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<a href="/wiki/Talk:Suffrajitsu##" title="Talk:Suffrajitsu">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Suffrajitsu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg/200px-Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg/300px-Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg/400px-Edith_Garrud_and_a_Policeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="793" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Garrud" title="Edith Garrud">Edith Garrud</a> demonstrating jujutsu techniques on a volunteer dressed as a police constable</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Self-defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-defence">Self-defence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous practitioners</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jujitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jujitsu">Jujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Suffrajitsu</b> is a term used to describe the application of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese martial art">martial arts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-defence">self-defence</a> techniques by members of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> during 1913/14. The term derives from a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jiu-jitsu</a></i> and was first coined by an anonymous English journalist during March 1914. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian period">Edwardian period</a>, jujutsu was promoted as a way to foster women's self defence, autonomy and health, initially in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and then elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. </p><p>In contemporary usage, "suffrajitsu" describes the suffragettes' techniques of visible 'self-defence, sabotage and subterfuge' against the police and other aggressors, whilst promoting the benefits of jujitsu as a 'free activity' and a form of self-defense for dealing with both <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> in the home, and public attacks to women.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "suffragette" was first used in 1906 pejoratively by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London Daily Mail describing female activists working for women's suffrage, in particular members of the WSPU. The latter, however, embraced the term and used it to distinguish their own, radical and militant approach from that of more staid and law-abiding "suffragist" organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a>. </p><p>Martial arts instructor <a href="/wiki/Edith_Garrud" title="Edith Garrud">Edith Garrud</a> believed the term "Ju-Jutsuffragettes" originated from Health & Strength Magazine prior to 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term 'Suffrajitsu' was coined by an anonymous English journalist in a widely republished article first issued in March 1914 and has subsequently been re-popularised by the <i><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu:_Mrs._Pankhurst%27s_Amazons" title="Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons">Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons</a></i> graphic novel series (2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_of_engagement_and_contemporary_influence">Style of engagement and contemporary influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Style of engagement and contemporary influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suffrajitsu drew upon the techniques of the Japanese jujutsu teachers in London during the Edwardian period. Women in particular were seen as ideal to engage in Jujitsu, as their smaller on average builds allowed them an advantage in allowing their opponent to underestimate them based on their being the 'fairer/weaker' sex and then using their jujitsu to topple larger opponents. </p><p>Outside of the training suffragettes received related to ju-jitsu, weapons were also frequently taken into account by their practicality, to prevent attack on their persons, both domestically and by the police. Members of the WSPU Bodyguard (see below) were issued with <a href="/wiki/Indian_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian clubs">Indian clubs</a> for use as weapons. Women learned to defend themselves with everyday items of <a href="/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion" title="1900s in Western fashion">clothing</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">hatpin</a>, used by Edwardian women to hold their large hats in place which could at times reach up to 16 inches in length, either to disarm or maim. <a href="/wiki/Flora_Drummond" title="Flora Drummond">Flora Drummond</a>, known as 'The General' for wearing a military style uniform, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Ogston" title="Helen Ogston">Helen Ogston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Billington-Greig" title="Teresa Billington-Greig">Teresa Billington-Greig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maud_Arncliffe_Sennett" title="Maud Arncliffe Sennett">Maud Arncliffe Sennett</a> were each known to carry around <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whips</a>, to intimidate opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Battle of Glasgow (1914), suffragettes engaged with police by deploying hidden <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> as a stalling tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garruds-dojo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Garruds-dojo.jpg/220px-Garruds-dojo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Garruds-dojo.jpg/330px-Garruds-dojo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Garruds-dojo.jpg/440px-Garruds-dojo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edith_Garrud" title="Edith Garrud">Edith Garrud</a>'s dojo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ju-jitsu was first demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1892 by Tetsujiro Shidachi and later promoted in England by the <a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a> founder and practitioner <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barton-Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Barton-Wright">Edward Barton-Wright</a>, who introduced Asian martial arts to the middle-classes between 1899 and 1902. Unusually for Edwardian-era "antagonistics" (combat sports) clubs, lessons at the Bartitsu Club were available to women as well as men. