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id="toc-Novelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Novelist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scholarly reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_collaboration_with_the_Communist_Regime_in_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_collaboration_with_the_Communist_Regime_in_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alleged collaboration with the Communist Regime in Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_collaboration_with_the_Communist_Regime_in_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Linguistic and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalysis_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalysis_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Psychoanalysis and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalysis_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiographical_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographical_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Autobiographical essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographical_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection_of_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_of_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Collection of essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection_of_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_about_Julia_Kristeva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_about_Julia_Kristeva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Books about Julia Kristeva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_about_Julia_Kristeva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Julia Kristeva</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="جوليا كريستيفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوليا كريستيفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliya_Kristeva" title="Yuliya Kristeva – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuliya Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Юлия Кръстева – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юлия Кръстева" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristevov%C3%A1" title="Julia Kristevová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Julia Kristevová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Τζούλια Κρίστεβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζούλια Κρίστεβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ژولیا کریستوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژولیا کریستوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A5%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%B0%94" title="쥘리아 크리스테바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쥘리아 크리스테바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%87%D5%A1" title="Յուլյա Քրիստևա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուլյա Քրիստևա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="जूलिया क्रिस्टेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जूलिया क्रिस्टेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91%D7%94" title="ז'וליה קריסטבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'וליה קריסטבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE" title="ಜೂಲಿಯಾ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೇವಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೂಲಿಯಾ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟೇವಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="იულია კრისტევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იულია კრისტევა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кристева, Юлия – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кристева, Юлия" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulia_Kristeva" title="Iulia Kristeva – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iulia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јулија Крстева – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јулија Крстева" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5" title="ജൂലിയ ക്രിസ്റ്റെവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂലിയ ക്രിസ്റ്റെവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="جوليا كريستيفا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوليا كريستيفا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="ジュリア・クリステヴァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュリア・クリステヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜੂਲੀਆ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਤੇਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੂਲੀਆ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਤੇਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кристева, Юлия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристева, Юлия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristevov%C3%A1" title="Julia Kristevová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julia Kristevová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julija_Krsteva" title="Julija Krsteva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julija Krsteva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="ژولیا كریستیڤا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژولیا كریستیڤا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јулија Кристева – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јулија Кристева" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julija_Kristeva" title="Julija Kristeva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Julija Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Юлія Кристева – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юлія Кристева" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Julia Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%89%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%A8%83" title="茱莉亞·克莉斯蒂娃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="茱莉亞·克莉斯蒂娃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bulgarian philosopher (born 1941)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Stoyanova</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Krasteva</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Julia Kristeva</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Юлия Кръстева</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Kristeva_%C3%A0_Paris_en_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Julia_Kristeva_%C3%A0_Paris_en_2008.jpg/220px-Julia_Kristeva_%C3%A0_Paris_en_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Julia_Kristeva_%C3%A0_Paris_en_2008.jpg/330px-Julia_Kristeva_%C3%A0_Paris_en_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Julia_Kristeva_%C3%A0_Paris_en_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="578" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kristeva in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1941-06-24</span>) </span>24 June 1941<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 83)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sofia">University of Sofia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sollers" title="Philippe Sollers">Philippe Sollers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Holberg_International_Memorial_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Holberg International Memorial Prize">Holberg International Memorial Prize</a></div></li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt_Prize" title="Hannah Arendt Prize">Hannah Arendt Award for Political Thought</a></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="The VIZE 97 Prize">VIZE 97 Prize</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French feminism">French feminism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">Philosophy of literature</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">Feminism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="#The_"semiotic"_and_the_"symbolic"">The "semiotic"</a> of the pre-<a href="/wiki/Mirror_stage" title="Mirror stage">mirror stage</a></div></li><li>Nature of <a href="/wiki/Abjection" title="Abjection">abjection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextuality</a></li><li>'the transfinite'<sup id="cite_ref-woodward_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodward-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kristeva.fr/">kristeva.fr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoanalysis" title="Category:Psychoanalysis">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_couch,_London,_2004_(2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/220px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/330px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/440px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Sigmund Freud's couch</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_(Freud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory<br />of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of<br />Psychoanalysis</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for<br />Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminist_philosophy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="female symbol merged with a question mark"><img alt="female symbol merged with a question mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/100px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/150px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/200px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"><span class="wrap"><i>A Vindication of <span class="nowrap">the Rights of</span> Woman</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1792)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women"><i>The Subjection of Women</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"><span class="wrap"><i>The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex"><i>The Second Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique"><i>The Feminine Mystique</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics"><i>Sexual Politics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex"><i>The Dialectic of Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>Speculum of the Other Woman</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1974)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>This Sex Which is Not One</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1977)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly"><i>Gyn/Ecology</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_Like_a_Girl" title="Throwing Like a Girl"><i>Throwing Like a Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Voice" title="In a Different Voice"><i>In a Different Voice</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality"><i>The Politics of Reality</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis"><i>Women, Race, and Class</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Theory:_From_Margin_to_Center" title="Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center"><i>Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner"><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State"><i>Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble"><i>Gender Trouble</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae"><i>Sexual Personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought"><i>Black Feminist Thought</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood"><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipping_Girl" title="Whipping Girl"><i>Whipping Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_of_Happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Promise of Happiness"><i>The Promise of Happiness</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Bartky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Baier" title="Annette Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">De la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_de_Gamond" title="Zoé de Gamond">Gamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grosz" title="Elizabeth Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Jaggar" title="Alison Jaggar">Jaggar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Mama" title="Amina Mama">Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Plumwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Wittig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Zetkin</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">Gender performativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_theory" title="Standpoint theory">Standpoint theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Philosophy_Quarterly" title="Feminist Philosophy Quarterly">Feminist Philosophy Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Category</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Feminist_philosophy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Julia Kristeva</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kʁisteva]</a></span>; born <b>Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva</b>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Юлия Стоянова Кръстева</span>; on 24 June 1941) is a <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_France" title="Bulgarians in France">Bulgarian-French</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="French feminist">feminist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. She has taught at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and is now a professor <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emerita</a> at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Université Paris Cité</a>. The author of more than 30 books, including <i><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Horror" title="Powers of Horror">Powers of Horror</a></i>, <i>Tales of Love</i>, <i>Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia</i>, <i>Proust and the Sense of Time</i>, and the trilogy <i>Female Genius</i>, she has been awarded <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Legion of Honor">Commander of the Legion of Honor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">Commander of the Order of Merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holberg_International_Memorial_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Holberg International Memorial Prize">Holberg International Memorial Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt_Prize" title="Hannah Arendt Prize">Hannah Arendt Prize</a>, and the Vision 97 Foundation Prize, awarded by the Havel Foundation. </p><p>Kristeva became influential in international critical analysis, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> after publishing her first book, <i>Semeiotikè</i>, in 1969. Her sizeable body of work includes books and essays which address <a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">intertextuality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Semiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiotic">semiotic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abjection" title="Abjection">abjection</a>, in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, literary theory and criticism, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, biography and autobiography, political and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_analysis" title="Cultural analysis">cultural analysis</a>, art and <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>. She is prominent in <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralist">poststructuralist</a> thought. </p><p>Kristeva is also the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir_Prize" title="Simone de Beauvoir Prize">Simone de Beauvoir Prize</a> committee.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to Christian parents, Kristeva is the daughter of a church accountant. On her mother's side, she has distant Jewish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristeva and her sister attended a Francophone school run by <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> nuns. Kristeva became acquainted with the work of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a> at this time in Bulgaria. Kristeva went on to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sofia">University of Sofia</a>, and while a postgraduate there obtained a research fellowship that enabled her to move to France in December 1965, when she was 24.<sup id="cite_ref-ChapmanRoutledge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChapmanRoutledge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued her education at several French universities, studying under <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Goldmann" title="Lucien Goldmann">Lucien Goldmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, among other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 2, 1967, Kristeva married the novelist <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sollers" title="Philippe Sollers">Philippe Sollers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born Philippe Joyaux. </p><p>Kristeva taught at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in the early 1970s, and remains a Visiting Professor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also published under the married name Julia Joyaux.<sup id="cite_ref-locauth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locauth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After joining the '<a href="/wiki/Tel_Quel" title="Tel Quel">Tel Quel</a> group' founded by Sollers, Kristeva focused on the politics of language and became an active member of the group. She trained in psychoanalysis, and earned her degree in 1979. In some ways, her work can be seen as trying to adapt a <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic">psychoanalytic</a> approach to the <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralist">poststructuralist</a> criticism. For example, her view of the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>, and its construction, shares similarities with <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>. However, Kristeva rejects any understanding of the subject in a structuralist sense; instead, she favors a subject always "<a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">in process</a>" or "on trial".