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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanical gilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_gilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_gilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical gilding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_gilding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical gilding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_gilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_gilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cold gilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wet_gilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_gilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wet gilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_gilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_gilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fire gilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Depletion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تذهيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تذهيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пазалота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазалота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurat" title="Daurat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daurat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlacen%C3%AD" title="Zlacení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlacení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgyldning" title="Forgyldning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forgyldning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergolden" title="Vergolden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergolden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldamine" title="Kuldamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuldamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorado_(pan_de_oro)" title="Dorado (pan de oro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dorado (pan de oro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="طلاکاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طلاکاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorure" title="Dorure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dorure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93r%C3%BA" title="Órú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Órú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dourado" title="Dourado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dourado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EB%B6%99%EC%9E%84" title="금붙임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금붙임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सोने का पानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोने का पानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozlata" title="Pozlata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pozlata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelapisan_emas" title="Pelapisan emas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelapisan emas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylling" title="Gylling – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gylling" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doratura" title="Doratura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Doratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Күмісті алтындау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күмісті алтындау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergulden" title="Vergulden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergulden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ギルディング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギルディング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgylling" title="Forgylling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forgylling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltin_yugurtirish" title="Oltin yugurtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oltin yugurtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poz%C5%82otnictwo" title="Pozłotnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pozłotnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Douração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Douração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Золочение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Золочение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozlatitev" title="Pozlatitev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pozlatitev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Позлата (декорација) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Позлата (декорација)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozlata_(dekoracija)" title="Pozlata (dekoracija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pozlata (dekoracija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultaus" title="Kultaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kultaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rgyllning" title="Förgyllning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förgyllning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Тилокорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тилокорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Позолота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Позолота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BFp_v%C3%A0ng" title="Thếp vàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thếp vàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B4%E9%87%91" title="贴金 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贴金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1334300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Covering object with layer of gold</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Gilding_(surname)" title="Gilding (surname)">Gilding (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gilding" title="Special:EditPage/Gilding">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gilding%22">"Gilding"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gilding%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gilding%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gilding%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gilding%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gilding%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg/220px-Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg/330px-Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg/440px-Gilded_frame_being_burnished_with_agate_tool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Gilded frame ready for <a href="/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)" title="Burnishing (metal)">burnishing</a> with an agate stone tool</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv/220px--Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="337" data-mwtitle="Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen,_Layer_for_Layer.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen,_Layer_for_Layer.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Layer_for_Layer.