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoebe_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Phoebe_Roberts.jpg/220px-Phoebe_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Phoebe_Roberts.jpg/330px-Phoebe_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Phoebe_Roberts.jpg/440px-Phoebe_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Phoebe Roberts</figcaption></figure> <p>In the interest of women practitioners and writing in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a> in 1903, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Sharp_(suffragist)" title="Evelyn Sharp (suffragist)">Evelyn Sharp</a> called for 'women [to] take the special ladies classes offered by (former Bartitsu Club instructor <a href="/wiki/Sadakazu_Uyenishi" title="Sadakazu Uyenishi">Sadakazu) Uyenishi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Golden_Square" title="Golden Square">Golden Square</a>'. The specific classes being offered taught by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a>; who herself learnt from training at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Dojo" title="Dojo">dojo</a> of Uyenishi's former associate <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Tani" title="Yukio Tani">Yukio Tani</a>, along with other 'lady instructors' like Phoebe Roberts (1887–1937) who also taught <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> alongside Uyenishi by December 1904 at the Golden Square school. Uyenishi, remarking on woman learning ju-jitsu, was quoted as noting that <i>"Balance and quickness will always win, and women are always quick."</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with the heightened position of Japan as a nation state after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Japanese war">victory over Russia in 1905</a> based partly on the word of the Japanese army claiming Judo was their secret weapon and hyperbolic claims of jujutsu teachers and sportswriters, there was an inclination in Edwardian English society to learn about 'jiu-jitsu', and the art was taught to young women at <a href="/wiki/Girton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Girton College">Girton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnham College">Newnham College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1905 Watts began teaching self-defence lessons to other high society women such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford" title="Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford">Duchess Bedford</a> and by 1906 began teaching Jujitsu classes at the <a href="/wiki/Princes_Skating_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes Skating Club">Princes Skating Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a>, also publishing <i>The Fine Art of Jujutsu</i>. Other female students of this style included <a href="/wiki/Marie_Studholme" title="Marie Studholme">Marie Studholme</a> who trained under Tani in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ju-jitsu parties became all the rage, instructing upper and middle class in the art of self-defence in their homes, or at afternoon tea.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Garrud" title="Edith Garrud">Edith Garrud</a> took over women's classes at the Golden Square School when Uyenishi left England. Garrud also founded the 'Suffragettes Self-Defence Club' in 1909, a suffragettes-only Jujutsu club, which from 1911 moved to the Palladium Academy, in <a href="/wiki/Argyll_Street" title="Argyll Street">Argyll Street</a>. </p><p>The requirement for suffragette self-defence was reinforced by events such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday Raid</a>, wherein plain clothes police officers had allegedly physically and sexually assaulted unarmed women attempting to force entry to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> during a "Raid on Parliament" protest action.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after the dissolution of the more violent tactics used by the WSPU in 1914, in 1918 when <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a> was running for office for the <a href="/wiki/Smethwick" title="Smethwick">Smethwick</a> seat at the <a href="/wiki/General_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election">General Election</a>, her supporters used jujutsu to deter protestors rallying against her running for the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Budokwai" title="Budokwai">Budokwai</a> in 1918, Jujitsu and Judo began to attain non-political and international followings and were increasingly taught once again primarily as sport or for self-defence. The first female practitioner, Katherine White-Cooper, entering the Budokwai in April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_activity_or_'The_Soft-Art'"><span id="Recreational_activity_or_.27The_Soft-Art.27"></span>Recreational activity or 'The Soft-Art'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recreational activity or 'The Soft-Art'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragetto_board.