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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political stance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_stance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political stance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social,_classical_and_conservative_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social,_classical_and_conservative_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social, classical and conservative liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social,_classical_and_conservative_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_thinkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_thinkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable thinkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_thinkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_conservative-liberal_parties_or_parties_with_conservative-liberal_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_conservative-liberal_parties_or_parties_with_conservative-liberal_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_conservative-liberal_parties_or_parties_with_conservative-liberal_factions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_conservative-liberal_parties_or_parties_with_conservative-liberal_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Current parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Historical parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservative liberalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9" title="ليبرالية محافظة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبرالية محافظة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliberalismu_conservador" title="Lliberalismu conservador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliberalismu conservador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Кансерватыўны лібералізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кансерватыўны лібералізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Консервативен либерализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Консервативен либерализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativn%C3%AD_liberalismus" title="Konzervativní liberalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konzervativní liberalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativ_liberalisme" title="Konservativ liberalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konservativ liberalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatiivne_liberalism" title="Konservatiivne liberalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konservatiivne liberalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_conservador" title="Liberalismo conservador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liberalismo conservador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativa_liberalismo" title="Konservativa liberalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konservativa liberalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لیبرالیسم محافظه‌کار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرالیسم محافظه‌کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="보수자유주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보수자유주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_conservatore" title="Liberalismo conservatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liberalismo conservatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservat%C4%ABvais_liber%C4%81lisms" title="Konservatīvais liberālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konservatīvais liberālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_conservator" title="Liberalism conservator – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liberalism conservator" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervat%C3%ADv_liberalizmus" title="Konzervatív liberalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konzervatív liberalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalisme_konservatif" title="Liberalisme konservatif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liberalisme konservatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatief-liberalisme" title="Conservatief-liberalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conservatief-liberalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="保守自由主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="保守自由主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwatywny_liberalizm" title="Konserwatywny liberalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konserwatywny liberalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_conservador" title="Liberalismo conservador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberalismo conservador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_conservator" title="Liberalism conservator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liberalism conservator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консервативный либерализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консервативный либерализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conservative liberalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervat%C3%ADvny_liberalizmus" title="Konzervatívny liberalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konzervatívny liberalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Конзервативни либерализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конзервативни либерализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativni_liberalizam" title="Konzervativni liberalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzervativni liberalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatiiviliberalismi" title="Konservatiiviliberalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konservatiiviliberalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativ_liberalism" title="Konservativ liberalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konservativ liberalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C" title="เสรีนิยมอนุรักษ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสรีนิยมอนุรักษ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafazak%C3%A2r_liberalizm" title="Muhafazakâr liberalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhafazakâr liberalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консервативний лібералізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консервативний лібералізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_t%E1%BB%B1_do_b%E1%BA%A3o_th%E1%BB%A7" title="Chủ nghĩa tự do bảo thủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa tự do bảo thủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="保守自由主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="保守自由主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="保守自由主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保守自由主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement. For conservatism influenced by liberalism, see <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Emblem-question-yellow.svg/40px-Emblem-question-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Emblem-question-yellow.svg/60px-Emblem-question-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Emblem-question-yellow.svg/80px-Emblem-question-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be written in a style that is <b>too abstract</b> to be readily understandable by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MTAA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MTAA">general audiences</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDIT">improve</a> it by defining technical terminology, and by adding examples.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fff800; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Liberalism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_autocracy" title="Liberal autocracy">Autocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/14px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/21px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/28px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Variants</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionary conservatism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Principles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Intellectuals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Politicians</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Religion</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Personal variants</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">National variants</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related ideologies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Conservative liberalism</b>, also referred to as <b>right-liberalism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> combining liberal values and policies with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuroLiberal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroLiberal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative liberal parties tend to combine <a href="/wiki/Economically_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economically liberal">economically liberal</a> policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (August 2016)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_contents_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck_contents-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a> is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, Canadian, French, Italian, and American manifestations.<sup id="cite_ref-“Dyson2021”_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“Dyson2021”-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a> and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, <i>liberal conservatism</i> refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, and <i>conservative liberalism</i> refers to classical liberals who support a <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> economy as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> principles (for instance, Christian <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a> has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and <a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">national liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg/250px-Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg/330px-Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> had a profound influence on modern conservative-liberal philosophy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_early_modern_period" title="France in the early modern period">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, when the moderate <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, <a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a>, which existed during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> was a representative conservative-liberal party.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">classical radicalism</a>, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a>, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> (radical liberalism).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Aron_(1966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29.jpg/150px-Raymond_Aron_%281966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Raymond_Aron_%281966%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>'s "great intellectual opponent".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a>, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">classical philosophy</a> (with its ideas of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">natural rights</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (with its ideas of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, the social nature of man, and <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>), and ancient institutions (such as <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">mass culture</a>) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a>, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_contents_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck_contents-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">history of liberalism</a>. Until the two <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> party and where the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a>, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_stance">Political stance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political stance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke.jpg/150px-Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke.jpg/225px-Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a> was representative of <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> from 1961 to 1962.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative liberalism, along with <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroLiberal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroLiberal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are conservative liberals who are located on the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> political position, conservative liberalism is often used to describe liberalism close to the <a href="/wiki/Political_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Political centre">political centre</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KESK_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KESK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social,_classical_and_conservative_liberalism"><span id="Social.2C_classical_and_conservative_liberalism"></span>Social, classical and conservative liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social, classical and conservative liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social liberalism is a combination of economic <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a>. Classical liberalism is <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, conservative liberals mean <i>de facto</i> classical liberals;<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Christian_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democrats">Christian democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordoliberals">ordoliberals</a> can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, such as Röpke.<sup id="cite_ref-Ropke_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains original <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">synthesis</a>.