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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(1890s–1930s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history (1890s–1930s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(1890s–1930s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_and_market_expansion_(1930s–1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_and_market_expansion_(1930s–1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Challenges and market expansion (1930s–1940s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_and_market_expansion_(1930s–1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age_(late_1940s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age_(late_1940s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Golden age (late 1940s–1960s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age_(late_1940s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_Hindi_cinema_(1970s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_Hindi_cinema_(1970s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Classic Hindi cinema (1970s–1980s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_Hindi_cinema_(1970s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Hindi_cinema_(1990s–2020s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Hindi_cinema_(1990s–2020s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 New Hindi cinema (1990s–2020s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Hindi_cinema_(1990s–2020s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_Hindi_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_Hindi_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influences on Hindi cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_Hindi_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Hindi_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Hindi_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influence of Hindi cinema </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_of_Hindi_cinema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence of Hindi cinema subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Hindi_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Overseas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casts_and_crews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casts_and_crews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Casts and crews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casts_and_crews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripts,_dialogues,_and_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripts,_dialogues,_and_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Scripts, dialogues, and lyrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripts,_dialogues,_and_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_makeup_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_makeup_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Female makeup artists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_makeup_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Song and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Advertising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_filming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_filming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International filming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_filming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Global markets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global markets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Asia-Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.1 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.2 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.3 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Eastern Europe and Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Middle East and North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe_and_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe_and_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Western Europe and North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe_and_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Plagiarism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plagiarism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Plagiarism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hindi cinema</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="ቦሊውድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦሊውድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بوليوود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوليوود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollivud" title="Bollivud – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bollivud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দি চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Балівуд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балівуд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1" title="बॉलीवुड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बॉलीवुड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Боливуд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боливуд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Film" title="Hindi-Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindi-Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ބޮލީވުޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޮލީވުޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1" title="बलिउड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बलिउड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Μπόλυγουντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπόλυγουντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivudo" title="Bolivudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bolivudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بالیوود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالیوود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C" title="볼리우드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼리우드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4" title="Բոլիվուդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոլիվուդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी सिनेमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दी सिनेमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93" title="בוליווד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוליווד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಲಿವುಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಲಿವುಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბოლივუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოლივუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%B2%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%8F%DA%88" title="بٲلی وُڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بٲلی وُڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivuda" title="Bolivuda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bolivuda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivudas" title="Bolivudas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bolivudas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1" title="बलिउड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बलिउड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Боливуд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боливуд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോളിവുഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോളിവുഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1" title="बॉलीवूड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॉलीवूड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბოლივუდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოლივუდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97" title="ꯕꯣꯜꯂꯤꯋꯨꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯣꯜꯂꯤꯋꯨꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Болливүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Болливүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1" title="बलिउड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बलिउड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी संकिपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दी संकिपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ボリウッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリウッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਸਿਨੇਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਸਿਨੇਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%88" title="بالی وڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالی وڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%88%DA%89" title="باليووډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باليووډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Болливуд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болливуд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88%DA%88" title="بالی ووڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بالی ووڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="බොලිවුඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බොලිවුඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%88%DA%8A" title="باليووڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باليووڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بۆلیوود – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆلیوود" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivud" title="Bolivud – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bolivud" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bollywood" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian cinema</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese (Jollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_cinema" title="Badaga cinema">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali (Tollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri (Bhojwood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bodo-language_films" title="List of Bodo-language films">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi (Chhollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_cinema" title="Deccani cinema">Deccani (Dollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri (Pahariwood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_Indian_films" title="English-language Indian films">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati (Gollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi (Bollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jharkhand" title="Cinema of Jharkhand">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada (Sandalwood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_cinema" title="Khortha cinema">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_Cinema" title="Kokborok Cinema">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_cinema" title="Kutchi cinema">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam (Mollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur" title="Cinema of Manipur">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_cinema" title="Nagpuri cinema">Nagpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali cinema">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odia (Ollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_cinema" title="Sambalpuri cinema">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_cinema" title="Santali cinema">Santali (Sollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil (Kollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu (Tollywood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu (Coastalwood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu cinema">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table> Hindi cinema, popularly known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003-1">[1]</a> refers to the film industry based in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, engaged in production of motion pictures in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> language. The popular term Bollywood is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "Bombay" (former name of Mumbai) and "<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>". The industry is a part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cinema">Indian cinema</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India" title="Cinema of South India">South Indian cinema</a> and other smaller <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India#Cinema_by_language" title="Cinema of India">film industries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-filmfed-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The term 'Bollywood', often mistakenly used to refer to Indian cinema as a whole, only refers to Hindi-language films, with Indian cinema being an umbrella term that includes all the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India#Cinema_by_language" title="Cinema of India">film industries</a> in the country, each offering films in diverse languages and styles. In 2017, Indian cinema produced 1,986 feature films, of which the largest number, 364 have been in Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-filmfed-2">[2]</a> In 2022, Hindi cinema represented 33% of box office revenue, followed by <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a> representing 20% and 16% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Statista_2022-5">[5]</a> Hindi cinema is one of the largest centres for film production in the world.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Hindi films sold an estimated 341 million tickets in India in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Earlier Hindi films tended to use vernacular <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, mutually intelligible by speakers of either Hindi or <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, while modern Hindi productions increasingly incorporate elements of <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lang-11">[11]</a> The most popular commercial genre in Hindi cinema since the 1970s has been the <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala film</a>, which freely mixes different genres including <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">musical numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ganti2004-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Masala films generally fall under the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical film</a> genre, of which Indian cinema has been the largest producer since the 1960s when it exceeded the American film industry's total musical output after musical films declined in the West. The first Indian <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a> (1931), was produced in the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> language, four years after Hollywood's first sound film, <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a> (1927). Alongside commercial masala films, a distinctive genre of <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> has also existed, presenting realistic content and avoidance of musical numbers. In more recent years, the distinction between commercial masala and parallel cinema has been gradually blurring, with an increasing number of mainstream films adopting the conventions which were once strictly associated with parallel cinema. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hollywood-inspired_nicknames" title="List of Hollywood-inspired nicknames">List of Hollywood-inspired nicknames</a></div> "Bollywood" is a portmanteau derived from Bombay (the former name of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>) and "Hollywood", a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">shorthand reference</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American film industry</a> which is based in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-portmanteau-14">[14]</a> The term "Tollywood", for the <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">cinema of West Bengal</a>, predated "Bollywood".<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-15">[15]</a> It was used in a 1932 <a href="/wiki/American_Cinematographer" title="American Cinematographer">American Cinematographer</a> article by Wilford E. Deming, an American engineer who helped produce the first Indian sound picture.<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-15">[15]</a> "Bollywood" was probably invented in Bombay-based film trade journals in the 1960s or 1970s, though the exact inventor varies by account.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-khanna-17">[17]</a> Film journalist Bevinda Collaco claims she coined the term for the title of her column in <a href="/wiki/Screen_(magazine)" title="Screen (magazine)">Screen</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-collaco-18">[18]</a> Her column entitled "On the Bollywood Beat" covered studio news and celebrity gossip.<a href="#cite_note-collaco-18">[18]</a> Other sources state that lyricist, filmmaker and scholar <a href="/wiki/Amit_Khanna" title="Amit Khanna">Amit Khanna</a> was its creator.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It is unknown if it was derived from "Hollywood" through "Tollywood", or was inspired directly by "Hollywood". The term has been criticised by some film journalists and critics, who believe it implies that the industry is a poor cousin of Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-portmanteau-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(1890s–1930s)">Early history (1890s–1930s)</h3></div> In 1897, a film presentation by Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>'s Star Theatre. With Stevenson's encouragement and camera, <a href="/wiki/Hiralal_Sen" title="Hiralal Sen">Hiralal Sen</a>, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, The Flower of Persia (1898).<a href="#cite_note-Hiralal2-21">[21]</a> The Wrestlers (1899) by <a href="/wiki/H._S._Bhatavdekar" title="H. S. Bhatavdekar">H. S. Bhatavdekar</a> showed a <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> match at the Hanging Gardens in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phalke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dadasaheb Phalke, examining a strip of film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phalke.jpg/170px-Phalke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phalke.jpg/255px-Phalke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phalke.jpg/340px-Phalke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Dadasaheb Phalke is considered the father of Indian cinema, including Hindi cinema.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dadasaheb Phalke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> <a href="/wiki/Raja_Harishchandra" title="Raja Harishchandra">Raja Harishchandra</a> (1913) is the first <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature-length film</a> made in India.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The film, being silent, had <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitles</a>. By the 1930s, the Indian film industry as a whole was producing over 200 films per year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003136-137-27">[27]</a> The first Indian sound film, <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Irani" title="Ardeshir Irani">Ardeshir Irani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a> (1931), made in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> language, was commercially successful.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> With a great demand for talkies and musicals, Hindustani cinema (as Hindi cinema was then known as)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003146-29">[29]</a> and the other language film industries quickly switched to sound films. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_and_market_expansion_(1930s–1940s)">Challenges and market expansion (1930s–1940s)</h3></div> The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times; India was buffeted by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, and the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a>. Although most early Bombay films were unabashedly <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapist</a>, a number of filmmakers tackled tough social issues or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their films.<a href="#cite_note-britannica2-30">[30]</a> Irani made the first <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> colour film, <a href="/wiki/Kisan_Kanya" title="Kisan Kanya">Kisan Kanya</a>, in 1937. The following year, he made a colour version of <a href="/wiki/Mother_India_(book)" title="Mother India (book)">Mother India</a>. However, colour did not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were cinematic staples. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf/page1-330px-Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf/page1-495px-Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf/page1-660px-Hindi_movie_production_trend.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Number of Hindi movies released since 1930. A rapid expansion was seen from the mid-1940s.</figcaption></figure> The decade of the 1940s saw an expansion of Bombay cinema's commercial market and its presence in the national consciousness. The year 1943 saw the arrival of Indian cinema's first 'blockbuster' offering, the movie <a href="/wiki/Kismet_(1943_film)" title="Kismet (1943 film)">Kismet</a>, which grossed in excess of the important barrier of one <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (10 million) rupees, made on a budget of only two <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (200,000) rupees.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The film tackled contemporary issues, especially those arising from the Indian Independence movement, and went on to become "the longest running hit of Indian cinema", a title it held till the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Film personalities like Bimal Roy, Sahir Ludhianvi and Prithviraj Kapoor participated in the creation of a national movement against colonial rule in India, while simultaneously leveraging the popular political movement to increase their own visibility and popularity.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Themes from the Independence Movement deeply influenced Bombay film directors, screen-play writers, and lyricists, who saw their films in the context of social reform and the problems of the common people.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Before the Partition, the Bombay film industry was closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lahore film industry</a> (known as "Lollywood"; now part of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani film industry">Pakistani film industry</a>); both produced films in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (also known as Hindi-Urdu), the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of northern and central India.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-36">[36]</a> Another centre of Hindustani-language film production was the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengal film industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> (now Kolkata, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>), which produced Hindustani-language films and local <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> films.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-38">[38]</a> Many actors, filmmakers and musicians from the Lahore industry migrated to the Bombay industry during the 1940s, including actors <a href="/wiki/K._L._Saigal" title="K. L. Saigal">K. L. Saigal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dev_Anand" title="Dev Anand">Dev Anand</a> as well as playback singers <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi" title="Mohammed Rafi">Mohammed Rafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noorjahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Noorjahan">Noorjahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamshad_Begum" title="Shamshad Begum">Shamshad Begum</a>. Around the same time, filmmakers and actors from the Calcutta film industry began migrating to Bombay; as a result, Bombay became the center of Hindustani-language film production.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-38">[38]</a> The 1947 partition of India divided the country into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which precipitated the migration of filmmaking talent from film production centres like <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, which bore the brunt of the partition violence.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-38">[38]</a> This included actors, filmmakers and musicians from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> (particularly the present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Punjab">Pakistani Punjab</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-36">[36]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)">North-West Frontier Province</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> These events further consolidated the Bombay film industry's position as the preeminent center for film production in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age_(late_1940s–1960s)">Golden age (late 1940s–1960s)</h3></div> The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, after <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's independence</a>, is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this time. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Kaagaz_Ke_Phool" title="Kaagaz Ke Phool">Kaagaz Ke Phool</a> (1959), directed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Abrar_Alvi" title="Abrar Alvi">Abrar Alvi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Awaara" title="Awaara">Awaara</a> (1951) and <a href="/wiki/Shree_420" title="Shree 420">Shree 420</a> (1955), directed by <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aan" title="Aan">Aan</a> (1952), directed by <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a>. The films explored social themes, primarily dealing with working-class life in India (particularly urban life) in the first two examples. Awaara presented the city as both nightmare and dream, and Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of urban life.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957), a remake of his earlier <a href="/wiki/Aurat_(1940_film)" title="Aurat (1940 film)">Aurat</a> (1940), was the first Indian film nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>; it lost by a single vote.<a href="#cite_note-Thaindian_1-45">[45]</a> Mother India defined conventional Hindi cinema for decades.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It spawned a genre of <a href="/wiki/Dacoit_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit film">dacoit films</a>, in turn defined by <a href="/wiki/Gunga_Jumna" title="Gunga Jumna">Gunga Jumna</a> (1961).<a href="#cite_note-Teo-49">[49]</a> Written and produced by Dilip Kumar, Gunga Jumna was a dacoit <a href="/wiki/Crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime drama">crime drama</a> about two brothers on opposite sides of the law (a theme which became common in Indian films during the 1970s).<a href="#cite_note-Ganti-50">[50]</a> Some of the best-known <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic films</a> of Hindi cinema were also produced at this time, such as <a href="/wiki/K._Asif" title="K. Asif">K. Asif</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam" title="Mughal-e-Azam">Mughal-e-Azam</a> (1960).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Other acclaimed mainstream Hindi filmmakers during this period included <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Amrohi" title="Kamal Amrohi">Kamal Amrohi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Bhatt" title="Vijay Bhatt">Vijay Bhatt</a>. The three most popular male Indian actors of the 1950s and 1960s were <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dev_Anand" title="Dev Anand">Dev Anand</a>, each with a unique acting style. Kapoor adopted <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tramp" title="The Tramp">tramp</a> persona; Anand modeled himself on suave Hollywood stars like <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, and Kumar pioneered a form of <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method acting</a> which predated Hollywood method actors such as <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>. Kumar, who was described as "the ultimate method actor" by <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, inspired future generations of Indian actors. Much like Brando's influence on <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a>, Kumar had a similar influence on <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui" title="Nawazuddin Siddiqui">Nawazuddin Siddiqui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quint-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu-kumar-53">[53]</a> Veteran actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Suraiya" title="Suraiya">Suraiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nargis" title="Nargis">Nargis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumitra_Devi_(actress)" title="Sumitra Devi (actress)">Sumitra Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meena_Kumari" title="Meena Kumari">Meena Kumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waheeda_Rehman" title="Waheeda Rehman">Waheeda Rehman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutan" title="Nutan">Nutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadhana_Shivdasani" title="Sadhana Shivdasani">Sadhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mala_Sinha" title="Mala Sinha">Mala Sinha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyjayanthimala" title="Vyjayanthimala">Vyjayanthimala</a> have had their share of influence on Hindi cinema.