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Application of gold leaf to a reproduction of a 15th-century panel painting</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gilding</b> is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, or stone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, the metal below was traditionally <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> in the West, to make <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a> (or <i>vermeil</i>) objects, but <a href="/wiki/Gilt-bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilt-bronze">gilt-bronze</a> is commonly used in China, and also called <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">ormolu</a> if it is Western. Methods of gilding include hand application and gluing, typically of <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>, chemical gilding, and <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, the last also called <a href="/wiki/Gold_plating" title="Gold plating">gold plating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Parcel-gilt</b> (partial gilt) objects are only gilded over part of their surfaces. This may mean that all of the inside, and none of the outside, of a <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalice</a> or similar vessel is gilded, or that patterns or images are made up by using a combination of gilt and ungilted areas. </p><p>Gilding gives an object a gold appearance at a fraction of the cost of creating a solid gold object. In addition, a solid gold piece would often be too soft or too heavy for practical use. A gilt surface also does not tarnish as silver does. </p><p>Modern gilding is applied to numerous and diverse surfaces and by various processes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More traditional techniques still form an important part of <a href="/wiki/Picture_frame" title="Picture frame">framemaking</a> and are sometimes still employed in general <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(furniture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (furniture)">cabinet</a>-work, decorative painting and <a href="/wiki/Interior_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior decoration">interior decoration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>, and ornamental <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> work, and in the decoration of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, porcelain, and <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gilding" title="Special:EditPage/Gilding">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design,_North_China,_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design%2C_North_China%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/300px-Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design%2C_North_China%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design%2C_North_China%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/450px-Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design%2C_North_China%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design%2C_North_China%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/600px-Belt_Buckle_with_Zoomorphic_Design%2C_North_China%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Belt Buckle with <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">nomadic</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">zoomorphic design</a>, manufactured in China for the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a>-gilded <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> (a Chinese technique invented by the <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoists</a> in the 4th century CE). North China, 3rd-2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> gilded wood and metals, and many such objects have been excavated. Certain Ancient Greek statues of great prestige were <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine</a>, i.e., made of gold (for the clothing) and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> (for the flesh); these however, were constructed with sheets of gold over a timber framework, not gilded. Extensive ornamental gilding was also used in the ceiling coffers of the <a href="/wiki/Propylaea" title="Propylaea">Propylaea</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> recorded that the first gilding seen at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was after the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, under the censorship of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mummius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Mummius">Lucius Mummius</a>, when the Romans began to gild the ceilings of their temples and palaces, the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitol</a> being the first place where this process was used. Gilding became a popular luxury within Rome soon after the introduction of the technique, with gilding soon being seen used on the walls, vaults and inside the houses of anyone who could afford it, including the poor. Owing to the comparative thickness of the gold leaf used in ancient gilding, the traces of it that remain are remarkably brilliant and solid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire-gilding of metal goes back at least to the 4th century BC. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a>-gilding was invented by Chinese <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoists</a> in the 4th century CE and was used for the gilding of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> plaques.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was known to Pliny (33,20,64–5), <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (8,8,4) and in the Early Medieval period to Theophilus (De Diversis Artibus Book III).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, silver-gilt has always been more common than gilt-bronze, but in China the opposite has been the case.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ancient Chinese also developed the gilding of <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, which was later taken up by the French and other European potters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_gilding">Mechanical gilding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanical gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg/220px-Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg/330px-Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg/440px-Gilding_Rock_Cen_Prometheus_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Regilding the statue <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(Manship)" title="Prometheus (Manship)">Prometheus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG/220px-Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG/330px-Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG/440px-Old_book_with_gilded_page_edges.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Gilded page edges on a book</figcaption></figure> <p>Mechanical gilding includes all the operations in which gold leaf is prepared, and the processes to mechanically attach the gold onto surfaces. The techniques include <a href="/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)" title="Burnishing (metal)">burnishing</a>, water gilding and oil-gilding used by wood carvers and gilders; and the gilding operations of the house decorator, sign painter, <a href="/wiki/Bookbinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookbinder">bookbinder</a>, the paper stainer and several others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polished iron, steel and other metals are gilded mechanically by applying gold leaf to the metallic surface at a temperature just under red-hot, pressing the leaf on with a burnisher, then reheating when additional leaf may be laid on. The process is completed by cold burnishing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Overlaying" or folding or hammering on gold foil or gold leaf is the simplest and most ancient method, and is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></i> (2600–2400 BC) from <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> describes this technique used on wood, with a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> underneath to help adhesion. </p><p>The next advances involved two simple processes. The first involves gold leaf, which is gold that is hammered or cut into very thin sheets. Gold leaf is often thinner than standard paper today, and when held to the light is semi-transparent. In ancient times it was typically