White Tower (Tower of London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Castle" title="Rochester Castle">Rochester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Castle" title="Norwich Castle">Norwich Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester_Castle" title="Colchester Castle">Colchester Castle</a>, the largest Norman castle built and the first stone <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a> in England<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedingham_Castle" title="Hedingham Castle">Hedingham Castle</a>, Essex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle" title="Carrickfergus Castle">Carrickfergus Castle</a>, the best preserved Norman castle on the island of Ireland. Though it was heavily renovated, the keep, land walls and <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a> are reasonably intact.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_architecture">Domestic architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_House" title="Jew's House">Jew's House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boothby_Pagnell_Manor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boothby Pagnell Manor (page does not exist)">Boothby Pagnell Manor</a>, Lincolnshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakham_Castle" title="Oakham Castle">Oakham Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li>Moyse's Hall Museum, <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, Suffolk (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> also came under early Norman influence with Norman nobles at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Macbeth of Scotland">Macbeth</a> around 1050. His successor <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Máel Coluim III</a> overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, and his queen, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret</a>, encouraged the church. The <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> order founded a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>. Her sixth and youngest son, who became <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">King David</a>, built <a href="/wiki/St._Margaret%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Margaret's Chapel">St. Margaret's Chapel</a> at the start of the 12th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_architecture_2">Ecclesiastical architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a> (founded about 1070 by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">St Margaret</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=56.068920_N_3.464893_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NT089872</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Andrew,_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St Andrew, St Andrews">St Andrew Cathedral</a> (from about 1070) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=56.339274_N_2.784495_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NO516166</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Margaret%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Margaret's Chapel">St. Margaret's Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> (early 12th century) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=55.948689_N_3.199323_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NT252735</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmeny" title="Dalmeny">Dalmeny</a> parish church (from about 1130) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=55.982812_N_3.373480_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NT144775</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Cathedral,_Kirkwall" class="mw-redirect" title="St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall">St Magnus Cathedral</a>, Kirkwall (from about 1137) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=58.984373_N_2.960350_W_region:GB_scale:25000">HY449112</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedburgh_Abbey" title="Jedburgh Abbey">Jedburgh Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jedburgh" title="Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a> (founded about 1138 by <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=55.476160_N_2.555261_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NT650204</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Athernase_Church" title="St Athernase Church">St Athernase Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuchars" title="Leuchars">Leuchars</a> (12th century) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norman_architecture&params=56.382627_N_2.884172_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NO455215</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkliston" title="Kirkliston">Kirkliston</a> Parish Church, Edinburgh (late 12th century)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Normans first landed in Ireland in 1169. Within five years earthwork <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> were springing up, and in a further five, work was beginning on some of the earliest of the great stone <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath" title="Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath">Hugh de Lacy</a> built a <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte-and-bailey">Motte-and-bailey</a> castle on the site of the present day <a href="/wiki/Trim_Castle" title="Trim Castle">Trim Castle</a>, County Meath, which was attacked and burned in 1173 by the Irish king <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>. De Lacy, however, then constructed a stone castle in its place, which enclosed over three acres within its walls, and this could not be burned down by the Irish. The years between 1177 and 1310 saw the construction of some of the greatest of the Norman castles in Ireland. The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>, and among other buildings they constructed were <a href="/wiki/Swords_Castle" title="Swords Castle">Swords Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a> (North County Dublin), <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle" title="Carrickfergus Castle">Carrickfergus Castle</a> in County Antrim.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mezzogiorno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Normans began constructing castles, their trademark architectural piece, in Italy from an early date. <a href="/wiki/William_Iron_Arm" title="William Iron Arm">William Iron Arm</a> built one at an unidentified location (Stridula) in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> in 1045. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> in 1085, the <a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a> (peninsular southern Italy) experienced a series of civil wars and fell under the control of increasingly weaker princes. Revolts characterised the region until well into the twelfth century and minor lords sought to resist ducal or royal power from within their own castles. In the <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, the Normans embarked on their most extensive castle-building programme and introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_gallicum" title="Opus gallicum">opus gallicum</a></i> technique to Italy. Their clever use of the local stone artisans, together with the vast riches amassed from their enslaved population, made such tremendous feats possible, some as majestic as those of the ancient Roman structures they tried to emulate. </p><p>Besides the <a href="/wiki/Encastellation" title="Encastellation">encastellation</a> of the countryside, the Normans erected several religious buildings which still survive. They edified the shrine at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a> and built a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauteville family">Hauteville family</a> at <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venosa</a>. They also built many new Latin monasteries, including the famous foundation of <a href="/wiki/Lamezia_Terme#Sant'Eufemia_Lamezia" title="Lamezia Terme">Sant'Eufemia Lamezia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of great importance are the portal of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrine_of_Mary_Queen_of_Anglona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrine of Mary Queen of Anglona (page does not exist)">Shrine of Mary Queen of Anglona</a> and the ambulatory and radiating chapels of the <a href="/wiki/Aversa_Cathedral" title="Aversa Cathedral">Aversa Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Here is a list of Norman architecture in the Mezzogiorno : </p> <ul><li>Castle of Circello.</li> <li>Castle Monforte (Campobasso).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Peter_Alli_Marmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. Peter Alli Marmi">Basilica of St. Peter Alli Marmi</a> (Salerno)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicily">Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_(1094)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_5-July-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_%281094%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_5-July-2008.jpg/220px-3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_%281094%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_5-July-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_%281094%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_5-July-2008.jpg/330px-3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_%281094%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_5-July-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_%281094%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_5-July-2008.jpg/440px-3420_-_Catania_-_Absidi_del_duomo_%281094%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_5-July-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The oldest Norman cathedral in Sicily (1094), the cathedral of Catania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/220px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/330px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/440px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="3470" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cefalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cefalu">Cathedral of Cefalu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cefalucathedralnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cefalucathedralnight.jpg/220px-Cefalucathedralnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cefalucathedralnight.jpg/330px-Cefalucathedralnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cefalucathedralnight.jpg/440px-Cefalucathedralnight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cefalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cefalu">Cathedral of Cefalu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>'s Norman period lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1061</span> until about 1200. The architecture was decorated in <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> mosaics such as that at the cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a>. The Palatine Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> built in 1130 is perhaps the strongest example of this. The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a>, (itself a Byzantine feature), is decorated in a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> depicting Christ Pantocrator accompanied by his <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>. </p><p>During Sicily's later Norman era early Gothic influences can be detected such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Messina_Cathedral" title="Messina Cathedral">cathedral</a> at Messina consecrated in 1197. However, here the high Gothic <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a> is of a later date and should not be confused with the early Gothic built during the Norman period; which featured pointed arches and windows rather than the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a> later to manifest themselves in the Gothic era. </p> <ul><li>Edifices in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni" title="Palazzo dei Normanni">Norman palace</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Palatine Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisa,_Palermo" title="Zisa, Palermo">Zisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba,_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba, Palermo">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Maredolce" title="Castello di Maredolce">Castle of Maredolce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Palermo">Cathedral of Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Lebbrosi" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi">San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_degli_Eremiti" title="San Giovanni degli Eremiti">San Giovanni degli Eremiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dell%27Ammiraglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio">Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Martorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Martorana">Martorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Cataldo,_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Cataldo, Palermo">San Cataldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(Sicily)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Holy Spirit (Sicily)">Church of the Holy Spirit (Sicily)</a> also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_del_Vespro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiesa del Vespro (page does not exist)">Chiesa del Vespro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_della_Santissima_Trinit%C3%A0_del_Cancelliere" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica della Santissima Trinità del Cancelliere">Santissima Trinità</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_della_Santissima_Trinit%C3%A0_del_Cancelliere" class="extiw" title="it:Basilica della Santissima