<a href="#cite_note-actorsuntil90-54">[54]</a> While commercial Hindi cinema was thriving, the 1950s also saw the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-44">[44]</a> Although the movement (emphasising <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>) was led by <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali cinema</a>, it also began gaining prominence in Hindi cinema. Early examples of parallel cinema include <a href="/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal" title="Dharti Ke Lal">Dharti Ke Lal</a> (1946), directed by <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a> and based on the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksha-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neecha_Nagar" title="Neecha Nagar">Neecha Nagar</a> (1946) directed by <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(director)" title="Chetan Anand (director)">Chetan Anand</a> and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas,<a href="#cite_note-Hindu2007-56">[56]</a> and Bimal Roy's <a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin" title="Do Bigha Zamin">Do Bigha Zamin</a> (1953). Their critical acclaim and the latter's commercial success paved the way for Indian <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neorealism</a> and the Indian New Wave (synonymous with parallel cinema).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Internationally acclaimed Hindi filmmakers involved in the movement included <a href="/wiki/Mani_Kaul" title="Mani Kaul">Mani Kaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Shahani" title="Kumar Shahani">Kumar Shahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Mehta" title="Vijaya Mehta">Vijaya Mehta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RajeshKhanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A smiling Rajesh Khanna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/RajeshKhanna.jpg/190px-RajeshKhanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/RajeshKhanna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Khanna" title="Rajesh Khanna">Rajesh Khanna</a> in 2010. The first Indian actor to be called a "<a href="/wiki/Superstar" title="Superstar">superstar</a>", he starred in 15 consecutive hit films from 1969 to 1971.</figcaption></figure> After the social-realist film Neecha Nagar received the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1946_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1946 Cannes Film Festival">1946 Cannes Film Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hindu2007-56">[56]</a> Hindi films were frequently in competition for Cannes' top prize during the 1950s and early 1960s and some won major prizes at the festival.<a href="#cite_note-passionforcinema-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Dutt" title="Guru Dutt">Guru Dutt</a>, overlooked during his lifetime, received belated international recognition during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-passionforcinema-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Film critics polled by the British magazine <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a> included several of Dutt's films in a 2002 list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films considered the best">greatest films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cinemacom-60">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time%27s_All-Time_100_Movies" title="Time's All-Time 100 Movies">Time's All-Time 100 Movies</a> lists <a href="/wiki/Pyaasa" title="Pyaasa">Pyaasa</a> as one of the greatest films of all time.<a href="#cite_note-Time-61">[61]</a> During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the industry was dominated by musical <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance films</a> with romantic-hero leads.<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_Hindi_cinema_(1970s–1980s)">Classic Hindi cinema (1970s–1980s)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SalimKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bespectacled Salim Khan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SalimKhan.jpg/120px-SalimKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SalimKhan.jpg/180px-SalimKhan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SalimKhan.jpg/240px-SalimKhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="370" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A serious-looking Javed Akhtar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg/160px-Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg/240px-Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg/320px-Akhtar_for_Talaash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="630" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> screenwriting duo, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan" title="Salim Khan">Salim Khan</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a>, revolutionized Indian cinema in the 1970s<a href="#cite_note-Pandolin-63">[63]</a> and are considered Hindi cinema's greatest <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri-64">[64]</a></div></div></div></div> By 1970, Hindi cinema was thematically stagnant<a href="#cite_note-raj-65">[65]</a> and dominated by musical <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-62">[62]</a> The arrival of screenwriting duo <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salim_Khan" title="Salim Khan">Salim Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a>) was a paradigm shift, revitalising the industry.<a href="#cite_note-raj-65">[65]</a> They began the genre of gritty, violent, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld films">Bombay underworld crime films</a> early in the decade with films such as <a href="/wiki/Zanjeer_(1973_film)" title="Zanjeer (1973 film)">Zanjeer</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-ganti-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Salim-Javed reinterpreted the rural themes of <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gunga_Jumna" title="Gunga Jumna">Gunga Jumna</a> (1961) in a contemporary urban context, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socio-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-political">socio-political</a> climate of 1970s India<a href="#cite_note-raj-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-legends-68">[68]</a> and channeling mass discontent, disillusionment<a href="#cite_note-raj-65">[65]</a> and the unprecedented growth of <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-69">[69]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> themes and those involving urban poverty, corruption and crime.<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Group-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes-71">[71]</a> Their "angry young man", personified by <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes-71">[71]</a> reinterpreted Dilip Kumar's performance in Gunga Jumna in a contemporary urban context<a href="#cite_note-raj-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-legends-68">[68]</a> and anguished urban poor.<a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-69">[69]</a> By the mid-1970s, romantic confections had given way to gritty, violent crime films and <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action films</a> about gangsters (the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay underworld">Bombay underworld</a>) and bandits (<a href="/wiki/Dacoits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoits">dacoits</a>). Salim-Javed's writing and Amitabh Bachchan's acting popularised the trend with films such as Zanjeer and (particularly) Deewaar, a crime film inspired by Gunga Jumna<a href="#cite_note-Ganti-50">[50]</a> which pitted "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler <a href="/wiki/Haji_Mastan" title="Haji Mastan">Haji Mastan</a>" (Bachchan); according to <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>, Deewaar was "absolutely key to Indian cinema".<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-72">[72]</a> In addition to Bachchan, several other actors followed by riding the crest of the trend (which lasted into the early 1990s).<a href="#cite_note-funky-73">[73]</a> Actresses from the era include <a href="/wiki/Hema_Malini" title="Hema Malini">Hema Malini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bachchan" title="Jaya Bachchan">Jaya Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhee_Gulzar" title="Rakhee Gulzar">Raakhee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Azmi" title="Shabana Azmi">Shabana Azmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeenat_Aman" title="Zeenat Aman">Zeenat Aman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parveen_Babi" title="Parveen Babi">Parveen Babi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekha" title="Rekha">Rekha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia" title="Dimple Kapadia">Dimple Kapadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smita_Patil" title="Smita Patil">Smita Patil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prada" title="Jaya Prada">Jaya Prada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmini_Kolhapure" title="Padmini Kolhapure">Padmini Kolhapure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-actorsuntil90-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amitabh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A smiling, bearded Amitabh Bachchan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Amitabh.jpg/170px-Amitabh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Amitabh.jpg/255px-Amitabh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Amitabh.jpg/340px-Amitabh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> The name "Bollywood" was coined during the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-khanna-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-collaco-18">[18]</a> when the conventions of commercial Hindi films were defined.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-74">[74]</a> Key to this was the <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala film</a>, which combines a number of genres (<a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a>). The masala film was pioneered early in the decade by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Hussain" title="Nasir Hussain">Nasir Hussain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-75">[75]</a> and the Salim-Javed screenwriting duo,<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-74">[74]</a> pioneering the Bollywood-<a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> format.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yaadon_Ki_Baarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaadon Ki Baarat">Yaadon Ki Baarat</a> (1973), directed by Hussain and written by Salim-Javed, has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially "Bollywood" film.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-76">[76]</a> Salim-Javed wrote more successful masala films during the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri58-74">[74]</a> Masala films made Amitabh Bachchan the biggest star of the period. A landmark of the genre was <a href="/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony" title="Amar Akbar Anthony">Amar Akbar Anthony</a> (1977),<a href="#cite_note-bhaumik-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2005-77">[77]</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Desai" title="Manmohan Desai">Manmohan Desai</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a>, and Desai continued successfully exploiting the genre. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmendra_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dharmendra_2012.jpg/170px-Dharmendra_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dharmendra_2012.jpg/255px-Dharmendra_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dharmendra_2012.jpg/340px-Dharmendra_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dharmendra" title="Dharmendra">Dharmendra</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Both genres (masala and violent-crime films) are represented by the blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Sholay" title="Sholay">Sholay</a> (1975), written by Salim-Javed and starring <a href="/wiki/Dharmendra" title="Dharmendra">Dharmendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>. It combined the <a href="/wiki/Dacoit_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit film">dacoit film</a> conventions of Mother India and Gunga Jumna with <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">spaghetti Westerns</a>, spawning the <a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Curry_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry Western">curry Western</a>) which was popular during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Teo-49">[49]</a> Some Hindi filmmakers, such as <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Kaul" title="Mani Kaul">Mani Kaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Shahani" title="Kumar Shahani">Kumar Shahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Mehta" title="Vijaya Mehta">Vijaya Mehta</a>, continued to produce realistic <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> throughout the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-18-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-685-78">[78]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art film</a> bent of the Film Finance Corporation was criticised during a 1976 <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Undertakings_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Public Undertakings (India)">Committee on Public Undertakings</a> investigation which accused the corporation of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema, the decade saw the rise of commercial cinema with films such as <a href="/wiki/Sholay" title="Sholay">Sholay</a> (1975) which consolidated <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>'s position as a star. The devotional classic <a href="/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Santoshi Ma">Jai Santoshi Ma</a> was also released that year.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksa96-688-79">[79]</a> By 1983, the Bombay film industry was generating an estimated annual revenue of ₹700 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (₹ 7 billion,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> $693.14 million),<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> equivalent to $2.12 billion (₹12,667 crore, ₹ 111.33 billion) when adjusted for inflation. By 1986, India's annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The most internationally acclaimed Hindi film of the 1980s was <a href="/wiki/Mira_Nair" title="Mira Nair">Mira Nair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salaam_Bombay!" title="Salaam Bombay!">Salaam Bombay!</a> (1988), which won the <a href="/wiki/Camera_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera d'Or">Camera d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1988 Cannes Film Festival">1988 Cannes Film Festival</a> and was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Hindi_cinema_(1990s–2020s)">New Hindi cinema (1990s–2020s)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg/143px-Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg/215px-Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg/286px-Shahrukh_interacts_with_media_after_KKR%27s_maiden_IPL_title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="880" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>, one of the "<a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood" title="Khans of Bollywood">Three Khans</a>", in 2012</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:AamirKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AamirKhan.jpg/201px-AamirKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AamirKhan.jpg/302px-AamirKhan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AamirKhan.jpg/402px-AamirKhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="435" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, one of the "Three Khans", in 2008</div></div></div></div></div> Hindi cinema experienced another period of box-office decline during the late 1980s with due to concerns by audiences over increasing violence and a decline in musical quality, and a rise in video piracy. One of the turning points came with such films as <a href="/wiki/Qayamat_Se_Qayamat_Tak" title="Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak">Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak</a> (1988), presenting a blend of youthfulness, family entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a> and strong melodies, all of which lured audiences back to the big screen.<a href="#cite_note-Chintamani-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ray-84">[84]</a> It brought back the template for Bollywood musical romance films which went on to define 1990s Hindi cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-84">[84]</a> Known since the 1990s as "New Bollywood",<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> contemporary Bollywood is linked to <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economic liberalization in India</a> during the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Early in the decade, the pendulum swung back toward family-centered romantic musicals. Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) was followed by blockbusters such as <a href="/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya" title="Maine Pyar Kiya">Maine Pyar Kiya</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Kaun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hum Aapke Hain Kaun">Hum Aapke Hain Kaun</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Raja_Hindustani" title="Raja Hindustani">Raja Hindustani</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil To Pagal Hai">Dil To Pagal Hai</a> (1997) and <a href="/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a> (1998), introducing a new generation of popular actors, including the <a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood" title="Khans of Bollywood">three Khans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-88">[88]</a> who have starred in most of the top ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing Bollywood films">highest-grossing Bollywood films</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood" title="Khans of Bollywood">The Khans</a> and have had successful careers since the late 1980s and early 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-87">[87]</a> and have dominated the Indian box office for three decades.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful Indian actor for most of the 1990s and 2000s, and <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a> has been the most successful Indian actor since the mid 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-actorsuntil90-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-2017-1-23-91">[91]</a> Action and comedy films, starring such actors as <a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar" title="Akshay Kumar">Akshay Kumar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Govinda_(actor)" title="Govinda (actor)">Govinda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The decade marked the entrance of new performers in <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art</a> and independent films, some of which were commercially successful. The most influential example was <a href="/wiki/Satya_(1998_film)" title="Satya (1998 film)">Satya</a> (1998), directed by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma" title="Ram Gopal Varma">Ram Gopal Varma</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap" title="Anurag Kashyap">Anurag Kashyap</a>. Its critical and commercial success led to the emergence of a genre known as <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> noir:<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-93">[93]</a> urban films reflecting the city's social problems.<a href="#cite_note-Jungen-94">[94]</a> This led to a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a> by the end of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-93">[93]</a> The films featured actors whose performances were often praised by critics. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salman%27s_Being_Human_show_at_HDIL_India_Couture_Week_2010_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Salman Khan walking hand-in-hand with a group of colourfully-dressed actresses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Salman%27s_Being_Human_show_at_HDIL_India_Couture_Week_2010_%281%29.jpg/330px-Salman%27s_Being_Human_show_at_HDIL_India_Couture_Week_2010_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Salman%27s_Being_Human_show_at_HDIL_India_Couture_Week_2010_%281%29.jpg/495px-Salman%27s_Being_Human_show_at_HDIL_India_Couture_Week_2010_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Salman%27s_Being_Human_show_at_HDIL_India_Couture_Week_2010_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>, one of the Three Khans, with Bollywood actresses (from left) <a href="/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kareena Kapoor">Kareena Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rani_Mukerji" title="Rani Mukerji">Rani Mukerji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preity_Zinta" title="Preity Zinta">Preity Zinta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katrina_Kaif" title="Katrina Kaif">Katrina Kaif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karisma_Kapoor" title="Karisma Kapoor">Karisma Kapoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra" title="Priyanka Chopra">Priyanka Chopra</a> in Mumbai (2010).</figcaption></figure> The 2000s saw increased Bollywood recognition worldwide due to growing (and prospering) <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">NRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian diaspora</a> communities overseas. The growth of the Indian economy and a demand for quality entertainment in this era led the country's film industry to new heights in production values, cinematography and screenwriting as well as technical advances in areas such as special effects and animation.<a href="#cite_note-Us_popularity-95">[95]</a> Some of the largest production houses, among them <a href="/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films" title="Yash Raj Films">Yash Raj Films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Productions" title="Dharma Productions">Dharma Productions</a> were the producers of new modern films.<a href="#cite_note-Us_popularity-95">[95]</a> Some popular films of the decade were <a href="/wiki/Kaho_Naa..._Pyaar_Hai" title="Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai">Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham..." title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Gadar:_Ek_Prem_Katha" title="Gadar: Ek Prem Katha">Gadar: Ek Prem Katha</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Koi..._Mil_Gaya" title="Koi... Mil Gaya">Koi... Mil Gaya</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho" title="Kal Ho Naa Ho">Kal Ho Naa Ho</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Veer-Zaara" title="Veer-Zaara">Veer-Zaara</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti" title="Rang De Basanti">Rang De Basanti</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Lage_Raho_Munna_Bhai" title="Lage Raho Munna Bhai">Lage Raho Munna Bhai</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Dhoom_2" title="Dhoom 2">Dhoom 2</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Krrish" title="Krrish">Krrish</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/Jab_We_Met" title="Jab We Met">Jab We Met</a> (2007), among others, showing the rise of new movie stars. During the 2010s, the industry saw established stars such as making big-budget <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala films</a> like <a href="/wiki/Dabangg" title="Dabangg">Dabangg</a> (2010), <a href="/wiki/Singham" title="Singham">Singham</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Ek_Tha_Tiger" title="Ek Tha Tiger">Ek Tha Tiger</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Sardaar" title="Son of Sardaar">Son of Sardaar</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Rowdy_Rathore" title="Rowdy Rathore">Rowdy Rathore</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Express" title="Chennai Express">Chennai Express</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Kick_(2014_film)" title="Kick (2014 film)">Kick</a> (2014) and <a href="/wiki/Happy_New_Year_(2014_film)" title="Happy New Year (2014 film)">Happy New Year</a> (2014) with much-younger actresses. Although the films were often not praised by critics, they were commercially successful. Some of the films starring Aamir Khan, from <a href="/wiki/Taare_Zameen_Par" title="Taare Zameen Par">Taare Zameen Par</a> (2007) and <a href="/wiki/3_Idiots" title="3 Idiots">3 Idiots</a> (2009) to <a href="/wiki/Dangal_(2016_film)" title="Dangal (2016 film)">Dangal</a> (2016) and <a href="/wiki/Secret_Superstar" title="Secret Superstar">Secret Superstar</a> (2018), have been credited with redefining and modernising the masala film with a distinct brand of socially conscious cinema.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Most stars from the 2000s continued successful careers into the next decade,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the 2010s saw a new generation of popular actors in different films. Among new conventions, female-centred films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Picture" title="The Dirty Picture">The Dirty Picture</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Kahaani" title="Kahaani">Kahaani</a> (2012), and <a href="/wiki/Queen_(2014_film)" title="Queen (2014 film)">Queen</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Pink_(2016_film)" title="Pink (2016 film)">Pink</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Raazi" title="Raazi">Raazi</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Kathiawadi" title="Gangubai Kathiawadi">Gangubai Kathiawadi</a> (2022) and Crew started gaining wide financial success.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_Hindi_cinema">Influences on Hindi cinema</h2></div> Moti Gokulsing and <a href="/wiki/Wimal_Dissanayake" title="Wimal Dissanayake">Wimal Dissanayake</a> identify six major influences which have shaped Indian popular cinema:<a href="#cite_note-Gokulsing-99">[99]</a> <ul><li>The branching structures of ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epics</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. Indian popular films often have plots which branch off into sub-plots.</li> <li>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a>, with its stylised nature and emphasis on spectacle in which <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian dance">dance</a> and gesture combine "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience." Matthew Jones of <a href="/wiki/De_Montfort_University" title="De Montfort University">De Montfort University</a> also identifies the Sanskrit concept of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">rasa</a>, or "the emotions felt by the audience as a result of the actor's presentation", as crucial to Bollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">folk theatre</a>, which became popular around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theater. Its regional traditions include the <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Terukkuttu" title="Terukkuttu">Terukkuttu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_theatre" title="Parsi theatre">Parsi theatre</a>, which "blended realism and fantasy, music and dance, narrative and spectacle, earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation, integrating them into a dramatic discourse of <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>. The Parsi plays contained crude humour, melodious songs and music, sensationalism and dazzling stagecraft."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, where musicals were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s.</li> <li>Western musical television (particularly <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>), which has had an increasing influence since the 1990s. Its pace, camera angles, dance sequences and music may be seen in 2000s Indian films. An early example of this approach was <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ratnam" title="Mani Ratnam">Mani Ratnam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bombay_(film)" title="Bombay (film)">Bombay</a> (1995).</li></ul> Sharmistha Gooptu identifies <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> as a major influence. During the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of popular cultural performance across northern India and established in popular <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a> traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">nautch</a> dancing, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a>, and Parsi theater. Urdu and related <a href="/wiki/Hindi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi dialects">Hindi dialects</a> were the most widely understood across northern India, and Hindustani became the standard language of early Indian talkies. Films based on "<a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> adventure-romances" led to a popular genre of "<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Nights">Arabian Nights</a> cinema".