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, she contributes to the poststructuralist critique of essentialized structures, whilst preserving the teachings of psychoanalysis. She travelled to China in the 1970s and later wrote <i>About Chinese Women</i> (1977).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"semiotic"_and_the_"symbolic""><span id="The_.22semiotic.22_and_the_.22symbolic.22"></span>The "semiotic" and the "symbolic"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The "semiotic" and the "symbolic""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Kristeva's most important contributions is that signification is composed of two elements, the symbolic and the <i>semiotic</i>, the latter being distinct from the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>. As explained by Augustine Perumalil, Kristeva's "semiotic is closely related to the infantile <a href="/wiki/Pre-Oedipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Oedipal">pre-Oedipal</a> referred to in the works of Freud, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Object_Relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Object Relation">Object Relation</a> psychoanalysis, and Lacan's pre-<a href="/wiki/Mirror_stage" title="Mirror stage">mirror stage</a>. It is an emotional field, tied to the <a href="/wiki/Instincts" class="mw-redirect" title="Instincts">instincts</a>, which dwells in the fissures and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> of language rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Denotation_(Semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denotation (Semiotics)">denotative meanings</a> of words."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, according to Birgit Schippers, the semiotic is a realm associated with the musical, the poetic, the rhythmic, and that which lacks structure and meaning. It is closely tied to the "feminine", and represents the undifferentiated state of the pre-Mirror Stage infant.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon entering the Mirror Stage, the child learns to distinguish between self and other, and enters the realm of shared cultural meaning, known as <a href="/wiki/The_Symbolic" title="The Symbolic">the symbolic</a>. In <i>Desire in Language</i> (1980), Kristeva describes the symbolic as the space in which the development of language allows the child to become a "speaking subject," and to develop a sense of identity separate from the mother. This process of separation is known as abjection, whereby the child must reject and move away from the mother in order to enter into the world of language, culture, meaning, and the social. This realm of language is called the symbolic and is contrasted with the semiotic in that it is associated with the masculine, the law, and structure. Kristeva departs from Lacan in the idea that even after entering the symbolic, the subject continues to oscillate between the semiotic and the symbolic. Therefore, rather than arriving at a fixed identity, the subject is permanently "in process". Because female children continue to identify to some degree with the mother figure, they are especially likely to retain a close connection to the semiotic. This continued identification with the mother may result in what Kristeva refers to in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Sun_(Kristeva_book)" title="Black Sun (Kristeva book)">Black Sun</a></i> (1989) as <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>), given that female children simultaneously reject and identify with the mother figure. </p><p>It has also been suggested (e.g., Creed, 1993) that the degradation of women and women's bodies in popular culture (and particularly, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher films</a>) emerges because of the threat to identity that the mother's body poses: it is a reminder of time spent in the undifferentiated state of the semiotic, where one has no concept of self or identity. After abjecting the mother, subjects retain an <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> fascination with the semiotic, desiring to reunite with the mother, while at the same time fearing the loss of identity that accompanies it. <a href="/wiki/Misogyny_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogyny in horror films">Slasher films</a> thus provide a way for audience members to safely reenact the process of abjection by vicariously expelling and destroying the mother figure. </p><p>Kristeva is also known for her adoption of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>’s idea of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ra" title="Khôra">chora</a></i>, meaning "a nourishing maternal space" (Schippers, 2011). Kristeva's idea of the <i>chora</i> has been interpreted in several ways: as a reference to the uterus, as a metaphor for the relationship between the mother and child, and as the temporal period preceding the Mirror Stage. In her essay <i>Motherhood According to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a></i> from <i>Desire in Language</i> (1980), Kristeva refers to the <i>chora</i> as a "non-expressive totality formed by drives and their stases in a motility that is as full of movement as it is regulated." She goes on to suggest that it is the mother's body that mediates between the <i>chora</i> and the symbolic realm: the mother has access to culture and meaning, yet also forms a totalizing bond with the child. </p><p>Kristeva is also noted for her work on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">intertextuality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology_and_psychology">Anthropology and psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anthropology and psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristeva argues that <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, or the connection between the social and the subject, do not represent each other, but rather follow the same logic: the survival of the group and the subject. Furthermore, in her analysis of <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, she claims that the speaking subject cannot exist on his/her own, but that he/she "stands on the fragile threshold as if stranded on account of an impossible demarcation" (<i><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Horror" title="Powers of Horror">Powers of Horror</a></i>, p. 85). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg/220px-Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg/330px-Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg/440px-Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Julia Kristeva in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In her comparison between the two disciplines, Kristeva claims that the way in which an individual excludes the abject mother as a means of forming an identity, is the same way in which societies are constructed. On a broader scale, cultures exclude the maternal and the feminine, and by this come into being.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminism">Feminism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristeva has been regarded as a key proponent of <a href="/wiki/French_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French feminism">French feminism</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristeva has had a remarkable influence on feminism and feminist literary studies<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US and the UK, as well as on readings into contemporary art<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although her relation to feminist circles and movements in France has been quite controversial. Kristeva made a famous disambiguation of three types of feminism in "Women's Time" in <i>New Maladies of the Soul</i> (1993); while rejecting the first two types, including that of Beauvoir, her stands are sometimes considered rejecting feminism altogether. Kristeva proposed the idea of multiple sexual identities against the joined code <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of "unified feminine language". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denunciation_of_identity_politics">Denunciation of identity politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Denunciation of identity politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristeva argues her writings have been misunderstood by American feminist academics. In Kristeva's view, it was not enough simply to dissect the structure of language in order to find its hidden meaning. Language should also be viewed through the prisms of history and of individual psychic and sexual experiences. This <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralist</a> approach enabled specific social groups to trace the source of their oppression to the very language they used. However, Kristeva believes that it is harmful to posit collective identity above individual identity, and that this political assertion of sexual, ethnic, and religious identities is ultimately <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novelist">Novelist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Novelist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristeva has written a number of novels that resemble detective stories. While the books maintain narrative suspense and develop a stylized surface, her readers also encounter ideas intrinsic to her theoretical projects. Her characters reveal themselves mainly through psychological devices, making her type of fiction mostly resemble the later work of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a>. Her fictional oeuvre, which includes <i>The Old Man and the Wolves</i>, <i>Murder in Byzantium</i>, and <i>Possessions</i>, while often allegorical, also approaches the autobiographical in some passages, especially with one of the protagonists of <i>Possessions</i>, Stephanie Delacour—a French journalist—who can be seen as Kristeva's alter ego. <i>Murder in Byzantium</i> deals with themes from orthodox Christianity and politics; she referred to it as "a kind of anti-<a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">Da Vinci Code</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-sutherland_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sutherland-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For her "innovative explorations of questions on the intersection of language, culture and literature", Kristeva was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Holberg_International_Memorial_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Holberg International Memorial Prize">Holberg International Memorial Prize</a> in 2004. She won the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt_Prize" title="Hannah Arendt Prize">Hannah Arendt Prize</a> for Political Thought. She has also been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, and the Vaclav Havel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 10, 2019, she received an <i>honoris causa</i> doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Portugal" title="Catholic University of Portugal">Universidade Católica Portuguesa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_reception">Scholarly reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scholarly reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a> said that "Both readers and listeners, whether agreeing or in stubborn disagreement with Julia Kristeva, feel indeed attracted to her contagious voice and to her genuine gift of questioning generally adopted 'axioms,' and her contrary gift of releasing various 'damned questions' from their traditional question marks."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> comments that "Julia Kristeva changes the place of things: she always destroys the last prejudice, the one you thought you could be reassured by, could be take [sic] pride in; what she displaces is the already-said, the déja-dit, i.e., the instance of the signified, i.e., stupidity; what she subverts is authority -the authority of monologic science, of filiation."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Almond" title="Ian Almond">Ian Almond</a> criticizes Kristeva's ethnocentrism. He cites <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri Spivak">Gayatri Spivak</a>'s conclusion that Kristeva's book <i>About Chinese Women</i> "belongs to that very eighteenth century [that] Kristeva scorns" after pinpointing "the brief, expansive, often completely ungrounded way in which she writes about two thousand years of a culture she is unfamiliar with".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almond notes the absence of sophistication in Kristeva's remarks concerning the Muslim world and the dismissive terminology she uses to describe its culture and believers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticizes Kristeva's opposition which juxtaposes "Islamic societies" against "democracies where life is still fairly pleasant" by pointing out that Kristeva displays no awareness of the complex and nuanced debate ongoing among women theorists in the Muslim world, and that she does not refer to anything other than the Rushdie fatwa in dismissing the entire Muslim faith as "reactionary and persecutory".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Impostures_intellectuelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Impostures intellectuelles">Impostures intellectuelles</a></i> (1997), physics professors <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a> devote a chapter to Kristeva's use of mathematics in her early writings. They argue that Kristeva fails to show the relevance of the mathematical concepts she discusses to linguistics and the other fields she studies, and that no such relevance exists.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_collaboration_with_the_Communist_Regime_in_Bulgaria">Alleged collaboration with the Communist Regime in Bulgaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alleged collaboration with the Communist Regime in Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, Bulgaria's state Dossier Commission announced that Kristeva had been an agent for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Bulgaria)" title="Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)">Committee for State Security</a> under the code name "Sabina". She was supposedly recruited in June 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years earlier she left Bulgaria to study in France. Under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a>, any Bulgarian who wanted to travel abroad had to apply for an exit visa and get an approval from the Ministry of Interior. The process was long and difficult because anyone who made it to the west could declare political asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristeva has called the allegations "grotesque and false".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 March, the state Dossier Commission began publishing online the entire set of documents reflecting Kristeva's activity as an informant of the former Committee for State Security.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She vigorously denies the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Neal Ascherson</a> wrote: "...the recent fuss about Julia Kristeva boils down to nothing much, although it has suited some to inflate it into a fearful scandal... But the reality shown in her files is trivial. After settling in Paris in 1965, she was cornered by Bulgarian spooks who pointed out to her that she still had a vulnerable family in the home country. So she agreed to regular meetings over many years, in the course of which she seems to have told her handlers nothing more than gossip about <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a> & Co. from the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Left Bank</a> cafés – stuff they could have read in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="Le Canard enchaîné">Le Canard enchaîné</a></i>... the combined intelligence value of its product and her reports was almost zero. The Bulgarian security men seem to have known they were being played. But never mind: they could impress their boss by showing him a real international celeb on their books..."