Trinità del Cancelliere">it</a>]</span> known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiesa_della_Magione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiesa della Magione (page does not exist)">Chiesa della Magione</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Admiral%27s_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Admiral's Bridge (page does not exist)">The Admiral's Bridge</a> ("Ponte dell'Ammiraglio")</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9_Cathedral" title="Cefalù Cathedral">Cefalù Cathedral</a></li> <li>Edifices in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina Cathedral</a></li> <li>Church of Chiesa di Santa Maria della Valle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Santissima_Annunziata_dei_Catalani" title="Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani">Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a> the Venus Castle and the main church ("Duomo dell'Assunta")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelvetrano" title="Castelvetrano">Castelvetrano</a>, Church of the Santissima Trinità di Delia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casalvecchio_Siculo" title="Casalvecchio Siculo">Casalvecchio Siculo</a>, Church of <a href="/wiki/Santi_Pietro_e_Paolo_d%27Agr%C3%B2" title="Santi Pietro e Paolo d'Agrò">Santi Pietro e Paolo d'Agrò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itala,_Sicily" title="Itala, Sicily">Itala</a>, the Arabic Norman Church of Saints Peter and Paul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalbano_Elicona" title="Montalbano Elicona">Montalbano Elicona</a>, Palatine Chapel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>, Church of San Nicolò la Latina and Church of Santa Maria della Raccomandata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a>, Abbey of the Santo Spirito</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fratello" title="San Fratello">San Fratello</a>, Shrine of the Tre Santi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniace" title="Maniace">Maniace</a>, Norman bridge and <i><a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Maniace" title="Castello di Maniace">Castle of Nelson</a></i> (old Abbey of St. Mary in Maniace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, Church of San Nicolò ai Cordari and Church of San Giovanni alle catacombe (St. John the Catacombs)</li> <li>Nicosia (Sicily), Norman castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Milazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Milazzo">Castle of Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_d%27Alunzio" title="San Marco d'Alunzio">San Marco d'Alunzio</a>, Ruins of the Norman Church of St Saviour (S. Salvatore) and ruins of the Norman castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrano" title="Adrano">Adrano</a>, Norman castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Normanno_(Aci_Castello)" title="Castello Normanno (Aci Castello)">Aci Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motta_Sant%27Anastasia" title="Motta Sant'Anastasia">Motta Sant'Anastasia</a>, Norman tower (Dongione)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Caronia</a>, Norman castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania_Cathedral" title="Catania Cathedral">Catania Cathedral</a></li> <li>Ponte dei Saraceni (Norman bridge), <a href="/wiki/Adrano" title="Adrano">Adrano</a></li> <li>Ponte Calatrasi (Norman bridge), <a href="/wiki/Roccamena" title="Roccamena">Roccamena</a></li> <li>Ponte di Cerami (Norman bridge), <a href="/wiki/Cerami" title="Cerami">Cerami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After its Norman conquest in 1091, Malta saw the construction of several Norman pieces of architecture. Many have been demolished and rebuilt over the years (especially after the <a href="/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake" title="1693 Sicily earthquake">1693 Sicily earthquake</a> which destroyed many old Norman buildings), however some fortresses and houses still exist in <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vittoriosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittoriosa">Vittoriosa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transitional_style">Transitional style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transitional style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Stone_mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone mason">master masons</a> developed the style and experimented with ways of overcoming the geometric difficulties of <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vaulted</a> ceilings, they introduced features such as the pointed arch that were later characterised as being <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> in style. Architectural historians and scholars consider that a style must be assessed as an integral whole rather than an aggregate of features, and while some include these developments within the Norman or Romanesque styles, others describe them as transitional or "Norman–Gothic Transitional". A few websites use the term "Norman Gothic", but it is unclear whether they refer to the transitional style or to the Norman style as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-Norman">Neo-Norman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neo-Norman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norman_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Norman architecture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Neo-Norman architecture is a type of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival architecture</a> based on Norman Romanesque architecture. There is sometimes confusion, especially in North America, between this style and revivalist versions of vernacular or later <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Normandy" title="Architecture of Normandy">architecture of Normandy</a>, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Normandy#Vernacular_domestic_styles" title="Architecture of Normandy">Norman farmhouse style</a>" popular for larger houses. </p><p>Romanesque Revival versions focus on the arch and capitals, and decorated doorways. There are two examples in Manchester: the former Stock Exchange building and a synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Fallowfield" title="Fallowfield">Fallowfield</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 278.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greencastle_County_Down.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greencastle, County Down"><img alt="Greencastle, County Down" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greencastle_County_Down.jpg/418px-Greencastle_County_Down.jpg" decoding="async" width="279" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greencastle_County_Down.jpg/627px-Greencastle_County_Down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greencastle_County_Down.jpg/835px-Greencastle_County_Down.