about ten times thicker than today, and perhaps half that in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If gilding on canvas or on wood, the surface was often first coated with <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>. "Gesso" is a substance made of finely ground <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> or chalk mixed with glue. Once the coating of gesso had been applied, allowed to dry, and smoothed, it was re-wet with a <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Rabbit-skin_glue" title="Rabbit-skin glue">rabbit-skin glue</a> and water ("water gilding", which allows the surface to be subsequently burnished to a mirror-like finish) or boiled <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">litharge</a> ("oil gilding", which does not) and the gold leaf was layered on using a <a href="/wiki/Gilder%27s_tip" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilder's tip">gilder's tip</a> and left to dry before being burnished with a piece of polished <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>. Those gilding on canvas and parchment also sometimes employed stiffly-beaten egg whites ("glair"), <a href="/wiki/Gum_(botany)" title="Gum (botany)">gum</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Armenian_bole" title="Armenian bole">Armenian bole</a> as sizing, though egg whites and gum both become brittle over time, causing the gold leaf to crack and detach, and so honey was sometimes added to make them more flexible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other gilding processes involved using the gold as <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> in paint: the artist ground the gold into a fine powder and mixed it with a binder such as <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>. The resulting gold paint, called <a href="/wiki/Shell_gold" title="Shell gold">shell gold</a>, was applied in the same way as with any paint. Sometimes, after either gold-leafing or gold-painting, the artist would heat the piece enough to melt the gold slightly, ensuring an even coat. These techniques remained the only alternatives for materials like wood, leather, the vellum pages of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, and gilt-edged stock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_gilding">Chemical gilding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/220px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/330px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/440px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Silver gilt <i>toilette</i> set by Johann Jacob Kirstein (1733–1816) in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg">Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chemical gilding embraces those processes in which the gold is at some stage of chemical combination. These include cold gilding, wet gilding, fire gilding and depletion gilding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_gilding">Cold gilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cold gilding, the gold is obtained in a state of extremely fine division (i.e. atomized or finely powdered),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is a state of fine division? (October 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and applied by mechanical means. Cold gilding on silver is performed by a solution of gold in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, applied by dipping a linen rag into the solution, burning it, and rubbing the black and heavy ashes on the silver with the finger or a piece of leather or cork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wet_gilding">Wet gilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wet gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wet gilding is effected by means of a dilute solution of <a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_chloride" title="Gold(III) chloride">gold(III) chloride</a> in aqua regia with twice its quantity of <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>. The liquids are agitated and allowed to rest, to allow the ether to separate and float on the surface of the acid. The whole mixture is then poured into a separating funnel with a small aperture, and allowed to rest for some time, when the acid is run off from below and the gold dissolved in ether separated. The ether will be found to have taken up all the gold from the acid, and may be used for gilding iron or steel, for which purpose the metal is polished with fine emery and <a href="/wiki/Spirits_of_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirits of wine">spirits of wine</a>. The ether is then applied with a small brush, and as it evaporates it deposits the gold, which can now be heated and polished. For small delicate figures, a pen or a fine brush may be used for laying on the ether solution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gold(III) chloride can also be dissolved in water in <a href="/wiki/Electroless_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroless plating">electroless plating</a> wherein the gold is slowly reduced out of solution onto the surface to be gilded. When this technique is used on the second surface of glass and backed with silver, it is known as "<a href="/wiki/Angel_gilding" title="Angel gilding">Angel gilding</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_gilding">Fire gilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fire gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg/170px-Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg/255px-Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg/340px-Vajrasattva_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>A gilded Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fire-gilding or wash-gilding is a process by which an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> of gold is applied to metallic surfaces, the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> being subsequently <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatilized</a>, leaving a film of gold or an amalgam containing 13 to 16% mercury. In the preparation of the amalgam, the gold must first be reduced to thin plates or grains, which are heated red-hot, and thrown into previously heated mercury, until it begins to smoke. When the mixture is stirred with an iron rod, the gold is totally absorbed. The proportion of mercury to gold is generally six or eight to one. When the amalgam is cold, it is squeezed through <a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">chamois leather</a> to separate the superfluous mercury; the gold, with about twice its weight of mercury, remains behind, forming a yellowish silvery mass with the consistency of butter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the metal to be gilded is wrought or chased, the application of mercury before the amalgam is applied allows for it to be more easily spread. When the surface of the metal is plain, the amalgam can be applied to it directly. When no such preparation is applied, the surface to be gilded is simply bitten and cleaned with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. A deposit of mercury is obtained on a metallic surface by means of quicksilver water, a solution of <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_nitrate" title="Mercury(II) nitrate">mercury(II) nitrate</a>, the nitric acid attacking the metal to which it is applied, and thus leaving a film of free metallic mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the amalgam is equally spread over the prepared surface of the metal, the mercury is then carefully <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatilized</a> with heat just sufficient to do so, as a temperature too high may cause part of the gold to be driven off, or otherwise run together, leaving some of the metal surface bare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the