</b> Source material should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Conservative_liberalism" title="Talk:Conservative liberalism">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> were representative French conservative liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-Tocqueville_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tocqueville-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AdolpheThiers_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdolpheThiers-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were classified as <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> liberals (progressive-<a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanists</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> alone;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>, the now <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a> entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rechtsliberalismus</i>) was often used in a similar sense to <a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">national-liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nationalliberalismus</i>). <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a>, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liberal-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-conservative">liberal-conservative</a> party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a> is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ropke_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> have been identified as conservative liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism<br />in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boghossian" title="Peter Boghossian">Boghossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tyler_Cohen" title="Brian Tyler Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lindsay" title="James A. Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Singal" title="Jesse Singal">Singal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Smith_(writer)" title="Noah Smith (writer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Taibbi" title="Matt Taibbi">Taibbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Weinstein" title="Bret Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_Weiss" title="Bari Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Withers" title="Dean Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #3333FF; border-bottom:1px solid #3333FF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/14px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/21px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/28px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United States, <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a></i> usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as <i>conservative liberals</i> in Europe are often simply referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a></i> in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a> are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kristol_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristol-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.<sup id="cite_ref-political-ideology-today_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-political-ideology-today-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, which is close to social liberalism, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV1uzkNq8xfICpgPA107_107]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV1uzkNq8xfICpgPA107_107]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the Democratic Party, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a> is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a>, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-CentrePartyF_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CentrePartyF-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservatives">neoconservatives</a> might be classified as conservative liberals according to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawler_(academic)" title="Peter Lawler (academic)">Peter Lawler</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Berry_College" title="Berry College">Berry College</a>, who argued: </p> <blockquote><p>[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_thinkers">Notable thinkers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable thinkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776)<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790)<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> (1729–1797)<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> (1757–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> (1787–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> (1797–1877)<sup id="cite_ref-AdolpheThiers_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdolpheThiers-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> (1805–1859)<sup id="cite_ref-Tocqueville_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tocqueville-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> (1809–1898)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso</a> (1810–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (1867–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1874–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> (1878–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> (1878–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1883–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken" title="Walter Eucken">Walter Eucken</a> (1891–1950)<sup id="cite_ref-Ropke_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> (1894–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (1897–1977)<sup id="cite_ref-Ropke_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ropke" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Ropke">Wilhelm Ropke</a> (1899–1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Ropke_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (1899–1992)<sup id="cite_ref-Hayek_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayek-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a> (1901–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> (1905–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> (1905–1983)<sup id="cite_ref-Aron_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aron-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1912–2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a> (1919–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a> (1920–2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Kristol_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristol-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Helmut Schoeck</a> (1922–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> (born 1952)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_conservative-liberal_parties_or_parties_with_conservative-liberal_factions">List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_parties">Current parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Proposal" title="Republican Proposal">Republican Proposal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Argentina)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Argentina)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pion66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pion66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Argentina)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Argentina)">Christian Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">Reformist Movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian,_Direct,_Democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian, Direct, Democratic">Libertarian, Direct, Democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (Brazil)">Progressive Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berg-SchlosserKersting2003_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-SchlosserKersting2003-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Brazil,_2011)" title="Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)">Social Democratic Party</a> (factions), <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_2006)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)">Liberal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Brazil)" title="New Party (Brazil)">New Party</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Stability_and_Progress" title="National Movement for Stability and Progress">National Movement for Stability and Progress</a><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_United" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia United">British Columbia United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Ev%C3%B3poli" title="Evópoli">Evópoli</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Croatian Social Liberal Party">Croatian Social Liberal Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Mayors_and_Independents" title="Mayors and Independents">Mayors and Independents</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOP_09" title="TOP 09">TOP 09</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Andorka1999_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andorka1999-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AratóKaniok2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AratóKaniok2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HloušekKopecek2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HloušekKopecek2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre–Liberal Party of Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirchner1988_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirchner1988-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">Estonian Reform Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Purju2003_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purju2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>El Salvador: <a href="/wiki/Nuevas_Ideas" title="Nuevas Ideas">Nuevas Ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_for_National_Unity" title="Grand Alliance for National Unity">GANA</a></li> <li>Faroe Islands: <a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Faroe_Islands)" title="Union Party (Faroe Islands)">Union Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Faroe_Islands)" title="People's Party (Faroe Islands)">People's Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lansford2014_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lansford2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-KESK_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KESK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA446_446]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA446_446]-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">Horizons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Centrists" title="The Centrists">The Centrists</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slomp2000_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slomp2000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-George1991_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George1991-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Arnold2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Greenland: <a href="/wiki/Atassut" title="Atassut">Feeling of Community</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA680_680]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA680_680]-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KESK_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KESK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telem_(2019_political_party)" title="Telem (2019 political party)">Telem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Israel)" title="New Hope (Israel)">New Hope</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italy: <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Blome2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blome2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kobayashi1976_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi1976-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kevenhörster_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevenhörster-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Unity_(Latvian_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity (Latvian political party)">Unity</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Movement_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Movement (Lithuania)">Liberal Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice" title="Freedom and Justice">Freedom and Justice</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Democratic Party (Luxembourg)">Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Moldova)" title="Liberal Party (Moldova)">Liberal Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformist_Party_(Moldova)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Reformist Party (Moldova)">Liberal Reformist Party</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andeweg,_R_p.49_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andeweg,_R_p.49-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winter_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClasenClegg_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClasenClegg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA459_459]_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA459_459]-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanley_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanley-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OersErsbøll_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OersErsbøll-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/JA21" title="JA21">JA21</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOS_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOS-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boersema_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boersema-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">New Zealand National Party</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> (factions), <a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a><sup id="cite_ref-Laar2011_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laar2011-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorska2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorska2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pytlas2016_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pytlas2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Machado1991_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machado1991-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Choice_(Russia,_2010)" title="Democratic