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_County_Down" title="Greencastle, County Down">Greencastle, County Down</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raviscanina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castle at Raviscanina: redoubt of the rebel Andrew of Rupecanina"><img alt="Castle at Raviscanina: redoubt of the rebel Andrew of Rupecanina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raviscanina.jpg/343px-Raviscanina.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raviscanina.jpg/515px-Raviscanina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Raviscanina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Castle at <a href="/wiki/Raviscanina" title="Raviscanina">Raviscanina</a>: redoubt of the rebel <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Rupecanina" title="Andrew of Rupecanina">Andrew of Rupecanina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo"><img alt="The Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg/150px-Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg/225px-Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg/300px-Palermo-Castle-bjs-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni" title="Palazzo dei Normanni">Palazzo dei Normanni</a> in Palermo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantokrator,_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9,_Sicily.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pantocrator in the apse of the Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily"><img alt="The Pantocrator in the apse of the Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Christ_Pantokrator%2C_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9%2C_Sicily.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantokrator%2C_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9%2C_Sicily.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Christ_Pantokrator%2C_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9%2C_Sicily.jpg/451px-Christ_Pantokrator%2C_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9%2C_Sicily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Christ_Pantokrator%2C_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9%2C_Sicily.jpg/600px-Christ_Pantokrator%2C_Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9%2C_Sicily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pantocrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantocrator">Pantocrator</a> in the apse of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cefal%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cefalù">Cathedral of Cefalù</a> in Sicily</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo-cattedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cathedral of Palermo was erected in 1185 by Walter Ophamil, the archbishop of Palermo and King William II's minister"><img alt="The Cathedral of Palermo was erected in 1185 by Walter Ophamil, the archbishop of Palermo and King William II's minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Palermo-cattedrale.jpg/300px-Palermo-cattedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Palermo-cattedrale.jpg/451px-Palermo-cattedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Palermo-cattedrale.jpg/600px-Palermo-cattedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Palermo">Cathedral of Palermo</a> was erected in 1185 by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ophamil" title="Walter Ophamil">Walter Ophamil</a>, the archbishop of Palermo and King William II's minister</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Romney church tower, an example of English small-town Norman architecture"><img alt="New Romney church tower, an example of English small-town Norman architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg/163px-New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg/245px-New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg/327px-New_Romney_Church_Tower_-_New_Romney_-_Kent_-_June_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_Romney" title="New Romney">New Romney</a> church tower, an example of English small-town Norman architecture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winchester Cathedral, an example of Norman architecture in England"><img alt="Winchester Cathedral, an example of Norman architecture in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg/336px-Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg/505px-Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg/672px-Winchester_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a>, an example of Norman architecture in England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Bees Priory, Cumbria, west door, c. 1160"><img alt="St Bees Priory, Cumbria, west door, c. 1160" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg/151px-St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg/226px-St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg/301px-St_Bees_Priory_westdoor_evening_sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Bees_Priory" title="St Bees Priory">St Bees Priory</a>, Cumbria, west door, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1160</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archway, Norman Tower, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, c. 1120–1148"><img alt="Archway, Norman Tower, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, c. 1120–1148" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/283px-Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/424px-Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg/565px-Archway_of_Norman_tower_Bury_St_Edmunds_Suffolk_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archway, Norman Tower, <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, Suffolk, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1120</span>–1148</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arches in the southern nave of the Church of St Lawrence, Alton, Hampshire, c. 1070–1100"><img alt="Arches in the southern nave of the Church of St Lawrence, Alton, Hampshire, c. 1070–1100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg/336px-St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg/505px-St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg/672px-St_Lawrence_arches_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arches in the southern nave of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Lawrence,_Alton" title="Church of St Lawrence, Alton">Church of St Lawrence, Alton</a>, Hampshire, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1070</span>–1100</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Michael's church at Mickleham in Surrey, c. 950-1180"><img alt="St Michael's church at Mickleham in Surrey, c. 950-1180" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg/300px-St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg/451px-St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg/600px-St_Michaels_Mickleham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Michael's church at <a href="/wiki/Mickleham,_Surrey" title="Mickleham, Surrey">Mickleham</a> in Surrey, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span>-1180</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo Falson, Mdina, Malta c. 1494"><img alt="Palazzo Falson, Mdina, Malta c. 1494" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png/169px-Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png/253px-Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png/337px-Palazzo_Falson_Palazzo_Navarra.