mercury has evaporated, indicated by the surface taking on a dull yellow color, the metal must undergo further steps to exhibit its fine gold color. First, the gilded surface is rubbed with a scratch brush of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> wire, until its surface is smooth. It is then covered with gilding wax, and again exposed to fire until the wax is burnt off. Gilding wax is composed of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> mixed with some of the following substances: <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a>, copper scales, <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>. By this operation the color of the gilding is heightened, as a result of the perfect dissipation of some of the remaining mercury. The gilt surface is then covered over with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>, alum or other salts, ground together, and mixed into a <a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">paste</a> with water or weak <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The piece of metal is then exposed to heat, before being <a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">quenched</a> in water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113–14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113–14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this method, the color of the gilding is further improved and brought nearer to that of gold, probably by removing any particles of copper that may have been on the gilt surface. This process, when skillfully carried out, produces gilding of great solidity and beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191114_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191114-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of gilding metallic objects was formerly widespread, but fell into disuse as the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury toxicity">mercury toxicity</a> became known. Since fire-gilding requires that the mercury be volatilized to drive off the mercury and leave the gold behind on the surface, it is extremely dangerous. Breathing the fumes generated by this process can quickly result in serious health problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrine disorders</a>, since inhalation is a very efficient route for mercuric compounds to enter the body; the mercury used in the process also evaporates into the atmosphere, thus polluting it. This process has generally been supplanted by the electroplating of gold over a <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)" title="Substrate (materials science)">substrate</a>, which is more economical and less dangerous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depletion">Depletion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Depletion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depletion_gilding" title="Depletion gilding">Depletion gilding</a></div> <p>In depletion gilding, a subtractive process discovered in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, articles are fabricated by various techniques from an alloy of copper and gold, named <a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">tumbaga</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spaniards</a>. The surface is etched with acids, resulting in a surface of porous gold. The porous surface is then <a href="/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)" title="Burnishing (metal)">burnished</a> down, resulting in a shiny gold surface. The results fooled the <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a> into thinking they had massive quantities of pure gold. The results startled modern <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a>, because at first the pieces resemble electroplated articles. <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Keum-boo" title="Keum-boo">Keum-boo</a></i></span> is a special <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> technique of silver-gilding, using <a href="/wiki/Depletion_gilding" title="Depletion gilding">depletion gilding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg/170px-Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg/255px-Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg/340px-Korean_-_Buddha_-_Walters_61277.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, 16th century, gilt on wood;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gilding of decorative <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a> has been undertaken for centuries, with the permanence and brightness of gold appealing to designers. Both porcelain and <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> are commonly decorated with gold, and in the late 1970s it was reported that 5 tonnes of gold were used annually for the decoration of these products.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wall <a href="/wiki/Tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiles">tiles</a> also have gold decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Application techniques include <a href="/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)" title="Spray (liquid drop)">spraying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushing</a>, banding machines, and direct or indirect <a href="/wiki/Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">screen-printing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After application the decorated ware is fired in a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a> to fuse the gold to the <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glaze</a> and hence ensure its permanence. The most important factors affecting coating quality are the composition of applied gold, the state of the surface before application, the thickness of the layer and the firing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of different forms and compositions are available to apply gold to ceramic, and these include:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Acid-etched gilding: developed in 1860s at <a href="/wiki/Mintons" title="Mintons">Mintons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>, and patented in 1863. The glazed surface, usually a narrow border, is <a href="/wiki/Transfer_printing" title="Transfer printing">transfer printed</a> with a wax-like resist, after which the glaze is etched with dilute <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> prior to application of the gold, after which the design's raised elements are selectively burnished to give a bright and matte surface; the process demands great skill and is used for the decoration only of ware of the highest class.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bright gold or liquid gold is a solution of gold sulphoresinate together with other metal resinates and a bismuth-based flux. It is particularly bright when drawn from the decorating kiln and so needs little further processing. This form of gilding was invented or at least improved by Heinrich Roessler. Rhodium compounds are used to improve the binding to the substrate.</li> <li>Burnish gold or best gold is applied to the ware as a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with lead borosilicate or a bismuth-based flux. This type of gold decoration is dull as taken from the kiln and requires burnishing, usually with agate, to bring out the colour. As the name suggests it is considered the highest quality of gold decoration. One <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>-free burnish gold composition was reported to consist of 10 to 40% gold powder, 2 to 20% <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylpyrrolidone" title="Polyvinylpyrrolidone">polyvinylpyrrolidone</a>, 3 to 30% an aqueous acrylate resin and 5 to 50% water.