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(PDF) Ultimate computing: Biomolecular consciousness and nanotechnology | Stuart Hameroff - Academia.edu
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Apart from some mostly software-related formatting changes (or any uncaught scanning glitches), the main body of this text should be essentially identical to the original.","publication_date":"1988,,","publication_name":"Biosystems","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"102781454"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ultimate computing: Biomolecular consciousness and nanotechnology","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [264256841]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":102781454,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Ultimate computing: Biomolecular consciousness and nanotechnology”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/102781454/mini_magick20240803-1-x3byym.png?1722655168" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ultimate computing: Biomolecular consciousness and nanotechnology</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="264256841" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Hameroff"><img alt="Profile image of Stuart Hameroff" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Stuart Hameroff</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1988, Biosystems</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":102781454,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/102536104/Ultimate_computing_Biomolecular_consciousness_and_nanotechnology"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":102781454,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/102536104/Ultimate_computing_Biomolecular_consciousness_and_nanotechnology"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="102781454" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/102536104/Ultimate_computing_Biomolecular_consciousness_and_nanotechnology" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="62618695" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62618695/Biomolecular_computing_a_shape_of_computation_to_come">Biomolecular computing—a shape of computation to come</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6783098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MitsunoriOgihara">Mitsunori Ogihara</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SIGACT News, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1 Introduction Biomolecular computing is the computing methodology in which biologically important molecules are used as memory. 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The use of atomic or molecular- ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biomolecular computing—a shape of computation to come","attachmentId":75322050,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62618695/Biomolecular_computing_a_shape_of_computation_to_come","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62618695/Biomolecular_computing_a_shape_of_computation_to_come"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="49627254" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49627254/Information_Processing_with_Molecules_Quo_Vadis">Information Processing with Molecules-Quo Vadis?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37242877" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DevensGust">Devens Gust</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ChemPhysChem, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Information Processing with Molecules-Quo Vadis?","attachmentId":67933026,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49627254/Information_Processing_with_Molecules_Quo_Vadis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49627254/Information_Processing_with_Molecules_Quo_Vadis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="58001122" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58001122/Consciousness_A_Molecular_Perspective">Consciousness: A Molecular Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="461404" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/RobertPrentner">Robert Prentner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophies</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Consciousness: A Molecular Perspective","attachmentId":72624921,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58001122/Consciousness_A_Molecular_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58001122/Consciousness_A_Molecular_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="58436807" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58436807/Biomolecular_Basis_of_Cellular_Consciousness_via_Subcellular_Nanobrains">Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11433734" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/ArthurReber">Arthur Reber</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cells emerged at the very beginning of life on Earth and, in fact, are coterminous with life. They are enclosed within an excitable plasma membrane, which defines the outside and inside domains via their specific biophysical properties. Unicellular organisms, such as diverse protists and algae, still live a cellular life. However, fungi, plants, and animals evolved a multicellular existence. Recently, we have developed the cellular basis of consciousness (CBC) model, which proposes that all biological awareness, sentience and consciousness are grounded in general cell biology. Here we discuss the biomolecular structures and processes that allow for and maintain this cellular consciousness from an evolutionary perspective.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains","attachmentId":72848430,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58436807/Biomolecular_Basis_of_Cellular_Consciousness_via_Subcellular_Nanobrains","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58436807/Biomolecular_Basis_of_Cellular_Consciousness_via_Subcellular_Nanobrains"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="21650680" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21650680/Molecular_computing_paradigm_toward_freedom_from_Turings_charm">Molecular computing paradigm – toward freedom from Turing's charm</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42744192" href="https://waseda.academia.edu/TakashiYokomori">Takashi Yokomori</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molecular computing paradigm – toward freedom from Turing's charm","attachmentId":42290080,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21650680/Molecular_computing_paradigm_toward_freedom_from_Turings_charm","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21650680/Molecular_computing_paradigm_toward_freedom_from_Turings_charm"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="71881158" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71881158/Nanophtonics_and_Consciousness">Nanophtonics and Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52625154" href="https://independent.academia.edu/djurokoruga">djuro