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Suffragetto_board.svg/220px-Suffragetto_board.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Suffragetto_board.svg/330px-Suffragetto_board.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Suffragetto_board.svg/440px-Suffragetto_board.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Suffragetto board</figcaption></figure> <p>Jujitsu was promoted as a way not only to help defend women but to for their mental and physical health and well-being. The suffragette movement (like the <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist movement</a> to other contact and non-violent sport later on<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) promoted its recreational usage;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1908 board game <a href="/wiki/Suffragetto" title="Suffragetto">Suffragetto</a> introduced a then-highly political topic into the domestic sphere, framing and engaging the issue in a more positive light for a wider audience.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this manner, self-defence could be marketed as a sport, hobby or entertainment rather than being pejoratively labelled by the wider society as an aggressive or niche activity for women. Performers and publicists like the <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">strongman</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a>, promoted Jujitsu for women in <a href="/wiki/Sandow%27s_Magazine_of_Physical_Culture" title="Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture">his magazine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a> as a form of 'rational exercise' which supported 'feminine grace'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given a heightened interest in national health due to a national report revealing health issues in the United Kingdom, it was also in the national interest to increase public participation in sport. Indeed, in 1913 Edith Garrud's dojo was used as a base for militant suffragettes fleeing from pursuing policemen; hiding their protest implements and changing into jujitsu uniforms gave them the veneer of respectable sportswomen.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_through_the_arts">Promotion through the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Promotion through the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One way of promoting jiu-jitsu to the public was through theatre productions incorporating the style, with female participants performing and demonstrating the style's particular benefits when 'a light slim girl ... was able to throw heavy male opponents with the utmost ease.' In 1904, Roberts and Watts performed with Tani and Uyenishi at <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Hall" title="Caxton Hall">Caxton Hall</a> to promote the style, in the guise of stage entertainment, Roberts later performing for the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_of_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Society of the UK">Japan Society</a> in 1906 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regents_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents Park">Regents Park</a> and in 1908 at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Palace Theatre, Manchester">Palace Theatre, Manchester</a>. Roberts eventually toured <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> demonstrating Jujitsu for female audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husband-Tamer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Husband-Tamer.jpg/220px-Husband-Tamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Husband-Tamer.jpg/330px-Husband-Tamer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Husband-Tamer.jpg/440px-Husband-Tamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Ju-Jutsu as a Husband-Tamer (1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>Garrud demonstrated Jujitsu for the WSPU in 1909, and in January 1911 choreographed the fight scenes for the play <i>What Every Woman Ought to Know</i>. In August Garrud wrote about using jiu-jitsu as a form of self-defence in <i>Health and Strength</i> magazine. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>"ju-jutsu has over and over again been proved to be the most effective means, ... because it is easy to learn, and because it is, quite apart from its combative value, a splendid exercise; it is the very thing for women as well as men to take up thoroughly." — Edith Garrud, July 23, 1910 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filmography">Filmography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title</th> <th>Company</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jiu-jitsu Downs the Footpads</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a></td> <td>1907 – in which a woman played by jujutsu instructor Edith Garrud is pursued by two "ruffians" and ultimately defeats both of them with her martial arts skills </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charley Smiler Takes Up Ju-jitsu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a></td> <td>1911 – features a sequence in which the protagonist is defeated by "Miss U.I. Throwe" in a jujutsu match, after which she hands him a calling card reading "Votes for Women!" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militancy_in_WSPU_and_The_Bodyguard">Militancy in WSPU and The Bodyguard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Militancy in WSPU and The Bodyguard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jujitsu was initially demonstrated and promoted as a style of self-defence, but after the death of women like <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clarke" title="Mary Jane Clarke">Mary Jane Clarke</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Bills" title="Conciliation Bills">Conciliation Bills</a> fiasco, the WSPU began to employ more <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> forms of protest such as midnight raids on parliamentarians homes as well as nationwide <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> and bombing campaigns, albeit the latter two categories of action were only carried out against unoccupied properties.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch5Nov1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Punch5Nov1913.jpg/220px-Punch5Nov1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Punch5Nov1913.jpg/330px-Punch5Nov1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Punch5Nov1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><i>Punch</i> cartoon depicting militant suffragettes</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat and Mouse Act">Cat and Mouse Act</a> of 1913, the WSPU formed what was termed variously the 'Bodyguard', 'Jiujitsusuffragettes' or '<a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>'; a group of about 30 suffragettes tasked with protecting suffragettes who had been released from <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger striking</a> in prison from being re-arrested. In order to be eligible to serve with the Bodyguard, women had to be in good physical condition, trained in self-defence and willing to risk their safety and freedom in service of their cause. The organisation engaged Edith Garrud to teach them how to prevent bodily harm against themselves from the police. </p><p>Active members of the Bodyguard employed hand-to-hand combat when necessary to protect their charges, but by preference employed techniques of distraction, evasion and misdirection in collaboration with the large, semi-underground network of WSPU sympathisers. </p><p>The Bodyguards' most well known hand-to-hand combats engagements with police officers were the "Battle of Glasgow" on 9 March 1914, during which about 30 Bodyguards battled a much larger contingent of police constables and detectives on the stage of St. Andrew's Hall before a shocked audience of some 4500 people, and during their "Raid on Buckingham Palace" on 24 May 1914, when club-wielding suffragette Bodyguards fought police in the streets while attempting to access Buckingham Palace and present a suffrage petition to <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George</a>. </p><p>The Bodyguard group was disbanded shortly after England declared war against Germany at the outset of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, because the WSPU no longer required protection when they discontinued their militant activism and instead turned to supporting the war efforts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bodyguard </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Background </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Harding" title="Gertrude Harding">Gertrude Harding</a></td> <td>Head of Bodyguards, Jujitsu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katherine_%22Kitty%22_Marshall" title="Katherine "Kitty" Marshall">Kitty Marshall</a></td> <td>Jujitsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edith Garrud</td> <td>Trainer for bodyguards, Jujitsu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_in_modern_popular_culture">Representations in modern popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Representations in modern popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Suffrajitsu phenomenon has been portrayed in a variety of modern media including: </p> <ul><li>The 2015 graphic novel trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu:_Mrs._Pankhurst%27s_Amazons" title="Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons">Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons</a></i></li> <li>The 2015 feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette</a></i>, which includes a brief scene in which radical suffragette Edith Ellyn (<a href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">Helena Bonham Carter</a>) teaches a self-defence class</li> <li>Season 3, Episode 5 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Drunk_History_(British_TV_series)" title="Drunk History (British TV series)">Drunk History (UK)</a></i> TV comedy show (2017) features a Suffrajitsu segment starring <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hynes" title="Jessica Hynes">Jessica Hynes</a> as Emmeline Pankhurst</li> <li>The 2018 independent documentary <i>No Man Shall Protect Us: the Hidden History of the Suffragette Bodyguards</i></li> <li>Season 5, Episode 5 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Drunk_History" title="Drunk History">Drunk History</a></i> (US) comedy TV show (2019) features a Suffrajitsu segment starring <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Maslany" title="Tatiana Maslany">Tatiana Maslany</a> as Emmeline Pankhurst and <a href="/wiki/Kat_Dennings" title="Kat Dennings">Kat Dennings</a> as Bodyguard Gertrude Harding</li> <li>The 2020 and 2022 Netflix movies <i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Holmes_(film)" title="Enola Holmes (film)">Enola Holmes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Holmes_2" title="Enola Holmes 2">Enola Holmes 2</a></i>, both starring <a href="/wiki/Millie_Bobby_Brown" title="Millie Bobby Brown">Millie Bobby Brown</a> in the title role as a martial arts-trained detective in Edwardian London, co-starring Helena Bonham Carter as her radical suffragette/martial artist mother and <a href="/wiki/Susie_Wokoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Susie Wokoma">Susie Wokoma</a> as jujutsu trainer Edith Grayston.