Choice (Russia, 2010)">Democratic Choice</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Serbia,_2017)" title="People's Party (Serbia, 2017)">People's Party</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Solidarity" title="Freedom and Solidarity">Freedom and Solidarity</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA561_561]_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA561_561]-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-HloušekKopecek2013_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HloušekKopecek2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Minsaeng_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsaeng Party">Minsaeng Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a> (factions)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bosco2013_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosco2013-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_European_Democratic_Party" title="Catalan European Democratic Party">Catalan European Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA519_519]_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA519_519]-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP.The Liberals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">Liberals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Position" title="Civil Position">Civil Position</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> </li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_parties">Historical parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Party_(Austria)" title="Constitutional Party (Austria)">Constitutional Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Independents" title="Federation of Independents">Federation of Independents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Peasant_Party" title="Belarusian Peasant Party">Belarusian Peasant Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-WhiteKorosteleva2005_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteKorosteleva2005-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Belgium)" title="People's Party (Belgium)">People's Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Brazil)" title="National Democratic Union (Brazil)">National Democratic Union</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-White1998_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1998-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Chile,_1966)" title="National Party (Chile, 1966)">National Party</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Alliance" title="Civic Democratic Alliance">Civic Democratic Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Slomp2000_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slomp2000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buksiński2009_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buksiński2009-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)" title="Public Affairs (political party)">Public Affairs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chibulka2012_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chibulka2012-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>El Salvador: <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Coalition Party (El Salvador)">National Coalition Party</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermidorians" title="Thermidorians">Thermidorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Louis2011A_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis2011A-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a>/<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">Republican Party</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_(France)" title="Liberal Democracy (France)">Liberal Democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Louis2011A_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis2011A-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA385_385]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA385_385]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">Republican Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Louis2011B_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis2011B-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agir_(France)" title="Agir (France)">Agir</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Payne1996_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1996-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waddy2010_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waddy2010-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Iceland,_historical)" title="Liberal Party (Iceland, historical)">Liberal Party (1927)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Iceland)" title="Liberal Party (Iceland)">Liberal Party (1998)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kessel2015_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessel2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-HamannKelly2010_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamannKelly2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General Zionists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Israel)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CottaVerzichelli2007_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CottaVerzichelli2007-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Right" title="Italian Liberal Right">Italian Liberal Right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blome2016_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blome2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">Civic Choice</a><sup id="cite_ref-KickertRandma-Liiv2015_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KickertRandma-Liiv2015-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/New_Party_Sakigake" title="New Party Sakigake">New Party Sakigake</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Way" title="Latvian Way">Latvian Way</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA532_532]_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA532_532]-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CloseDelwit2019_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CloseDelwit2019-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latvia%27s_First_Party/Latvian_Way" title="Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way">Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way</a><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/National_Resurrection_Party" title="National Resurrection Party">National Resurrection Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_Centre_Union" title="Liberal and Centre Union">Liberal and Centre Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-Close2019_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">Liberal Party</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_State_Party" title="Liberal State Party">Liberal State Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Freedom Party (Netherlands)">Party of Freedom</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lamberts1997_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamberts1997-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="United Party (New Zealand)">United Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Liberal_Party" title="Free-minded Liberal Party">Frisinnede Venstre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Garau2015_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garau2015-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (Poland)">Liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Right_of_the_Republic" title="League of the Right of the Republic">League of the Right of the Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lees-Marshment2009_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lees-Marshment2009-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress" title="Liberal Democratic Congress">Liberal Democratic Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Szacki1994_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szacki1994-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poland_Together" title="Poland Together">Poland Together</a><sup id="cite_ref-Skrzypinski2016_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skrzypinski2016-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)">Democratic Liberal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformist_Party_(Romania)" title="Liberal Reformist Party (Romania)">Liberal Reformist Party</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Choice_of_Russia" title="Democratic Choice of Russia">Democratic Choice of Russia</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Progressive Party (historical)">Serbian Progressive Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Slovakia,_1989)" title="Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1989)">Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-RupnikZielonka2003_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RupnikZielonka2003-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party" title="Korea Democratic Party">Korea Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (South Korea)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1955)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 1955)">Democratic Party (1955)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(South_Korea)" title="New Democratic Party (South Korea)">New Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Democratic_Party" title="Reunification Democratic Party">Reunification Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1990)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 1990)">Democratic Party (1990)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1995)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Party (South Korea, 1995)">United Democratic Party (1995)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_New_Politics" title="National Congress for New Politics">National Congress for New Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2000)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000)">Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000)</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2016)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2016)">People Party (2016)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Democracy_and_Peace" title="Party for Democracy and Peace">Party for Democracy and Peace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cons_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cons-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Alternatives" class="mw-redirect" title="New Alternatives">New Alternatives</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain,_1976)" title="Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)">Liberal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">Democratic Convergence of Catalonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA518_518]_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA518_518]-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA489_489]_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA489_489]-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Liberal Party of Switzerland">Liberal Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mair_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey)">Motherland Party</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/26px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/39px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/52px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The LDP was described as a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">liberal</a> or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-conservative">liberal-conservative</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Abe_Cabinet" title="Second Abe Cabinet">Second Abe Cabinet</a>. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a>. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNelson2019" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Keith L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qhW9DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421436210" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421436210"><bdi>978-1421436210</bdi></a>. <q>... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+D%C3%A9tente%3A+Soviet-American+Relations+in+the+Shadow+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1421436210&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhW9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Orlowski, Paul (21 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oexQKlYx_lUC"><i>Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9400714182" title="Special:BookSources/978-9400714182"><bdi>978-9400714182</bdi></a>. <q>This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+About+Hegemony%3A+Race%2C+Class+and+Democracy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft.isbn=978-9400714182&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoexQKlYx_lUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mair-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMairGallagherLaver2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mair" title="Peter Mair">Mair, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(academic)" title="Michael Gallagher (academic)">Gallagher, Michael</a>; Laver, Michael (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/representativego0000gall_s3i5"><i>Representative Government in Modern Europe: Institutions, Parties, and Governments</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education" title="McGraw Hill Education">McGraw Hill Education</a>. