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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named David Ricardo, see <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="David Ricardo (disambiguation)">David Ricardo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a>, politician, and member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. He is recognized as one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economists</a>, alongside figures such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">David Ricardo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_David_Ricardo_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="800"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1821</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Portarlington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portarlington (UK Parliament constituency)">Portarlington</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 February 1819 – 11 September 1823</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharp_(politician)" title="Richard Sharp (politician)">Richard Sharp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Farquhar_(MP)" title="James Farquhar (MP)">James Farquhar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1772-04-18)18 April 1772 London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 1823(1823-09-11) (aged 51) <a href="/wiki/Gatcombe_Park" title="Gatcombe Park">Gatcombe Park</a>, Gloucestershire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Including <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo_(the_younger)" title="David Ricardo (the younger)">David the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_equivalence" title="Ricardian equivalence">Ricardian equivalence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">law of diminishing returns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">Economic rent</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> Ricardo was born in London as the third surviving child of a successful stockbroker and his wife. He came from a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jewish</a> family of Portuguese origin. At 21, he eloped with a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, causing estrangement from his family. He made his fortune financing government borrowing and later retired to an estate in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>. Ricardo served as <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Gloucestershire" title="High Sheriff of Gloucestershire">High Sheriff of Gloucestershire</a> and bought a seat in Parliament as an earnest reformer. He was friends with prominent figures like <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, engaging in debates over various topics. Ricardo was also a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Geological Society">The Geological Society</a>, and his youngest sister was an author. As MP for Portarlington, Ricardo advocated for liberal political movements and reforms, including free trade, parliamentary reform, and criminal law reform. He believed free trade increased the well-being of people by making goods more affordable. Ricardo notably opposed the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, which he saw as barriers to economic growth. His friend John Louis Mallett described Ricardo's conviction in his beliefs, though he expressed doubts about Ricardo's disregard for experience and practice. Ricardo died at 51 from an ear infection that led to septicaemia (sepsis). He left behind a considerable fortune and a lasting legacy, with his free trade views eventually becoming public policy in Britain. Ricardo wrote his first economics article at age 37, advocating for a reduction in the note-issuing of the Bank of England. He was also an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> and believed in the autonomy of a central bank as the issuer of money. Ricardo worked on fixing issues in Adam Smith's Labour Theory of Value, stating that the value of a commodity depends on the labour necessary for its production. He contributed to the development of theories of rent, wages, and profits, defining rent as the difference between the produce obtained by employing equal quantities of capital and labour. Ricardo's Theory of Profit posited that as real wages increase, real profits decrease due to the revenue split between profits and wages. Ricardian theory of international trade challenges the mercantilism concept of accumulating gold or silver by promoting industry specialization and free trade. Ricardo introduced the concept of "comparative advantage," suggesting that nations should concentrate resources only in industries where they have the greatest efficiency of production relative to their own alternative uses of resources. He argued that international trade is always beneficial, even if one country is more competitive in every area than its trading counterpart. Ricardo opposed protectionism for national economies and was concerned about the short-term impact of technological change on labour. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Personal_life">1 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Parliamentary_record">2 Parliamentary record</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Death_and_legacy">3 Death and legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ideas">4 Ideas</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Banking">4.1 Banking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Value_theory">4.2 Value theory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Rent">4.3 Rent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Model-making">4.4 Model-making</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ricardo's_theories_of_wages_and_profits">4.5 Ricardo's theories of wages and profits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade">5 Ricardian theory of international trade</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Comparative_advantage">5.1 Comparative advantage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#New_interpretation">5.2 New interpretation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Protectionism">5.3 Protectionism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Technological_change">5.4 Technological change</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Criticism_of_the_Ricardian_theory_of_trade">5.5 Criticism of the