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldleaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Goldleaf.jpg/220px-Goldleaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Goldleaf.jpg/330px-Goldleaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Goldleaf.jpg/440px-Goldleaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Artist holding a gilder's tip in his right hand and using it to lift a piece of gold leaf from a sheet of paper</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>gilder's tip</i> is a type of gilding brush used for transferring sheets of <a href="/wiki/Metal_leaf" title="Metal leaf">metal leaf</a> to either a surface that has been prepared to accept the leaf or to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilder%27s_block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilder's block (page does not exist)">gilder's block</a> where the leaf is then cut with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilder%27s_knife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilder's knife (page does not exist)">gilder's knife</a> into smaller portions before being transferred to the prepared surface. </p><p>The hairs on a gilder's tip are usually made of either <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_squirrel_hair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue squirrel hair (page does not exist)">blue squirrel hair</a> or the hair of a <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badger</a> (sometimes other hairs are also used, such as that of a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arranged in a single or double row along a flat <a href="/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">ferrule</a> made of wood or cardboard. In order to transfer the gold leaf, the hairs are first given a very light coating of adhesive by brushing them against a surface such as the back of the user's hand which has been coated with a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">petroleum jelly</a> (a common misconception is that static electricity causes the gold foil to attach to the brush, but this is not so)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and then laying the edge of the brush along the edge of the piece of metal foil. The jelly will cause the metal to adhere very gently to the hairs and allow the piece to be floated from the paper surface on which had previously been stored. Because the leaf is so thin, this must be done in a room with extremely still air, and the user of the tip usually does not breathe until the leaf is in place. </p><p>Once the leaf has settled, it is often <a href="/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)" title="Burnishing (metal)">burnished</a> with polished piece of <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> to achieve a high degree of brilliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Crabtree_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crabtree-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilder's tips are necessary because touching the metal leaf with the finger tips would immediately cause the leaf to lose its coherent flattened shape and crumble irretrievably into metallic dust which then cannot be used for any purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Crabtree_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crabtree-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Empire_mantel_clock" title="French Empire mantel clock">French Empire mantel clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilding_metal" title="Gilding metal">Gilding metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldbeating" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldbeating">Goldbeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stamping" title="Hot stamping">Hot stamping</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the techniques used in modern technology, see <a href="/wiki/Gold_plating" title="Gold plating">gold plating</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328172849/https://johncanningco.com/blog/gilding-in-architecture-when-where-why-it-was-used/">"Gold Leaf in Architecture: When, Where, & Why It Was Used"</a>. <i>johncanningco.com</i>. 4 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johncanningco.com/blog/gilding-in-architecture-when-where-why-it-was-used/">the original</a> on 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johncanningco.com&rft.atitle=Gold+Leaf+in+Architecture%3A+When%2C+Where%2C+%26+Why+It+Was+Used&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohncanningco.com%2Fblog%2Fgilding-in-architecture-when-where-why-it-was-used%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sloan, Annie (1996) <i>Decorative Gilding</i>, Collins & Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-879-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-879-6">978-0-89577-879-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection/page/n113/mode/2up"><i>Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 100, item 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Art+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppes%3A+The+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+Other+Notable+New+York+Collections&rft.pages=100%2C+item+67&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection%2Fpage%2Fn113%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection/page/n43/mode/2up"><i>Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Art+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppes%3A+The+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+Other+Notable+New+York+Collections&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection%2Fpage%2Fn43%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.warburg.sas.ac.uk/pdf/cnh925b2209242.pdf">"The book of the art of Cennino Cennini — the Warburg Institute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+book+of+the+art+of+Cennino+Cennini+%E2%80%94+the+Warburg+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.warburg.sas.ac.uk%2Fpdf%2Fcnh925b2209242.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander E. Youman, <i>A Dictionary of Every-day Wants</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yd4JAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA420">p. 420</a>, New York: Frank M. Reed, 1872.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book VI, 232: "And as when a man overlays silver with gold, a cunning workman whom Hephaestus and Pallas Athena have taught all manner of craft, and full of grace is the work he produces, even so the goddess shed grace upon his head and shoulders" from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136;query=card%3D%2368;layout=;loc=6.162">this translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborneFlemingHonour1979" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Harold; Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1573875">"The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts"</a>. <i>Leonardo</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1573875">10.2307/1573875</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-094X">0024-094X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1573875">1573875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Decorative+Arts&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0024-094X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1573875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1573875&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Fleming%2C+John&rft.au=Honour%2C+Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1573875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113–14-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191113–14_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191114-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191114_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/33014">"Buddha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddha&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F33014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, L. 