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0072322675" title="Special:BookSources/0072322675"><bdi>0072322675</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2025</span>. <q>Within the first strand, an emphasis on individual rights has led to a concern for fis- cal rectitude and opposition to all but minimal state intervention in the economy. This right-wing strand of liberalism has been particularly important in Austria, where the Freedom party used to be regarded as the most rightist of European liberal parties, but is now better grouped with the extreme right (we discuss this later in this chapter). The right-wing strand is also important in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, and this is the position toward which the Progressive Democrats in Ireland have now gravitated. Thus, this brand of liberalism has tended to emerge in countries that are also characterized by strong Christian democratic parties and hence where the anticlerical component of liberalism was once important. Indeed, anticlericalism in these countries has two distinct forms, being represented on the left by socialist and/or communist parties and on the right by secular liberal parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+Government+in+Modern+Europe%3A+Institutions%2C+Parties%2C+and+Governments&rft.pages=221&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Education&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0072322675&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Michael&rft.au=Laver%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepresentativego0000gall_s3i5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation book cs1">Allen, R. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC"><i>Beyond Liberalism: The Political Thought of F. A. Hayek and Michael Polanyi</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1807-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1807-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-1807-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Liberalism%3A+The+Political+Thought+of+F.+A.+Hayek+and+Michael+Polanyi&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1807-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wiNKcJzwYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuroLiberal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EuroLiberal_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EuroLiberal_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmilie_van_HauteCaroline_Close2019" class="citation book cs1">Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). <i>Liberal Parties in Europe</i>. Routledge. p. 326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordsieck_contents-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_contents_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_contents_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html">"Content"</a>. <i>Parties and Elections in Europe</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Liberal conservatism: Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Content&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-“Dyson2021”-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-“Dyson2021”_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Dyson2021" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Dyson (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8oQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">"Introduction"</a>. In Kenneth Dyson (ed.). <i>Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885428-9"><bdi>978-0-19-885428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Conservative+Liberalism%2C+Ordo-liberalism%2C+and+the+State%3A+Discipling+Democracy+and+the+Market&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885428-9&rft.au=Kenneth+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8oQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Larry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john"><i>Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State</i></a> (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442600409" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442600409"><bdi>978-1442600409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Modern+Democratic+State&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ont.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1442600409&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsintroduc0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Scruton" class="citation web cs1">Roger Scruton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111705/https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf">"Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberal+Conservatism%2C+Not+Conservative+Liberalism&rft.au=Roger+Scruton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisistatic.org%2Fjournal-archive%2Fir%2F39_01_2%2Flawler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Telos</i>. Telos Press. 1998. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telos&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Telos+Press&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShannan_Lorraine_Mattiace1998" class="citation book cs1">Shannan Lorraine Mattiace, ed. (1998). <i>Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996</i>. University of Texas at Austin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+and+Indian%3A+Political+Identity+and+Indian+Autonomy+in+Chiapas%2C+Mexico%2C+1970%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Tombs2014" class="citation book cs1">Robert Tombs, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTagBAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+liberal+Doctrinaires&pg=PT294"><i>France 1814–1914</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317871439" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317871439"><bdi>978-1317871439</bdi></a>. <q>... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317871439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTagBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconservative%2Bliberal%2BDoctrinaires%26pg%3DPT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEfraim_Podoksik2013" class="citation book cs1">Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013). <i>In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott</i>. Imprint Academic. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845404680" title="Special:BookSources/9781845404680"><bdi>9781845404680</bdi></a>. <q>... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Modernity%3A+Vision+and+Philosophy+in+Michael+Oakeshott&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781845404680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbwfAQAAMAAJ&q=Raymond+Aron+%22intellectual+opponent%22"><i>The New York Times Book Review</i></a>. New York Times Company. 1986. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317755098" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317755098"><bdi>978-1317755098</bdi></a>. <q>... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Book+Review&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=New+York+Times+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1317755098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbwfAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DRaymond%2BAron%2B%2522intellectual%2Bopponent%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraynak2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Kraynak, Robert (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcriterion.com/issues/2005/12/living-with-liberalism">"Living with liberalism"</a>. <i>The New Criterion</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301060958/https://newcriterion.com/issues/2005/12/living-with-liberalism">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Criterion&rft.atitle=Living+with+liberalism&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Kraynak&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewcriterion.com%2Fissues%2F2005%2F12%2Fliving-with-liberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wiNKcJzwYQC&dq=Beyond%20Liberalism&pg=PA2">R.T. Allen, <i>Beyond Liberalism</i>, p. 13.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_Slomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Hans Slomp, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&dq=%22Social++liberalism%22+%22Conservative+liberalism%22&pg=PA107"><i>Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313391811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313391811"><bdi>978-0313391811</bdi></a>. <q>Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism, professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+A+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0313391811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1uzkNq8xfIC%26dq%3D%2522Social%2B%2Bliberalism%2522%2B%2522Conservative%2Bliberalism%2522%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImmanuel_Wallerstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Immanuel Wallerstein, ed. (2011). <i>The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World-System+IV%3A+Centrist+Liberalism+Triumphant%2C+1789%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KESK-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KESK_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KESK_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KESK_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmilie_van_HauteCaroline_Close2019" class="citation book cs1">Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). <i>Liberal Parties in Europe</i>. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDAXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Neoliberalism+%22conservative+liberalism%22&pg=PA62"><i>Populism and Neoliberalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000366709" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000366709"><bdi>978-1000366709</bdi></a>. <q>He demonstrates that the concept of "neoliberalism" did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman's left-wing liberalism from Milton Friedman's conservative liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populism+and+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1000366709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDAXEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNeoliberalism%2B%2522conservative%2Bliberalism%2522%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ropke-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ropke_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ropke_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ropke_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ropke_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ropke_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Dyson2021" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Dyson, ed. (2021). <i>Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Liberalism%2C+Ordo-liberalism%2C+and+the+State%3A+Disciplining+Democracy+and+the+Market&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tocqueville-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tocqueville_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tocqueville_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_FitzpatrickPeter_Jones2017" class="citation book cs1">Martin Fitzpatrick; Peter Jones, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyZ7DQAAQBAJ&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Tocqueville&pg=PT149"><i>The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350012554" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350012554"><bdi>978-1350012554</bdi></a>. <q>... If Burke is a liberal conservative, Tocqueville is a conservative liberal.49 Bénéton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism, and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reception+of+Edmund+Burke+in+Europe&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1350012554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyZ7DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522conservative%2Bliberal%2522%2BTocqueville%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdolpheThiers-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdolpheThiers_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdolpheThiers_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Cleveland_Gould1992" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Cleveland Gould, ed. (1992). <i>Politicians, Peasants and Priests: Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe, 1815–1914</i>. University of California. p. 82. <q>Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers , advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicians%2C+Peasants+and+Priests%3A+Conditions+for+the+Emergence+of+Liberal+Dominance+in+Western+Europe%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennings2011" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Jeremy (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionrepubl00jenn"><i>Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionrepubl00jenn/page/n198">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198203131" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198203131"><bdi>978-0198203131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+the+Republic%3A+A+History+of+Political+Thought+in+France+Since+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0198203131&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionrepubl00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgulhon1983" class="citation book cs1">Agulhon, Maurice (1983). <i>The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Experiment%2C+1848%E2%80%931852&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Agulhon&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein2021" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Daniel B. (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268120304285">"Conservative liberalism: Hume, Smith, and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</i>. <b>183</b>: <span class="nowrap">861–</span>873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2020.11.021">10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-2681">0167-2681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233880111">233880111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Behavior+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Conservative+liberalism%3A+Hume%2C+Smith%2C+and+Burke+as+policy+liberals+and+polity+conservatives&rft.volume=183&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E873&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233880111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-2681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2020.11.021&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0167268120304285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristol-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristol_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristol_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtis_L._Graham_Jr.1976" class="citation book cs1">Otis L. Graham Jr., ed. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjp_Mjti9n4C&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Irving+Kristol&pg=RA3-PA1911"><i>Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1911. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199923212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199923212"><bdi>978-0199923212</bdi></a>. <q>The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Planned+Society%3A+From+Roosevelt+to+Nixon&rft.pages=1911&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0199923212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjp_Mjti9n4C%26dq%3D%2522conservative%2Bliberal%2522%2BIrving%2BKristol%26pg%3DRA3-PA1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-political-ideology-today-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-political-ideology-today_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32"><i>Political Ideology Today</i></a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719060205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719060205"><bdi>978-0719060205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapstK1qIvvMC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV1uzkNq8xfICpgPA107_107]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV1uzkNq8xfICpgPA107_107]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA107">107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U175DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Blue+Dog&pg=PA93"><i>Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities</i></a>. Brill. 2020. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004432864" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004432864"><bdi>978-9004432864</bdi></a>. <q>It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educating+for+Social+Justice%3A+Field+Notes+from+Rural+Communities&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9004432864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU175DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522conservative%2Bliberal%2522%2BBlue%2BDog%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/0604/Centrist-Democrats-are-back.-But-these-are-not-your-father-s-Blue-Dogs">"Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Centrist+Democrats+are+back.+But+these+are+not+your+father%27s+Blue+Dogs.&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2019%2F0604%2FCentrist-Democrats-are-back.-But-these-are-not-your-father-s-Blue-Dogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CentrePartyF-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CentrePartyF_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907">"Väyrynen ryöpyttää keskustan liberaaleja"</a>. <i>Kaleva.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101301/http://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/vayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja/548907">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaleva.fi&rft.atitle=V%C3%A4yrynen+ry%C3%B6pytt%C3%A4%C3%A4+keskustan+liberaaleja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaleva.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fvayrynen-ryopyttaa-keskustan-liberaaleja%2F548907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawler2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawler_(academic)" title="Peter Lawler (academic)">Lawler, Peter</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094427/http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf">"Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercollegiate_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Intercollegiate Review">The Intercollegiate Review</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercollegiate+Review&rft.atitle=Liberal+Conservatism%2C+Not+Conservative+Liberalism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmisi.org%2Fir%2F39_01_2%2Flawler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKansas_State_College_of_Pittsburg1945" class="citation book cs1">Kansas State College of Pittsburg, ed. (1945). <i>The Educational Leader</i>. Kansas State College. p. 67. <q>The greatest leader of the English Liberal Party in the last century, William E. Gladstone, was in principle and practice a conservative liberal. As leader of the party from 1868 to 1894, he was directly ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Educational+Leader&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Kansas+State+College&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayek-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayek_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kelly, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkttlv-M8ZYC&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Friedrich+Hayek&pg=PA71"><i>Liberalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745632902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745632902"><bdi>978-0745632902</bdi></a>. <q>Conservative liberal critics of social justice, such as Friedrich Hayek, have sought to reject precisely this distinction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0745632902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbkttlv-M8ZYC%26dq%3D%2522conservative%2Bliberal%2522%2BFriedrich%2BHayek%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aron-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aron_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DZwa-S7WEwC&dq=%22conservative+liberal%22+Raymond+Aron&pg=PR11"><i>In Defense of Decadent Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. 1996. p. XI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412826044" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412826044"><bdi>978-1412826044</bdi></a>. <q>... Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Decadent+Europe&rft.pages=XI&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1412826044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DZwa-S7WEwC%26dq%3D%2522conservative%2Bliberal%2522%2BRaymond%2BAron%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Darby1997" class="citation book cs1">Phillip Darby, ed. (1997). <i>At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender, and Dependency</i>. Pinter. p. 62. <q>... Instead, in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal, Francis Fukuyama, comfortably pronounces the victory of ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Edge+of+International+Relations%3A+Postcolonialism%2C+Gender%2C+and+Dependency&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Pinter&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pion66-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pion66_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPion-Berlin1997" class="citation cs2">Pion-Berlin, David (1997), <i>Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-military Relations in Argentina</i>, Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 66</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Corridors+of+Power%3A+Institutions+and+Civil-military+Relations+in+Argentina&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pion-Berlin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706194524/http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf">"Quién es quién. Los partidos políticos argentinos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Corbière, Emilio J.</i> (in Spanish). August 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/1091_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corbi%C3%A8re%2C+Emilio+J.&rft.atitle=Qui%C3%A9n+es+qui%C3%A9n.+Los+partidos+pol%C3%ADticos+argentinos&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuso.org%2Fupload%2Farticulos%2F1091_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001081733/http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/">"Documento Final del Congreso Ideológico Nacional del PDC"</a>. <i>Partido Demócrata Cristiano</i> (in Spanish). 6 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democraciacristiana.com.ar/2014/07/06/3070/">the original</a> on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partido+Dem%C3%B3crata+Cristiano&rft.atitle=Documento+Final+del+Congreso+Ideol%C3%B3gico+Nacional+del+PDC&rft.date=2014-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democraciacristiana.com.ar%2F2014%2F07%2F06%2F3070%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_StarkeAlexandra_KaaschFranca_Van_Hooren2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA191"><i>The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137314840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137314840"><bdi>978-1137314840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welfare+State+as+Crisis+Manager%3A+Explaining+the+Diversity+of+Policy+Responses+to+Economic+Crisis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137314840&rft.au=Peter+Starke&rft.au=Alexandra+Kaasch&rft.au=Franca+Van+Hooren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtMQsESYcWwC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA465_465]_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA465">465</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordsieck-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordsieck_43-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.eu">"Parties and Elections in Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parties+and+Elections+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parties-and-elections.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg-SchlosserKersting2003-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berg-SchlosserKersting2003_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Happe2003" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Happe (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGJuAyfj1ykC&pg=PA24">"Brazil"</a>. In Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Norbert Kersting (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24"><i>Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities</i></a>. Zed Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/povertydemocracy0000unse/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842772058" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842772058"><bdi>978-1842772058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Democracy%3A+Self-Help+and+Political+Participation+in+Third+World+Cities&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1842772058&rft.au=Barbara+Happe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGJuAyfj1ykC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Close2019-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Close2019_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Close2019" class="citation book cs1">Caroline Close (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344">"The liberal family ideology: Distinct, but diverse"</a>. In Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close (eds.). <i>Liberal Parties in Europe</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351245494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351245494"><bdi>978-1351245494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+liberal+family+ideology%3A+Distinct%2C+but+diverse&rft.btitle=Liberal+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1351245494&rft.au=Caroline+Close&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zuIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/czech_republic/parties.html">NSD, European Election Database, Czech Republic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andorka1999-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andorka1999_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Andorka1999" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Andorka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EalE168DIAC&pg=PA163"><i>A Society Transformed: Hungary in Time-space Perspective</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639116498" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639116498"><bdi>978-9639116498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Society+Transformed%3A+Hungary+in+Time-space+Perspective&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9639116498&rft.au=Rudolf+Andorka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EalE168DIAC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AratóKaniok2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AratóKaniok2009_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrisztina_AratóPetr_Kaniok2009" class="citation book cs1">Krisztina Arató; Petr Kaniok (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mGBy6HeVIEC&pg=PA191"><i>Euroscepticism and European Integration</i></a>. CPI/PSRC. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9537022204" title="Special:BookSources/978-9537022204"><bdi>978-9537022204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euroscepticism+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=CPI%2FPSRC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9537022204&rft.au=Krisztina+Arat%C3%B3&rft.au=Petr+Kaniok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mGBy6HeVIEC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HloušekKopecek2013-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HloušekKopecek2013_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HloušekKopecek2013_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVít_HloušekLubomír_Kopecek2013" class="citation book cs1">Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopecek (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA177"><i>Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409499770" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409499770"><bdi>978-1409499770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409499770&rft.au=V%C3%ADt+Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.au=Lubom%C3%ADr+Kopecek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3wHffNQ7owC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirchner1988-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirchner1988_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmil_J._Kirchner1988" class="citation book cs1">Emil J. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521323949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521323949"><bdi>978-0521323949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0521323949&rft.au=Emil+J.+Kirchner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtCIzAyQChQC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purju2003-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purju2003_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlari_Purju2003" class="citation book cs1">Alari Purju (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzt1_i6XprIC&pg=PA20">"Economic Performance and Market Reforms"</a>. In Marat Terterov; Jonathan Reuvid (eds.). <i>Doing Business with Estonia</i>. GMB Publishing Ltd. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905050567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905050567"><bdi>978-1905050567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Performance+and+Market+Reforms&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+with+Estonia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=GMB+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1905050567&rft.au=Alari+Purju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpzt1_i6XprIC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lansford2014-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lansford2014_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Lansford2014" class="citation book cs1">Tom Lansford (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDVzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392"><i>Political Handbook of the World 2014</i></a>. Sage Publications. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483333274" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483333274"><bdi>978-1483333274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Handbook+of+the+World+2014&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1483333274&rft.au=Tom+Lansford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDVzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA446_446]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA446_446]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA446">446</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slomp2000-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slomp2000_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slomp2000_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_Slomp2000" class="citation book cs1">Hans Slomp (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIJH_mHgI68C&pg=PA55"><i>European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968007" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275968007"><bdi>978-0275968007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Politics+Into+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+Integration+and+Division&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0275968007&rft.au=Hans+Slomp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIJH_mHgI68C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George1991-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-George1991_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_George1991" class="citation book cs1">Stephen George (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRe0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Politics and Policy in the European Community (Comparative European Politics)</i></a>. University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198780557" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198780557"><bdi>978-0198780557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Policy+in+the+European+Community+%28Comparative+European+Politics%29&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0198780557&rft.au=Stephen+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRe0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold2006_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJörg_Arnold2006" class="citation book cs1">Jörg Arnold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA410">"Criminal Law as a Reaction to System Crime: Policy for Dealing with the Past in European Transitions"</a>. In Jerzy W. Borejsza; Klaus Ziemer (eds.). <i>Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571816410" title="Special:BookSources/1571816410"><bdi>1571816410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criminal+Law+as+a+Reaction+to+System+Crime%3A+Policy+for+Dealing+with+the+Past+in+European+Transitions&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+and+Authoritarian+Regimes+in+Europe%3A+Legacies+and+Lessons+from+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1571816410&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolpKYhgrS48C%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA680_680]-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA680_680]_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA680">680</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/de/wahl-auf-der-grünen-insel/a-521140">"Wahl auf der grünen Insel | DW | 20.05.2002"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Wahl+auf+der+gr%C3%BCnen+Insel+%26%23124%3B+DW+%26%23124%3B+20.05.2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fde%2Fwahl-auf-der-gr%C3%BCnen-insel%2Fa-521140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilo Glazer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-from-peace-activist-to-likud-s-youngest-mk-1.5403286">How Likud's Youngest MK Went From the Peace Camp to the Right</a>, <i>Haaretz</i>, Sep 29, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anshel Pfeffer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-likud-primaries-may-backfire-on-pm-1.5265980">How the Likud Primaries Could Backfire on Netanyahu</a>, <i>Haaretz</i>, Nov 25, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/israel-der-rivale-macht-ernst-1.5144206">"Der Rivale macht Ernst"</a>. 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Rivale+macht+Ernst&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fisrael-der-rivale-macht-ernst-1.5144206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blome2016-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blome2016_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blome2016_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgnes_Blome2016" class="citation book cs1">Agnes Blome (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNyVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142"><i>The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317554363" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317554363"><bdi>978-1317554363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Work-Family+Policy+Reforms+in+Germany+and+Italy&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317554363&rft.au=Agnes+Blome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNyVDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobayashi1976-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi1976_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTetsuya_Kobayashi1976" class="citation book cs1">Tetsuya Kobayashi (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBSoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan</i></a>. Elsevier Science. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483136226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483136226"><bdi>978-1483136226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+Schools%2C+and+Progress+in+Japan&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1483136226&rft.au=Tetsuya+Kobayashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBSoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Japan Almanac</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Newspapers</a>. 1975. p. 43. <q>In the House of Representatives, the Liberal-Democratic Party, guided by conservative liberalism, is the No.1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56.8 per cent of the House quorum of 491.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Almanac&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Mainichi+Newspapers&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevenhörster-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kevenhörster_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_KevenhörsterWerner_PaschaKaren_Shire2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kevenhörster; Werner Pascha; Karen Shire (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ8nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302"><i>Japan: Wirtschaft - Gesellschaft - Politik</i></a>. VS Verlag. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-32-299566-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-32-299566-7"><bdi>978-3-32-299566-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+Wirtschaft+-+Gesellschaft+-+Politik&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-32-299566-7&rft.au=Paul+Kevenh%C3%B6rster&rft.au=Werner+Pascha&rft.au=Karen+Shire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZ8nBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/">"Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis"</a>. <i>eurasia review</i>. 16 July 2019. <q>The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasia+review&rft.atitle=Beautiful+Harmony%3A+Political+Project+Behind+Japan%27s+New+Era+Name+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2019-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/">"Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. 9 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan's wartime atrocities 'had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.' The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism—centred around the figure of the emperor—retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shinzo+Abe+and+the+long+history+of+Japanese+political+violence&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fshinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanforum.net/country/moldova">European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405153134/http://www.europeanforum.net/country/moldova">Archived</a> 2015-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andeweg,_R_p.49-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andeweg,_R_p.49_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Andeweg" title="Rudy Andeweg">Andeweg, R.</a> and G. Irwin <i>Politics and Governance in the Netherlands</i>, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185331/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html">"NSD, European Election Database, Netherlands"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSD%2C+European+Election+Database%2C+Netherlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsd.uib.no%2Feuropean_election_database%2Fcountry%2Fnetherlands%2Fparties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winter_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudy_W_AndewegLieven_De_WinterPatrick_Dumont2011" class="citation book cs1">Rudy W Andeweg; Lieven De Winter; Patrick Dumont (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cc3rUuZ6jG0C&pg=PA147"><i>Government Formation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134239726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134239726"><bdi>978-1134239726</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Formation&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1134239726&rft.au=Rudy+W+Andeweg&rft.au=Lieven+De+Winter&rft.au=Patrick+Dumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcc3rUuZ6jG0C%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClasenClegg-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClasenClegg_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJochen_ClasenDaniel_Clegg2011" class="citation book cs1">Jochen Clasen; Daniel Clegg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLAooCYXeVgC&pg=PA76"><i>Regulating the Risk of Unemployment: National Adaptations to Post-Industrial Labour Markets in Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199592296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199592296"><bdi>978-0199592296</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+the+Risk+of+Unemployment%3A+National+Adaptations+to+Post-Industrial+Labour+Markets+in+Europe&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199592296&rft.au=Jochen+Clasen&rft.au=Daniel+Clegg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLAooCYXeVgC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA459_459]-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA459_459]_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA459">459</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanley-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanley_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hanley1998" class="citation book cs1">David Hanley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VozH67LS7QEC&pg=PA67"><i>Christian Democracy in Europe</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855673823" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855673823"><bdi>978-1855673823</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Europe&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1855673823&rft.au=David+Hanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVozH67LS7QEC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OersErsbøll-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OersErsbøll_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRicky_Van_OersEva_ErsbøllDora_KostakopoulouTheodora_Kostakopoulou2010" class="citation book cs1">Ricky Van Oers; Eva Ersbøll; Dora Kostakopoulou; Theodora Kostakopoulou (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89wuqKuGJbIC&pg=PA60"><i>A Re-Definition of Belonging?: Language and Integration Tests in Europe</i></a>. Brill. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004175068" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004175068"><bdi>978-9004175068</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Re-Definition+of+Belonging%3F%3A+Language+and+Integration+Tests+in+Europe&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004175068&rft.au=Ricky+Van+Oers&rft.au=Eva+Ersb%C3%B8ll&rft.au=Dora+Kostakopoulou&rft.au=Theodora+Kostakopoulou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89wuqKuGJbIC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOS-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOS_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html">"Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a></i> (in Dutch). 