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</button> <ul id="toc-Canon_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rejected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rejected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmentong_Muratorian" title="Pragmentong Muratorian – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pragmentong Muratorian" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_Muratori%C3%A0" title="Fragment Muratorià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fragment Muratorià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratoriho_k%C3%A1non" title="Muratoriho kánon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muratoriho kánon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Muratoriske_Fragment" title="Det Muratoriske Fragment – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Muratoriske Fragment" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_Muratori" title="Kanon Muratori – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanon Muratori" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmento_muratoriano" title="Fragmento muratoriano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fragmento muratoriano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratoria_kanono" title="Muratoria kanono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muratoria kanono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_de_Muratori" title="Fragment de Muratori – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fragment de Muratori" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmint_fan_Muratori" title="Fragmint fan Muratori – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fragmint fan Muratori" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_Muratori" title="Kanon Muratori – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanon Muratori" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canone_muratoriano" title="Canone muratoriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canone muratoriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="הפרגמנט המורטורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרגמנט המורטורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Muratorianus" title="Canon Muratorianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canon Muratorianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratori-t%C3%B6red%C3%A9k" title="Muratori-töredék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Muratori-töredék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="മുറാത്തോറിയുടെ ശകലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുറാത്തോറിയുടെ ശകലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Muratori" title="Canon Muratori – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canon Muratori" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%B8%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%B2" title="ムラトリ正典目録 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムラトリ正典目録" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_muratoriske_fragment" title="Det muratoriske fragment – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det muratoriske fragment" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_Muratoriego" title="Kanon Muratoriego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanon Muratoriego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2none_Muratori" title="Cânone Muratori – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cânone Muratori" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мураториев канон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мураториев канон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratorijev_fragmenat" title="Muratorijev fragmenat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muratorijev fragmenat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratorin_kaanon" title="Muratorin kaanon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muratorin kaanon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratoriekanon" title="Muratoriekanon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muratoriekanon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmentong_Muratorian" title="Pragmentong Muratorian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pragmentong Muratorian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muratori_Kanonu" title="Muratori Kanonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muratori Kanonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мураторіїв канон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мураторіїв канон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%81" title="مرتوروی نسخہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرتوروی نسخہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Canon_Muratori.png/220px-Canon_Muratori.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Canon_Muratori.png/330px-Canon_Muratori.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Canon_Muratori.png/440px-Canon_Muratori.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Last page of the Canon Muratori, as published by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prideaux_Tregelles" title="Samuel Prideaux Tregelles">Tregelles</a> in 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Muratorian fragment</b>, also known as the <b>Muratorian Canon</b> (Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><b>Canon Muratori</b></i></span>), is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of most of the books of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> manuscript bound in a roughly 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> from the library of <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a>'s monastery at <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey" title="Bobbio Abbey">Bobbio Abbey</a>; it contains features suggesting it is a translation from a <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> original written in the late 2nd century (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 170–200</span>). Other scholars suggest it might have been originally written as late as the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century#Defining_scripture" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a>, although this is not the consensus opinion. Both the degraded condition of the manuscript and the poor Latin in which it was written have made it difficult to translate. The beginning of the fragment is missing, and it ends abruptly. The fragment consists of all that remains of a section of a list of all the works that were accepted as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> by the churches known to its original compiler. </p><p>During the time period of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, there was no accepted "New Testament", merely books considered of greater or lesser value. While likely not intended strictly as a canon list, the fragment is evidence of among the first attempts to systemize such a group of approved writings, at least if it indeed dates to the 2nd century. Debates on what works should be accepted as scripture would continue. The earliest version of the eventual consensus New Testament canon did not occur until 367, when bishop <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> in his annual <a href="/wiki/Easter_letter" title="Easter letter">Easter letter</a> composed a list that is still recognized today as the canon of 27 books.