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(1982). "Gold And Lustres For The Ceramic Tile Industry". <i>Ceramic Industries</i>. <b>119</b> (5): 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ceramic+Industries&rft.atitle=Gold+And+Lustres+For+The+Ceramic+Tile+Industry&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Etris%2C+S.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbt,_K.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Abt, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interceram-review.info/index.cfm?objekt=INTERC&jahr=2008&ausgabe=1&rubrik_en=Whitewares&artikel_id=210656&navi=2&lang=EN">"Comeback Of Gold Decoration? Trends And New Materials For Tile Decoration"</a>. <i>Keram. Z</i>. <b>60</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keram.+Z.&rft.atitle=Comeback+Of+Gold+Decoration%3F+Trends+And+New+Materials+For+Tile+Decoration&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Abt%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interceram-review.info%2Findex.cfm%3Fobjekt%3DINTERC%26jahr%3D2008%26ausgabe%3D1%26rubrik_en%3DWhitewares%26artikel_id%3D210656%26navi%3D2%26lang%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroh,_E.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Groh, E. (1995). "Precious Metal Preparations: Composition, Applications And Special Decorative Effects". <i>Ceramic Forum International</i>. <b>72</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ceramic+Forum+International&rft.atitle=Precious+Metal+Preparations%3A+Composition%2C+Applications+And+Special+Decorative+Effects&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Groh%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerasimovaIvanovaPeskovaDruzhinin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gerasimova, L. V.; Ivanova, V. M.; Peskova, E. Yu.; Druzhinin, E. V. (1991). "Improving gold decorating techniques". <i>Glass and Ceramics</i>. <b>48</b> (11): 535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00676649">10.1007/BF00676649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135923083">135923083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glass+and+Ceramics&rft.atitle=Improving+gold+decorating+techniques&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=535&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00676649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135923083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gerasimova&rft.aufirst=L.+V.&rft.au=Ivanova%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Peskova%2C+E.+Yu.&rft.au=Druzhinin%2C+E.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodd, A.and Murfin, D. (1994) <i>Dictionary Of Ceramics</i>. The Institute Of Minerals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovinskayaLapitskaya1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rovinskaya, N. V.; Lapitskaya, E. V. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03180905">"Liquid gold and other components used in decoration of glazed porcelain and glass articles"</a>. <i>Glass and Ceramics</i>. <b>55</b> (3–4): 98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03180905">10.1007/BF03180905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:136951654">136951654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glass+and+Ceramics&rft.atitle=Liquid+gold+and+other+components+used+in+decoration+of+glazed+porcelain+and+glass+articles&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03180905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A136951654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rovinskaya&rft.aufirst=N.+V.&rft.au=Lapitskaya%2C+E.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF03180905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helena Hayward (ed.) (1960) <i>The Connoisseur's Handbook of Antique Collecting</i>. Galahad Books, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Burnish Gold Decorating Composition." <i>UK Pat.Appl.GB2216536 A</i>, for Heraeus W.C., Gmbh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_V._Thompson2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel V. Thompson (2012-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTRQe1gbW4QC&pg=PA57"><i>The Practice of Tempera Painting: Materials and Methods</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14164-0"><bdi>978-0-486-14164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Tempera+Painting%3A+Materials+and+Methods&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.isbn=978-0-486-14164-0&rft.au=Daniel+V.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTTRQe1gbW4QC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crabtree-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crabtree_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crabtree_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_CrabtreePeter_Beudert2012" class="citation book cs1">Susan Crabtree; Peter Beudert (2012-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joBZJjPoORIC&pg=PA141"><i>Scenic Art for the Theatre: History, Tools and Techniques</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-08429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-08429-4"><bdi>978-1-136-08429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scenic+Art+for+the+Theatre%3A+History%2C+Tools+and+Techniques&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-08429-4&rft.au=Susan+Crabtree&rft.au=Peter+Beudert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoBZJjPoORIC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarboni,_StefanoWhitehouse,_David2001" class="citation book cs1">Carboni, Stefano; Whitehouse, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/74621"><i><span></span></i>Glass of the sultans<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870999869" title="Special:BookSources/0870999869"><bdi>0870999869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glass+of+the+sultans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0870999869&rft.au=Carboni%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F74621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shretha, Sukra Sagar. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/journals/ancientnepal/index.php?selection=128">Gold Gilding (A Traditional Craft in Kathmandu Valley)</a>." <i>Ancient Nepal – Journal of the Department of Archeology</i>, Number 128–129, February–May 1992, pp. 5–9.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/gilding" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/gilding">gilding</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookbinding.com/index.php?page=gilding">Isaac H. Walker, <i>The Process of Gilding and Bronzing Picture Frames</i> 1884</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119205448/http://bookbinding.com/index.php?page=gilding">Archived</a> 2009-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societyofgilders.org">Society of Gilders</a>: art and science of gilding</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509110840/http://www.schoolofappliedarts.org/history_p5.php">The history of gilding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/depletio.htm">Broad compilation of depletion gilding techniques</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karlzipser.com/2009/03/gilding-a-frame.html">How to oil gild a frame over acrylic gesso</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Buddha-statues_Movie_fire-gilding.html">Movie about fire-gilding in Nepal</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gilding" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gilding">Gilding</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gilding&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=13-14&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilding" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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