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Scholars Chaudhuri Diptakirti and <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dwyer" title="Rachel Dwyer">Rachel Dwyer</a> and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Javed Akhtar</a> identify <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a> as a major influence on Hindi cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2015-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer-104">[104]</a> Most of the screenwriters and scriptwriters of classic Hindi cinema came from Urdu literary backgrounds,<a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2015-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilmWorld-105">[105]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_ul_Iman" title="Akhtar ul Iman">Akhtar ul Iman</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahi_Masoom_Raza" title="Rahi Masoom Raza">Rahi Masoom Raza</a>; a handful came from other <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literary</a> traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2015-103">[103]</a> Most of Hindi cinema's classic scriptwriters wrote primarily in Urdu, including Salim-Javed, <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Singh_Bedi" title="Rajinder Singh Bedi">Rajinder Singh Bedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inder_Raj_Anand" title="Inder Raj Anand">Inder Raj Anand</a>, Rahi Masoom Raza and <a href="/wiki/Wajahat_Mirza" title="Wajahat Mirza">Wajahat Mirza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilmWorld-105">[105]</a> Urdu poetry and the <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> tradition strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Bollywood lyrics</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer-104">[104]</a> Javed Akhtar was also greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu novels</a> by Pakistani author <a href="/wiki/Ibn-e-Safi" title="Ibn-e-Safi">Ibn-e-Safi</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jasoosi_Dunya" title="Jasoosi Dunya">Jasoosi Dunya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imran_series" title="Imran series">Imran series</a> of detective novels;<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> they inspired, for example, famous Bollywood characters such as <a href="/wiki/Gabbar_Singh_(character)" title="Gabbar Singh (character)">Gabbar Singh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sholay" title="Sholay">Sholay</a> (1975) and Mogambo in <a href="/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)" title="Mr. India (1987 film)">Mr. India</a> (1987).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Todd Stadtman identifies several foreign influences on 1970s commercial Bollywood <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala films</a>, including <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation films</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong martial arts cinema">Hong Kong martial arts cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-funky-73">[73]</a> After the success of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> films (such as <a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a>) in India,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a> (1975) and other Bollywood films incorporated fight scenes inspired by 1970s <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts films</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong cinema">Hong Kong cinema</a> until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Heide-109">[109]</a> Bollywood action scenes emulated Hong Kong rather than Hollywood, emphasising acrobatics and <a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">stunts</a> and combining <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> (as perceived by Indians) with <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Indian martial arts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Hindi_cinema">Influence of Hindi cinema</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> Perhaps Hindi cinema's greatest influence has been on India's national identity, where (with the rest of Indian cinema) it has become part of the "Indian story".<a href="#cite_note-desai2013-111">[111]</a> In India, Bollywood is often associated with India's national identity. According to economist and Bollywood biographer <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Desai,_Baron_Desai" title="Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai">Meghnad Desai</a>, "Cinema actually has been the most vibrant medium for telling India its own story, the story of its struggle for independence, its constant struggle to achieve national integration and to emerge as a global presence".<a href="#cite_note-desai2013-111">[111]</a> Scholar Brigitte Schulze has written that Indian films, most notably <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957), played a key role in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>'s national identity in the early years after <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>; the film conveyed a sense of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> to urban and rural citizens alike.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Bollywood has long influenced Indian society and culture as the biggest entertainment industry; many of the country's musical, dancing, wedding and fashion trends are Bollywood-inspired. Bollywood fashion trendsetters have included <a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam" title="Mughal-e-Azam">Mughal-e-Azam</a> (1960) and <a href="/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit" title="Madhuri Dixit">Madhuri Dixit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..!" title="Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!">Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!</a> (1994).<a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-87">[87]</a> Hindi films have also had a <a href="/wiki/Socio-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-political">socio-political</a> impact on Indian society, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Indian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian politics">Indian politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In classic 1970s Bollywood films, Bombay underworld crime films written by <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zanjeer_(1973_film)" title="Zanjeer (1973 film)">Zanjeer</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a> (1975) reflected the <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> and socio-political realities of contemporary India. They channeled growing popular discontent and disillusionment and state failure to ensure welfare and well-being at a time of inflation, shortages, loss of confidence in public institutions, increasing crime<a href="#cite_note-raj-65">[65]</a> and the unprecedented growth of <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-69">[69]</a> Salim-Javed and Bachchan's films dealt with urban poverty, corruption and organised crime;<a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Group-70">[70]</a> they were perceived by audiences as <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a>, often with an "angry young man" protagonist presented as a <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes-71">[71]</a> whose suppressed rage voiced the anguish of the urban poor.<a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas">Overseas</h3></div> Hindi films have been a significant form of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> for India, increasing its influence and changing overseas perceptions of India.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress-115">[115]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians" title="Stereotypes of South Asians">Indian stereotypes</a> included <a href="/wiki/Bullock_cart" title="Bullock cart">bullock carts</a>, beggars, sacred cows, corrupt politicians, and catastrophes before Bollywood and the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">IT industry</a> transformed global perceptions of India.<a href="#cite_note-dnaindia-116">[116]</a> According to author Roopa Swaminathan, "Bollywood cinema is one of the strongest global cultural ambassadors of a new India."<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Its role in expanding India's global influence is comparable to Hollywood's similar role with American influence.<a href="#cite_note-desiblitz-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey#Demographics" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_area#Demographics" title="Indians in the New York City metropolitan area">the New York metropolitan area</a>, has been profoundly impacted by Bollywood; this U.S. township has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> to an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> representing a 2,221.5% (a multiple of 23) numerical increase over that period, including many <a href="/wiki/Affluence" class="mw-redirect" title="Affluence">affluent</a> <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senior_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior citizen">senior citizens</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Charitable_contribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable contribution">charitable benefactors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 relief efforts in India</a> in official coordination with Monroe Township, as well as actors with second homes. During the 2000s, Hindi cinema began influencing <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical films</a> in the Western world and was instrumental role in reviving the American musical film. <a href="/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann" title="Baz Luhrmann">Baz Luhrmann</a> said that his musical film, <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a> (2001), was inspired by Bollywood musicals;<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> the film incorporated a Bollywood-style dance scene with a song from the film <a href="/wiki/China_Gate_(1998_film)" title="China Gate (1998 film)">China Gate</a>. The critical and financial success of Moulin Rouge! began a renaissance of Western musical films such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(2002_film)" title="Chicago (2002 film)">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rent_(film)" title="Rent (film)">Rent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dreamgirls_(film)" title="Dreamgirls (film)">Dreamgirls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Indian film composer <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> wrote the music for <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Dreams" title="Bombay Dreams">Bombay Dreams</a>, and a musical version of <a href="/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hum Aapke Hain Koun">Hum Aapke Hain Koun</a> was staged in London's West End. The <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports film</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> (2001) was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>, and two other Hindi films (2002's <a href="/wiki/Devdas_(2002_Hindi_film)" title="Devdas (2002 Hindi film)">Devdas</a> and 2006's <a href="/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti" title="Rang De Basanti">Rang De Basanti</a>) were nominated for the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Not_in_the_English_Language" title="BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language">BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a> (2008), which won four <a href="/wiki/66th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="66th Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globes</a> and <a href="/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards_nominees_and_winners" class="mw-redirect" title="81st Academy Awards nominees and winners">eight Academy Awards</a>, was inspired by mainstream Hindi films<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Age-122">[122]</a> and is considered an "homage to Hindi commercial cinema".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-123">[123]</a> It was also inspired by Mumbai-underworld crime films, such as <a href="/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Satya_(1998_film)" title="Satya (1998 film)">Satya</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Company_(2002_film)" title="Company (2002 film)">Company</a> (2002) and <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(2007_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Friday (2007 film)">Black Friday</a> (2007).<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-72">[72]</a> Deewaar had a Hong Kong remake, <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_(1979_film)" title="The Brothers (1979 film)">The Brothers</a> (1979),<a href="#cite_note-scroll-124">[124]</a> which inspired <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>'s internationally acclaimed breakthrough <a href="/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow" title="A Better Tomorrow">A Better Tomorrow</a> (1986);<a href="#cite_note-scroll-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-hkcinemagic-125">[125]</a> the latter was a template for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action cinema</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">heroic bloodshed</a> genre.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diplomat-127">[127]</a> "Angry young man" 1970s epics such as Deewaar and <a href="/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony" title="Amar Akbar Anthony">Amar Akbar Anthony</a> (1977) also resemble the heroic-bloodshed genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a> may be seen in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Technopop</a> pioneers <a href="/wiki/Haruomi_Hosono" title="Haruomi Hosono">Haruomi Hosono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto" title="Ryuichi Sakamoto">Ryuichi Sakamoto</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a> produced a 1978 <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> album, Cochin Moon, based on an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (music)">fusion</a> of electronic music and Bollywood-inspired Indian music.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Truth_Hurts_(singer)" title="Truth Hurts (singer)">Truth Hurts</a>' 2002 song "<a href="/wiki/Addictive_(song)" title="Addictive (song)">Addictive</a>", produced by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Quik" title="DJ Quik">DJ Quik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>, was lifted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] from <a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>'s "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" in Jyoti (1981).<a href="#cite_note-VH1-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eyed Peas">The Black Eyed Peas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> winning 2005 song "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Phunk_with_My_Heart" title="Don't Phunk with My Heart">Don't Phunk with My Heart</a>" was inspired by two 1970s <a href="/wiki/Bollywood_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood songs">Bollywood songs</a>: "Ye Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana" from <a href="/wiki/Don_(1978_film)" title="Don (1978 film)">Don</a> (1978) and "Ae Nujawan Hai Sub" from <a href="/wiki/Apradh" title="Apradh">Apradh</a> (1972).<a href="#cite_note-Apradh-131">[131]</a> Both songs were composed by <a href="/wiki/Kalyanji_Anandji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyanji Anandji">Kalyanji Anandji</a>, sung by <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a>, and featured the dancer <a href="/wiki/Helen_(actress)" title="Helen (actress)">Helen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denselow-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> re-recorded several <a href="/wiki/R._D._Burman" title="R. D. Burman">R. D. Burman</a> compositions sung by <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a> for their 2005 album, <a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Stolen_My_Heart_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="You've Stolen My Heart (album)">You've Stolen My Heart: Songs from R.D. Burman's Bollywood</a>, which was nominated for Best Contemporary World Music Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Filmi music composed by <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> (who received two <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire_(soundtrack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slumdog Millionaire (soundtrack)">Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack</a>) has frequently been sampled by other musicians, including the Singaporean artist <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Poon" title="Kelly Poon">Kelly Poon</a>, the French rap group <a href="/wiki/La_Caution" title="La Caution">La Caution</a> and the American artist <a href="/wiki/Ciara" title="Ciara">Ciara</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Asian_Underground" title="Asian Underground">Asian Underground</a> artists, particularly those among the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">overseas Indian diaspora</a>, have also been inspired by Bollywood music.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres">Genres</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala film</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achhut_Kanya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man and woman smile at each other in an old film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Achhut_Kanya.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Melodrama and romance are common ingredients in Bollywood films, such as <a href="/wiki/Achhut_Kannya" title="Achhut Kannya">Achhut Kanya</a> (1936)</figcaption></figure> Hindi films are primarily musicals, and are expected to have catchy song-and-dance numbers woven into the script. A film's success often depends on the quality of such musical numbers.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> A film's music and song and dance portions are usually produced first and these are often released before the film itself, increasing its audience.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Indian audiences expect value for money, and a good film is generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Paisa" title="Paisa">paisa</a> vasool, (literally "money's worth").<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Songs, dances, love triangles, comedy and dare-devil thrills are combined in a three-hour show (with an intermission). These are called <a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">masala films</a>, after the Hindi word for a spice mixture. Like masalas, they are a mixture of action, comedy and romance; most have heroes who can fight off villains single-handedly. Bollywood plots have tended to be <a href="/wiki/Melodramatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodramatic">melodramatic</a>, frequently using formulaic ingredients such as star-crossed lovers, angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, political corruption, kidnapping, villains, <a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">kind-hearted courtesans</a>, long-lost relatives and siblings, reversals of fortune and <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a> films tended to be less popular at the box office. A large Indian diaspora in English-speaking countries and increased <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> influence in India have nudged Bollywood films closer to Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-Migration-137">[137]</a> According to film critic Lata Khubchandani, "Our earliest films ... had liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Although Bollywood plots feature Westernised urbanites dating and dancing in clubs rather than pre-arranged marriages, traditional Indian culture continues to exist outside the industry and is an element of resistance by some to Western influences.<a href="#cite_note-Migration-137">[137]</a> Bollywood plays a major role, however, in <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_India" title="Fashion in India">Indian fashion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Migration-137">[137]</a> Studies have indicated that some people, unaware that changing fashion in Bollywood films is often influenced by globalisation, consider the clothes worn by Bollywood actors as authentically Indian.<a href="#cite_note-Migration-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casts_and_crews">Casts and crews</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_actors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian film actors">List of Indian film actors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_actresses" title="List of Indian film actresses">List of Indian film actresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_directors" title="List of Indian film directors">List of Indian film directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_music_directors" title="List of Indian film music directors">List of Indian film music directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_film_actors" title="List of Hindi film actors">List of Hindi film actors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_playback_singers" title="List of Indian playback singers">List of Indian playback singers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_film_families" title="List of Hindi film families">List of Hindi film families</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripts,_dialogues,_and_lyrics">Scripts, dialogues, and lyrics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapori_(word)" title="Tapori (word)">Tapori (word)</a></div> Film scripts (known as dialogues in <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>) and their song lyrics are often written by different people. Earlier, scripts were usually written in an unadorned <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, which would be understood by the largest possible audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee200310–18-139">[139]</a> Post-Independence, Hindi films tended to use a <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> register of Hindustani, mutually intelligible by <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> speakers, but the use of the latter has declined over years.<a href="#cite_note-lang-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-scienceandmediamuseum-140">[140]</a> Some films have used <a href="/wiki/Hindi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi dialects">regional dialects</a> to evoke a village setting, or archaic Urdu in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical films">historical films</a>. A number of the dominant early scriptwriters of Hindi cinema primarily wrote in Urdu; Salim-Javed wrote in <a href="/wiki/Urdu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu script">Urdu script</a>, which was then transcribed by an assistant into <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script so Hindi readers could read them.<a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-102">[102]</a> During the 1970s, Urdu writers <a href="/wiki/Krishan_Chander" title="Krishan Chander">Krishan Chander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chughtai" title="Ismat Chughtai">Ismat Chughtai</a> said that "more than seventy-five per cent of films are made in Urdu" but were categorised as Hindi films by the government.<a href="#cite_note-film-world-141">[141]</a> Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema noted a number of top Urdu writers for preserving the language through film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee200365-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a> has strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Hindi_film_music" title="Hindi film music">Hindi film songs</a>, whose lyrics also draw from the <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> tradition (<a href="/wiki/Filmi-ghazal" title="Filmi-ghazal">filmi-ghazal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dwyer-104">[104]</a> According to Javed Akhtar in 1996, despite the loss of Urdu in Indian society, Urdu <a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">diction</a> dominated Hindi film dialogue and lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In her book, The Cinematic ImagiNation, Jyotika Virdi wrote about the presence and decline of Urdu in Hindi films. Virdi notes that although Urdu was widely used in classic Hindi cinema decades after partition because it was widely taught in pre-<a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> India, its use has declined in modern Hindi cinema: "The extent of Urdu used in commercial Hindi cinema has not been stable ... the ultimate victory of Hindi in the official sphere has been more or less complete. This decline of Urdu is mirrored in Hindi films ... It is true that many Urdu words have survived and have become part of Hindi cinema's popular vocabulary. But that is as far as it goes. The fact is, for the most part, popular Hindi cinema has forsaken the florid Urdu that was part of its extravagance and retained a 'residual' Urdu", affected by an aggressive state policy that promoted a Sanskritized version of Hindi as the national language."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Contemporary mainstream films also use English; according to the article "Bollywood Audiences Editorial", "English has begun to challenge the ideological work done by Urdu."<a href="#cite_note-lang-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some film scripts are first written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Characters may shift from one language to the other to evoke a particular atmosphere (for example, English in a business setting and Hindi in an informal one). The blend of Hindi and English sometimes heard in modern Hindi films, known as <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>, has become increasingly common.<a href="#cite_note-scienceandmediamuseum-140">[140]</a> For years before the turn of the millennium and even after, cinematic language (in dialogues or lyrics) would often be melodramatic, invoking God, family, mother, duty, and self-sacrifice. Song lyrics are often about love and, especially in older films, frequently used the poetic vocabulary of court Urdu, with a number of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-Ganti2004-12">[12]</a> Another source for love lyrics in films such as <a href="/wiki/Jhanak_Jhanak_Payal_Baje" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje">Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> is the long <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> tradition of poetry about the loves of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>. Music directors often prefer working with certain lyricists, and the lyricist and composer may be seen as a team. This phenomenon has been compared to the pairs of American composers and songwriters who created classic Broadway musicals. In 2008 and before, Bollywood scripts were often <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwritten</a> because, in the industry, there is a perception that manual writing is the quickest way to create scripts.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound">Sound</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hindi_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Hindi cinema">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sound in early Bollywood films was usually not recorded on location (<a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">sync sound</a>). It was usually created (or re-created) in the studio,<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[148]</a> with the actors <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">speaking their lines</a> in the studio and <a href="/wiki/Foley_(filmmaking)" title="Foley (filmmaking)">sound effects</a> added later; this created synchronisation problems.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[148]</a> Commercial Indian films are known for their lack of ambient sound, and the <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arriflex 3</a> camera necessitated dubbing. <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> (2001) was filmed with sync sound,<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[148]</a> and several Bollywood films have recorded on-location sound since then. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_makeup_artists">Female makeup artists</h2></div> In 1955, the Bollywood Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association (CCMAA) ruled that female makeup artists were barred from membership.<a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia1-149">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> ruled in 2014 that the ban violated Indian constitutional guarantees under Article 14 (right to equality), 19(1)(g) (freedom to work) and Article 21 (right to liberty).<a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia1-149">[149]</a> According to the court, the ban had no "rationale nexus" to the cause sought to be achieved and was "unacceptable, impermissible and inconsistent" with the constitutional rights guaranteed to India's citizens.