</li> <li>The 2023 graphic novel <i>The Bodyguard Unit: Edith Garrud, Women's Suffrage, and Jujitsu</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, Japanese instructors such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yae_Kichi_Yabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yae Kichi Yabe (page does not exist)">Yae Kichi Yabe</a> in Rochester, New York began teaching jiu-jitsu to Americans. Women recognized that jiu-jitsu training was not only effective as a means of self-defense but had political implications as well. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was a vocal advocate of jiu-jitsu training as a way of fostering manliness in American men and preparing United States soldiers for battle. In 1904, Roosevelt hired jiu-jitsu instructor <a href="/wiki/Yamashita_Yoshitsugu" title="Yamashita Yoshitsugu">Yoshitsugu Yamashita</a> to train him in the Japanese art of self-defense and made a public display of his training for the press.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminists annoyed by the posturing of men like Roosevelt, insisted that women were just as capable of learning jiu-jitsu. To prove their point, Martha Blow Wadsworth and Maria Louise ("Hallie") Davis Elkins hired Fude Yamashita, a highly skilled jiu-jitsu instructor and the wife of Yoshiaki Yamashita, to teach a jiu-jitsu class for women and girls in Washington, DC in 1904. The participants of the class included Grace Davis Lee, Katherine Elkins, Jessie Ames, and Re Lewis Smith Wilmer.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1904 the <i>Physical Training for Women</i> book was released by journalist H. Irving Hancock, based on the <a href="/wiki/Tsutsumi_H%C5%8Dzan-ry%C5%AB" title="Tsutsumi Hōzan-ryū">Tsutsumi Hōzan-ryū</a> style. The work whilst only showing basic partnered stretches, was taken up for self-defense against 'mashers',<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with journalist Priscilla Leonard writing how Hancock relayed that 'In Japan the women are not weaker, and in this country they have no right to be [either]'. </p><p>American suffragists drew inspiration from the tactics of the British militant suffragettes. Some American women directly participated in the actions initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">WSPU</a> and a few even became members of the Bodyguard. Chicago reformer <a href="/wiki/Zelie_Emerson" title="Zelie Emerson">Zelie Emerson</a> was recruited to join the movement by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> who was on a speaking tour in the United States at the time. In 1913, Emerson traveled back to the United Kingdom with Pankhurst and was arrested multiple times for breaking windows to advocate votes for women. Emerson was arrested, sent to prison, and went on hunger-strike. After directly experiencing police brutality and having her skull fractured by police truncheons on two separate occasions, Emerson decided to join the suffragettes in drilling in the use of clubs, boxing, and jiu-jitsu.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Most American suffragists tried to avoid any association with the militant tactics of the British suffragettes. There was no formal organization like the Bodyguard among suffragists in the United States. However, according to historian Wendy Rouse who has studied the origins of the women's self-defense movement in the United States, some American suffragists did advocate self-defense training for women and some groups of suffragists organized small groups to train in secret. Especially after their direct experiences with violence in the 1913 women's suffrage parade, American suffragists recognized that the police would offer them little protection. They began to recognize the value of jiu-jitsu training for their own self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York suffragist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofia_Loebinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofia Loebinger (page does not exist)">Sofia Loebinger</a> told reporters that she admired the British suffragettes who practiced jiu-jitsu: “Strong situations need strong women, and I am heartily in favor of the movement.” She expressed the belief that “boxing would be a good thing for women if only to teach them to concentrate their minds on one thing at a time. The ballot, for instance.”<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Louise_(%22Hallie%22)_Davis_Elkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Maria_Louise_%28%22Hallie%22%29_Davis_Elkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Elkins in 1918</figcaption></figure><p>In 1918, American society also began to promote Judo and wrestling as being fit for women's self-defense against the 'mashers' rather than a 'masculine' sport like boxing, with organizations like the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) promoting the sports. Women's Judo in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> particularly flourished, with <a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a> promoter Miss Harrison, and with <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> promoters including Floy Robinson, Kennette Griffith, Myrtle Nelson, Emma Cawdry, and Elva Class and the first female black belts including Shizuko Murasaki, Matsue Honda, and Yasue Kuniwake. Suffragettes and upper-class socialites often viewed learning martial arts as engaging in female empowerment, unlike boxing whilst working-class women used combat sports, mostly wrestling in <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> productions and self-defence where necessary. However most women until the 1940s viewed learning jiu-jitsu as 'manly', something which could scare off prospective marriage partners if the women built up <i>too much</i> muscle, diminishing their 'figures' and 'womanly charms'.