Ricardian theory of trade</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ricardian_equivalence">6 Ricardian equivalence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Influence_and_intellectual_legacy">7 Influence and intellectual legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ricardian_socialists">7.1 Ricardian socialists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Georgists">7.2 Georgists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Neo-Ricardians">7.3 Neo-Ricardians</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Neo-Ricardian_trade_theory">7.3.1 Neo-Ricardian trade theory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Evolutionary_growth_theory">7.3.2 Evolutionary growth theory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Contemporary_theories">7.3.3 Contemporary theories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Unequal_exchange">7.3.4 Unequal exchange</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Publications">8 Publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sources">10.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Born in London, England, Ricardo was the third surviving of the 17 children of successful stockbroker Abraham Israel Ricardo (1733?–1812) and Abigail (1753–1801), daughter of Abraham Delvalle (also "del Valle"), of a respectable <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jewish</a> family that had been settled in England for three generations as "small but prosperous" tobacco and snuff merchants, and had obtained British citizenship. Abigail's sister, Rebecca, was wife of the engraver <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Lowry" title="Wilson Lowry">Wilson Lowry</a>, and mother of the engraver <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Lowry" title="Joseph Wilson Lowry">Joseph Wilson Lowry</a> and the geologist, mineralogist, and author <a href="/wiki/Delvalle_Lowry" title="Delvalle Lowry">Delvalle Lowry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heertje-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> The Ricardo family were Sephardic Jews of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> origin who had recently relocated from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heertje-6">[6]</a> Ricardo began working with his father at the age of 14. At the age of 21, Ricardo eloped with a <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a>, Priscilla Anne Wilkinson, and against his father's wishes, converted to <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> This religious difference resulted in estrangement from his family, and he was led to adopt a position of independence.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His father disowned him and his mother apparently never spoke to him again.<a href="#cite_note-sraffa-10">[10]</a> Following this estrangement he went into business for himself with the support of Lubbocks and Forster, an eminent banking house. He made the bulk of his fortune by profitably financing Government borrowing. There is a story that he made his fortune as a result of speculation on the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>: The Sunday Times reported in Ricardo's obituary, published on 14 September 1823, that during the battle Ricardo "netted upwards of a million sterling", a huge sum at the time, and this was later popularised by the economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a>; in reality Ricardo was already very rich and in June 1815 sold his latest government stock before the result of the battle was known in London, so missing half of the rise.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He subsequently purchased <a href="/wiki/Gatcombe_Park" title="Gatcombe Park">Gatcombe Park</a>, an estate in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> and retired to the country. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Gloucestershire" title="High Sheriff of Gloucestershire">High Sheriff of Gloucestershire</a> for 1818–19.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In August 1818 he bought Lord Portarlingtons' seat in Parliament for £4,000, as part of the terms of a loan of £25,000. His record in Parliament was that of an earnest reformer. He held the seat until his death five years later.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Ricardo was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>. Other notable friends included <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, with whom Ricardo had a considerable debate (in correspondence) over such things as the role of landowners in a society. He also was a member of Malthus' <a href="/wiki/Political_Economy_Club" title="Political Economy Club">Political Economy Club</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Clubs_(Whig_club)" title="King of Clubs (Whig club)">King of Clubs</a>. He was one of the original members of <a href="/wiki/The_Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Geological Society">The Geological Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sraffa-10">[10]</a> His youngest sister was author <a href="/wiki/George_Richardson_Porter#Family" title="George Richardson Porter">Sarah Ricardo-Porter</a> (e.g., Conversations in Arithmetic). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Parliamentary_record">Parliamentary record</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parliamentary record" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> As MP for <a href="/wiki/Portarlington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portarlington (UK Parliament constituency)">Portarlington</a>, Ricardo voted with the opposition in support of liberal political movements in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and for inquiry into the administration of justice in <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>. He divided for (voted for) repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act</a>; then for inquiry into the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterloo massacre">Peterloo massacre</a>; and, in 1821, for abolition of the death penalty for forgery. He adamantly supported <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. In 1821 he voted against renewal of the sugar duties, and objected to the higher duty on East Indian as opposed to West Indian produce. He opposed the timber duties. He voted silently for parliamentary reform and in 1822 spoke in its favour at the Westminster anniversary reform dinner; and again voted for criminal law reform. Ricardo believed that increasing imports by free trade boosted the wellbeing of mankind by increasing the amount of goods cheaply available for subsistence and consumption. He was said to have "possessed an extraordinary quickness in perceiving in the turns of the market any accidental difference which might arise between the relative price of different stocks".