<a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia1-149">[149]</a> The court also found illegal the rule which mandated that for any artist to work in the industry, they must have lived for five years in the state where they intend to work.<a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia1-149">[149]</a> In 2015, it was announced that Charu Khurana was the first woman registered by the Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Song_and_dance">Song and dance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg/220px-Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg/330px-Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg/440px-Bollywood_Playback_Singers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Group of Bollywood singers at the 2015 Indian Singers' Rights Association (ISRA) meeting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bollywood-Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bollywood-Dance.jpg/220px-Bollywood-Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bollywood-Dance.jpg/330px-Bollywood-Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bollywood-Dance.jpg/440px-Bollywood-Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Bollywood dance performance by college students</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_film_music" title="Hindi film music">Hindi film music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmi-ghazal" title="Filmi-ghazal">Filmi-ghazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmi_qawwali" title="Filmi qawwali">Filmi qawwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_dance_music" title="Hindi dance music">Hindi dance music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_singing_actors_in_Indian_cinema" title="List of singing actors in Indian cinema">List of singing actors in Indian cinema</a></div> Bollywood film music is called <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a> (from the Hindi "of films"). Bollywood songs were introduced with Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931) song, "De De Khuda Ke Naam pay pyaare".<a href="#cite_note-Ganesh-151">[151]</a> Bollywood songs are generally pre-recorded by professional playback singers, with the actors then <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip syncing</a> the words to the song on-screen (often while dancing). Although most actors are good dancers, few are also singers; a notable exception was <a href="/wiki/Kishore_Kumar" title="Kishore Kumar">Kishore Kumar</a>, who starred in several major films during the 1950s while having a rewarding career as a playback singer. <a href="/wiki/Kundan_Lal_Saigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundan Lal Saigal">K. L. Saigal</a>, Suraiyya, and <a href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan" title="Noor Jehan">Noor Jehan</a> were known as singers and actors, and some actors in the last thirty years have sung one or more songs themselves. Songs can make and break a film, determining whether it will be a flop or a hit: "Few films without successful musical tracks, and even fewer without any songs and dances, succeed".<a href="#cite_note-:1-152">[152]</a> Globalization has changed Bollywood music, with lyrics an increasing mix of Hindi and English. Global trends such as salsa, pop and hip hop have influenced the music heard in Bollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-:1-152">[152]</a> Playback singers are featured in the opening credits, and have fans who will see an otherwise-lackluster film to hear their favourites. Notable singers are <a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geeta_Dutt" title="Geeta Dutt">Geeta Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamshad_Begum" title="Shamshad Begum">Shamshad Begum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavita_Krishnamurthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavita Krishnamurthy">Kavita Krishnamurthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadhana_Sargam" title="Sadhana Sargam">Sadhana Sargam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alka_Yagnik" title="Alka Yagnik">Alka Yagnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shreya_Goshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shreya Goshal">Shreya Goshal</a> (female), and K. L. Saigal, <a href="/wiki/Kishore_Kumar" title="Kishore Kumar">Kishore Kumar</a>, Talat Mahmood, <a href="/wiki/Mukesh_(singer)" title="Mukesh (singer)">Mukesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi" title="Mohammed Rafi">Mohammed Rafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manna_Dey" title="Manna Dey">Manna Dey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Kumar" title="Hemant Kumar">Hemant Kumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Sanu" title="Kumar Sanu">Kumar Sanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udit_Narayan" title="Udit Narayan">Udit Narayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonu_Nigam" title="Sonu Nigam">Sonu Nigam</a> (male). Composers of film music, known as music directors, are also well-known. <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remixing</a> of film songs with modern rhythms is common, and producers may release remixed versions of some of their films' songs with the films' soundtrack albums. Dancing in Bollywood films, especially older films, is modeled on Indian dance: classical dance, dances of north-Indian courtesans (<a href="/wiki/Tawaif" title="Tawaif">tawaif</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a>. In modern films, Indian dance blends with Western dance styles as seen on MTV or in Broadway musicals; Western pop and classical-dance numbers are commonly seen side-by-side in the same film. The hero (or heroine) often performs with a troupe of supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines in Indian films contain unrealistically-quick shifts of location or changes of costume between verses of a song. If the hero and heroine dance and sing a duet, it is often staged in natural surroundings or architecturally-grand settings. Songs typically comment on the action taking place in the film. A song may be worked into the plot, so a character has a reason to sing. It may externalise a character's thoughts, or presage an event in the film (such as two characters falling in love). The songs are often referred to as a "dream sequence", with things happening which would not normally happen in the real world. Song and dance scenes were often filmed in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> but, due to political unrest in Kashmir since the end of the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> they have been shot in western Europe (particularly <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Contemporary movie stars attracted popularity as dancers, including <a href="/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit" title="Madhuri Dixit">Madhuri Dixit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan" title="Hrithik Roshan">Hrithik Roshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai_Bachchan" title="Aishwarya Rai Bachchan">Aishwarya Rai Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sridevi" title="Sridevi">Sridevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Seshadri" title="Meenakshi Seshadri">Meenakshi Seshadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaika_Arora_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaika Arora Khan">Malaika Arora Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor" title="Shahid Kapoor">Shahid Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katrina_Kaif" title="Katrina Kaif">Katrina Kaif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Shroff" title="Tiger Shroff">Tiger Shroff</a>. Older dancers include <a href="/wiki/Helen_(actress)" title="Helen (actress)">Helen</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> (known for her cabaret numbers), <a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyjanthimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyjanthimala">Vyjanthimala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padmini_(actress)" title="Padmini (actress)">Padmini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hema_Malini" title="Hema Malini">Hema Malini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_(Indian_actress)" title="Mumtaz (Indian actress)">Mumtaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_Moray" title="Cuckoo Moray">Cuckoo Moray</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parveen_Babi" title="Parveen Babi">Parveen Babi</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Waheeda_Rehman" title="Waheeda Rehman">, Waheeda Rahman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meena_Kumari" title="Meena Kumari">Meena Kumari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor" title="Shammi Kapoor">Shammi Kapoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Film producers have been releasing soundtracks (as tapes or CDs) before a film's release, hoping that the music will attract audiences; a soundtrack is often more popular than its film. Some producers also release music videos, usually (but not always) with a song from the film. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2></div> Bollywood films are multi-million dollar productions, with the most expensive productions costing up to ₹ 1 billion (about US$20 million). The science-fiction film <a href="/wiki/Ra.One" title="Ra.One">Ra.One</a> was made on a budget of ₹ 1.35 billion (about $27 million), making it the most expensive Bollywood film of all time.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Set_(drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (drama)">Sets</a>, costumes, special effects and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> were less than world-class, with some notable exceptions, until the mid-to-late 1990s. As Western films and television are more widely distributed in India, there is increased pressure for Bollywood films to reach the same production levels (particularly in action and special effects). Recent Bollywood films, like <a href="/wiki/Krrish" title="Krrish">Krrish</a> (2006), have employed international technicians such as Hong Kong-based action choreographer <a href="/wiki/Tony_Ching_Siu-Tung" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Ching Siu-Tung">Tony Ching</a>. The increasing accessibility of professional action and special effects, coupled with rising film budgets, have seen an increase in action and science-fiction films. Since overseas scenes are attractive at the box office, Mumbai film crews are filming in Australia, Canada, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the United Kingdom, the United States, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and elsewhere. Indian producers have also obtained funding for big-budget films shot in India, such as <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devdas_(2002_Hindi_film)" title="Devdas (2002 Hindi film)">Devdas</a>. Funding for Bollywood films often comes from private distributors and a few large <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">studios</a>. Although Indian banks and financial institutions had been forbidden from lending to film studios, the ban has been lifted.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Finances are not regulated; some funding comes from illegitimate sources such as the Mumbai underworld, which is known to influence several prominent film personalities. Mumbai organised-crime hitmen shot <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Roshan" title="Rakesh Roshan">Rakesh Roshan</a>, a film director and father of star <a href="/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan" title="Hrithik Roshan">Hrithik Roshan</a>, in January 2000. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> seized all prints of <a href="/wiki/Chori_Chori_Chupke_Chupke" title="Chori Chori Chupke Chupke">Chori Chori Chupke Chupke</a> after the film was found to be funded by members of the Mumbai underworld.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Another problem facing Bollywood is widespread <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> of its films. Often, bootleg <a href="/wiki/DVD#DVD-Video" title="DVD">DVD</a> copies of movies are available before they are released in cinemas. Manufacturing of bootleg DVD, VCD, and VHS copies of the latest movie titles is an established small-scale industry in parts of south and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) estimates that the Bollywood industry loses $100 million annually from unlicensed home videos and DVDs. In addition to the homegrown market, demand for these copies is large amongst portions of the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a>. Bootleg copies are the only way people in Pakistan can watch Bollywood movies, since the Pakistani government has banned their sale, distribution and telecast. Films are frequently broadcast without compensation by small cable-TV companies in India and other parts of South Asia. Small convenience stores, run by members of the Indian diaspora in the US and the UK, regularly stock tapes and DVDs of dubious provenance; consumer copying adds to the problem. The availability of illegal copies of movies on the Internet also contributes to industry losses. Satellite TV, television and imported foreign films are making inroads into the domestic Indian entertainment market. In the past, most Bollywood films could make money; now, fewer do. Most Bollywood producers make money, however, recouping their investments from many sources of revenue (including the sale of ancillary rights). There are increasing returns from theatres in Western countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, where Bollywood is slowly being noticed. As more Indians migrate to these countries, they form a growing market for upscale Indian films. In 2002, Bollywood sold 3.6 billion tickets and had a total revenue (including theatre tickets, DVDs and television) of $1.3 billion; Hollywood films sold 2.6 billion tickets, and had a total revenue of $51 billion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advertising">Advertising</h2></div> A number of Indian artists hand-painted movie billboards and posters. <a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a> painted film posters early in his career; human labour was found to be cheaper than printing and distributing publicity material.<a href="#cite_note-paint-165">[165]</a> Most of the large, ubiquitous billboards in India's major cities are now created with computer-printed vinyl. Old hand-painted posters, once considered <a href="/wiki/Ephemera" title="Ephemera">ephemera</a>, are collectible <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paint-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-PintoSippy2008-168">[168]</a> Releasing film music, or music videos, before a film's release may be considered a form of advertising. A popular tune is believed to help attract audiences.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Bollywood publicists use the Internet as a venue for advertising. Most bigger-budget films have a websites on which audiences can view trailers, stills and information on the story, cast, and crew.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Bollywood is also used to advertise other products. <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a>, used in Hollywood, is also common in Bollywood.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_filming">International filming</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_cinema_and_Switzerland" title="Indian cinema and Switzerland">Indian cinema and Switzerland</a></div> Bollywood's increasing use of international settings such as Switzerland, London, Paris, New York, Mexico, Brazil and Singapore does not necessarily represent the people and cultures of those locales. Contrary to these spaces and geographies being filmed as they are, they are actually Indianised by adding Bollywood actors and Hindi speaking extras to them. While immersing in Bollywood films, viewers get to see their local experiences duplicated in different locations around the world. According to Shakuntala Rao, "Media representation can depict India's shifting relation with the world economy, but must retain its 'Indianness' in moments of dynamic hybridity";<a href="#cite_note-:1-152">[152]</a> "Indianness" (cultural identity) poses a problem with Bollywood's popularity among varied diaspora audiences, but gives its domestic audience a sense of uniqueness from other immigrant groups.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a> are some of the most prominent awards given to Hindi films in India.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The Indian screen magazine <a href="/wiki/Filmfare" title="Filmfare">Filmfare</a> began the awards in 1954 (recognising the best films of 1953), and they were originally known as the Clare Awards after the magazine's editor. Modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>' poll-based merit format, individuals may vote in separate categories. A dual voting system was developed in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a> were also introduced in 1954. The Indian government has sponsored the awards, given by its <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivals" title="Directorate of Film Festivals">Directorate of Film Festivals</a> (DFF), since 1973. The DFF screens Bollywood films, films from the other regional movie industries, and independent/art films. The awards are made at an annual ceremony presided over by the president of India. Unlike the Filmfare Awards, which are chosen by the public and a committee of experts, the National Film Awards are decided by a government panel.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Other awards ceremonies for Hindi films in India are the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Awards" title="Screen Awards">Screen Awards</a> (begun in 1995) and the <a href="/wiki/Stardust_Awards" title="Stardust Awards">Stardust Awards</a>, which began in 2003. The <a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards" title="International Indian Film Academy Awards">International Indian Film Academy Awards</a> (begun in 2000) and the <a href="/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards" title="Zee Cine Awards">Zee Cine Awards</a>, begun in 1998, are held abroad in a different country each year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_markets">Global markets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films_in_overseas_markets" title="List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets">List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films" title="List of highest-grossing Indian films">List of highest-grossing Indian films</a></div> In addition to their popularity among the Indian diaspora from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, generations of non-Indians have grown up with Bollywood.<a href="#cite_note-samar-176">[176]</a> Indian cinema's early contacts with other regions made inroads into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Desai38-177">[177]</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bollywood entered the consciousness of Western audiences and producers during the late 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-Us_popularity-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-178">[178]</a> and Western actors now seek roles in Bollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Bollywood-popularity-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4></div> Bollywood films are also popular in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, where Hindustani is widely understood. Many Pakistanis understand Hindi, due to its linguistic similarity to <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan-180">[180]</a> Although Pakistan banned the import of Bollywood films in 1965, trade in unlicensed DVDs<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> and illegal cable broadcasts ensured their continued popularity. Exceptions to the ban were made for a few films, such as the colourised re-release of <a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam" title="Mughal-e-Azam">Mughal-e-Azam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in 2006. Early in 2008, the Pakistani government permitted the import of 16 films.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> More easing followed in 2009 and 2010. Although it is opposed by nationalists and representatives of Pakistan's small film industry, it is embraced by cinema owners who are making a profit after years of low receipts.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The most popular actors in Pakistan are the three <a href="/wiki/Khans_of_Bollywood" title="Khans of Bollywood">Khans of Bollywood</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir</a>. The most popular actress is <a href="/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit" title="Madhuri Dixit">Madhuri Dixit</a>;<a href="#cite_note-bollywoodlife-184">[184]</a> at <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">India-Pakistan cricket matches</a> during the 1990s, Pakistani fans chanted "Madhuri dedo, Kashmir lelo!" ("Give Madhuri, take <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>!")<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Bollywood films in Nepal earn more than <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepali films</a>, and Salman Khan, <a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar" title="Akshay Kumar">Akshay Kumar</a> and Shah Rukh Khan are popular in the country. The films are also popular in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> due to its proximity to the Indian subcontinent and their cultural similarities, particularly in music. Popular actors include Shah Rukh Khan, <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Devgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajay Devgan">Ajay Devgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Deol" title="Sunny Deol">Sunny Deol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishwarya Rai">Aishwarya Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preity_Zinta" title="Preity Zinta">Preity Zinta</a>, and Madhuri Dixit.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A number of Bollywood films were filmed in Afghanistan and some dealt with the country, including <a href="/wiki/Dharmatma" title="Dharmatma">Dharmatma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Express" title="Kabul Express">Kabul Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Gawah" title="Khuda Gawah">Khuda Gawah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escape_From_Taliban" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape From Taliban">Escape From Taliban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4></div> Bollywood films are popular in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>. The three Khans are very popular in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The films are also fairly popular in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> India has <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">cultural ties</a> with Indonesia, and Bollywood films were introduced to the country at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945. The "angry young man" films of <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salim%E2%80%93Javed" title="Salim–Javed">Salim–Javed</a> were popular during the 1970s and 1980s before Bollywood's popularity began gradually declining in the 1980s and 1990s. It experienced an Indonesian revival with the release of Shah Rukh Khan's <a href="/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a> (1998) in 2001, which was a bigger box-office success in the country than <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> (1997). Bollywood has had a strong presence in Indonesia since then, particularly Shah Rukh Khan films such as <a href="/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham..." title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho" title="Kal Ho Naa Ho">Kal Ho Naa Ho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalte_Chalte_(2003_film)" title="Chalte Chalte (2003 film)">Chalte Chalte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koi..._Mil_Gaya" title="Koi... Mil Gaya">Koi... Mil Gaya</a> (all 2003), and <a href="/wiki/Veer-Zaara" title="Veer-Zaara">Veer-Zaara</a> (2004).<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4></div> Some Bollywood films have been widely appreciated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. Several Hindi films have been commercially successful in Japan, including <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aan" title="Aan">Aan</a> (1952, starring <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Mirza" title="Aziz Mirza">Aziz Mirza</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Raju_Ban_Gaya_Gentleman" title="Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman">Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman</a> (1992, starring <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>). The latter sparked a two-year boom in Indian films after its 1997 release,<a href="#cite_note-Japan-191">[191]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dil_Se.." title="Dil Se..">Dil Se..</a> (1998) a beneficiary of the boom.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The highest-grossing Hindi film in Japan is <a href="/wiki/3_Idiots" title="3 Idiots">3 Idiots</a> (2009), starring <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-qz-193">[193]</a> which received a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Academy Award">Japanese Academy Award</a> nomination.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The film was also a critical and commercial success in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dr._Kotnis_Ki_Amar_Kahani" title="Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani">Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awara_(1951_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awara (1951 film)">Awaara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zamin" title="Do Bigha Zamin">Do Bigha Zamin</a> were successful in China during the 1940s and 1950s, and remain popular with their original audience. Few Indian films were commercially successful in the country during the 1970s and 1980s, among them <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Hussain" title="Tahir Hussain">Tahir Hussain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(1971_film)" title="Caravan (1971 film)">Caravan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noorie" title="Noorie">Noorie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disco_Dancer" title="Disco Dancer">Disco Dancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rediff-196">[196]</a> Indian film stars popular in China included Raj Kapoor, <a href="/wiki/Nargis" title="Nargis">Nargis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tagore-197">[197]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty" title="Mithun Chakraborty">Mithun Chakraborty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rediff-196">[196]</a> Hindi films declined significantly in popularity in China during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-lagaan-china-198">[198]</a> Films by Aamir Khan have recently been successful,<a href="#cite_note-rediff-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-china-199">[199]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a> was the first Indian film with a nationwide Chinese release in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-lagaan-china-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Chinese</a> filmmaker <a href="/wiki/He_Ping_(director)" title="He Ping (director)">He Ping</a> was impressed by Lagaan (particularly its soundtrack), and hired its composer <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> to score his <a href="/wiki/Warriors_of_Heaven_and_Earth" title="Warriors of Heaven and Earth">Warriors of Heaven and Earth</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> When 3 Idiots was released in China, China was the <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">world's</a> 15th-largest film market (partly due to its widespread pirate <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> distribution at the time). The pirate market introduced the film to Chinese audiences, however, and it became a <a href="/wiki/Cult_hit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult hit">cult hit</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a> film-review site, 3 Idiots is China's 12th-most-popular film of all time; only one domestic Chinese film (<a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a>) ranks higher, and <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a> acquired a large Chinese fan base as a result.<a href="#cite_note-forbes-china-199">[199]</a> After 3 Idiots, several of Khan's other films (including 2007's <a href="/wiki/Taare_Zameen_Par" title="Taare Zameen Par">Taare Zameen Par</a> and 2008's <a href="/wiki/Ghajini_(2008_film)" title="Ghajini (2008 film)">Ghajini</a>) also developed cult followings.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> China became the world's second-largest film market (after the United States) by 2013, paving the way for Khan's box-office success with <a href="/wiki/Dhoom_3" title="Dhoom 3">Dhoom 3</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/PK_(film)" title="PK (film)">PK</a> (2014), and <a href="/wiki/Dangal_(2016_film)" title="Dangal (2016 film)">Dangal</a> (2016).