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Meine Selbsthilfe Jiu Jitsu für Damen (My Selfhelp Jiu Jitsu for Women)</i>, Attinger (1901)</li> <li><i>Physical Training for Women by Japanese Methods</i>, G.P. Putnam's Sons (1904)</li> <li><i>The Fine Art of Jujitsu</i>, William Heinemann & Co (1906)</li> <li><i>The Life and Adventures of Miss Florence LeMar, the World's Famous Ju-Jitsu Girl</i>, Florence leMar (1913)</li> <li><i>Suffragette Escapes and Adventures</i>, Katherine "Kitty" Marshall (Unpublished, 1947)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mayer" title="Sarah Mayer">Sarah Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judo in the United Kingdom">Judo in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinamutay" title="Kinamutay">Kinamutay</a> Effeminate Hand Fighting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724185351/http://www.ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_garrud_1299.htm">"Journal of Non-lethal Combat: Damsel v. Desperado"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_garrud_1299.htm">the original</a> on 24 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Non-lethal+Combat%3A+Damsel+v.+Desperado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejmas.com%2Fjnc%2Fjncart_garrud_1299.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/jujitsu-suffragettes/">"Jujitsu suffragettes"</a>. <i>HistoryExtra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryExtra&rft.atitle=Jujitsu+suffragettes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2F20th-century%2Fjujitsu-suffragettes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724185351/http://www.ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_garrud_1299.htm">"Journal of Non-lethal Combat: Damsel v. Desperado"</a>. 24 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_garrud_1299.htm">the original</a> on 24 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Non-lethal+Combat%3A+Damsel+v.+Desperado&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejmas.com%2Fjnc%2Fjncart_garrud_1299.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEachern2019" class="citation web cs1">McEachern, Megan (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/suffra-jiu-jitsu-new-exhibition-sheds-light-on-little-known-facts-about-scotlands-suffragettes/">"Suffra-jiu-jitsu: New exhibition sheds light on little known facts about Scotland's suffragettes"</a>. <i>The Sunday Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Post&rft.atitle=Suffra-jiu-jitsu%3A+New+exhibition+sheds+light+on+little+known+facts+about+Scotland%27s+suffragettes&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.aulast=McEachern&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaypost.com%2Ffp%2Fsuffra-jiu-jitsu-new-exhibition-sheds-light-on-little-known-facts-about-scotlands-suffragettes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The War in the Far East</i>, The Times, 12 May 1904, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelapDiCenzoRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Delap, Lucy; DiCenzo, Maria; Ryan, Leila (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o03IyAJFHRcC&dq=feminism%2520jitsu&pg=PP109"><i>Feminism and the Periodical Press, 1900-1918</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32027-6"><bdi>978-0-415-32027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+and+the+Periodical+Press%2C+1900-1918&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32027-6&rft.aulast=Delap&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=DiCenzo%2C+Maria&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do03IyAJFHRcC%26dq%3Dfeminism%252520jitsu%26pg%3DPP109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Twentieth-Century: The Cases of Phoebe Roberts, Edith Garrud, and Sarah Mayer</i>, Mike Callan, Conor Heffernan, Amanda Spenn, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Volume 35, Issue 6: New Historical Work on Women and Gender, 2018, pp. 530–553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902102350/http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_svinth4_1199.htm">"InYo: Women Who Would Not be Sheep"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_svinth4_1199.htm">the original</a> on 2 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InYo%3A+Women+Who+Would+Not+be+Sheep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejmas.com%2Fjalt%2Fjaltart_svinth4_1199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210053048/http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_svinth_0201.htm">"InYo: Women's judo 1900–1945; Svinth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_svinth_0201.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InYo%3A+Women%27s+judo+1900%E2%80%931945%3B+Svinth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejmas.com%2Fjalt%2Fjaltart_svinth_0201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121131609/http://martialhistory.com/2008/01/jujutsu-suffragettes/">"Martial History Magazine | Jujutsu Suffragettes"</a>. 