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> And he grew his wealth dealing in securities during the Revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>. As the Napoleonic Wars waged on, Ricardo developed a disdain for the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> imposed by the British to encourage exports. Notably, government intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> can be traced as far back as the 1400s; and thereafter trade was controlled, regulated, and taxed. Meanwhile, England developed a capitalist economy involving workers and landlords generating and consuming incomes and capital accumulations that depended entirely on capitalists’ profits,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and these key economic elements were under perpetual pressure during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Political reform was needed as agricultural output was struggling to keep pace with population growth. The Corn Laws imposed barriers to imports that increased subsistence/consumption costs and triggered demand for higher wages. Higher wages reduced profits for agricultural producers, and had the immediate effects of reducing capital investments and slowing the growth of a nation's economy. Rising rents, attributed by Ricardo to the Corn Laws, came at the expense of the economic profits of nations. For David Ricardo, free trade was ever the answer; he envisioned Britain as importing agriculture products in exchange for exporting manufactured goods.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Eventually, after his death, the interventionist laws were repealed, and his free trade views became public policy in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Of David Ricardo, his friend John Louis Mallett commented: " … he meets you upon every subject that he has studied with a mind made up, and opinions in the nature of mathematical truths. He spoke of parliamentary reform and ballot as a man who would bring such things about, and destroy the existing system tomorrow, if it were in his power, and without the slightest doubt on the result … It is this very quality of the man’s mind, his entire disregard of experience and practice, which makes me doubtful of his opinions on political economy." </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death and legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Ten years after retiring and four years after entering Parliament, Ricardo died from an infection of the middle ear that spread into his brain and induced <a href="/wiki/Septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Septicaemia">septicaemia</a>. He was 51. He and his wife Priscilla had eight children together including <a href="/wiki/Osman_Ricardo" title="Osman Ricardo">Osman Ricardo</a> (1795–1881; MP for <a href="/wiki/Worcester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)">Worcester</a> 1847–1865), <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo_(the_younger)" title="David Ricardo (the younger)">David Ricardo</a> (1803–1864, MP for <a href="/wiki/Stroud_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)">Stroud</a> 1832–1833) and Mortimer Ricardo, who served as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Life_Guards_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Guards (British Army)">Life Guards</a> and was a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_lieutenant" title="Deputy lieutenant">deputy lieutenant</a> for <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Ricardo is buried in an ornate grave in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Myra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas of Myra">Saint Nicholas</a> in Hardenhuish, now a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Chippenham" title="Chippenham">Chippenham</a>, Wiltshire. At the time of his death his assets were estimated at £675,000–£775,000.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Ricardo wrote his first economics article at 37, firstly in <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle" title="The Morning Chronicle">The Morning Chronicle</a> advocating reduction in the note-issuing of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> and then publishing The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He was also an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a>, speaking at a meeting of the Court of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in March 1823, where he said he regarded <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> as a stain on the character of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Banking" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> argued that free commercial banking, such as the banking system in Scotland which had no <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> when <a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a> was written in 1776, was favourable to economic growth. Writing just a few decades later, Ricardo argued for a central bank, a cause that was taken up by his students, including <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, who was known to favour the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> policies in every place but banking. Ricardo wrote the Plan for the Establishment of a National Bank (published posthumously in 1824), which argued for the autonomy of the central bank as the issuer of money.<a href="#cite_note-bindseil2019-22">[22]</a> Ricardo proposed that a ratio of gold and Treasury bills, and a fixed claim (asset) against the government, would secure the central bank's liquidity:<a href="#cite_note-binsdseil2019-23">[23]</a> <blockquote>The public, or the Government on behalf of the public, is indebted to the Bank in a sum of money larger than the whole amount of Bank notes in circulation; for the Government not only owes the Bank fifteen million, its original capital, which is lent at 3 per cent. interest, but also many more millions which are advanced on Exchequer bills, on half-pay and pension annuities, and on other securities. It is evident, therefore, that if the Government itself were to be the sole issuer of paper money instead of borrowing it of the Bank, the only difference would be with respect to the interest: the Bank would no longer receive interest and the Government would no longer pay it; but all other classes in the community would be exactly in the same position in which they now stand.