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_and_literature">Linguistic and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Linguistic and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Séméiôtiké: recherches pour une sémanalyse,</i> Paris, Seuil, 1969 (trans. in <i>Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,</i> New York, Columbia University Press, Blackwell, London, 1980)</li> <li><i>Le langage, cet inconnu: Une initiation à la linguistique,</i> S.G.P.P., 1969; new ed., coll. Points, Seuil, 1981 (trans. in 1981 as <i>Language. The Unknown: an Initiation into Linguistics</i>, Columbia University Press, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1989)</li> <li><i>La révolution du langage poétique: L'avant-garde à la fin du 19e siècle: Lautréamont et Mallarmé,</i> Seuil, Paris, 1974 (abridged trans. containing only the first third of the original French edition, <i>Revolution in Poetic Language,</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 1984)</li> <li><i>Polylogue</i>, Seuil, Paris, 1977 (trans. in <i>Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,</i> New York, Columbia University Press, Blackwell, London, 1980)</li> <li><i>Histoires d’amour</i>, Denoël, Paris, 1983 (trans. <i>Tales of Love,</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 1987)</li> <li><i>Le temps sensible. Proust et l’expérience littéraire,</i> Gallimard, Paris, 1994 (trans. <i>Time and Sense: Proust and the experience of literature</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996)</li> <li><i>Dostoïevski</i>, Buchet-Chastel, Paris, 2020</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalysis_and_philosophy">Psychoanalysis and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychoanalysis and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Pouvoirs de l’horreur. Essai sur l’abjection</i> (trans. <i><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Horror" title="Powers of Horror">Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection</a></i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982)</li> <li><i>Au commencement était l’amour. Psychanalyse et foi</i>, Hachette, Paris, 1985 (trans. <i>In the Beginning Was Love. Psychoanalysis and Faith</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987)</li> <li><i>Soleil Noir. Dépression et mélancolie</i>, Gallimard, Paris, 1987 (trans. <i>The Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia,</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 1989)</li> <li><i>Etrangers à nous-mêmes</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1988 (<i>Strangers to Ourselves</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1991)</li> <li><i>Lettre ouverte à Harlem Désir</i>, Rivages, Paris, 1990, (trans. <i>Nations without Nationalism</i>. Columbia University Press, New York, 1993</li> <li><i>Les Nouvelles maladies de l’âme</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1993 (trans. <i>New Maladies of the Soul.</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 1995)</li> <li><i>Sens et non sens de la révolte</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1996 (trans. <i>The Sense of Revolt</i>, Columbia University Press, 2000)</li> <li><i>La Révolte intime</i>, Fayard, 1997 (trans. <i>Intimate Revolt</i>, Columbia University Press, 2002)</li> <li><i>Le Génie féminin: la vie, la folie, les mots</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1999–2002 (trans. <i>Female Genius</i>: <i>Life, Madness, Words</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001–2004): <ul><li>1. <i>Hannah Arendt ou l’action comme naissance et comme étrangeté</i>, vol. 1, Fayard, Paris, 1999</li> <li><i>2. Melanie Klein ou le matricide comme douleur et comme créativité: la folie</i>, vol. 2, Fayard, Paris, 2000</li> <li><i>3. Colette ou la chair du monde</i>, vol. 3, Fayard, Paris, 2002</li></ul></li> <li><i>Vision capitales</i>, Réunion des musées nationaux, 1998 (trans. <i>The Severed Head: capital visions,</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiographical_essays">Autobiographical essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autobiographical essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Des Chinoises</i>, édition des Femmes, Paris, 1974 (<i>About Chinese Women,</i> Marion Boyars, London, 1977</li> <li><i>Du mariage considéré comme un des Beaux-Arts</i>, Fayard, Paris, 2015 (<i>Marriage as a Fine Art</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sollers" title="Philippe Sollers">Philippe Sollers</a>) Columbia University Press, New York 2016</li> <li><i>Je me voyage. Mémoires. Entretien avec Samuel Dock</i>, Fayard, Paris, 2016 (<i>A Journey Across Borders and Through Identities. Conversations with Samuel Dock</i>, in <i>The Philosophy of Julia Kristeva</i>, ed. Sara Beardsworth, The Library of Living Philosophers, vo. 36, Open Cort, Chicago, 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection_of_essays">Collection of essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collection of essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Kristeva Reader</i>, ed. Toril Moi, Columbia University Press, New York, 1986</li> <li><i>The Portable Kristeva</i>, ed. Kelly Oliver, Columbia University Press, New York, 1997</li> <li><i>Crisis of the European Subject</i>, Other Press, New York, 2000</li> <li><i>La Haine et le pardon</i>, ed. with a foreword by Pierre-Louis Fort, Fayard, Paris, 2005 (trans. <i>Hatred and forgiveness</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 2010)</li> <li><i>Pulsions du temps</i>, foreword, edition and notes by David Uhrig, Fayard, Paris, 2013 (trans. <i>Passions of Our Time</i>, ed. with a foreword by Lawrence D. Kritzman, Columbia University Press, New York, 2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Les Samouraïs</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1990 (trans. <i>The Samurai: A Novel</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1992)</li> <li><i>Le Vieil homme et les loups</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1991(trans. <i>The Old Man and the Wolves</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994)</li> <li><i>Possessions</i>, Fayard, Paris, 1996 (trans. <i>Possessions: A Novel</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 1998)</li> <li><i>Meurtre à Byzance</i>, Fayard, Paris, 2004 (trans. <i>Murder in Byzantium</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006)</li> <li><i>Thérèse mon amour : récit. Sainte Thérèse d’Avila</i>, Fayard, 2008 (trans. <i>Teresa, my love. An Imagined Life of the Saint of Avila</i>, Columbia University Press, New York, 2015)</li> <li><i>L’Horloge enchantée</i>, Fayard, Paris, 2015 (trans. <i>The Enchanted Clock,</i> Columbia University Press, 2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_to_be_alone" title="Capacity to be alone">Capacity to be alone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ra" title="Khôra">Khôra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_thinkers_influenced_by_deconstruction" title="List of thinkers influenced by deconstruction">List of thinkers influenced by deconstruction</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly Ives, <i>Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism</i>, Crescent Moon Publishing, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodward-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodward_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodward_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <a href="/wiki/Transfinite_induction" title="Transfinite induction">transfinite</a> is a concept originating in <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, and was developed for linguistics by Julia Kristeva." <i>Nihilism in Postmodernity: Lyotard, Baudrillard, <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></i>. Ashley Woodward (2009). ISBN 978-1-934542-08-8. The Davies Group, Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/tallis.html">https://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/tallis.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630015623/https://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/tallis.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20220630015623/https://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/tallis.html</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Tallis" title="Raymond Tallis">Raymond Tallis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inf-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inf_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inf_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inf_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inf_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inf_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKristeva2018" class="citation book cs1">Kristeva, Julia (2018). Kritzman, Lawrence (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/kris17144.10"><i>Passions of Our Time</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fkris17144">10.7312/kris17144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231547499" title="Special:BookSources/9780231547499"><bdi>9780231547499</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/kris17144">10.7312/kris17144</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198524720">198524720</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>. <q>Braconnier: <i>Who are the great figures in psychoanalysis who have influenced you the most?</i> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Julia Kristeva: After Freud, Melanie Klein, Winnicott, and Lacan, of course. And I learned a great deal from my supervision with André Green.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+Our+Time&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fkris17144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198524720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fkris17144%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780231547499&rft.aulast=Kristeva&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fkris17144.