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Falson" title="Palazzo Falson">Palazzo Falson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1494</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo Santa Sofia, Mdina, Malta c. 1233 (first floor)"><img alt="Palazzo Santa Sofia, Mdina, Malta c. 1233 (first floor)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG/338px-Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG/507px-Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG/675px-Mdina-palazzo-santa-sofia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Santa_Sofia" title="Palazzo Santa Sofia">Palazzo Santa Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1233</span> (first floor)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Leonard%27s_church,_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archway in St Leonard's church, Hythe, Kent"><img alt="Archway in St Leonard's church, Hythe, Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Leonard%27s_church%2C_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg/179px-St_Leonard%27s_church%2C_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Leonard%27s_church%2C_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg/269px-St_Leonard%27s_church%2C_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Leonard%27s_church%2C_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg/358px-St_Leonard%27s_church%2C_Hythe_-_Norman_archway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="3794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archway in St Leonard's church, <a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe, Kent</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=18" 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReilly2020" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Lisa (2020). <i>The Invention of Norman Visual Culture: Art, Politics, and Dynastic Ambition</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108488167" title="Special:BookSources/9781108488167"><bdi>9781108488167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Norman+Visual+Culture%3A+Art%2C+Politics%2C+and+Dynastic+Ambition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108488167&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> "Romanesque": in French a letter of 1818 by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexis-Adrien_Duh%C3%A9rissier_de_Gerville" title="Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville">Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville</a> seems to be the first</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OED same entry; in French by Gerville's friend <a href="/wiki/Arcisse_de_Caumont" title="Arcisse de Caumont">Arcisse de Caumont</a> in his <i>Essaie sur l'architecture du moyen âge, particulièrement en Normandie,</i> 1824.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxam1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bloxam" title="Matthew Bloxam">Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajhw.co.uk/books/book68/book68.html#CHAPTER_IV"><i>The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture</i></a>. Oxford: John Henry Parker. pp. 52–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Gothic+Ecclesiastical+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=52-57&rft.pub=John+Henry+Parker&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Bloxam&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Holbeche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajhw.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fbook68%2Fbook68.html%23CHAPTER_IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1888" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Edward (December 1888). "On the Distinction Between Romanesque and Gothic". <i>The Archaeological Review</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 237–251. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44245200">44245200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Distinction+Between+Romanesque+and+Gothic&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-251&rft.date=1888-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44245200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B897719%2B04%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/1+897719+04+3">1 897719 04 3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denney, Patrick (2004) Colchester. Published by Tempus Publishing (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-3214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-3214-4">978-0-7524-3214-4</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moyseshall.org">"Moyse's Hall museum"</a>. Moyseshall.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moyse%27s+Hall+museum&rft.pub=Moyseshall.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moyseshall.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castles in Ireland Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. by Tom McNeill. (London, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22853-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22853-4">978-0-415-22853-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlante.beniculturalicalabria.it/schede.php?id=178">"Abbazia Benedettina di Sant' Eufemia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbazia+Benedettina+di+Sant%27+Eufemia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlante.beniculturalicalabria.it%2Fschede.php%3Fid%3D178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Gothic-architecture.htm">"Gothic Architecture in England"</a>. Britainexpress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gothic+Architecture+in+England&rft.pub=Britainexpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2FHistory%2FGothic-architecture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racine.ra.it/ungaretti/gothic/norman_gothic.htm">"Norman Gothic"</a>. Racine.ra.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+Gothic&rft.pub=Racine.ra.