</blockquote> Ricardo was a man of many trades, economically and financially speaking. Ricardo was able to recognize and identify the problem presented through banking within regulations and debauched standards of approval at certain times. Ricardo knew that banks in rural areas as well as the Bank of England had increased note lending and overall lending in 1810. Through this, Ricardo proved subsequent changes in price level through the market was also affected and thus new regulations needed to be made available. Furthermore, Ricardo was able to understand and distinguish the socioeconomic makeup that created and established parameters around different classes within the economy. Ricardo advocated for the productive powers of labour to be held in high concern as the most influential of devices that played a role in the progression of the American Economy along with others. In addition, Ricardo made notable advancements in the concept build involving reactions in the open market when considering banking altercations, stock investments, or other considerable impacting events. Ricardo wanted to establish a firm ground between the bank and the control over monetary policy because there was power within the banking system that Ricardo believed needed to be considered carefully. In 1816, Ricardo said “In the present state of the law, they have the power, without any control whatever, of increasing or reducing the circulation in any degree they may think proper: a power which should neither be entrusted to the State itself, nor to anybody in it; as there can be no security for the uniformity in the value of the currency, when its augmentation or diminution depends solely on the will of the issuers.” Ricardo felt the circulation of money and the decision behind how much is available at any time should not be entrusted to either the State, or any individual. Ricardo argued for the most even distribution possible with the highest control readily available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_theory">Value theory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Value theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> David Ricardo worked to fix the issues he felt were most concerning with <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>’s Labour Theory of Value.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Both men worked with the assumption that land, labour, and capital were the three basic factors of production. However, Smith narrowed in on labour as the determinant of value. Ricardo believes that with production having three factors it is impossible for only one of them to determine value on its own.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Ricardo illustrates his point by adapting Smith's deer beaver analogy<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> to show that even when labour is the only factor of production the hardship and tools of the labour will drive a wedge in the relative value of the good. Due to his criticisms of the Labour Theory of Value <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> called his theory a "93% labor theory of value".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Ricardo's most famous work is his <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Political Economy and Taxation">Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</a> (1817). He advanced a <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a>:<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <blockquote>The value of a commodity, or the quantity of any other commodity for which it will exchange, depends on the relative quantity of labour which is necessary for its production, and not on the greater or less compensation which is paid for that labour.</blockquote> Ricardo's note to Section VI:<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <blockquote>Mr. Malthus appears to think that it is a part of my doctrine, that the cost and value of a thing be the same;—it is, if he means by cost, "cost of production" including profit.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rent">Rent</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a></div> Ricardo contributed to the development of theories of rent, wages, and profits. He defined <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">rent</a> as "the difference between the produce obtained by the employment of two equal quantities of capital and labour."<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> Ricardo believed that the process of economic development, which increased land use and eventually led to the cultivation of poorer land, principally benefited landowners. According to Ricardo, such premium over "real social value" that is reaped due to ownership constitutes value to an individual but is at best<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> a paper monetary return to "society". The portion of such purely individual benefit that accrues to scarce resources Ricardo labels "rent". In particular, Ricardo postulates that rent is a result of increased populations which results in assets growing scarce and in some cases diminished returns of which were once abundant. Ricardo breaks down this premise by first supposing there are three fields of land - No. 1, 2, 3, - to yield corn, with an equal employment of capital and labour. Initially land No.1 is cultivated and is very productive as measured through the abundant surplus. Over time this abundant surplus becomes diminished as the result of an increase in population, which subsequently creates an increased demand for food. The less desired land, No.2, must now be cultivated and eventually so must land No.3 and so on and so forth. For Ricardo each new cultivated results in diminished surplus as the quality of land fails to yield the equal of that before it. In light of such diminishing surplus landowners see opportunities to charge rent as a means to compensate for the loss of returns on output.