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it would take several more centuries of debate until agreement on Athanasius' canon was reached within all of Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-LC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscript_history">Manuscript history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manuscript history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muratorian fragment was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Ambrosian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> by Father <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">Ludovico Antonio Muratori</a> (1672–1750), the most famous Italian historian of his generation. Realizing its significance and antiquity, he published it in 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript was likely copied sometime during or near the 8th century at <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey" title="Bobbio Abbey">Bobbio Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few lines of the Muratorian fragment were later found preserved in some codices of Paul's Epistles at the Benedictine abbey of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These documents date from the 11th and 12th centuries, and the copied lines largely concur with the Bobbio version with minor variations.<sup id="cite_ref-eckhardt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckhardt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_and_date">Authorship and date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship and date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muratorian_Fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muratorian_Fragment.jpg/300px-Muratorian_Fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muratorian_Fragment.jpg/450px-Muratorian_Fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muratorian_Fragment.jpg/600px-Muratorian_Fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Muratorian fragment preserved in Milan, Bibliotheca Ambrosiana, Cod. J 101 sup.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original author of the fragment is unknown. The text of the list itself is traditionally dated to the second half of the second century because the author refers to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a> (140—155), as recent: </p> <blockquote><p>But Hermas wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas"><i>The Shepherd</i></a> "most recently in our time", in the city of Rome, while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the chair of the church of the city of Rome. And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among the Prophets, whose number is complete, or among the Apostles, for it is after their time.</p></blockquote> <p>Another reason suggesting a date toward the end of the second century is the concern with denouncing <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>, a Christian bishop whose influence was the strongest in the second century, as well as Gnostics, who were also more prominent in the 2nd century than at later dates.<sup id="cite_ref-eckhardt_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckhardt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The document contains a list of books the Roman church of his era considered authoritative — a predecessor to what would become the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. A similar list concerning the Old Testament likely preceded it, but if such a section was written, it was not preserved in the fragment. The fragment is in barbarous Latin which has probably been translated from an original in Greek, the language prevailing in the second century Christian community of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> has advocated the traditional dating,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as has Charles E. Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reason to suspect an origin in the Western church, other than the obvious of the manuscript being found in Italy, is the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> in the list, which appears to have been more widely accepted in the Greek-speaking east of the Roman Empire than in the Western, Roman church.<sup id="cite_ref-eckhardt_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckhardt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars disagree with this dating, however. Albert Sundburg proposed a rival interpretation in 1973: that the fragment did not originate from Roman Christians, but rather the Greek-speaking east of the empire, and is dated to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">fourth century</a> due to its mention of the Apocalypse of Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this interpretation, the reference to the Shepherd of Hermas merely meant "recently" in a broader sense of "not stretching all the way back to the 1st century", in this view. Another option propounded by Clare Rothschild is that the fragment was written in Latin originally in the 4th century, possibly even later, and the reason for the awful Latin style was not poor translation but rather the copyist being unfamiliar with the abbreviation style used in the older manuscript. Rothschild also sees the fragment as a forgery attempting to portray itself as being written in the 2nd century, to explain the reference to the Shepherd and Pius. As an example, most scholars do not believe the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a> to have been written by Pope Gelasius or even during his reign; similarly, it is possible that the writer was merely backdating their work by saying Pius was recent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theories for a later composition date have in general not prevailed over the existing scholarly consensus suggesting a second century date as the most likely.