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOS&rft.atitle=Eerdmans+en+Nanninga+doen+met+%27JA21%27+mee+aan+verkiezingen&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boersema-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boersema_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoersema2021" class="citation news cs1">Boersema, Wendelmoet (15 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/">"<i>Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Waarom+de+strijd+op+rechts+nooit+een+volledig+rechts+kabinet+oplevert&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft.aulast=Boersema&rft.aufirst=Wendelmoet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fpolitiek%2Fwaarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105133345/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html">"NSD – European Election Database, Norway"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSD+%E2%80%93+European+Election+Database%2C+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsd.uib.no%2Feuropean_election_database%2Fcountry%2Fnorway%2Fparties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laar2011-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laar2011_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMart_Laar2010" class="citation book cs1">Mart Laar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9QCOrlyOMC&pg=PA229"><i>The Power of Freedom – Central and Eastern Europe after 1945</i></a>. Unitas Foundation. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9949214792" title="Special:BookSources/978-9949214792"><bdi>978-9949214792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+after+1945&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Unitas+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9949214792&rft.au=Mart+Laar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCM9QCOrlyOMC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorska2012-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorska2012_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_A._Gorska2012" class="citation book cs1">Joanna A. Gorska (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIowWvWUXvQC&pg=PA104"><i>Dealing with a Juggernaut: Analyzing Poland's Policy toward Russia, 1989-2009</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739145340" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739145340"><bdi>978-0739145340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+with+a+Juggernaut%3A+Analyzing+Poland%27s+Policy+toward+Russia%2C+1989-2009&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0739145340&rft.au=Joanna+A.+Gorska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIowWvWUXvQC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pytlas2016-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pytlas2016_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartek_Pytlas2016" class="citation book cs1">Bartek Pytlas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOC9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune</i></a>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317495864" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317495864"><bdi>978-1317495864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Right+Parties+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Mainstream+Party+Competition+and+Electoral+Fortune&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317495864&rft.au=Bartek+Pytlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOC9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machado1991-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Machado1991_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiamantino_P._Machado1991" class="citation book cs1">Diamantino P. Machado (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YixpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192"><i>The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275937843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275937843"><bdi>978-0275937843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Portuguese+Society%3A+The+Failure+of+Fascism&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0275937843&rft.au=Diamantino+P.+Machado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYixpAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA561_561]-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA561_561]_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA561">561</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPather2019" class="citation news cs1">Pather, Raeesa (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/24/will-the-da-survive-mmusi-maimanes-resignation">"Will the DA survive Mmusi Maimane's resignation?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>Zille...is seen as representing a conservative-liberal grouping within the DA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.atitle=Will+the+DA+survive+Mmusi+Maimane%27s+resignation%3F&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft.aulast=Pather&rft.aufirst=Raeesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2F24%2Fwill-the-da-survive-mmusi-maimanes-resignation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscham.net/news/view.php?board=news&nid=73718">"중도보수' 표방 새정치연합, '세모녀 법'등 민생정치도 '흔들'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>참세상</i>. 31 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%EC%B0%B8%EC%84%B8%EC%83%81&rft.atitle=%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98%27+%ED%91%9C%EB%B0%A9+%EC%83%88%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%2C+%27%EC%84%B8%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%80+%EB%B2%95%27%EB%93%B1+%EB%AF%BC%EC%83%9D%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EB%8F%84+%27%ED%9D%94%EB%93%A4%27&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscham.net%2Fnews%2Fview.php%3Fboard%3Dnews%26nid%3D73718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/628380.html">새정치민주연합 "성찰적 진보와 합리적 보수 아우를 것"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="한겨레">한겨레</a></i>. (March 16, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labortoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=200444">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'더불어민주당 2중대'로서 정의당"</a> [The Justice Party, which became the "second party of the Democratic Party of Korea".]. 매일노동뉴스. 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>... 집값은 오르고 불로소득은 넘쳐 나고 빈부격차도 심해졌다. 노동 개혁도 엉망진창이다. 코로나19라는 악재가 있으나, 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당의 성격을 고려할 때 정권 출범부터 예견됐던 일이다.</q> [... Housing prices rose, unearned income overflowed, and the gap between the rich and the poor widened. Labor reform is also a mess. Although there is a negative factor called COVID-19, it has been predicted since the inauguration of the regime considering the nature of the conservative liberal party, the Democratic Party of Korea.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27%EB%8D%94%EB%B6%88%EC%96%B4%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9+2%EC%A4%91%EB%8C%80%27%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%9C+%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98%EB%8B%B9&rft.pub=%EB%A7%A4%EC%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labortoday.co.kr%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D200444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosco2013-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosco2013_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Bosco2013" class="citation book cs1">Anna Bosco (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Party Change in Southern Europe</i></a>. Routledge. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136767777" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136767777"><bdi>978-1136767777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Change+in+Southern+Europe&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136767777&rft.au=Anna+Bosco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbHdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA519_519]-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA519_519]_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA519">519</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiripan_Nogsuan_Sawasdee2012" class="citation cs2">Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee (2012), "Thailand", <i>Political Parties and Democracy: Contemporary Western Europe and Asia</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 157</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Parties+and+Democracy%3A+Contemporary+Western+Europe+and+Asia&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Siripan+Nogsuan+Sawasdee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlszański2014" class="citation cs2">Olszański, Tadeusz A. (17 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign"><i>Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign</i></a>, OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%27s+political+parties+at+the+start+of+the+election+campaign&rft.pub=OSW%E2%80%94Centre+for+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Olsza%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osw.waw.pl%2Fen%2Fpublikacje%2Fanalyses%2F2014-09-17%2Fukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteKorosteleva2005-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhiteKorosteleva2005_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_WhiteElena_A._KorostelevaJohn_Löwenhardt2005" class="citation book cs1">Stephen White; Elena A. Korosteleva; John Löwenhardt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjVRSvhFRAC&pg=PA37"><i>Postcommunist Belarus</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742535558" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742535558"><bdi>978-0742535558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcommunist+Belarus&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0742535558&rft.au=Stephen+White&rft.au=Elena+A.+Korosteleva&rft.au=John+L%C3%B6wenhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPjVRSvhFRAC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White1998-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White1998_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalter_L._WhiteRalph_Carl_NelsonR._H._Wagenberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Walter L. White; Ralph Carl Nelson; R. H. Wagenberg (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_okkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77"><i>Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government</i></a>. Harcourt Brace. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77-473589-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77-473589-6"><bdi>978-0-77-473589-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Canadian+Politics+and+Government&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-77-473589-6&rft.au=Walter+L.+White&rft.au=Ralph+Carl+Nelson&rft.au=R.+H.+Wagenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_okkAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buksiński2009-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buksiński2009_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Buksiński2009" class="citation book cs1">Tadeusz Buksiński (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bP5FC_sK-hAC&pg=PA240"><i>Democracy in Western and Postcommunist Countries: Twenty Years After the Fall of Communism</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58543-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58543-6"><bdi>978-3-631-58543-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Western+and+Postcommunist+Countries%3A+Twenty+Years+After+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-631-58543-6&rft.au=Tadeusz+Buksi%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbP5FC_sK-hAC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chibulka2012-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chibulka2012_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Chibulka2012" class="citation book cs1">Frank Chibulka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLleZ9EWvdMC&pg=PA36">"The Czech Republic"</a>. In Donnacha O Beachain; Vera Sheridan; Sabina Stan (eds.). <i>Life in Post-Communist Eastern Europe after EU Membership</i>. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136299810" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136299810"><bdi>978-1136299810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Czech+Republic&rft.btitle=Life+in+Post-Communist+Eastern+Europe+after+EU+Membership&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136299810&rft.au=Frank+Chibulka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLleZ9EWvdMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis2011A-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis2011A_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis2011A_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Diane_St_Louis2011" class="citation book cs1">Carol Diane St Louis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EW-zz_H54LMC&pg=PA105"><i>Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform</i></a>. Stanford University. p. 105. Stanford: RW793BX2256<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Change%3A+Approaches+to+and+the+Distributional+Implications+of+Social+Welfare+and+Economic+Reform&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Carol+Diane+St+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEW-zz_H54LMC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA385_385]-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA385_385]_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA385">385</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis2011B-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louis2011B_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Diane_St_Louis2011" class="citation book cs1">Carol Diane St Louis (2011). <i>Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform</i>. Stanford University. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Change%3A+Approaches+to+and+the+Distributional+Implications+of+Social+Welfare+and+Economic+Reform&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Carol+Diane+St+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne1996-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payne1996_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley_G._Payne1996" class="citation book cs1">Stanley G. Payne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA163"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299148737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299148737"><bdi>978-0299148737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0299148737&rft.au=Stanley+G.