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model-making">Model-making</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Model-making" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_quantification" title="Sociology of quantification"> sociologist of quantification</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_S._Morgan" title="Mary S. Morgan">Mary S. Morgan</a> David Ricardo can be considered one of the pioneers in economic modelling.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-32">[32]</a>: 45 In studying rents, for example, Ricardo experiments numerically to determine the relative share of profit accruing to land owner, capital holder and laborers through what Morgan calls 'numerical model farming'. In his numerical and verbal accounts Ricardo tests different improvements in capital, technology or labour to increase the yield of a farm, paralleling actual experiments run by his contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend#%22Turnip%22_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend"> "Turnip" Townshend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-32">[32]</a>: 61 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ricardo's_theories_of_wages_and_profits">Ricardo's theories of wages and profits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ricardo's theories of wages and profits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In his Theory of Profit, Ricardo stated that as <a href="/wiki/Real_wages" title="Real wages">real wages</a> increase, real profits decrease because the revenue from the sale of manufactured goods is split between profits and wages. He said in his Essay on Profits, "Profits depend on high or low wages, wages on the price of necessaries, and the price of necessaries chiefly on the price of food." </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade">Ricardian theory of international trade</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ricardian theory of international trade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Between 1500 and 1750 most economists advocated <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, which promoted the idea of international trade for the purpose of earning bullion by running a trade surplus with other countries. Ricardo challenged the idea that the purpose of trade was merely to accumulate gold or silver. With "<a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>" Ricardo argued in favour of industry specialisation and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. He suggested that industry specialization combined with free international trade always produces positive results. This theory expanded on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">absolute advantage</a>. Ricardo suggested that there is mutual national benefit from trade even if one country is more competitive in every area than its trading counterpart and that a nation should concentrate resources only in industries where it has a <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> that is in those industries in which it has the greatest efficiency of production relative to its own alternative uses of resources, rather than industries where it holds a competitive edge compared to rival nations. Ricardo suggested that national industries which were, in fact, mildly profitable and marginally internationally competitive should be jettisoned in favour of the industries that made the best use of limited resources—the assumption being that subsequent economic growth due to better resource use would more than offset any short-run economic dislocation which would result from closing mildly profitable and marginally competitive national industries. Ricardo attempted to prove theoretically that international trade is always beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> called the numbers used in Ricardo's example dealing with trade between England and Portugal the "four magic numbers".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> "In spite of the fact that the Portuguese could produce both cloth and wine with less amount of labour, Ricardo suggested that both countries would benefit from trade with each other". As for recent extensions of Ricardian models, see <a href="/wiki/International_trade_theory#Ricardian_trade_theory_extensions" title="International trade theory">Ricardian trade theory extensions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_advantage">Comparative advantage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparative advantage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ricardo's theory of international trade was reformulated by John Stuart Mill in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The term "comparative advantage" was introduced by J. S. Mill and his contemporaries. John Stuart Mill started a neoclassical turn of international trade theory, i.e. his formulation was inherited by Alfred Marshall and others, and has both contributed to the resurrection of the anti-Ricardian concept of law of supply and demand, and induced the arrival of neoclassical theory of value.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_interpretation">New interpretation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New interpretation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ricardo's four magic numbers have long been interpreted as comparison of two ratios of labour (or other input in fixed supply) coefficients. This interpretation is now considered as overly simplistic by modern economists. The point was rediscovered by Roy J. Ruffin<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> in 2002 and re-examined and explained in detail in Andrea Maneschi<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> in 2004. The more flexible approach is now known as the new interpretation, despite having been previously mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a> in 1930 and by Kenzo Yukizawa in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The new interpretation affords a totally new reading of Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation with regards to trade theory, although it does not change the mathematics of optimal resource allocation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectionism">Protectionism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protectionism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Like Adam Smith, Ricardo was an opponent of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> for national economies, especially for agriculture. He believed that the British "<a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>"—imposing tariffs on agricultural products—ensured that less-productive domestic land would be cultivated and rents would be driven up (<a href="#CITEREFCaseFair1999">Case & Fair 1999</a>, pp. 812, 813). Thus, profits would be directed toward landlords and away from the emerging industrial capitalists. Ricardo believed landlords tended to squander their wealth on luxuries, rather than invest. He believed the Corn Laws were leading to the stagnation of the British economy.