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eckhardt_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckhardt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rothschild theory in particular has been criticized by scholar Christophe Guignard on many aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unidentified author accepts four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, the last two of which are <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, but the names of the first two at the beginning of the list are missing. Scholars find it highly likely that the missing two gospels are <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, although this remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-LC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also accepted by the author are the "<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of all Apostles</a>" and 13 of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> is not mentioned in the fragment). The author considers spurious the letters claiming to have <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> as author that are ostensibly addressed <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">to the Laodiceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Alexandrians" title="Epistle to the Alexandrians">to the Alexandrians</a>. Of these he says they are "forged in Paul's name to [further] the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>." </p><p>Of the <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">General epistles</a>, the author accepts the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> and says that two epistles "bearing the name of John are counted in the catholic church". <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a> are not mentioned in the fragment. It is clear that the author assumed that the author of the Gospel of John was the same as the author of the First Epistle of John, for in the middle of discussing the Gospel of John he says "what marvel then is it that John brings forward these several things so constantly <i>in his epistles also,</i> saying in his own person, "What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled that have we written," (1 John 1:1) which is a quotation from the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a>. It is not clear whether the other <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of John">epistle</a> in question is <a href="/wiki/2_John" class="mw-redirect" title="2 John">2 John</a> or <a href="/wiki/3_John" class="mw-redirect" title="3 John">3 John</a>. Another indication that the author identified the Gospel writer John with two epistles bearing John's name is that when he specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to <i>the above mentioned John.</i>" In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John. The author also includes the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a>, "written by the friends of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> in his honor" [line 70] in the canon, and places the reference next to the epistles. </p><p>The fragment mentions two approved works of <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypse of John">Apocalypse of John</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>. The Apocalypse of John would go on to be better known as "Revelation" in the modern New Testament, while the Apocalypse of Peter would eventually fall out of favor in the 4th and 5th centuries. The author seems to think that the author of the Apocalypse of John (see <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works#Book_of_Revelation" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">debate on the authorship of Revelation</a>) was a "predecessor" of Paul and wrote his epistles to the 7 churches first, although this dating does not match later scholarship, which believes Paul's epistles predate the Apocalypse. The author also remarks that "some of us will not allow [the Apocalypse of Peter] to be read in church".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hesitation with the Apocalypse of Peter would manifest in later centuries with it not being included in later canons. As the manuscript legacy for the Apocalypse of Peter is more sparse than books that made it into the New Testament, it is difficult to know how closely the Apocalypse of Peter read by the author of the fragment matches the few surviving manuscripts of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canon_list">Canon list</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canon list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book </th> <th>Muratorian Canon </th> <th>Present canon<sup id="cite_ref-canon_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> </th> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Probably<sup id="cite_ref-Gospels_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospels-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> </th> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Probably<sup id="cite_ref-Gospels_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gospels-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-luther_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luther-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-luther_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luther-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a> </th> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Probably<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a> </th> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a> </th> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-luther_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luther-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Apocalypse of John</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-luther_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luther-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Apocalypse_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Varies by denomination<sup id="cite_ref-Wisdom_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisdom-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejected_works">Rejected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rejected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book </th> <th>Muratorian Canon </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> </th> <td style="background: #FF8; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center">Recommended </td> <td>The author admires it and suggests it should be read, but does not consider it a work of scripture as it was "recently written," and the author considered only works from prophets or apostles to be worthy of canonicity. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Called a forgery of <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> and his followers. A <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost work</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Alexandrians" title="Epistle to the Alexandrians">Epistle to the Alexandrians</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Called a forgery of <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> and his followers. A <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost work</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Works of Arsinous,<br /><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a>, Miltiades,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Many of these were figures in <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, a major sect of Christianity in the second century. The manuscript becomes impossible to read afterward, providing no explanation for why they were condemned. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-canon-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canon_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> does not recognise the following books: 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Epistle of Jude, Apocalypse of John.