+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_MeR06xqXAC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waddy2010-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waddy2010_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Waddy2010" class="citation book cs1">Helena Waddy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JD5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Oberammergau in the Nazi Era: The Fate of a Catholic Village in Hitler's Germany</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199707799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199707799"><bdi>978-0199707799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oberammergau+in+the+Nazi+Era%3A+The+Fate+of+a+Catholic+Village+in+Hitler%27s+Germany&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199707799&rft.au=Helena+Waddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJD5pAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kessel2015-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessel2015_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStijn_van_Kessel2015" class="citation book cs1">Stijn van Kessel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67"><i>Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137414113" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137414113"><bdi>978-1137414113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populist+Parties+in+Europe%3A+Agents+of+Discontent%3F&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137414113&rft.au=Stijn+van+Kessel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0MTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HamannKelly2010-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HamannKelly2010_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerstin_HamannJohn_Kelly2010" class="citation book cs1">Kerstin Hamann; John Kelly (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1982"><i>Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136949869" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136949869"><bdi>978-1136949869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties%2C+Elections%2C+and+Policy+Reforms+in+Western+Europe%3A+Voting+for+Social+Pacts&rft.pages=1982&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1136949869&rft.au=Kerstin+Hamann&rft.au=John+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5hXGBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CottaVerzichelli2007-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CottaVerzichelli2007_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurizio_CottaLuca_Verzichelli2007" class="citation book cs1">Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FAZHBDqggC&pg=PA38"><i>Political Institutions in Italy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199284702" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199284702"><bdi>978-0199284702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Institutions+in+Italy&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199284702&rft.au=Maurizio+Cotta&rft.au=Luca+Verzichelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-FAZHBDqggC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KickertRandma-Liiv2015-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KickertRandma-Liiv2015_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalter_KickertTiina_Randma-Liiv2015" class="citation book cs1">Walter Kickert; Tiina Randma-Liiv (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkLLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263"><i>Europe Managing the Crisis: The Politics of Fiscal Consolidation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317525707" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317525707"><bdi>978-1317525707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Managing+the+Crisis%3A+The+Politics+of+Fiscal+Consolidation&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317525707&rft.au=Walter+Kickert&rft.au=Tiina+Randma-Liiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkLLCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%9A%E3%81%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%81%91-169959#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8"><bdi lang="ja">ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典の解説</bdi></a> [The <i>Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s explanation]. <i><a href="/wiki/Kotobank" title="Kotobank">Kotobank</a></i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotobank&rft.atitle=%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8+%E5%B0%8F%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%E3%81%AE%E8%A7%A3%E8%AA%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%2596%25B0%25E5%2585%259A%25E3%2581%2595%25E3%2581%258D%25E3%2581%258C%25E3%2581%2591-169959%23E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA532_532]-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA532_532]_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA532">532</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CloseDelwit2019-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CloseDelwit2019_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_ClosePascal_Delwit2019" class="citation book cs1">Caroline Close; Pascal Delwit (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zuIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295">"Liberal parties and elections: Electoral performances and voters' profile"</a>. In Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close (eds.). <i>Liberal Parties in Europe</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351245494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351245494"><bdi>978-1351245494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberal+parties+and+elections%3A+Electoral+performances+and+voters%27+profile&rft.btitle=Liberal+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1351245494&rft.au=Caroline+Close&rft.au=Pascal+Delwit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zuIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamberts1997-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamberts1997_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmiel_Lamberts1997" class="citation book cs1">Emiel Lamberts (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyvYB4UnMwC&pg=PA56"><i>Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15–18 November 1995</i></a>. Leuven University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9061868088" title="Special:BookSources/978-9061868088"><bdi>978-9061868088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+the+European+Union%2C+1945%2F1995%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Leuven+Colloquium%2C+15%E2%80%9318+November+1995&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9061868088&rft.au=Emiel+Lamberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChyvYB4UnMwC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, John Richard Sinclair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/political-parties/page-17">"United Party"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hare_McLintock" title="Alexander Hare McLintock">McLintock, A. H.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" title="An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand"><i>An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+Party&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+%2F+Te+Manat%C5%AB+Taonga&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=John+Richard+Sinclair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fpolitical-parties%2Fpage-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garau2015-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garau2015_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalvatore_Garau2015" class="citation book cs1">Salvatore Garau (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway</i></a>. Routledge. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317909477" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317909477"><bdi>978-1317909477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+and+Ideology%3A+Italy%2C+Britain%2C+and+Norway&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317909477&rft.au=Salvatore+Garau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVw-UBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lees-Marshment2009-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lees-Marshment2009_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Lees-Marshment2009" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Lees-Marshment (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>Political Marketing: Principles and Applications</i></a>. Routledge. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134084111" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134084111"><bdi>978-1134084111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Marketing%3A+Principles+and+Applications&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1134084111&rft.au=Jennifer+Lees-Marshment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodV9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szacki1994-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szacki1994_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Szacki1994" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Szacki (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalismafterc00szac"><i>Liberalism After Communism</i></a></span>. Central European University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalismafterc00szac/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1858660165" title="Special:BookSources/978-1858660165"><bdi>978-1858660165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+After+Communism&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1858660165&rft.au=Jerzy+Szacki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberalismafterc00szac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skrzypinski2016-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skrzypinski2016_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Skrzypinski2016" class="citation book cs1">Dariusz Skrzypinski (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA245">"Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections"</a>. In Ruxandra Boicu; Silvia Branea; Adriana Stefanel (eds.). <i>Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137585912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137585912"><bdi>978-1137585912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Recruitment+of+Polish+Candidates+in+the+2014+European+Parliament+Elections&rft.btitle=Political+Communication+and+European+Parliamentary+Elections+in+Times+of+Crisis%3A+Perspectives+from+Central+and+South-Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1137585912&rft.au=Dariusz+Skrzypinski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9vQDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyagulov2014" class="citation book cs1">Nyagulov, Blagovest (2014). <i>Early Socialism in the Balkans: Ideas and Practices in Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria</i>. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Socialism+in+the+Balkans%3A+Ideas+and+Practices+in+Serbia%2C+Romania+and+Bulgaria&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Nyagulov&rft.aufirst=Blagovest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RupnikZielonka2003-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RupnikZielonka2003_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacques_RupnikJan_Zielonka2003" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Rupnik; Jan Zielonka (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Djjm6BrTDfgC&pg=PA52"><i>The Road to the European Union</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719065972" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719065972"><bdi>978-0719065972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+the+European+Union&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0719065972&rft.au=Jacques+Rupnik&rft.au=Jan+Zielonka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjjm6BrTDfgC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cons-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cons_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewsnnews.com/article?q=165032">"Three conservative opposition parties, 'President Roh, apologize for canceling his pledge to relocate the office to Gwanghwamun'. (Korean)"</a>. <i>views&news</i>. 8 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=views%26news&rft.atitle=Three+conservative+opposition+parties%2C+%27President+Roh%2C+apologize+for+canceling+his+pledge+to+relocate+the+office+to+Gwanghwamun%27.+%28Korean%29&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viewsnnews.com%2Farticle%3Fq%3D165032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA518_518]-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA518_518]_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA518">518</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA489_489]-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlomp2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLmfAPmwE6YYCpgPA489_489]_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlomp2011">Slomp 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA489">489</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_liberalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Slomp, Hans (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC"><i>Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313391828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313391828"><bdi>978-0313391828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+a+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0313391828&rft.aulast=Slomp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmfAPmwE6YYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyson2021" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Kenneth (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8oQEAAAQBAJ"><i>Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885428-9"><bdi>978-0-19-885428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Liberalism%2C+Ordo-liberalism%2C+and+the+State%3A+Discipling+Democracy+and+the+Market&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885428-9&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8oQEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+liberalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View 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title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#Neoauthoritarianism" title="Conservatism in China">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverism" title="Riverism">Riverism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruralism_(Uruguay)" title="Ruralism (Uruguay)"><i>Ruralismo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies1176" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a 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