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1846, his nephew <a href="/wiki/John_Ricardo" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ricardo">John Lewis Ricardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stoke-upon-Trent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stoke-upon-Trent (UK Parliament constituency)">Stoke-upon-Trent</a>, advocated <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Modern empirical analysis of the Corn Laws yields mixed results.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Parliament repealed the Corn Laws in 1846. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_change">Technological change</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Technological change" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ricardo was concerned about the impact of technological change on labour in the short-term.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a> In 1821, he wrote that he had become "convinced that the substitution of machinery for human labour, is often very injurious to the interests of the class of labourers," and that "the opinion entertained by the labouring class, that the employment of machinery is frequently detrimental to their interests, is not founded on prejudice and error, but is conformable to the correct principles of political economy."<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a> Ricardo's idea of technological change is now formulated in a modern form.<a href="#cite_note-Shiozawa20-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_Ricardian_theory_of_trade">Criticism of the Ricardian theory of trade</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism of the Ricardian theory of trade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ricardo himself was the first to recognize that comparative advantage is a domain-specific theory, meaning that it applies only when certain conditions are met. Ricardo noted that the theory applies only in situations where capital is immobile. Regarding his famous example, he wrote: <blockquote>it would undoubtedly be advantageous to the capitalists [and consumers] of England... [that] the wine and cloth should both be made in Portugal [and that] the capital and labour of England employed in making cloth should be removed to Portugal for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Ricardo_1821_7.19-46">[46]</a> </blockquote> Ricardo recognized that applying his theory in situations where capital was mobile would result in <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a>, and thereby economic decline and job loss. To correct for this, he argued that (i) "most men of property [will be] satisfied with a low rate of profits in their own country, rather than seek[ing] a more advantageous employment for their wealth in foreign nations", and (ii) capital was functionally immobile.<a href="#cite_note-Ricardo_1821_7.19-46">[46]</a> Ricardo's argument in favour of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> has also been attacked by those who believe trade restriction can be necessary for the economic development of a nation. <a href="/wiki/Utsa_Patnaik" title="Utsa Patnaik">Utsa Patnaik</a> claims that Ricardian theory of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> contains a logical fallacy. Ricardo assumed that in both countries two goods are producible and actually are produced, but developed and underdeveloped countries often trade those goods which are not producible in their own country. In these cases, one cannot define which country has comparative advantage.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Critics also argue that Ricardo's theory of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> is flawed in that it assumes production is continuous and absolute. In the real world, events outside the realm of human control (e.g. natural disasters) can disrupt production. In this case, specialisation could cripple a country that depends on imports from foreign, naturally disrupted countries. For example, if an industrially based country trades its manufactured goods with an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian country">agrarian country</a> in exchange for agricultural products, a natural disaster in the agricultural country (e.g. drought) may cause the industrially based country to starve. As <a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a> pointed out, following the opening of free trade with England, Portugal endured centuries of economic underdevelopment: "the imposition of free trade on Portugal killed off a promising textile industry and left her with a slow-growing export market for wine, while for England, exports of cotton cloth led to accumulation, mechanisation and the whole spiralling growth of the industrial revolution". Robinson argued that Ricardo's example required that economies be in static equilibrium positions with full employment and that there could not be a trade deficit or a trade surplus. These conditions, she wrote, were not relevant to the real world. She also argued that Ricardo's math did not take into account that some countries may be at different levels of development and that this raised the prospect of 'unequal exchange' which might hamper a country's development, as we saw in the case of Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The development economist <a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a> challenges the argument that free trade benefits every country: <blockquote><div> Ricardo’s theory is absolutely right—within its narrow confines. His theory correctly says that, accepting their current levels of technology as given, it is better for countries to specialize in things that they are relatively better at. One cannot argue with that. His theory fails when a country wants to acquire more advanced technologies—that is, when it wants to develop its economy. It takes time and experience to absorb new technologies, so technologically backward producers need a period of protection from international competition during this period of learning. Such protection is costly, because the country is giving up the chance to import better and cheaper products. However, it is a price that has to be paid if it wants to develop advanced industries. Ricardo’s theory is, thus seen, for those who accept the status quo but not for those who want to change it.