<a href="#cite_note-forbes-china-199">[199]</a> The latter is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China" title="List of highest-grossing films in China">16th-highest-grossing film in China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cbo-203">[203]</a> the fifth-highest-grossing non-<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> film worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-5thForbes-204">[204]</a> and the highest-grossing non-English foreign film in any market.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-business-standard-207">[207]</a> Several Khan films, including Taare Zameen Par, 3 Idiots, and Dangal, are highly rated on Douban.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> His next film, <a href="/wiki/Secret_Superstar" title="Secret Superstar">Secret Superstar</a> (2017, starring <a href="/wiki/Zaira_Wasim" title="Zaira Wasim">Zaira Wasim</a>), broke Dangal's record for the highest-grossing opening weekend by an Indian film and cemented Khan's status<a href="#cite_note-scmp-210">[210]</a> as "a king of the Chinese box office";<a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter-211">[211]</a> Secret Superstar was China's highest-grossing foreign film of 2018 to date.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost2-212">[212]</a> Khan has become a household name in China,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> with his success described as a form of Indian <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> improving <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India relations</a> despite political tensions.<a href="#cite_note-tagore-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-scmp-210">[210]</a> With Bollywood competing with Hollywood in the Chinese market,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> the success of Khan's films has driven up the price for Chinese distributors of Indian film imports.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bajrangi_Bhaijaan" title="Bajrangi Bhaijaan">Bajrangi Bhaijaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrfan_Khan" title="Irrfan Khan">Irrfan Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Medium" title="Hindi Medium">Hindi Medium</a> were also Chinese hits in early 2018.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania">Oceania</h4></div> Although Bollywood is less successful on some Pacific islands such as <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, it ranks second to Hollywood in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> (with its large Indian minority), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oceania-218">[218]</a> Australia also has a large South Asian diaspora, and Bollywood is popular amongst non-Asians in the country as well.<a href="#cite_note-Oceania-218">[218]</a> Since 1997, the country has been a backdrop for an increasing number of Bollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-Oceania-218">[218]</a> Indian filmmakers, attracted to Australia's diverse locations and landscapes, initially used the country as a setting for song-and-dance scenes;<a href="#cite_note-Oceania-218">[218]</a> however, Australian locations now figure in Bollywood film plots.<a href="#cite_note-Oceania-218">[218]</a> Hindi films shot in Australia usually incorporate Australian culture. <a href="/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films" title="Yash Raj Films">Yash Raj Films</a>' <a href="/wiki/Salaam_Namaste" title="Salaam Namaste">Salaam Namaste</a> (2005), the first Indian film shot entirely in Australia, was the most successful Bollywood film of 2005 in that country.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> It was followed by the box-office successes <a href="/wiki/Heyy_Babyy" title="Heyy Babyy">Heyy Babyy</a>, (2007) <a href="/wiki/Chak_De!_India" title="Chak De! India">Chak De! India</a> (2007), and <a href="/wiki/Singh_Is_Kinng" title="Singh Is Kinng">Singh Is Kinng</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-Oceania-218">[218]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> said during a visit to India after the release of Salaam Namaste that he wanted to encourage Indian filmmaking in Australia to increase tourism, and he appointed <a href="/wiki/Steve_Waugh" title="Steve Waugh">Steve Waugh</a> as tourism ambassador to India.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Australian actress <a href="/wiki/Tania_Zaetta" title="Tania Zaetta">Tania Zaetta</a>, who appeared in Salaam Namaste and several other Bollywood films, was eager to expand her career in Bollywood.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe_and_Central_Asia">Eastern Europe and Central Asia</h3></div> Bollywood films are popular in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Sanskar_Shrivastava-222">[222]</a> and have been dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. Indian films were <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_films_of_the_year_by_ticket_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales">more popular in the Soviet Union</a> than Hollywood films<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-moscow-224">[224]</a> and, sometimes, domestic <a href="/wiki/Soviet_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet films">Soviet films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The first Indian film released in the Soviet Union was <a href="/wiki/Dharti_Ke_Lal" title="Dharti Ke Lal">Dharti Ke Lal</a> (1946), directed by <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahmad_Abbas" title="Khwaja Ahmad Abbas">Khwaja Ahmad Abbas</a> and based on the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>, in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Rajadhyaksha-55">[55]</a> Three hundred Indian films were released in the Soviet Union after that;<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> most were Bollywood films with higher average audience figures than domestic Soviet productions.<a href="#cite_note-moscow-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Fifty Indian films had over 20 million viewers, compared to 41 Hollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Awaara" title="Awaara">Awaara</a> (1951) and <a href="/wiki/Disco_Dancer" title="Disco Dancer">Disco Dancer</a> (1982), had more than 60 million viewers<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu_russia-231">[231]</a> and established actors <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nargis" title="Nargis">Nargis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hindu_russia-231">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor" title="Rishi Kapoor">Rishi Kapoor</a><a href="#cite_note-moscow43-232">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty" title="Mithun Chakraborty">Mithun Chakraborty</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-sbs-233">[233]</a> According to diplomat Ashok Sharma, who served in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The popularity of Bollywood in the CIS dates back to the Soviet days when the films from <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> and other Western cinema centers were banned in the Soviet Union. As there was no means of other cheap entertainment, the films from Bollywood provided the Soviets a cheap source of entertainment as they were supposed to be non-controversial and non-political. In addition, the Soviet Union was recovering from the onslaught of the Second World War. The films from India, which were also recovering from the disaster of partition and the struggle for freedom from colonial rule, were found to be a good source of providing hope with entertainment to the struggling masses. The aspirations and needs of the people of both countries matched to a great extent. These films were dubbed in Russian and shown in theatres throughout the Soviet Union. The films from Bollywood also strengthened family values, which was a big factor for their popularity with the government authorities in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></blockquote> After the collapse of the Soviet film-distribution system, Hollywood filled the void in the Russian film market and Bollywood's market share shrank.<a href="#cite_note-Sanskar_Shrivastava-222">[222]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a> has a large following. He was introduced to Polish audiences with the 2005 release of <a href="/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham..." title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...</a> (2001) and his other films, including <a href="/wiki/Dil_Se.." title="Dil Se..">Dil Se..</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na" title="Main Hoon Na">Main Hoon Na</a> (2004) and <a href="/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna</a> (2006), became hits in the country. Bollywood films are often covered in <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a>, formerly Poland's largest newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes-236">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Squad_(2021_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squad (2021 film)">Squad</a> (2021) is the first Indian film to be shot in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. A majority of the film was shot at <a href="/wiki/Belarusfilm" title="Belarusfilm">Belarusfilm</a> studios, in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h3></div> Hindi films have become popular in <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> and imported Indian films are usually subtitled in Arabic when they are released. Bollywood has progressed in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> since the early 2000s, with channels dedicated to Indian films on cable television;<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/MBC_Bollywood" title="MBC Bollywood">MBC Bollywood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zee_Aflam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee Aflam">Zee Aflam</a> show Hindi movies and serials.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In Egypt, Bollywood films were popular during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1987, however, they were restricted to a handful of films by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian government">Egyptian government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> has remained popular in the country<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> and Indian tourists visiting Egypt are asked, "Do you know Amitabh Bachchan?"<a href="#cite_note-bollywoodlife-184">[184]</a> Bollywood movies are regularly screened in Dubai cinemas, and Bollywood is becoming popular in Turkey; <a href="/wiki/Barfi!" title="Barfi!">Barfi!</a> was the first Hindi film to have a wide theatrical release in that country.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Bollywood also has viewers in Central Asia (particularly <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> Bollywood films are not influential in most of South America, although its culture and dance is recognised. Due to significant South Asian diaspora communities in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, however, Hindi-language movies are popular.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Dhoom_2" title="Dhoom 2">Dhoom 2</a> became the first Bollywood film to be shot in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In January 2012, it was announced that UTV Motion Pictures would begin releasing films in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> with <a href="/wiki/Guzaarish_(film)" title="Guzaarish (film)">Guzaarish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> Hindi films were originally distributed to some parts of Africa by <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-samar-176">[176]</a> In the 1950s, Hindi and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian films">Egyptian films</a> were generally more popular than Hollywood films in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. By the 1960s, East Africa was one of the largest overseas export markets for Indian films, accounting for about 20-50% of global earnings for many Indian films.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957) continued to be screened in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> decades after its release. Indian movies have influenced <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> clothing, songs have been covered by Hausa singers, and stories have influenced Nigerian novelists. Stickers of Indian films and stars decorate taxis and buses in Nigeria's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northern Region</a>, and posters of Indian films hang on the walls of tailoring shops and mechanics' garages. Unlike Europe and North America, where Indian films cater to the expatriate market, Bollywood films became popular in West Africa despite the lack of a significant Indian audience. One possible explanation is cultural similarity: the wearing of turbans, animals in markets; porters carrying large bundles, and traditional wedding celebrations. Within Muslim culture, Indian movies were said to show "respect" toward women; Hollywood movies were seen as having "no shame". In Indian movies, women are modestly dressed; men and women rarely kiss and there is no <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>, so the films are said to "have culture" which Hollywood lacks. The latter "don't base themselves on the problems of the people"; Indian films are based on socialist values and the reality of developing countries emerging from years of colonialism. Indian movies permitted a new youth culture without "becoming Western."<a href="#cite_note-samar-176">[176]</a> The first Indian film shot in Mauritius was <a href="/wiki/Souten" title="Souten">Souten</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Khanna" title="Rajesh Khanna">Rajesh Khanna</a>, in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, film imports from India were watched by black and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Rajinder-252">[252]</a> Several Bollywood figures have travelled to Africa for films and off-camera projects. <a href="/wiki/Padmashree_Laloo_Prasad_Yadav" title="Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav">Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav</a> (2005) was filmed in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dil_Jo_Bhi_Kahey..." title="Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...">Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...</a> (2005) was also filmed almost entirely in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, which has a large ethnic-Indian population. Bollywood, however, seems to be diminishing in popularity in Africa. New Bollywood films are more sexually explicit and violent. Nigerian viewers observed that older films (from the 1950s and 1960s) had more culture and were less Westernised.<a href="#cite_note-samar-176">[176]</a> The old days of India avidly "advocating decolonization ... and India's policy was wholly influenced by his missionary zeal to end racial domination and discrimination in the African territories" were replaced.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>'s film industry) has also contributed to the declining popularity of Bollywood films, as sexualised Indian films became more like American films. <a href="/wiki/Kishore_Kumar" title="Kishore Kumar">Kishore Kumar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> have been popular in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baru-255">[255]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, Bollywood movies are shown with Hollywood productions in <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">town square</a> theatres such as the Cinema Ethiopia in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips-256">[256]</a> Less-commercial Bollywood films are also screened elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe_and_North_America">Western Europe and North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large group of dancers onstage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg/220px-Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg/330px-Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg/440px-Bollywood_Dance_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Bollywood dancing show in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> The first Indian film to be released in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and receive mainstream attention was <a href="/wiki/Aan" title="Aan">Aan</a> (1952), directed by <a href="/wiki/Mehboob_Khan" title="Mehboob Khan">Mehboob Khan</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimmi" title="Nimmi">Nimmi</a>. It was subtitled in 17 languages and released in 28 countries,<a href="#cite_note-Rajinder-252">[252]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-moviemahal-258">[258]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-filmfare-259">[259]</a> Aan received significant praise from British critics, and <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> compared it favourably to Hollywood productions.<a href="#cite_note-gaur-260">[260]</a> Mehboob Khan's later <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>-nominated <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a> (1957) was a success in overseas markets, including <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gaur-260">[260]</a> Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French territories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Many Bollywood films have been commercially successful in the United Kingdom. The most successful Indian actor at the British box office has been <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>, whose popularity in <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British Asian</a> communities played a key role in introducing Bollywood to the UK<a href="#cite_note-livemint-262">[262]</a> with films such as <a href="/wiki/Darr" title="Darr">Darr</a> (1993),<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhaniya_Le_Jayenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge</a> (1995),<a href="#cite_note-Hindu1-264">[264]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a> (1998).<a href="#cite_note-livemint-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dil_Se" class="mw-redirect" title="Dil Se">Dil Se</a> (1998) was the first Indian film to enter the UK top ten.<a href="#cite_note-livemint-262">[262]</a> A number of Indian films, such as Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge and <a href="/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a> (2001), have been set in London. Bollywood is also appreciated in France, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. Bollywood films are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and shown regularly on the German television channel <a href="/wiki/RTL_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL II">RTL II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Germany is the second-largest European market for Indian films, after the United Kingdom. The most recognised Indian actor in Germany is Shah Rukh Khan, who has had box-office success in the country with films such as <a href="/wiki/Don_2" title="Don 2">Don 2</a> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes-236">[236]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Om_Shanti_Om" title="Om Shanti Om">Om Shanti Om</a> (2007).<a href="#cite_note-dnaindia-116">[116]</a> He has a large German fan base,<a href="#cite_note-bollywoodlife-184">[184]</a> particularly in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (where the tabloid <a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a> compared his popularity to that of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>).<a href="#cite_note-dnaindia-116">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michelle Obama dancing with a large group of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg/220px-Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg/330px-Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg/440px-Michelle_Obama_joins_students_for_a_Bollywood_Dance_Clinic_in_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> joining students for a Bollywood dance clinic with <a href="/wiki/Nakul_Dev_Mahajan" title="Nakul Dev Mahajan">Nakul Dev Mahajan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> State Dining Room, 2013</figcaption></figure> Bollywood has experienced revenue growth in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the United States, particularly in the South Asian communities of large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Chicago, and New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Us_popularity-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yash_Raj_Films" title="Yash Raj Films">Yash Raj Films</a>, one of India's largest production houses and distributors, reported in September 2005 that Bollywood films in the United States earned about $100 million per year in theatre screenings, video sales and the sale of movie soundtracks;<a href="#cite_note-Us_popularity-95">[95]</a> Indian films earn more money in the United States than films from any other non-English speaking country.<a href="#cite_note-Us_popularity-95">[95]</a> Since the mid-1990s, a number of Indian films have been largely (or entirely) shot in New York, Los Angeles, Vancouver or Toronto. Films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Guru_(2002_film)" title="The Guru (2002 film)">The Guru</a> (2002) and <a href="/wiki/Marigold:_An_Adventure_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Marigold: An Adventure in India">Marigold: An Adventure in India</a> (2007) attempted to popularise Bollywood for Hollywood.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</h2></div> Pressured by rushed production schedules and small budgets, some writers and musicians in Hindi cinema have been notorious to <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Ideas, plot lines, tunes or riffs have been copied from other Indian film industries (including <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam cinema</a> and others) or foreign films (including Hollywood and other <a href="/wiki/Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian cinema">Asian films</a>) without acknowledging the source.<a href="#cite_note-Times_plagiarism-268">[268]</a> Before the 1990s, plagiarism occurred with impunity. <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> enforcement was lax in India, and few actors or directors saw an official contract.<a href="#cite_note-Ayres-269">[269]</a> The Hindi film industry was not widely known in the <a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">Global North</a> (except in the Soviet states), who would be unaware that their material had been copied. Audiences may not have been aware of plagiarism, since many in India were unfamiliar with foreign films and music.<a href="#cite_note-Times_plagiarism-268">[268]</a> Although copyright enforcement in India is still somewhat lenient, Bollywood and other film industries are more aware of each other and Indian audiences are more familiar with foreign films and music.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Organisations such as the India EU Film Initiative seek to foster a community between filmmakers and industry professionals in India and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times_plagiarism-268">[268]</a> A commonly-reported justification for plagiarism in Bollywood is that cautious producers want to remake popular Hollywood films in an Indian context. Although screenwriters generally produce original scripts, many are rejected due to uncertainty about whether a film will be successful.<a href="#cite_note-Times_plagiarism-268">[268]</a> Poorly-paid screenwriters have also been criticised for a lack of creativity.<a href="#cite_note-Cloning-270">[270]</a> Some filmmakers see plagiarism in Bollywood as an integral part of globalisation, with which Western (particularly American) culture is embedding itself into Indian culture.<a href="#cite_note-Cloning-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Bhatt" title="Vikram Bhatt">Vikram Bhatt</a>, director of <a href="/wiki/Raaz_(2002_film)" title="Raaz (2002 film)">Raaz</a> (a remake of <a href="/wiki/What_Lies_Beneath" title="What Lies Beneath">What Lies Beneath</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kasoor" title="Kasoor">Kasoor</a> (a remake of <a href="/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(film)" title="Jagged Edge (film)">Jagged Edge</a>), has spoken about the influence of American culture and Bollywood's desire to produce box-office hits based along the same lines: "Financially, I would be more secure knowing that a particular piece of work has already done well at the box office. Copying is endemic everywhere in India. Our TV shows are adaptations of American programmes. We want their films, their cars, their planes, their <a href="/wiki/Diet_Coke" title="Diet Coke">Diet Cokes</a> and also their attitude. The American way of life is creeping into our culture."<a href="#cite_note-Cloning-270">[270]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Bhatt" title="Mahesh Bhatt">Mahesh Bhatt</a>, "If you hide the source, you're a genius. There's no such thing as originality in the creative sphere".<a href="#cite_note-Cloning-270">[270]</a> Although very few cases of film-copyright violations have been taken to court because of a slow legal process,<a href="#cite_note-Times_plagiarism-268">[268]</a> the makers of <a href="/wiki/Partner_(2007_film)" title="Partner (2007 film)">Partner</a> (2007) and <a href="/wiki/Zinda_(film)" title="Zinda (film)">Zinda</a> (2005) were targeted by the owners and distributors of the original films: <a href="/wiki/Hitch_(film)" title="Hitch (film)">Hitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldboy_(2003_film)" title="Oldboy (2003 film)">Oldboy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The American studio <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> brought Mumbai-based B. R. Films to court over the latter's forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Banda_Yeh_Bindaas_Hai" title="Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai">Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai</a>, which Fox alleged was an illegal remake of <a href="/wiki/My_Cousin_Vinny" title="My Cousin Vinny">My Cousin Vinny</a>. B. R. Films eventually settled out of court for about $200,000, paving the way for its film's release.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Some studios comply with copyright law; in 2008, Orion Pictures secured the rights to remake Hollywood's <a href="/wiki/Wedding_Crashers" title="Wedding Crashers">Wedding Crashers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> The Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a> had a big impact on Hindi film music, inspiring numerous Indian musicians working in Bollywood, especially during the 1990s. However, there were many instances of Indian music directors plagiarising Khan's music to produce hit <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a> songs.<a href="#cite_note-nusrat-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Several popular examples include <a href="/wiki/Viju_Shah" title="Viju Shah">Viju Shah</a>'s hit song "Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast" in <a href="/wiki/Mohra" title="Mohra">Mohra</a> (1994) being plagiarised from Khan's popular Qawwali song "<a href="/wiki/Dam_Mast_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dam Mast Qalandar">Dam Mast Qalandar</a>",<a href="#cite_note-nusrat-275">[275]</a> "Mera Piya Ghar Aya" used in <a href="/wiki/Yaraana_(1995_film)" title="Yaraana (1995 film)">Yaarana</a> (1995), and "Sanoo Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye" in <a href="/wiki/Judaai_(1997_film)" title="Judaai (1997 film)">Judaai</a> (1997).<a href="#cite_note-nusrat-275">[275]</a> Despite the significant number of hit Bollywood songs plagiarised from his music, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was reportedly tolerant towards the plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff-khan-277">[277]</a> One of the Bollywood music directors who frequently plagiarised him, <a href="/wiki/Anu_Malik" title="Anu Malik">Anu Malik</a>, claimed that he loved Khan's music and was actually showing admiration by using his tunes.<a href="#cite_note-rediff-khan-277">[277]</a> However, Khan was reportedly aggrieved when Malik turned his spiritual "Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo" into "I Love You, I Love You" in <a href="/wiki/Auzaar" title="Auzaar">Auzaar</a> (1997).<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri-64">[64]</a> Khan said "he has taken my devotional song Allahu and converted it into I love you. He should at least respect my religious songs."<a href="#cite_note-rediff-khan-277">[277]</a> Bollywood soundtracks also plagiarised <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinean</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Mory_Kant%C3%A9" title="Mory Kanté">Mory Kanté</a>, particularly his 1987 album Akwaba Beach. His song, "Tama", inspired two <a href="/wiki/Bollywood_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood songs">Bollywood songs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bappi_Lahiri" title="Bappi Lahiri">Bappi Lahiri</a>'s "Tamma Tamma" in <a href="/wiki/Thanedaar" title="Thanedaar">Thanedaar</a> (1990) and "Jumma Chumma" in <a href="/wiki/Laxmikant%E2%80%93Pyarelal" title="Laxmikant–Pyarelal">Laxmikant–Pyarelal</a>'s soundtrack for <a href="/wiki/Hum_(film)" title="Hum (film)">Hum</a> (1991). The latter also featured "Ek Doosre Se", which copied Kanté's "Inch Allah".