koruga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract:- In this paper we present results of experimental research of luciferase-anesthetic interaction in vitro. To characterise secondary structure of luciferase we used circular dichroism (CD), while to characterise luciferase-anesthetic interaction we have used scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Understanding molecular mechanism of anesthesia may illuminate biological consciousness. Because the week, non-chemical process based on charge-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions are responsible for photonic swich we believe that nanophotonics and molecular optical networks under determined conditions, in future may lead to new type of information machines based on artificial consciousness. Key-words:- nanophotonics, luciferase, general anesthesia, consciousness, quantum computing, 1</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nanophtonics and Consciousness","attachmentId":81045305,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71881158/Nanophtonics_and_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71881158/Nanophtonics_and_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="18715521" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18715521/Molecular_Computing_with_Artificial_Neurons">Molecular Computing with Artificial Neurons</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38784011" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelConrad6">Michael Conrad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract—Today’s computers are built up from a minimal set of standard pattern recognition opera- tions. Logic gates, such as NAND, are common ex- amples. Biomolecular materials offer an alternative approach, both in terms of variety and context sensi- tivity. Enzymes, the basic switching elements in bio- logical cells, are notable for their ability to discrimi- nate specific molecules in a</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molecular Computing with Artificial Neurons","attachmentId":40216052,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18715521/Molecular_Computing_with_Artificial_Neurons","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18715521/Molecular_Computing_with_Artificial_Neurons"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="44796266" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44796266/How_Schr%C3%B6dingers_mice_weave_consciousness">How Schrödinger's mice weave consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39402643" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaxRempel">Max Myakishev-Rempel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper continues the series of papers on DNA resonance signaling. The authors previously proposed that DNA is involved in the work of the mind directly and immediately via the network of optical fibers. The authors proposed the mechanism of signal transduction in DNA via a sequence-specific resonance between the clouds of delocalized charges in the base stack. It was computationally demonstrated that certain repetitive patterns of delocalized charge clouds were evolutionarily enriched in various genomes. Here, the authors propose that natural quantum computation in DNA in living cells is based on the tautomerization of basepairs and involves coordinated oscillations of hydrogen-bond protons and aromatic electrons. The authors expand the ORCH-OR theory to include the collapse of the wave function of aromatic electrons in purines and propose that such collapses and expansions produce the experience of consciousness and the perception of time. The above mechanisms are supported by an observation that the majority of the psychoactive drugs are aromatic and the suggestion that they modify the aromaticity of DNA by binding to it. Quantum mechanical considerations for the collapse of aromaticity by double proton transfer in basepairs are discussed in terms of the collapse of the wave function, loss of delocalization, and the dynamic balance between coherence and decoherence in DNA. In the Introduction, we will review the previously published research that connects DNA resonances with the work of the mind. This area is not well known so it will be useful to revisit some of the published theories and evidence supporting them. Yet, the novelty of this paper is in the proposed molecular mechanism for the work of the mind, which will be presented in the Hypothesis section followed by the Discussion where we will link the proposed hypothesis with some of the theories of consciousness, quantum mechanics, and self-organization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How Schrödinger's mice weave consciousness","attachmentId":65292443,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44796266/How_Schr%C3%B6dingers_mice_weave_consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44796266/How_Schr%C3%B6dingers_mice_weave_consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="333273" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/333273/Biological_Computing">Biological Computing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="250708" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/JanosSimon">Janos Simon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">… theory retrospective II, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological Computing","attachmentId":1683182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/333273/Biological_Computing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/333273/Biological_Computing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="95633609" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95633609/Draft_Nov_30_2020_How_Schro_dingers_mice_weave_consciousness">Draft Nov 30, 2020. How Schrödinger's mice weave consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39402643" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaxRempel">Max Myakishev-Rempel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper continues the series of papers on DNA resonance signaling. The authors previously proposed that DNA is involved in the work of the mind directly and immediately via the network of optical fibers. The authors proposed the mechanism of signal transduction in DNA via a sequence-specific resonance between the clouds of delocalized charges in the base stack. It was computationally demonstrated that certain repetitive patterns of delocalized charge clouds were evolutionarily enriched in various genomes. Here, the authors propose that natural quantum computation in DNA in living cells is based on the tautomerization of basepairs and involves coordinated oscillations of hydrogen-bond protons and aromatic electrons. The authors expand the ORCH-OR theory to include the collapse of the wave function of aromatic electrons in purines and propose that such collapses and expansions produce the experience of consciousness and the perception of time. The above mechanisms are supported by ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Draft Nov 30, 2020. 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