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Ricardian_equivalence">Ricardian equivalence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ricardian equivalence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Another idea associated with Ricardo is <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_equivalence" title="Ricardian equivalence">Ricardian equivalence</a>, an argument suggesting that in some circumstances a government's choice of how to pay for its spending (i.e., whether to use tax revenue or issue debt and run a deficit) might have no effect on the economy. This is due to the fact the public saves its excess money to pay for expected future tax increases that will be used to pay off the debt. Ricardo notes that the proposition is theoretically implied in the presence of intertemporal optimisation by rational taxpayers: but that since taxpayers do not act so rationally, the proposition fails to be true in practice. Thus, while the proposition bears his name, he does not seem to have believed it. Economist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barro" title="Robert Barro">Robert Barro</a> is responsible for its modern prominence. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Influence_and_intellectual_legacy">Influence and intellectual legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence and intellectual legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> David Ricardo's ideas had a tremendous influence on later developments in economics. US economists rank Ricardo as the second most influential economic thinker, behind Adam Smith, prior to the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ricardian_socialists">Ricardian socialists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ricardian socialists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialism</a></div> Despite his laissez-faire capitalist views, Ricardo's writings fascinated a number of early socialists in the 1820s, who thought his value theory had radical implications. They argued that, in view of labour theory of value, labour produces the entire product, and the profits capitalists get are a result of exploitations of workers.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Bray" title="John Francis Bray">John Francis Bray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Ravenstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Ravenstone">Percy Ravenstone</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgists">Georgists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Georgists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Georgists" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgists">Georgists</a> believe that rent, in the sense that Ricardo used, belongs to the community as a whole. <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> was greatly influenced by Ricardo, and often cited him, including in his most famous work, <a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a> from 1879. In the preface to the fourth edition he wrote: "What I have done in this book, if I have correctly solved the great problem I have sought to investigate, is, to unite the truth perceived by the school of Smith and Ricardo to the truth perceived by the school of Proudhon and Lasalle; to show that laissez faire (in its full true meaning) opens the way to a realization of the noble dreams of socialism; to identify social law with moral law, and to disprove ideas which in the minds of many cloud grand and elevating perceptions."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Ricardians">Neo-Ricardians</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neo-Ricardians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the rise of the 'neoclassical' school, Ricardo's influence declined temporarily. It was <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a>, the editor of the Collected Works of David Ricardo<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the author of seminal Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> who resurrected Ricardo as the originator of another strand of economic thought, which was effaced with the arrival of the neoclassical school. The new interpretation of Ricardo and Sraffa's criticism against the marginal theory of value gave rise to a new school, now named neo-Ricardian or Sraffian school. Major contributors to this school include <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pasinetti" title="Luigi Pasinetti">Luigi Pasinetti</a> (1930–), <a href="/wiki/Pierangelo_Garegnani" title="Pierangelo Garegnani">Pierangelo Garegnani</a> (1930–2011), <a href="/wiki/Ian_Steedman" title="Ian Steedman">Ian Steedman</a> (1941–), <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Harcourt" title="Geoffrey Harcourt">Geoffrey Harcourt</a> (1931–2021), <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kurz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Kurz">Heinz Kurz</a> (1946–), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neri_Salvadori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neri Salvadori (page does not exist)">Neri Salvadori</a> (1951–), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pier_Paolo_Saviotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pier Paolo Saviotti (page does not exist)">Pier Paolo Saviotti</a> (–) among others. See also <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">Neo-Ricardianism</a>. The Neo-Ricardian school is sometimes seen to be a component of <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian economics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Ricardian_trade_theory">Neo-Ricardian trade theory</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Neo-Ricardian trade theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a>, a new strand of trade theory emerged and was named neo-Ricardian trade theory. The main contributors include <a href="/wiki/Ian_Steedman" title="Ian Steedman">Ian Steedman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Metcalfe_(trade_theorist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Metcalfe (trade theorist) (page does not exist)">Stanley Metcalfe</a>. They have criticised neoclassical international trade theory, namely the <a href="/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher–Ohlin model</a> on the basis that the notion of capital as primary factor has no method of measuring it before the determination of profit rate (thus trapped in a logical vicious circle).