21 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martialhistory.com/2008/01/jujutsu-suffragettes/">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martial+History+Magazine+%7C+Jujutsu+Suffragettes&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartialhistory.com%2F2008%2F01%2Fjujutsu-suffragettes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christabel Pankhurst and the Smethwick Election: Right-Wing Feminism, the Great War and the Ideology of Consumption</i>,Nicoletta F. Gullace, Women's History Review, 23, No.3, June 2014, p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Real Knockouts: The Physical Feminism of Women's Self-Defense, Martha McCaughey, 1997 and Barbara Deming, Revolution and Equilibrium, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2016" class="citation web cs1">says, Gina Pacington scott (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suffrajitsu.com/suffragetto-a-suffragettes-vs-police-board-game-rediscovered-after-100-years/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Suffragetto": a Suffragettes vs. Police Board Game Rediscovered After 100 Years | Suffrajitsu"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Suffragetto%22%3A+a+Suffragettes+vs.+Police+Board+Game+Rediscovered+After+100+Years+%7C+Suffrajitsu&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=Gina+Pacington+scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuffrajitsu.com%2Fsuffragetto-a-suffragettes-vs-police-board-game-rediscovered-after-100-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Perfect Man: The Muscular Life and Times of Eugen Sandow, Victorian Strongman</i>, David Waller, 2011, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_sandow%27s_0800.htm">"InYo: Jiu-Jitsu for women, Sandow's Magazine"</a>. <i>ejmas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ejmas.com&rft.atitle=InYo%3A+Jiu-Jitsu+for+women%2C+Sandow%27s+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejmas.com%2Fjalt%2Fjaltart_sandow%2527s_0800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718081907/http://rhetoricallyspeaking.blogspot.com/2006/05/kidney-punching-patriarchy.html">"rhetorically speaking..: kidney-punching the patriarchy"</a>. 18 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhetoricallyspeaking.blogspot.com/2006/05/kidney-punching-patriarchy.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=rhetorically+speaking..%3A+kidney-punching+the+patriarchy&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frhetoricallyspeaking.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F05%2Fkidney-punching-patriarchy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/06/1910s-suffragettes-suffragists-fern-riddell">"The 1910s: 'We have sanitised our history of the suffragettes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+1910s%3A+%27We+have+sanitised+our+history+of+the+suffragettes%27&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F06%2F1910s-suffragettes-suffragists-fern-riddell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Rouse, Wendy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/9781479828531/her-own-hero/"><i>Her Own Hero: The Origins of the Women's Self-Defense Movement</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479807291" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479807291"><bdi>978-1479807291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Own+Hero%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Women%27s+Self-Defense+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1479807291&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2F9781479828531%2Fher-own-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rouse, Wendy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-abstract/84/4/448/81155/Jiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Jiu-Jitsuing Uncle Sam: The Unmanly Art of Jiu-Jitsu and the Yellow Peril Threat in the Progressive Era United States"</a>. <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>84</b>: 448–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2015.84.4.448">10.1525/phr.2015.84.4.448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Jiu-Jitsuing+Uncle+Sam%3A+The+Unmanly+Art+of+Jiu-Jitsu+and+the+Yellow+Peril+Threat+in+the+Progressive+Era+United+States&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=448-477&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2015.84.4.448&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fphr%2Farticle-abstract%2F84%2F4%2F448%2F81155%2FJiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A slang term in use from 1872, being a man who makes indecent sexual advances towards women, especially in public places. <i>OED online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeley-Smith1911" class="citation news cs1">Greeley-Smith, Nixola (11 April 1911). "Suffragettes Will Cultivate Muscles and Fight Like Amazons for Her Ballot". <i>Evening World</i>. New York. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+World&rft.atitle=Suffragettes+Will+Cultivate+Muscles+and+Fight+Like+Amazons+for+Her+Ballot&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1911-04-11&rft.aulast=Greeley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Nixola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuffrajitsu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suffrajitsu.com/">suffrajitsu<wbr />.com</a></span>: promotional website for the <i>Suffrajitsu</i> graphic novel trilogy, with historical information on the real-life Bodyguard team that inspired the fiction</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&oldid=1249971285">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffrajitsu&oldid=1249971285</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jujutsu" title="Category:Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suffragettes" title="Category:Suffragettes">Suffragettes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from April 2021">Articles that may contain original research from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use British English from September 2020">Use British English from September 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 20:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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