<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan-278">[278]</a> His song "<a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9_k%C3%A9_y%C3%A9_k%C3%A9" title="Yé ké yé ké">Yé ké yé ké</a>" was used as background music in the 1990 Bollywood film <a href="/wiki/Agneepath_(1990_film)" title="Agneepath (1990 film)">Agneepath</a>, inspired the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Bollywood song</a> "Tamma Tamma" in Thanedaar.<a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindi_films" title="Lists of Hindi films">Lists of Hindi films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Hindi_films" title="List of highest-grossing Hindi films">List of highest-grossing Hindi films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_domestic_net_collection_of_Hindi_films" title="List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films">List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_film_distribution_circuits" title="Hindi film distribution circuits">Hindi film distribution circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">Central Board of Film Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noida_Film_City" title="Noida Film City">Noida Film City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_City,_Mumbai" title="Film City, Mumbai">Film City, Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_and_Television_Institute_of_India" title="Film and Television Institute of India">Film and Television Institute of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_Bollywood" title="Sexism in Bollywood">Sexism in Bollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_cinema" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema">Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 14 February 2023. <q>Footfalls for Hindi cinema fell to 189 million in 2022 from 341 million in 2019, 316 million in 2018 and 301 million in 2017, according to media consulting firm Ormax.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Footfalls+for+Hindi+films+slump+up+to+50%25&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Lata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Findustry%2Fmedia%2Ffootfallsforhindifilmsslumpupto50-11675188279041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/despite-slowdown-theatres-see-8-9-jump-in-footfalls-in-2019-4953151.html">"Despite slowdown, theatres see 8.9% jump in footfalls in 2019"</a>. Moneycontrol. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moneycontrol&rft.atitle=Despite+slowdown%2C+theatres+see+8.9%25+jump+in+footfalls+in+2019&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Ftrends%2Fentertainment%2Fdespite-slowdown-theatres-see-8-9-jump-in-footfalls-in-2019-4953151.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_11-2">c</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2022" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Akshya (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3xIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171">Vernacular English: Reading the Anglophone in Postcolonial India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22313-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22313-1"><bdi>978-0-691-22313-1</bdi></a>. <q>Scholars of Hindi-Urdu film noted a gradual replacement of Urdu with English in these films... the "ideological work" of Urdu— its evocation of a pre- Partition composite culture and business practices— "has now been challenged by English, which provides the ideological coordinates of the new world of the Hindi film.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vernacular+English%3A+Reading+the+Anglophone+in+Postcolonial+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022-03&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22313-1&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Akshya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3xIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaria2013" class="citation book cs1">Varia, Kush (31 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">Bollywood: Gods, Glamour, and Gossip</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50260-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50260-3</bdi></a>. <q>The specific use of Hindi/Urdu has shifted through time with the films produced in the pre-independence era having a leaning towards Urdu and those of the post independence era leaning towards Hindi... The use of Urdu has gradually declined since independence...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+Gods%2C+Glamour%2C+and+Gossip&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50260-3&rft.aulast=Varia&rft.aufirst=Kush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAtnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Madhava2008" class="citation book cs1">M Madhava, Prasad (1 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC&pg=PA45">"Surviving Bollywood"</a>. In Kavoori, Anandam P.; Punathambekar, Aswin (eds.). Global Bollywood. NYU Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2944-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2944-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-2944-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surviving+Bollywood&rft.btitle=Global+Bollywood&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2944-1&rft.aulast=M+Madhava&rft.aufirst=Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CqERCzWn5gC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanti2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tejaswini_Ganti" title="Tejaswini Ganti">Ganti, Tejaswini</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA69">Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema</a>. Psychology Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28854-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+A+Guidebook+to+Popular+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28854-5&rft.aulast=Ganti&rft.aufirst=Tejaswini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTEa93azj9EC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirdi2003" class="citation book cs1">Virdi, Jyotika (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u8PKObcYMDIC&pg=PA20">The Cinematic ImagiNation [sic]: Indian Popular Films as Social History</a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3191-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-3191-5</bdi></a>. <q>...the extent of Urdu used in commercial Hindi cinema has not been stable... Although the shift was gradual and two generations communicated with each other through a blend of Urdu and Hindi, known as Hindustani, the ultimate victory of Hindi in the official sphere has been more or less complete... The decline of Urdu is mirrored in Hindi films... It is true that many Urdu words have survived and have become part of Hindi cinema's popular vocabulary. But that is as far as it goes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinematic+ImagiNation+%5Bsic%5D%3A+Indian+Popular+Films+as+Social+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5&rft.aulast=Virdi&rft.aufirst=Jyotika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du8PKObcYMDIC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganti2004-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganti2004_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganti2004_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejaswini_Ganti2004" class="citation book cs1">Tejaswini Ganti (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC">Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28854-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28854-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+a+guidebook+to+popular+Hindi+cinema&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28854-5&rft.au=Tejaswini+Ganti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTEa93azj9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Nelmes, Jill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcCADouuE_UC">An introduction to film studies</a>. p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-portmanteau-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portmanteau_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portmanteau_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajghatta,_Chidanand2008" class="citation news cs1">Rajghatta, Chidanand (6 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Columnists/C_Rajghatta_Bollywood_in_Hollywood/articleshow/3201937.cms">"Bollywood in Hollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Retrieved 20 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bollywood+in+Hollywood&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft.au=Rajghatta%2C+Chidanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FColumnists%2FC_Rajghatta_Bollywood_in_Hollywood%2Farticleshow%2F3201937.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Bhaskar (2008). "The Melodramas of Globalization". Cultural Dynamics. 20: 31–51 [34]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0921374007088054">10.1177/0921374007088054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3740">0921-3740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143977618">143977618</a>. <q>Madhava Prasad traces the origin of the term to a 1932 article in the <a href="/wiki/American_Cinematographer" title="American Cinematographer">American Cinematographer</a> by Wilford E. Deming, an American engineer who apparently helped produce the first Indian sound picture. At this point, the Calcutta suburb of Tollygunge was the main center of film production in India. Deming refers to the area as Tollywood, since it already boasted two studios with 'several more projected' (Prasad, 2003) 'Tolly', rhyming with 'Holly', got hinged to 'wood' in the Anglophone Indian imagination, and came to denote the Calcutta studios and, by extension, the local film industry. Prasad surmises: 'Once Tollywood was made possible by the fortuitous availability of a half-rhyme, it was easy to clone new Hollywood babies by simply replacing the first letter' (Prasad, 2003).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Dynamics&rft.atitle=The+Melodramas+of+Globalization&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=31-51+34&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143977618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-3740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0921374007088054&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Bhaskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajadhyaksha2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rajadhyaksha, Ashish (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937032000060195">"The 'Bollywoodization' of the Indian Cinema: Cultural Nationalism in a Global Arena"</a>. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 25–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1464937032000060195">10.1080/1464937032000060195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-9373">1464-9373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144764499">144764499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%27Bollywoodization%27+of+the+Indian+Cinema%3A+Cultural+Nationalism+in+a+Global+Arena&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144764499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1464-9373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1464937032000060195&rft.aulast=Rajadhyaksha&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F1464937032000060195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khanna-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khanna_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khanna_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhash_K_Jha2005" class="citation web cs1">Subhash K Jha (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/https://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296">"Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sify" title="Sify">Sify</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296">the original</a> on 9 April 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sify&rft.atitle=Amit+Khanna%3A+The+Man+who+saw+%27Bollywood%27&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.au=Subhash+K+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsify.com%2Fmovies%2Fbollywood%2Ffullstory.php%3Fid%3D13713296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collaco-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collaco_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collaco_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collaco_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2004" class="citation news cs1">Anand (7 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/https://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm">"On the Bollywood beat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=On+the+Bollywood+beat&rft.date=2004-03-07&rft.au=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Flr%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fstories%2F2004030700390600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2005" class="citation news cs1">Jha, Subhash K (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-bollywood-man/cid/969174">"The Bollywood Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph (Calcutta)</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28Calcutta%29&rft.atitle=The+Bollywood+Man&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Subhash+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Findia%2Fthe-bollywood-man%2Fcid%2F969174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrusie,_JenniferYeffeth,_Glenn2005" class="citation book cs1">Crusie, Jennifer; Yeffeth, Glenn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flirtingwithprid00jenn">Flirting with Pride & Prejudice</a>. BenBella Books, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flirtingwithprid00jenn/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932100-72-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932100-72-3"><bdi>978-1-932100-72-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flirting+with+Pride+%26+Prejudice&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=BenBella+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932100-72-3&rft.au=Crusie%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Yeffeth%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflirtingwithprid00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiralal2-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Hiralal2_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan1996" class="citation web cs1">McKernan, Luke (31 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm">"Hiralal Sen (copyright British Film Institute)"</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiralal+Sen+%28copyright+British+Film+Institute%29&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorian-cinema.net%2Fsen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2013" class="citation news cs1">Hutchinson, Pamela (25 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/25/birth-indias-film-industry-movies-mumbai">"The birth of India's film industry: how the movies came to Mumbai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+India%27s+film+industry%3A+how+the+movies+came+to+Mumbai&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2013%2Fjul%2F25%2Fbirth-indias-film-industry-movies-mumbai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVāṭaveTrust2004" class="citation book cs1">Vāṭave, Bāpū; Trust, National Book (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ">Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema</a>. National Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788123743196" title="Special:BookSources/9788123743196"><bdi>9788123743196</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dadasaheb+Phalke%2C+the+father+of+Indian+cinema&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788123743196&rft.aulast=V%C4%81%E1%B9%ADave&rft.aufirst=B%C4%81p%C5%AB&rft.au=Trust%2C+National+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTZnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2012" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Sachin (28 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Godhra-forgets-its-days-spent-with-Dadasaheb-Phalke/articleshow/14444404.cms">"Godhra forgets its days spent with Dadasaheb Phalke"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419032237/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/vadodara/32456429_1_godhra-dadasaheb-phalke-father-of-indian-cinema">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Godhra+forgets+its+days+spent+with+Dadasaheb+Phalke&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sachin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvadodara%2FGodhra-forgets-its-days-spent-with-Dadasaheb-Phalke%2Farticleshow%2F14444404.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilanilam2005" class="citation book cs1">Vilanilam, J. V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBU6pN7toHsC&q=dadasaheb%20phalke%20father%20indian%20cinema&pg=PA128">Mass Communication in India: A Sociological Perspective</a>. New Delhi: Sage Publications. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7829-515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7829-515-2"><bdi>978-81-7829-515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Communication+in+India%3A+A+Sociological+Perspective&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7829-515-2&rft.aulast=Vilanilam&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBU6pN7toHsC%26q%3Ddadasaheb%2520phalke%2520father%2520indian%2520cinema%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1912794">Dadasaheb Phalk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003136-137-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003136-137_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003">Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003</a>, p. 136-137. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423202148/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm">"Talking Images, 75 Years of Cinema"</a>. The Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/main1.htm">the original</a> on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Talking+Images%2C+75+Years+of+Cinema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2006%2F20060326%2Fspectrum%2Fmain1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003146-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003146_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003">Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulzarNihalani,_GovindChatterji,_Saibal2003" class="citation book cs1">Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterji, Saibal (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC">Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-066-5"><bdi>978-81-7991-066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28India%29+Pvt+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-066-5&rft.au=Gulzar&rft.au=Nihalani%2C+Govind&rft.au=Chatterji%2C+Saibal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8y8vN9A14nkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnny2014" class="citation web cs1">Unny, Divya (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064">"B-Town rewind: The tale of the first Bollywood crore"</a>. mid-day.com. Jagran Group. Retrieved 7 November 2020. <q>However, it was in 1943, that Kismet, directed by Gyan Mukherjee, became the first film to reach the coveted box office milestone of Rs 1 crore. Who would have thought that the journey of the crore in Indian films would begin with a movie made for under Rs 2 lakh? It was a time when India was in the throes of patriotic fervour. The Quit India movement had just been launched. Kismet, a crime thriller with patriotic sentiments, tapped into this feeling. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mid-day.com&rft.atitle=B-Town+rewind%3A+The+tale+of+the+first+Bollywood+crore&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Unny&rft.aufirst=Divya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Farticles%2Fb-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore%2F15162064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Vijay (January 1992). "Decentering History: Some Versions of Bombay Cinema". East-West Film Journal. 6 (1). Honolulu, HI, US: East-West Center. <q>The next canonical text was Luck (Kismet, 1943), which, in 1970 at any rate, held the "record as the longest running hit of Indian cinema" (Star and Style, February 6, 1970,19). [Luck] owes its amazing, unexpected success to the time in which it was made." Achut Kanya and Kismet heralded a move away from what Shyam Benegal called alienating and orientalist cinema to movies that could "deal with reality"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East-West+Film+Journal&rft.atitle=Decentering+History%3A+Some+Versions+of+Bombay+Cinema&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1992-01&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Agarwal, Bhumika (August 2013). "IPTA's Contribution in Awakening Nationalism". The Criterion. 4 (4). Kolhapur, MH, India: Rajaram College. <q>Indian People's Theatre Association, popularly known by its acronym IPTA, was formed in 1942 when India was struggling to free herself from the shackles of colonial rule. The established artists of the tmmes Prithviraj Kapoor, Bijon Bhattacharya, Ritwik Ghatak, Utpal Dutt, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Mulk Raj Anand, Salil Chowdhury, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Jyotirindra Moitra, Niranjan Singh Maan, S. Tera Singh Chan, Jagdish Faryadi, Khalili Faryadi, Rajendra Raghuvanshi, Safdar Mir and many others came forward and formed Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) in 1942.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Criterion&rft.atitle=IPTA%27s+Contribution+in+Awakening+Nationalism.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Bhumika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/prithviraj-kapoor-birthday-349871-2016-11-03">"Remembering Prithviraj Kapoor"</a>. indiatoday.in. Living Media India Limited. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2020. <q>In 1946, Prithviraj Kapoor founded Prithvi Theatres, a theatre group that became a legend over decades. The house would stage influential patriotic plays and inspire the generation to join the Indian freedom movement and Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India movement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiatoday.in&rft.atitle=Remembering+Prithviraj+Kapoor&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2Fprithviraj-kapoor-birthday-349871-2016-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandidiwekar2008" class="citation book cs1">Bandidiwekar, Anjali (2008). Bollywood and Social Issues: Dichotomy or Symbiosis?. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI books. p. 43. <q>Indian cinema grew up in the days of the National Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Gandhian philosophy of social reform deeply influenced Bollywood directors, screen-play writers, and lyricists. Their films became vehicles of social reform, taking up the cause of the common people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood+and+Social+Issues%3A+Dichotomy+or+Symbiosis%3F&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=ICFAI+books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bandidiwekar&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2016" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Partha S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X242DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351508557" title="Special:BookSources/9789351508557"><bdi>9789351508557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants%2C+Refugees+and+the+Stateless+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789351508557&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Partha+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX242DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2017" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Mihir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9ssDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">From Midnight to Glorious Morning? India Since Independence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haus_Publishing" title="Haus Publishing">Haus Publishing</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910376706" title="Special:BookSources/9781910376706"><bdi>9781910376706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Midnight+to+Glorious+Morning%3F+India+Since+Independence&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781910376706&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Mihir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9ssDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju2014" class="citation book cs1">Raju, Zakir Hossain (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXDfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">Bangladesh Cinema and National Identity: In Search of the Modern?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60181-4"><bdi>978-1-317-60181-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+Cinema+and+National+Identity%3A+In+Search+of+the+Modern%3F&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-60181-4&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=Zakir+Hossain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXDfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2017" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Mihir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9ssDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">From Midnight to Glorious Morning?: India Since Independence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haus_Publishing" title="Haus Publishing">Haus Publishing</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910376-70-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910376-70-6"><bdi>978-1-910376-70-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Midnight+to+Glorious+Morning%3F%3A+India+Since+Independence&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-910376-70-6&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Mihir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9ssDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation news cs1">Khan, M. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-legends-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legends_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legends_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Surendra (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfJkAAAAMAAJ">Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits</a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124108727" title="Special:BookSources/9788124108727"><bdi>9788124108727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Indian+cinema%3A+pen+portraits&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788124108727&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAfJkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazumdar-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazumdar, Ranjani (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&pg=PA14">Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1302-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-1302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombay+Cinema%3A+An+Archive+of+the+City&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1302-5&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Ranjani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxenNBrRKOGoC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin_Group-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_Group_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_Group_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindustantimes-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindustantimes_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindustantimes_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindustantimes_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html">"Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 29 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Deewaar+was+the+perfect+script%3A+Amitabh+Bachchan+on+42+years+of+the+cult+film&rft.date=2017-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbollywood%2Fdeewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film%2Fstory-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmitava_Kumar2008" class="citation web cs1">Amitava Kumar (23 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225193313/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html">"Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2008. 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FAB Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903254-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903254-77-6"><bdi>978-1-903254-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funky+Bollywood%3A+The+Wild+World+of+1970s+Indian+Action+Cinema&rft.pub=FAB+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-903254-77-6&rft.aulast=Stadtman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0DXoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri58-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri58_74-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58">Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin UK</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html">"How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+film-maker+Nasir+Husain+started+the+trend+for+Bollywood+masala+films&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbollywood%2Fhow-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films%2Fstory-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhaumik-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhaumik_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhaumik_76-1">b</a> Kaushik Bhaumik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/">An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(Indian_web_publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wire (Indian web publication)">The Wire</a>, 12 March 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwyer2005-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer2005_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Dwyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Dwyer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ">100 Bollywood films</a>. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-433-3"><bdi>978-81-7436-433-3</bdi></a>. 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Then and There Media, LCC. 1986. p. 368. <q>And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Films+in+Review&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Then+and+There+Media%2C+LCC.&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAh1CAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chintamani-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Chintamani_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChintamani2016" class="citation book cs1">Chintamani, Gautam (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZYOvgAACAAJ">Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak: The Film That Revived Hindi Cinema</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352640980" title="Special:BookSources/9789352640980"><bdi>9789352640980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qayamat+Se+Qayamat+Tak%3A+The+Film+That+Revived+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789352640980&rft.aulast=Chintamani&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZYOvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ray_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2016" class="citation news cs1">Ray, Kunal (18 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing-the-1980s/article16898867.ece">"Romancing the 1980s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Romancing+the+1980s&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Kunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2FRomancing-the-1980s%2Farticle16898867.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2017" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Meheli (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA7BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Haunting Bollywood: Gender, Genre, and the Supernatural in Hindi Commercial Cinema</a>. <a 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Retrieved 19 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bollywood+on+the+table&rft.date=2007-12-16&rft.au=Aruti+Nayar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20071216%2Fspectrum%2Fmain11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jungen-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Jungen_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Jungen2009" class="citation web cs1">Christian Jungen (4 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/https://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm">"Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIPRESCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPRESCI">FIPRESCI</a>. 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Wadhwani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/20060809124617nainawhdaw0.8614466.html">"Bollywood Mania" Rising in United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020195105/https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/20060809124617nainawhdaw0.8614466.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. US State Department. (9 August 2006). Retrieved 29 July 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangan2017" class="citation news cs1">Rangan, Baradwaj (8 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/Masala-redux/article17007881.ece">"Masala redux"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Masala+redux&rft.date=2017-01-08&rft.aulast=Rangan&rft.aufirst=Baradwaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-sundaymagazine%2FMasala-redux%2Farticle17007881.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/021117/secret-superstar-a-moving-slice-of-life.html">"Secret Superstar: A moving slice of life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a>. 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Secret+Superstar%3A+A+moving+slice+of+life&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2F021117%2Fsecret-superstar-a-moving-slice-of-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kareena-kapoor-proud-to-be-part-of-two-successful-women-centric-films-exclusive-2524033-2024-04-06">"Kareena Kapoor: Proud to be part of two successful women-centric films"</a>. India Today. 6 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kareena+Kapoor%3A+Proud+to+be+part+of+two+successful+women-centric+films&rft.pub=India+Today&rft.date=2024-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmovies%2Fbollywood%2Fstory%2Fkareena-kapoor-proud-to-be-part-of-two-successful-women-centric-films-exclusive-2524033-2024-04-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gokulsing-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Gokulsing_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokulsingDissanayake,_Wimal2004" class="citation book cs1">Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. 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Visual Anthropology. 23 (1): 33–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08949460903368895">10.1080/08949460903368895</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144974842">144974842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Bollywood%2C+Rasa+and+Indian+Cinema%3A+Misconceptions%2C+Meanings+and+Millionaire&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08949460903368895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144974842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Matthew+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooptu2010" class="citation book cs1">Gooptu, Sharmistha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91217-7"><bdi>978-1-136-91217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cinema%3A+%27An+Other+Nation%27&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-91217-7&rft.aulast=Gooptu&rft.aufirst=Sharmistha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcUtCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_102-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAḵẖtarKabir2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javed_Akhtar" title="Javed Akhtar">Aḵẖtar, Jāvīd</a>; Kabir, Nasreen Munni (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ">Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566462-1"><bdi>978-0-19-566462-1</bdi></a>. <q>JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into <a href="/wiki/Devnagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devnagari">Devnagari</a> because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu. Not only me, I think most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Singh_Bedi" title="Rajinder Singh Bedi">Rajinder Singh Bedi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inder_Raj_Anand" title="Inder Raj Anand">Inder Raj Anand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rahi_Masoom_Raza" title="Rahi Masoom Raza">Rahi Masoom Raza</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wajahat_Mirza" title="Wajahat Mirza">Vahajat Mirza</a>, who wrote dialogue for films like <a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam" title="Mughal-e-Azam">Mughal-e-Azam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunga_Jumna" title="Gunga Jumna">Gunga Jumna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_India" title="Mother India">Mother India</a>. So most dialogue-writers and most song-writers are from the Urdu discipline, even today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+Films%3A+Conversations+on+Hindi+Cinema+with+Javed+Akhtar&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566462-1&rft.aulast=A%E1%B8%B5%E1%BA%96tar&rft.aufirst=J%C4%81v%C4%ABd&rft.au=Kabir%2C+Nasreen+Munni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_JILAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri2015-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri2015_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri2015_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri2015_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ">Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dwyer-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwyer_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dwyer" title="Rachel Dwyer">Dwyer, Rachel</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA106">Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38070-1"><bdi>978-1-134-38070-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filming+the+Gods%3A+Religion+and+Indian+Cinema&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-38070-1&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsKR1RKoJKUC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FilmWorld-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FilmWorld_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilmWorld_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ">"Film World"</a>. Film World. 10. T.M. Ramachandran: 65. 1974. <q>Two eminent Urdu writers <a href="/wiki/Krishan_Chander" title="Krishan Chander">Krishan Chander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chughtai" title="Ismat Chughtai">Ismat Chughtai</a> have said that "more than seventy-five per cent of films are made in Urdu."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+World&rft.atitle=Film+World&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHlTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352140084" title="Special:BookSources/9789352140084"><bdi>9789352140084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+by+Salim-Javed%3A+The+Story+of+Hindi+Cinema%27s+Greatest+Screenwriters&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789352140084&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCri9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-urdu-pulp-fiction-where-gabbar-singh-and-mogambo-came-from-1564148">"Urdu pulp fiction: Where Gabbar Singh and Mogambo came from"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a>. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Urdu+pulp+fiction%3A+Where+Gabbar+Singh+and+Mogambo+came+from&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Flifestyle%2Freview-urdu-pulp-fiction-where-gabbar-singh-and-mogambo-came-from-1564148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19790915-bruce-lee-storms-bombay-once-again-with-return-of-the-dragon-822544-2014-02-21">"Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return of the Dragon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. 15 September 1979. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Bruce+Lee+storms+Bombay+once+again+with+Return+of+the+Dragon&rft.date=1979-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fsociety-the-arts%2Ffilms%2Fstory%2F19790915-bruce-lee-storms-bombay-once-again-with-return-of-the-dragon-822544-2014-02-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heide-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Heide_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2002" class="citation book cs1">Heide, William Van der (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3HTdu1HuWQC&pg=PA148">Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565803" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565803"><bdi>9789053565803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Cinema%2C+Asian+Film%3A+Border+Crossings+and+National+Cultures&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789053565803&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=William+Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3HTdu1HuWQC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisLiChan2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdrHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932643-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932643-19-0"><bdi>978-1-932643-19-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Connections%3A+Transnational+Imagination+in+Action+Cinema&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932643-19-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft.au=Li%2C+Siu+Leung&rft.au=Chan%2C+Stephen+Ching-kiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdrHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desai2013-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desai2013_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desai2013_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2013" class="citation news cs1">Desai, Lord Meghnad (4 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22335309">"How Bollywood mirrors Indian realities"</a>. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Bollywood+mirrors+Indian+realities&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Lord+Meghnad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-22335309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schulze, Brigitte (September 2002). "The Cinematic 'Discovery of India': Mehboob's Re-Invention of the Nation in Mother India". <a href="/wiki/Social_Scientist" title="Social Scientist">Social Scientist</a>. 30 (9/10): 72–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517959">10.2307/3517959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517959">3517959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Cinematic+%27Discovery+of+India%27%3A+Mehboob%27s+Re-Invention+of+the+Nation+in+Mother+India&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavendra2014" class="citation book cs1">Raghavendra, M. K. (2014). The Politics of Hindi Cinema in the New Millennium: Bollywood and the Anglophone Indian Nation. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Scholarship_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Scholarship Online">Oxford Scholarship Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199450565.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450565.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945056-5"><bdi>978-0-19-945056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Hindi+Cinema+in+the+New+Millennium%3A+Bollywood+and+the+Anglophone+Indian+Nation&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199450565.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-945056-5&rft.aulast=Raghavendra&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-dangals-overseas-box-office-success-is-a-testimony-to-indian-film-industrys-soft-power-3500555.html">"Baahubali 2, Dangal's overseas box office success is a testimony to Indian film industry's soft power"</a>. Firstpost. 31 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Baahubali+2%2C+Dangal%27s+overseas+box+office+success+is+a+testimony+to+Indian+film+industry%27s+soft+power&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbaahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-dangals-overseas-box-office-success-is-a-testimony-to-indian-film-industrys-soft-power-3500555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-window-to-india-rising-soft-power-bollywood-4611855/">"A window to India's rising soft power – Bollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 13 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=A+window+to+India%27s+rising+soft+power+%E2%80%93+Bollywood&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Fbooks%2Fa-window-to-india-rising-soft-power-bollywood-4611855%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnaindia-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnaindia_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-as-popular-as-pope-german-media-1150157">"Shah Rukh Khan as popular as Pope: German media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a>. 10 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Shah+Rukh+Khan+as+popular+as+Pope%3A+German+media&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fentertainment%2Freport-shah-rukh-khan-as-popular-as-pope-german-media-1150157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaminathan2017" class="citation book cs1">Swaminathan, Roopa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDfCDgAAQBAJ">Bollywood Boom: India's Rise as a Soft Power</a>. Random House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386495143" title="Special:BookSources/9789386495143"><bdi>9789386495143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood+Boom%3A+India%27s+Rise+as+a+Soft+Power&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789386495143&rft.aulast=Swaminathan&rft.aufirst=Roopa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDfCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212094804/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280">"Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+General+Demographic+Characteristics%3A+Census+2000+Summary+File+1+%28SF+1%29+100-Percent+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FDEC%2F00_SF1%2FDP1%2F0600000US3402347280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213155409/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280">"ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Monroe township, Middlesex County, New Jersey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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Retrieved 30 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Amitabh+Bachchan+starrer+%27Deewar%27+was+remade+in+Telugu%2C+Tamil%2C+Malayalam+%E2%80%93+and+Cantonese&rft.aulast=Mondal&rft.aufirst=Sayantan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthereel.scroll.in%2F828031%2Famitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hkcinemagic-125"><a href="#cite_ref-hkcinemagic_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031226/http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=1693">"The Brothers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cinemagic" title="Hong Kong Cinemagic">Hong Kong Cinemagic</a>. 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Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Hosono+%26+Yokoo%3A+Cochin+Moon&rft.date=2005-07-19&rft.au=Dominique+Leone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2F4016-cochin-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VH1-130"><a href="#cite_ref-VH1_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413172839/https://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1457672/09192002/truth_hurts.jhtml">"Truth Hurts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a>. 19 September 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1457672/09192002/truth_hurts.jhtml">the original</a> on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truth+Hurts&rft.pub=VH1&rft.date=2002-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vh1.com%2Fartists%2Fnews%2F1457672%2F09192002%2Ftruth_hurts.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apradh-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Apradh_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWsSXjIDL3Q">ae naujawan hai sub kuchh yahan – Apradh 1972</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denselow-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Denselow_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Denselow2008" class="citation news cs1">Robin Denselow (2 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/may/02/worldmusic1">"Kalyanji Anandji, The Bollywood Brothers"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kalyanji+Anandji%2C+The+Bollywood+Brothers&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft.au=Robin+Denselow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2008%2Fmay%2F02%2Fworldmusic1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhanAditi2006" class="citation news cs1">Padmanabhan, Anil; Aditi, Khanna (22 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20060522-indian-music-by-contemporary-asian-rappers-and-rockers-is-storming-the-west-785369-2006-05-22">"Indian music by contemporary Asian rappers and rockers is storming the West"</a>. India Today. Retrieved 26 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Indian+music+by+contemporary+Asian+rappers+and+rockers+is+storming+the+West&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft.au=Aditi%2C+Khanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fsociety-the-arts%2Fstory%2F20060522-indian-music-by-contemporary-asian-rappers-and-rockers-is-storming-the-west-785369-2006-05-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Kalita, S. Mitra (2005). Suburban Sahibs: Three Immigrant Families And Their Passage from India to America. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, p. 134. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3318-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3318-X">0-8135-3318-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudrah2006" class="citation book cs1">Dudrah, Rajinder Kumar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OM9jDwAAQBAJ&q=Bollywood%3A+Sociology+Goes+To+the+Movies&pg=PP1">Bollywood: Sociology Goes To the Movies</a>. New Delhi: Sage Publishing India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352803026" title="Special:BookSources/9789352803026"><bdi>9789352803026</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollywood%3A+Sociology+Goes+To+the+Movies&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publishing+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789352803026&rft.aulast=Dudrah&rft.aufirst=Rajinder+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOM9jDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBollywood%253A%2BSociology%2BGoes%2BTo%2Bthe%2BMovies%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangadhar,_V.2007" class="citation news cs1">Gangadhar, V. (13 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070419145349/https://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/13/stories/2007041300860100.htm">"Moving with the times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/13/stories/2007041300860100.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Moving+with+the+times&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.au=Gangadhar%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Ffr%2F2007%2F04%2F13%2Fstories%2F2007041300860100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Migration-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Migration_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Migration_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Migration_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Migration_137-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_SumanOmoniyi,_Tope2001" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Suman; Omoniyi, Tope (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nr2724-bOfMC&pg=PA202">The Cultures of Economic Migration: International Perspectives</a>. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7070-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-7070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Economic+Migration%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7070-4&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Suman&rft.au=Omoniyi%2C+Tope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnr2724-bOfMC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhubchandani" class="citation web cs1">Khubchandani, Lata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111621/https://ia.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/21hem.htm">"Memories of another day"</a>. mid-day.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/21hem.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memories+of+another+day&rft.pub=mid-day.com&rft.aulast=Khubchandani&rft.aufirst=Lata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2F1999%2Fjun%2F21hem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee200310–18-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee200310–18_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003">Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003</a>, p. 10–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-scienceandmediamuseum-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scienceandmediamuseum_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scienceandmediamuseum_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/">"Decoding the Bollywood poster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a>. 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+and+Media+Museum&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+Bollywood+poster&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk%2Fdecoding-the-bollywood-poster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-film-world-141"><a href="#cite_ref-film-world_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ">"Film World"</a>. Film World. 10: 65. 1974. <q>I feel that the Government should eradicate the age-old evil of certifying Urdu films as Hindi ones. It is a known fact that Urdu has been willingly accepted and used by the film industry. Two Urdu writers <a href="/wiki/Krishan_Chander" title="Krishan Chander">Krishan Chander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chughtai" title="Ismat Chughtai">Ismat Chughtai</a> have said that "more than seventy-five per cent of films are made in Urdu." It is a pity that although Urdu is freely used in films, the producers in general mention the language of the film as "Hindi" in the application forms supplied by the Censor Board. It is a gross misrepresentation and unjust to the people who love Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+World&rft.atitle=Film+World&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHlTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee200365-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulzarNihalaniChatterjee200365_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003">Gulzar, Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaumik1996" class="citation news cs1">Bhaumik, Saba Naqvi (30 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19960930-from-nonsensical-to-sublime-majrooh-sultanpuri-still-defines-bollywood-frontiers-833834-1996-09-30">"From nonsensical to sublime, Majrooh Sultanpuri still defines Bollywood frontiers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=From+nonsensical+to+sublime%2C+Majrooh+Sultanpuri+still+defines+Bollywood+frontiers&rft.date=1996-09-30&rft.aulast=Bhaumik&rft.aufirst=Saba+Naqvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fprofile%2Fstory%2F19960930-from-nonsensical-to-sublime-majrooh-sultanpuri-still-defines-bollywood-frontiers-833834-1996-09-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirdi,_Jyotika2003" class="citation book cs1">Virdi, Jyotika (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird">The cinematic imagiNation (sic): Indian popular films as social history</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3191-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-3191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cinematic+imagiNation+%28sic%29%3A+Indian+popular+films+as+social+history&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5&rft.au=Virdi%2C+Jyotika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcinematicimagina0000vird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Desai, Jigna, Dudrah, Rajinder, Rai, Amit, "Bollywood Audiences Editorial", South Asian Popular Culture (October 2005), Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 79–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUs_Salam,_Ziya2007" class="citation news cs1">Us Salam, Ziya (12 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105153839/https://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/08/12/stories/2007081250070400.htm">"Assault of the mixed doubles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/08/12/stories/2007081250070400.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Assault+of+the+mixed+doubles&rft.date=2007-08-12&rft.au=Us+Salam%2C+Ziya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmag%2F2007%2F08%2F12%2Fstories%2F2007081250070400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael (2008). "A Thematic Case Study: Border Crossings". The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing (8th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-47200-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-47200-9"><bdi>978-0-312-47200-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Thematic+Case+Study%3A+Border+Crossings&rft.btitle=The+Bedford+Introduction+to+Literature%3A+Reading%2C+Thinking%2C+Writing&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Bedford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-312-47200-9&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/lagaan-used-synchronized-sound/articleshow/3987370.cms">"Lagaan used synchronized sound"</a>. The Times of India. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Lagaan+used+synchronized+sound&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhindi%2Fbollywood%2Fdid-you-know%2Flagaan-used-synchronized-sound%2Farticleshow%2F3987370.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraphindia1-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraphindia1_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraphindia1_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraphindia1_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraphindia1_149-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamyabrata_Ray_Goswami2014" class="citation web cs1">Samyabrata Ray Goswami (11 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111050234/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141111/jsp/frontpage/story_19024241.jsp">"Women get makeup justice"</a>. The Telegraph. Kolkota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141111/jsp/frontpage/story_19024241.jsp">the original</a> on 11 November 2014. 