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creech, James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/464723?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"Julia Kristeva's Bataille: reading as triumph,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923011257/https://www.jstor.org/stable/464723?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 2018-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Diacritics</i>, <b>5</b>(1), Spring 1975, pp. 62-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campaign4equality.info/english/spip.php?article440">Simone de Beauvoir Prize 2009 goes to the One Million Signatures Campaign in Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201060949/http://www.campaign4equality.info/english/spip.php?article440">Archived</a> 2009-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Change for Equality</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorkNy_100112018" class="citation web cs1">York, The New School 66 West 12th Street New; Ny 10011 (2018-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.newschool.edu/tcds/2018/12/20/fieldnotes-from-europe-todays-fascists-accuse-julia-kristeva/">"Fieldnotes from Europe: Today's Fascists accuse Julia Kristeva"</a>. <i>Transregional Center for Democratic Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084824/https://blogs.newschool.edu/tcds/2018/12/20/fieldnotes-from-europe-todays-fascists-accuse-julia-kristeva/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transregional+Center+for+Democratic+Studies&rft.atitle=Fieldnotes+from+Europe%3A+Today%27s+Fascists+accuse+Julia+Kristeva&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=The+New+School+66+West+12th+Street+New&rft.au=Ny+10011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.newschool.edu%2Ftcds%2F2018%2F12%2F20%2Ffieldnotes-from-europe-todays-fascists-accuse-julia-kristeva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChapmanRoutledge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChapmanRoutledge_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siobhan Chapman, Christopher Routledge, <i>Key thinkers in linguistics and the philosophy of language</i>, Oxford University Press US, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518767-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518767-9">0-19-518767-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfrRiCQr4NAC&pg=PA166">Google Print, p. 166</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102844/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfrRiCQr4NAC&pg=PA166">Archived</a> 2023-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilo Kauppi, <i>Radicalism in French Culture: A Sociology of French Theory in the 1960s</i>, Burlington, VT, 2010, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrift2006" class="citation book cs1">Schrift, Alan D. (2006). <i>Twentieth-century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers</i>. Blackwell Publishing. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3217-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3217-5"><bdi>1-4051-3217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+French+Philosophy%3A+Key+Themes+and+Thinkers&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-3217-5&rft.aulast=Schrift&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benoît Peeters, <i>Derrida: A Biography,</i> Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013, pp. 176-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riding, Alan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/arts/correcting-her-idea-of-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all">Correcting Her Idea of Politically Correct</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502091532/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/arts/correcting-her-idea-of-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 2017-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 14 June 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-locauth-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-locauth_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50045983.html"><i>Library of Congress authority record for Julia Kristeva</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918101812/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50045983.html">archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+authority+record+for+Julia+Kristeva&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.loc.gov%2Fauthorities%2Fnames%2Fn50045983.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/11910116/julia_kristeva/"><i>BNF data page</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120236/http://data.bnf.fr/11910116/julia_kristeva/">archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BNF+data+page&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F11910116%2Fjulia_kristeva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHélène_Volat" class="citation cs2">Hélène Volat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510192009/http://hvolat.netai.net/Kristeva/kristlan.htm"><i>Julia Kristeva: A Bibliography</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hvolat.netai.net/Kristeva/kristlan.htm">the original</a> on 2016-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julia+Kristeva%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.au=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Volat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhvolat.netai.net%2FKristeva%2Fkristlan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span> (bibliography page for <i>Le Langage, cet inconnu</i> (1969), published under the name Julia Joyaux).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAfee2004" class="citation book cs1">McAfee, Noêlle (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1F4oOL1PACMC&q=sujet+en+proces+on+trial&pg=PA38"><i>Julia Kristeva</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-63434-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-63434-9"><bdi>0-203-63434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julia+Kristeva&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-203-63434-9&rft.aulast=McAfee&rft.aufirst=No%C3%AAlle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1F4oOL1PACMC%26q%3Dsujet%2Ben%2Bproces%2Bon%2Btrial%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041120233104/http://ms.cc.sunysb.edu/~hvolat/kristeva/krist01.htm">"State University of New York at Stony Brook"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+University+of+New+York+at+Stony+Brook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fms.cc.sunysb.edu%2F~hvolat%2Fkristeva%2Fkrist01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403002323/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/video/julia-kristeva-on-genie-feminine-and-art">"Tate Britain Online Event: Julia Kristeva"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tate+Britain+Online+Event%3A+Julia+Kristeva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fcontext-comment%2Fvideo%2Fjulia-kristeva-on-genie-feminine-and-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224930/http://www.pileface.com/sollers/article.php3?id_article=49">"Who's who in Les Samouraïs - Philippe Sollers/Pileface"</a>. <i>www.pileface.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pileface.com&rft.atitle=Who%27s+who+in+Les+Samoura%C3%AFs+-+Philippe+Sollers%2FPileface&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pileface.com%2Fsollers%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacan.com/perfume/kristeva.htm">"Julia Kristeva/Josefina Ayerza/Flash Art"</a>. <i>www.lacan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727183054/http://www.lacan.com/perfume/kristeva.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lacan.com&rft.atitle=Julia+Kristeva%2FJosefina+Ayerza%2FFlash+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacan.com%2Fperfume%2Fkristeva.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/mar/14/highereducation.research1">"The ideas interview: Julia Kristeva"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. March 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ideas+interview%3A+Julia+Kristeva&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2006%2Fmar%2F14%2Fhighereducation.research1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristeva.fr/">"Julia Kristeva - site officiel"</a>. <i>www.kristeva.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721001651/http://www.kristeva.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kristeva.fr&rft.atitle=Julia+Kristeva+-+site+officiel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristeva.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerumalil" class="citation book cs1">Perumalil, Augustine. <i>The History of Women in Philosophy</i>. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Women+in+Philosophy&rft.pages=344&rft.aulast=Perumalil&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippers2011" class="citation book cs1">Schippers, Birgit (2011). <i>Julia Kristeva and Feminist Thought</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julia+Kristeva+and+Feminist+Thought&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Schippers&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanda Zajko and <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Leonard" title="Miriam Leonard">Miriam Leonard</a> (eds.), <i>Laughing with Medusa</i>. 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MIT Press, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parallax, n. 8</i>, [Vol. 4(3)], 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humm, Maggie, <i>Modernist Women and Visual Cultures</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3266-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3266-3">0-8135-3266-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a>, <i>Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum</i>. Routledge, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Humm" title="Maggie Humm">Humm, Maggie</a>, <i>Feminism and Film</i>. 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June 14, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sutherland-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sutherland_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2006" class="citation news cs1">Sutherland, John (14 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/ideas/story/0,,1730437,00.html">"The ideas interview: Julia Kristeva; Why is a great critic ashamed of being fashionable?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221193432/https://www.theguardian.com/ideas/story/0,,1730437,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ideas+interview%3A+Julia+Kristeva%3B+Why+is+a+great+critic+ashamed+of+being+fashionable%3F&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fideas%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1730437%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.holbergprisen.no/en/julia-kristeva/french-order">http://www.holbergprisen.no/en/julia-kristeva/french-order</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art</i>, Columbia University Press, 1980 (In Preface)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Barthes, <i>The Rustle of language</i>, p 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Almond, <i>The New Orientalists: Postmodern Representations of Islam from Foucault to Baudrillard</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2007, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Almond, <i>The New Orientalists: Postmodern Representations of Islam from Foucault to Baudrillard</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Almond, <i>The New Orientalists: Postmodern Representations of Islam from Foucault to Baudrillard</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2007, pp. 154–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a>, <i>Intellectual Impostures</i>, Profile Books, 1998, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20180328.OBS4308/julia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html">"Julia Kristeva avait été recrutée par les services secrets communistes bulgares"</a>. <i>Bibliobs</i>. 28 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054334/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20180328.OBS4308/julia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bibliobs&rft.atitle=Julia+Kristeva+avait+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+recrut%C3%A9e+par+les+services+secrets+communistes+bulgares&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliobs.nouvelobs.com%2Factualites%2F20180328.OBS4308%2Fjulia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofia2018" class="citation web cs1">Sofia, Reuters in (March 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/julia-kristeva-communist-secret-agent-bulgaria-claims">"Julia Kristeva was communist secret agent, Bulgaria claims"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Julia+Kristeva+was+communist+secret+agent%2C+Bulgaria+claims&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Sofia&rft.aufirst=Reuters+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F28%2Fjulia-kristeva-communist-secret-agent-bulgaria-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2005" class="citation book cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen Rogheh (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redriviera01ghod"><i>The Red Riviera: Gender, tourism, and postsocialism on the Black Sea</i></a>. Duke University Press. <q>declare political asylum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Riviera%3A+Gender%2C+tourism%2C+and+postsocialism+on+the+Black+Sea&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+Rogheh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredriviera01ghod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/29/julia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018/">"Julia Kristeva Denies Being Bulgarian Security Agent"</a>. March 29, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714140040/https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/29/julia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julia+Kristeva+Denies+Being+Bulgarian+Security+Agent&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2018%2F03%2F29%2Fjulia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/03/30/bulgarias-dossier-commission-posts-julia-kristeva-files-online/">″Bulgaria’s Dossier Commission posts Julia Kristeva files online″</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707233601/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/03/30/bulgarias-dossier-commission-posts-julia-kristeva-files-online/">Archived</a> 2019-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Sofia Globe, 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/articles/189165/Unprecedented+-+The+Dossier+Commission+Published+the+Dossier+of+Julia+Kristeva+AKA+Agent+%22Sabina%22">″Unprecedented - The Dossier Commission Published the Dossier of Julia Kristeva AKA Agent "Sabina"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221203149/https://www.novinite.com/articles/189165/Unprecedented+-+The+Dossier+Commission+Published+the+Dossier+of+Julia+Kristeva+AKA+Agent+%22Sabina%22">Archived</a> 2019-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, novinite.com, 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comdos.bg/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0/p/search/?ApprovedPersonFirstName=%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F&ApprovedPersonMidName=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&ApprovedPersonLastName=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&ApprovedPersonBirthDate=&ApprovedPersonBirthLocation=&ExaminationPersonPosition=&search=%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5">Documents on the Dossier Commission’s website (in Bulgarian)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221200145/https://www.comdos.bg/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0/p/search/?ApprovedPersonFirstName=%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F&ApprovedPersonMidName=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&ApprovedPersonLastName=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&ApprovedPersonBirthDate=&ApprovedPersonBirthLocation=&ExaminationPersonPosition=&search=%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5">Archived</a> 2019-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Христо Христов, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desebg.com/medii/3528-2018-03-29-12-23-51">″Онлайн: Първите документи за Юлия Кръстева в Държавна сигурност″</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231042232/http://desebg.com/medii/3528-2018-03-29-12-23-51">Archived</a> 2018-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, desebg.com, 29 March 2018 (Dossier of ″Sabina″, in Bulgarian). Retrieved 31 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Христо Христов, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desebg.com/ucheni/3529-2018-03-30-05-01-16">″Само на desebg.com: Цялото досие на Юлия Кръстева онлайн (лично и работно дело)″</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529040226/http://desebg.com/ucheni/3529-2018-03-30-05-01-16">Archived</a> 2019-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, desebg.com, 30 March 2018 (Dossier of ″Sabina″, in Bulgarian). Retrieved 31 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Schuessler and Boryana Dzhambazova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/arts/julia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html">″Bulgaria Says French Thinker Was a Secret Agent. She Calls It a ‘Barefaced Lie.’