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racine.ra.it%2Fungaretti%2Fgothic%2Fnorman_gothic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_and_literature">Sources and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilson1929" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Bilson_(architect)" title="John Bilson (architect)">Bilson, John</a> (1929), "Durham Cathedral and the Chronology of Its Vaults", <i>Archaeological Journal</i>, <b>79</b></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Durham+Cathedral+and+the+Chronology+of+Its+Vaults&rft.volume=79&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Bilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1934" class="citation cs2">Clapham, Alfred William (1934), <i>English Romanesque Architecture after the Conquest</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Romanesque+Architecture+after+the+Conquest&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=Alfred+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967" class="citation cs2">Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967), <i>The Cathedrals of England</i>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Clifton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1957" class="citation cs2">Cook, George Henry (1957), <i>The English Cathedrals through the Centuries</i>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Cathedrals+through+the+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscher1929" class="citation cs2">Escher, Konrad (1929), <i>Englische Kathedralen</i>, Zürich</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Englische+Kathedralen&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Escher&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernie2000" class="citation cs2">Fernie, Eric (2000), <i>The Architecture of Norman England</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Norman+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fernie&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsnerFlemingHonour1971" class="citation cs2">Pevsner, Nikolaus; Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (1971) [1966], <i>Lexikon der Weltarchitektur</i>, München</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Weltarchitektur&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft.au=Fleming%2C+John&rft.au=Honour%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner-Rieger1953" class="citation cs2">Wagner-Rieger, Renate (1953), "Studien zur mittelalterlichen Architektur Englands", <i>Wiener Kunstwiss. Blätter, Jg. 2</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Kunstwiss.+Bl%C3%A4tter%2C+Jg.+2&rft.atitle=Studien+zur+mittelalterlichen+Architektur+Englands&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Wagner-Rieger&rft.aufirst=Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2005" class="citation cs2">Short, Ernest H. (2005), <i>Norman Architecture in England</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norman+Architecture+in+England&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Ernest+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1956" class="citation cs2">Webb, Geoffrey (1956), "Architecture in Britain: The Middle Ages", <i>Pelican History of Art</i>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=Architecture+in+Britain%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=London&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/">CRSBI (<i>The Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain and Ireland</i>) website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174715/http://www.mondes-normands.caen.fr/angleterre/">The Normans, a European People</a> (archived copy).</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_England" title="Template:Architecture of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_England" title="Template talk:Architecture of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxo-Norman#Architecture" title="Saxo-Norman">Saxo-Norman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_style" title="Restoration style">Carolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry Hill Gothic">Strawberry Hill Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westminster Hall"><img alt="Westminster Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/70px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/105px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/140px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_England" title="Category:Buildings and structures in England">Buildings and<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_England" title="List of monastic houses in England">Abbeys and priories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_cathedrals_in_Great_Britain" title="List of former cathedrals in Great Britain">Former cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-tower_church" title="Round-tower church">Round-tower churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England" title="List of Roman villas in England">Roman villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom#England" title="List of country houses in the United Kingdom">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_house" title="Hall house">Hall houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Renaissance_theatres" title="List of English Renaissance theatres">Renaissance theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_England" title="Listed buildings in England">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_church_monuments" title="English church monuments">Church monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_England" title="List of National Trust properties in England">National Trust properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_England" title="List of windmills in England">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu temples in England">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_England" title="List of stadiums in England">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_England" title="List of lighthouses in England">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_London" title="Architecture of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham" title="Architecture of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Liverpool" title="Architecture of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bath" title="Buildings and architecture of Bath">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bristol" title="Buildings and architecture of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Brighton_and_Hove" title="Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">Hammerbeam roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">Fan vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastle_house" title="Bastle house">Bastle house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">Country house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">Oast house</a> <a href="/wiki/Cowl_(oast)" title="Cowl (oast)">(cowl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_hall_house" title="Wealden hall house">Wealden hall house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse" title="Dartmoor longhouse">Dartmoor longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_towers" title="Somerset towers">Somerset towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_stone" title="Bath stone">Bath stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck framing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_England" title="Category:Architecture in England">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian 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