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also rejects certain verses of books as non-canonical: Matthew 27:35(b), Luke 22:17-18, John 7:53, 8:1-11, Acts 8:37, 15:34 and 28:29, and 1 John 5:7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gospels-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gospels_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gospels_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The beginning of the Muratorian Canon is lost; the fragment that has survived, starts by naming Luke the third gospel and John the fourth. Historians therefore assume that the first two gospels would have been Matthew and Mark, although this remains uncertain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luther-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luther_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luther_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luther_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luther_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> doubted the canonicity of Hebrews, James, Jude and the Apocalypse of John. He showed this by the way in which he ordered them. However, he did incorporate the books in his canon, and all Lutheran communities have done so since.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Muratorian fragment mentions two letters by John, but gives little clues as to which ones. Therefore, it is not known which of the three was excluded that would later be considered canonical. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> thought that the Muratorian fragment cites 1 John 1:1-3 when it says: "What marvel is it then, if John so consistently mentions these particular points also in his Epistles, saying about himself, 'What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears and our hands have handled, these things we have written to you?'".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apocalypse-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apocalypse_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With some reservation however: "though some amongst us will not have [the Apocalypse of Peter] read in the Church."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisdom-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wisdom_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a> is accepted as a canonical part of the Old Testament by Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches and also by the Assyrian Church of the East. Most Protestants consider it apocryphal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806039.htm">"From Letter 39 (Athanasius)"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=From+Letter+39+%28Athanasius%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2806039.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195141832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195141832"><bdi>978-0195141832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195141832&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muratori, <i>Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevii</i> (Milan 1740), vol. III, pp 809–80. Located within <i>Dissertatio XLIII</i> (cols. 807-80), entitled 'De Literarum Statu., neglectu, & cultura in Italia post Barbaros in eam invectos usque ad Anum Christii Millesimum Centesimum', at cols. 851-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTregelles1867">Tregelles 1867</a>, pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10642a.htm"><i>The Catholic Encyclopaedia</i> ("Muratorian Canon")</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eckhardt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eckhardt_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eckhardt_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eckhardt_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eckhardt_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabel2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eckhard_J._Schnabel" title="Eckhard J. Schnabel">Schnabel, Eckhard J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/files_JETS-PDFs_57_57-2_JETS_57-2_231-64_Schnabel.pdf">"The Muratorian Fragment: The State of Research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Evangelical_Theological_Society" title="Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society">Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</a> (JETS)</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 231–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society+%28JETS%29&rft.atitle=The+Muratorian+Fragment%3A+The+State+of+Research&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-264&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=Eckhard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetsjets.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2Ffiles_JETS-PDFs_57_57-2_JETS_57-2_231-64_Schnabel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (1982). "Canon Muratori: Date and Provenance". In <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, Elizabeth A.</a> (ed.). <i>Studia Patristica, Volume 17, Part 3</i>. pp. 677–683.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+Muratori%3A+Date+and+Provenance&rft.btitle=Studia+Patristica%2C+Volume+17%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=677-683&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1987">Metzger 1987</a>, pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/pdf/fragment_hill.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Debate Over the Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon," Westminster Theological Journal 57:2 (Fall 1995)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>earlychurch.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earlychurch.org.uk&rft.atitle=%22The+Debate+Over+the+Muratorian+Fragment+and+the+Development+of+the+Canon%2C%22+Westminster+Theological+Journal+57%3A2+%28Fall+1995%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychurch.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Ffragment_hill.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauserWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Alan J.; Watson, Duane F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQih-WGT_YIC"><i>A History of Biblical Interpretation, Volume 1: The Ancient Period</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4273-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Biblical+Interpretation%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Ancient+Period&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4273-2&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Duane+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQih-WGT_YIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span> ; see Hahneman, Geoffrey Mark. <i>The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon.</i> (Oxford: Clarendon) 1992 or Sundberg, Albert C., Jr. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1509348">Canon Muratori: A Fourth Century List</a>" in <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> <b>66</b> (1973): 1–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothschild2022">Rothschild 2022</a>, pp. 9–10, 168–169, 184–185, 188–189, 309–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jens_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jens Schröter (page does not exist)">Jens Schröter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Schr%C3%B6ter" class="extiw" title="de:Jens Schröter">de</a>]</span>, <i>Von Jesus zum Neuen Testament</i>. Studien zur urchristlichen Theologiegeschichte und zur Entstehung des neutestamentlichen Kanons. Tübingen 2007, p. 310, note 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuignar2019" class="citation web cs1">Guignar, Christophe (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/rsr/6220">"The Muratorian Fragment as a Late Antique Fake? An Answer to C. K. Rothschild"</a>. <i>Revue des Sciences Religieuses</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+Sciences+Religieuses&rft.atitle=The+Muratorian+Fragment+as+a+Late+Antique+Fake%3F+An+Answer+to+C.+K.+Rothschild&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Guignar&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Frsr%2F6220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruger2013" class="citation web cs1">Kruger, Michael J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michaeljkruger.com/ten-basic-facts-about-the-nt-canon-that-every-christian-should-memorize-6-at-the-end-of-the-second-century-the-muratorian-fragment-lists-22-of-our-27-nt-books-2/">"Ten Basics Facts about the NT Canon that Every Christian Should Memorize: "At the End of the Second Century, the Muratorian Fragment lists 22 of pur 27 NT books"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>canon fodder</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canon+fodder&rft.atitle=Ten+Basics+Facts+about+the+NT+Canon+that+Every+Christian+Should+Memorize%3A+%22At+the+End+of+the+Second+Century%2C+the+Muratorian+Fragment+lists+22+of+pur+27+NT+books%22&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichaeljkruger.com%2Ften-basic-facts-about-the-nt-canon-that-every-christian-should-memorize-6-at-the-end-of-the-second-century-the-muratorian-fragment-lists-22-of-our-27-nt-books-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1987">Metzger 1987</a>, p. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bethkokheh.assyrianchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/catechism-of-the-Church-of-the-East-edited-in-the-year-2020.pdf">"Catechism of The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 23–24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+The+Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.pages=23-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbethkokheh.assyrianchurch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2Fcatechism-of-the-Church-of-the-East-edited-in-the-year-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1987">Metzger 1987</a>, p. 306</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Metzger, Bruce</a> (1987). <i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 191–201, 305–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826954-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826954-4"><bdi>0-19-826954-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=191-201%2C+305-307&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-826954-4&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothschild2022" class="citation book cs1">Rothschild, Clare K. (2022). <i>The Muratorian Fragment: Text, Translation, Commentary</i>. Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 132. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-161174-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-161174-2"><bdi>978-3-16-161174-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muratorian+Fragment%3A+Text%2C+Translation%2C+Commentary&rft.series=Studien+und+Texte+zu+Antike+und+Christentum+132&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-16-161174-2&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Clare+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregelles1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prideaux_Tregelles" title="Samuel Prideaux Tregelles">Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmUVAAAAQAAJ"><i>Canon Muratorianus: The Earliest Catalogue of the Books of the New Testament</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+Muratorianus%3A+The+Earliest+Catalogue+of+the+Books+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Tregelles&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Prideaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmUVAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuratorian+fragment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jonathan J. Armstrong, "Victorinus of Pettau as the Author of the Canon Muratori," <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>, 62,1 (2008), pp 1–34.</li> <li>Bruce, F.F. <i>The Canon of Scripture.</i> Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1988.</li> <li>Kruger, Michael J. <i>Canon Revisited: Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books</i>. Crossway, 2012</li> <li>Verheyden, J., "The Canon Muratori: A Matter of dispute," Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium (2003), The Biblical Canons, ed. by J.-M. Auwers & H. J. De Jonge, p. 487–556.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muratorian_fragment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Muratorian_fragment" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_V/Caius/Fragments_of_Caius/Canon_Muratorianus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume V/Caius/Fragments of Caius/Canon Muratorianus">Canon Muratorianus</a> at Wikisource, an 1885 translation of the Muratorian fragment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canonmuratorianu00treg/page/n24/mode/1up">The facsimile of the Muratorian Canon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Muratorian_Canon.shtml">"The development of the canon of the New Testament"</a>: The Muratorian Canon</li> <li>Henry Wace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.Muratorian_Fragment.html"><i>A Dictionary of Christian biography</i></a>: Muratorian fragment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/muratorian.html">Earlychristianwritings.com: Original and amended Latin and English translation of the Muratorian fragment.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/extras/Muratorian.html">Muratorian Fragment in the Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a></li> <li>C. E. Hill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/pdf/fragment_hill.pdf">"The Debate Over the Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon," Westminster Theological Journal 57:2 (Fall 1995): 437–452</a>(PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmss.nuigalway.ie/catalogue/690">More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a 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href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692665#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692665#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692665#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184760848">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19089969">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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