″</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219122600/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/arts/julia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html">Archived</a> 2019-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ″The New York Times″, 1 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuesslerDzhambazova2018" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer; Dzhambazova, Boryana (2018-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/arts/julia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html">"Bulgaria Says French Thinker Was a Secret Agent. She Calls It a 'Barefaced Lie.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219122600/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/arts/julia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+Says+French+Thinker+Was+a+Secret+Agent.+She+Calls+It+a+%27Barefaced+Lie.%27&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Dzhambazova%2C+Boryana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F01%2Farts%2Fjulia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulia+Kristeva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal Ascherson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v40/n14/neal-ascherson/dont-imagine-youre-smarter">"Don’t imagine you’re smarter"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015075601/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v40/n14/neal-ascherson/dont-imagine-youre-smarter">Archived</a> 2019-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London Review of Books, 19 July 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_about_Julia_Kristeva">Books about Julia Kristeva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books about Julia Kristeva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beardsworth, Sara, <i>The Philosophy of Julia Kristeva</i>, The Library of Living Philosophers, vol. 36, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Open Court, Chicago, 2020</li> <li>Jardine, Alice, <i>At the Risk of Thinking. An Intellectual Biography of Julia Kristeva</i>, Bloomsbury, New York, 2020</li> <li>Ivantcheva-Merjanska, Irene, <i>Ecrire dans la langue de l'autre. Assia Djebar et Julia Kristeva,</i> L'Harmattan, Paris, 2015.</li> <li>Kelly Ives, <i>Julia Kristeva: art, love, melancholy, philosophy, semiotics and psychoanalysis</i>, Crescent Moon, Maidstone, 2013</li> <li>Becker-Leckrone, Megan, <i>Julia Kristeva And Literary Theory</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005</li> <li>Beardsworth, Sara, <i>Psychoanalysis and Modernity</i>, Suny Press, Albany, 2004</li> <li>Radden, Jennifer, <i>The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva</i>, Oxford University Press, 2000</li> <li>Lechte, John, and Margaroni, Maria, <i>Julia Kristeva: Live Theory</i>, Continuum, 2004</li> <li>McAfee, Noëlle, <i>Julia Kristeva</i>, Routledge, London, 2004</li> <li>Smith, Anna, <i>Julia Kristeva: Readings of Exile and Estrangement</i>, St. Martin's Press, New york, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Oliver" title="Kelly Oliver">Oliver, Kelly</a>, <i>Ethics, Politics, and Difference in Julia Kristeva's Writing</i>, Routledge Édition, New York, 1993</li> <li>Crownfield, David, <i>Body/Text in Julia Kristeva: Religion, Women, and Psychoanalysis</i>, State University of New York Press, 1992</li> <li>Oliver, Kelly, <i>Reading Kristeva. Unraveling the Double-bind</i>, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1983</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Kristeva&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_theory" title="Template:Feminist theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_theory" title="Template talk:Feminist theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminist_theory73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Feminist theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist 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class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feminist theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Anderson" title="Elizabeth S. Anderson">Elizabeth Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Barad" title="Karen Barad">Karen Barad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Brown" title="Wendy Brown">Wendy Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Bauer_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Bauer (philosopher)">Nancy Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Albertson_Fineman" title="Martha Albertson Fineman">Martha Fineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Julia Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine A. MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_E._H._Russell" title="Diana E. H. Russell">Diana E. H. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith">Dorothy E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Waring" title="Marilyn Waring">Marilyn Waring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_VIZE_97_Prize_recipients32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="Template:The VIZE 97 Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="Template talk:The VIZE 97 Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The VIZE 97 Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_VIZE_97_Prize_recipients32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_VIZE_97_Prize" title="The VIZE 97 Prize">The VIZE 97 Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Neubauer" title="Zdeněk Neubauer">Zdeněk Neubauer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Vop%C4%9Bnka" title="Petr Vopěnka">Petr Vopěnka</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Grof" title="Stanislav Grof">Stanislav Grof</a> (2007)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Julia Kristeva</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_C%C3%ADlek" title="Václav Cílek">Václav Cílek</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Paul_Liessmann" title="Konrad Paul Liessmann">Konrad Paul Liessmann</a> (2010)</li> <li>Iva Mojžišová (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miloslav_Petrusek" title="Miloslav Petrusek">Miloslav Petrusek</a> (2012)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jiří Fiala (2013)</span></li> <li>Andrew Lass (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Sokol_(philosopher)" title="Jan Sokol (philosopher)">Jan Sokol</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">N. David Mermin</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ja%C5%99ab" title="Josef Jařab">Josef Jařab</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B%C3%BAtora" title="Martin Bútora">Martin Bútora</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kristeva, Julia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122839200">ISNI</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Joyaux, Julia (married name)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368652489">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108172648">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15799/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxtFprk6Qdmj3bJh8DMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118778056">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045983">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11910116q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11910116q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446365">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kristeva, Julia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV074894">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35283215">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010309077&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000040737">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=68541">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018K1795">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615498">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prsl5w4qw23z1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810603888905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264150305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512899306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13984633">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00203879?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/julia-kristeva">PhilPeople</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118778056">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/896676">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118778056.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118778056">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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