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Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bollywood+Hungama&rft.atitle=2008%3A+30%2B+Screens+in+U.K.+%3ABollywood+Box+Office+-+Bollywood+Hungama&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollywoodhungama.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F05%2F03%2F11326%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nusrat-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nusrat_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nusrat_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nusrat_275-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruahPadmanabhan1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Baruah, Amit; Padmanabhan, R. (6 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011230173145/https://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm">"The stilled voice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a>. Archived from the original on 30 December 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu%2C+Frontline&rft.atitle=The+stilled+voice&rft.date=1997-09-06&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft.au=Padmanabhan%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl1418%2F14181230.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2018" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_e9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93">Bioscope: A Frivolous History of Bollywood in Ten Chapters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351952299" title="Special:BookSources/9789351952299"><bdi>9789351952299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioscope%3A+A+Frivolous+History+of+Bollywood+in+Ten+Chapters&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789351952299&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Diptakirti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_e9LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rediff-khan-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rediff-khan_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediff-khan_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediff-khan_277-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/05nusrat.htm">"A rare encounter with Ustad Nusrat Ali Khan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff" class="mw-redirect" title="Rediff">Rediff</a>. 1997. Retrieved 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=A+rare+encounter+with+Ustad+Nusrat+Ali+Khan&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2Fapr%2F05nusrat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivasan-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan_278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2018" class="citation web cs1">Srinivasan, Karthik (16 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/">"How Guinean Singer Mory Kanté's Music Was Lifted To Create 'Tamma Tamma Loge' and 'Jumma Chumma De De'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Film_Companion" class="mw-redirect" title="Film Companion">Film Companion</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606090031/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Companion&rft.atitle=How+Guinean+Singer+Mory+Kant%C3%A9%27s+Music+Was+Lifted+To+Create+%27Tamma+Tamma+Loge%27+and+%27Jumma+Chumma+De+De%27&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmcompanion.in%2Fmusic%2Fhow-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Hindi_cinema" title="Bibliography of Hindi cinema">Bibliography of Hindi cinema</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulzarNihalaniChatterjee2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Nihalani, Govind</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saibal_Chatterjee" title="Saibal Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Saibal</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Hindi_Cinema" title="Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema">Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> (India). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-066-5"><bdi>978-81-7991-066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hindi+Cinema&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+%28India%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-066-5&rft.au=Gulzar&rft.au=Nihalani%2C+Govind&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Saibal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazumdar, Ranjani (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC">Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1302-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-1302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombay+Cinema%3A+An+Archive+of+the+City&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1302-5&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Ranjani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxenNBrRKOGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi+cinema" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Alter" title="Stephen Alter">Alter, Stephen</a>. Fantasies of a Bollywood Love-Thief: Inside the World of Indian Moviemaking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603084-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-603084-5">0-15-603084-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum-Hossain,_Momtaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Begum-Hossain, Momtaz">Begum-Hossain, Momtaz</a>. Bollywood Crafts: 20 Projects Inspired by Popular Indian Cinema, 2006. The Guild of Mastercraftsman Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86108-418-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86108-418-8">1-86108-418-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose,_Mihir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose, Mihir">Bose, Mihir</a>, Bollywood: A History, New Delhi, Roli Books, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-653-5">978-81-7436-653-5</a>.</li> <li>Dwyer, Rachel. Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014) 295 pages</li> <li>Ganti, Tejaswini. Bollywood, Routledge, New York and London, 2004.</li> <li>Ganti, Tejaswini. Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry (Duke University Press; 2012) 424 pages; looks at how major changes in film production since the 1990s have been influenced by the liberal restructuring of India's state and economy.</li> <li>Gibson, Bernard. 'Bollywood'. Passing the Envelope, 1994.</li> <li>Jolly, Gurbir, Zenia Wadhwani, and Deborah Barretto, eds. Once Upon a Time in Bollywood: The Global Swing in Hindi Cinema, TSAR Publications. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894770-40-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894770-40-8">978-1-894770-40-8</a>.</li> <li>Joshi, Lalit Mohan. Bollywood: Popular Indian Cinema. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9537032-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9537032-2-3">0-9537032-2-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir,_Nasreen_Munni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabir, Nasreen Munni">Kabir, Nasreen Munni</a>. Bollywood, Channel 4 Books, 2001.</li> <li>Mehta, Suketu. Maximum City, Knopf, 2004.</li> <li>Mishra, Vijay. Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93015-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93015-4">0-415-93015-4</a>.</li> <li>Pendakur, Manjunath. Indian Popular Cinema: Industry, Ideology, and Consciousness. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57273-500-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57273-500-7">1-57273-500-7</a>.</li> <li>Prasad, Madhava. Ideology of the Hindi Film: A Historical Construction, Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-565295-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-565295-9">0-19-565295-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheja,_Dinesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raheja, Dinesh">Raheja, Dinesh</a> and Kothari, Jitendra. Indian Cinema: <a href="/wiki/The_Bollywood_Saga" title="The Bollywood Saga">The Bollywood Saga</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7436-285-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7436-285-1">81-7436-285-1</a>.</li> <li>Raj, Aditya (2007) "Bollywood Cinema and Indian Diaspora" in Media Literacy: A Reader edited by Donaldo Macedo and Shirley Steinberg New York: Peter Lang</li> <li>Rajadhyaksa, Ashish (1996), "India: Filming the Nation", The Oxford History of World Cinema, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811257-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811257-2">0-19-811257-2</a>.</li> <li>Rajadhyaksha, Ashish and Willemen, Paul. Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Oxford University Press, revised and expanded, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_K._Jha" title="Subhash K. Jha">Jha, Subhash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachchan,_Amitabh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachchan, Amitabh">Bachchan, Amitabh</a> (foreword). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-378-7">978-81-7436-378-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209154441/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0502/feature3/">National Geographic Magazine: "Welcome to Bollywood"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niffa.org/">National Institute Of Film and Fine Arts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindi_film_list" title="Template:Hindi film list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindi_film_list" title="Template talk:Hindi film list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi_film_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi film list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindi_cinema654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindi-language_film_directors" title="Category:Hindi-language film directors">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindi_film_producers" title="Category:Hindi film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actors_in_Hindi_cinema" title="Category:Actors in Hindi cinema">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actors_in_Hindi_cinema" title="Category:Actors in Hindi cinema">Actresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bollywood_playback_singers" title="Category:Bollywood playback singers">Playback singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindi_film_score_composers" title="Category:Hindi film score composers">Music directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_film_music" title="Hindi film music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Hindi_cinema" title="Bibliography of Hindi cinema">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bollywood" title="Portal:Bollywood"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/40px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/60px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/80px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="245" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Films by year</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1920" title="List of Hindi films of 1920">1920</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1921" title="List of Hindi films of 1921">1921</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1922" title="List of Hindi films of 1922">1922</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1923" title="List of Hindi films of 1923">1923</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1924" title="List of Hindi films of 1924">1924</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1925" title="List of Hindi films of 1925">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1926" title="List of Hindi films of 1926">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1927" title="List of Hindi films of 1927">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1928" title="List of Hindi films of 1928">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1929" title="List of Hindi films of 1929">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1930" title="List of Hindi films of 1930">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1931" title="List of Hindi films of 1931">1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1932" title="List of Hindi films of 1932">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1933" title="List of Hindi films of 1933">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1934" title="List of Hindi films of 1934">1934</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1935" title="List of Hindi films of 1935">1935</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1936" title="List of Hindi films of 1936">1936</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1937" title="List of Hindi films of 1937">1937</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1938" title="List of Hindi films of 1938">1938</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1939" title="List of Hindi films of 1939">1939</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1940" title="List of Hindi films of 1940">1940</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1941" title="List of Hindi films of 1941">1941</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1942" title="List of Hindi films of 1942">1942</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1943" title="List of Hindi films of 1943">1943</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1944" title="List of Hindi films of 1944">1944</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1945" title="List of Hindi films of 1945">1945</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1946" title="List of Hindi films of 1946">1946</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1947" title="List of Hindi films of 1947">1947</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1948" title="List of Hindi films of 1948">1948</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1949" title="List of Hindi films of 1949">1949</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1950" title="List of Hindi films of 1950">1950</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1951" title="List of Hindi films of 1951">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1952" title="List of Hindi films of 1952">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1953" title="List of Hindi films of 1953">1953</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1954" title="List of Hindi films of 1954">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1955" title="List of Hindi films of 1955">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1956" title="List of Hindi films of 1956">1956</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1957" title="List of Hindi films of 1957">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1958" title="List of Hindi films of 1958">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1959" title="List of Hindi films of 1959">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1960" title="List of Hindi films of 1960">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1961" title="List of Hindi films of 1961">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1962" title="List of Hindi films of 1962">1962</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1963" title="List of Hindi films of 1963">1963</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1964" title="List of Hindi films of 1964">1964</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1965" title="List of Hindi films of 1965">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1966" title="List of Hindi films of 1966">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1967" title="List of Hindi films of 1967">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1968" title="List of Hindi films of 1968">1968</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1969" title="List of Hindi films of 1969">1969</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1970" title="List of Hindi films of 1970">1970</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1971" title="List of Hindi films of 1971">1971</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1972" title="List of Hindi films of 1972">1972</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1973" title="List of Hindi films of 1973">1973</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1974" title="List of Hindi films of 1974">1974</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1975" title="List of Hindi films of 1975">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1976" title="List of Hindi films of 1976">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1977" title="List of Hindi films of 1977">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1978" title="List of Hindi films of 1978">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1979" title="List of Hindi films of 1979">1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1980" title="List of Hindi films of 1980">1980</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1981" title="List of Hindi films of 1981">1981</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1982" title="List of Hindi films of 1982">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1983" title="List of Hindi films of 1983">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1984" title="List of Hindi films of 1984">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1985" title="List of Hindi films of 1985">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1986" title="List of Hindi films of 1986">1986</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1987" title="List of Hindi films of 1987">1987</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1988" title="List of Hindi films of 1988">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1989" title="List of Hindi films of 1989">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1990" title="List of Hindi films of 1990">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1991" title="List of Hindi films of 1991">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1992" title="List of Hindi films of 1992">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1993" title="List of Hindi films of 1993">1993</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1994" title="List of Hindi films of 1994">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1995" title="List of Hindi films of 1995">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1996" title="List of Hindi films of 1996">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1997" title="List of Hindi films of 1997">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1998" title="List of Hindi films of 1998">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1999" title="List of Hindi films of 1999">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2000" title="List of Hindi films of 2000">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2001" title="List of Hindi films of 2001">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2002" title="List of Hindi films of 2002">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2003" title="List of Hindi films of 2003">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2004" title="List of Hindi films of 2004">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2005" title="List of Hindi films of 2005">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2006" title="List of Hindi films of 2006">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2007" title="List of Hindi films of 2007">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2008" title="List of Hindi films of 2008">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2009" title="List of Hindi films of 2009">2009</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2010" title="List of Hindi films of 2010">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2011" title="List of Hindi films of 2011">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2012" title="List of Hindi films of 2012">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2013" title="List of Hindi films of 2013">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2014" title="List of Hindi films of 2014">2014</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2015" title="List of Hindi films of 2015">2015</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2016" title="List of Hindi films of 2016">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2017" title="List of Hindi films of 2017">2017</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2018" title="List of Hindi films of 2018">2018</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2019" title="List of Hindi films of 2019">2019</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2020" title="List of Hindi films of 2020">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2021" title="List of Hindi films of 2021">2021</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2022" title="List of Hindi films of 2022">2022</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2023" title="List of Hindi films of 2023">2023</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2024" title="List of Hindi films of 2024">2024</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2025" title="List of Hindi films of 2025">2025</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2026" title="List of Hindi films of 2026">2026</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindi-language_films" title="Category:Hindi-language films">Hindi films A–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Hindi_films" title="List of highest-grossing Hindi films">Highest-grossing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_India" title="List of highest-grossing films in India">Domestic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Crore_Club" title="100 Crore Club">100 crore club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1000_Crore_Club" title="1000 Crore Club">1000 crore club</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Cinema_of_India125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_India" title="Template:Cinema of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_India" title="Template talk:Cinema of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Cinema_of_India125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_cinema" title="Badaga cinema">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bodo-language_films" title="List of Bodo-language films">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_cinema" title="Deccani cinema">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_Indian_films" title="English-language Indian films">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jharkhand" title="Cinema of Jharkhand">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_cinema" title="Khortha cinema">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_Cinema" title="Kokborok Cinema">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_cinema" title="Kutchi cinema">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Manipur" title="Cinema of Manipur">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_cinema" title="Nagpuri cinema">Nagpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali cinema">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_cinema" title="Sambalpuri cinema">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_cinema" title="Santali cinema">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu cinema">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:India_film_clapperboard_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/40px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/60px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg/80px-India_film_clapperboard_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="245" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_India" title="International Film Festival of India">International Film Festival of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees" title="List of Indian Academy Award winners and nominees">Winners and nominees of the Academy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Golden_Globe_Award_winners_and_nominees" title="List of Indian Golden Globe Award winners and nominees">Winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_of_the_British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="List of Indian winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards">Winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_winners_and_nominees_at_the_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival">Winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Indian_films" title="List of most expensive Indian films">Most expensive films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_series" title="List of Indian film series">List of Indian film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Science fiction films in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">Horror films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">ghost films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films" title="List of highest-grossing Indian films">Highest-grossing films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_South_Indian_films" title="List of highest-grossing South Indian films">Highest-grossing South Indian films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_India" title="List of film festivals in India">Film festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema464" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema464" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental & transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindi483" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindi_topics" title="Template talk:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindi483" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_pronouns" title="Hindi pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansiboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansiboli">Sansi Boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Eastern_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Karnataka" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka">Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_West_Bengal" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal">Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_imposition" title="Hindi imposition">Hindi imposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi films">Hindutva boycott of Hindi films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Official_Language" title="Department of Official Language">Department of Official Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Secretariat" title="World Hindi Secretariat">World Hindi Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Conference" title="World Hindi Conference">World Hindi Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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[\"CITEREFSanskar_Shrivastava2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaxena2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergey_Kudryavtsev\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShah2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShedde2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh,_Vijay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkelton,_TraceyAllen,_Tim1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridharan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrikanth_Srinivasan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadtman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubhash_K_Jha2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudhakaran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwaminathan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambunan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTejaswini_Ganti2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Times_of_Indiamovie_report2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripathi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnny2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUs_Salam,_Ziya2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaria2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilanilam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirdi,_Jyotika2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirdi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolodzko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVāṭaveTrust2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasko,_Janet2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYogendra_Singh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Cast_and_crew\"] = 1,\n [\"Genre_conventions\"] = 1,\n [\"Influences_for_Hindi_cinema\"] = 1,\n [\"International_shoots\"] = 1,\n [\"Makeup\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Horn_of_Africa\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 6,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bollywood\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cinema of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 88,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 79,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindi topics\"] = 1,\n [\"INR\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Indian cinema\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"To USD\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"World cinema\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","24.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","10.6"],["dataWrapper 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