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> This was a second round of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_capital_controversy" title="Cambridge capital controversy">Cambridge capital controversy</a>, this time in the field of international trade.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Depoortère and Ravix judge that neo-Ricardian contribution failed without giving effective impact on neoclassical trade theory, because it could not offer "a genuine alternative approach from a classical point of view."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolutionary_growth_theory">Evolutionary growth theory</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Evolutionary growth theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Several distinctive groups have sprung out of the neo-Ricardian school. One is the evolutionary growth theory, developed notably by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pasinetti" title="Luigi Pasinetti">Luigi Pasinetti</a>, J.S. Metcalfe, Pier Paolo Saviotti, and Koen Frenken and others.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Pasinetti<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> argued that the demand for any commodity came to stagnate and frequently decline, demand saturation occurs. Introduction of new commodities (goods and services) is necessary to avoid economic stagnation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_theories">Contemporary theories</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contemporary theories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_trade_theory#Ricardian_trade_theory_extensions" title="International trade theory">International trade theory § Ricardian trade theory extensions</a></div> Ricardo's idea was even expanded to the case of continuum of goods by Dornbusch, Fischer, and Samuelson<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> This formulation is employed for example by Matsuyama<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and others. Ricardian trade theory ordinarily assumes that the <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">labour</a> is the unique input. This is a deficiency as intermediate goods occupies now a great part of international trade. The situation changed after the appearance of <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E6%B2%A2%E7%94%B1%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:塩沢由典">Yoshinori Shiozawa</a>'s work of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He has succeeded to incorporate traded input goods in his model.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> His theory became more useful by the discovery of new definition of regular international values (a couple of wage rates for countries and prices for products), because it is not defined as the normal vector at a facet of world production possibility set, which is the set where all countries enjoy full employment. The new definition is given in Shiozawa and Fujimoto (2018)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and in Shiozawa (2020).<a href="#cite_note-Shiozawa20-45">[45]</a> Shiozawa's theory of international values is now the unique theory of international trade that can treat unemployment and input trade in a general form. Yeats found that 30% of world trade in manufacturing is intermediate inputs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Bardhan and Jafee found that intermediate inputs occupy 37 to 38% in the imports to the US for the years from 1992 to 1997, whereas the percentage of intrafirm trade grew from 43% in 1992 to 52% in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unequal_exchange">Unequal exchange</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unequal exchange" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Chris Edward includes Emmanuel's <a href="/wiki/Unequal_exchange" title="Unequal exchange">unequal exchange</a> theory among variations of neo-Ricardian trade theory.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Arghiri Emmanuel</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> is poor because of the international exploitation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] of labour.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The unequal exchange theory of trade has been influential to the (new) <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricardo_-_Opere,_1852_-_5181784.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="3253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 364px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="364" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ricardo_-_Opere%2C_1852_-_5181784.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Works, 1852</figcaption></figure> Ricardo's publications included: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highpriceofbulli10rica/page/n5/mode/2up">The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes</a> (1810), which advocated the adoption of a metallic currency.</li> <li>Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock (1815), which argued that repealing the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> would distribute more wealth to the productive members of society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" title="On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation">On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</a> (1817), an analysis that concluded that <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a> rent grows as population increases. It also clearly laid out the theory of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>, which argued that all nations could benefit from <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, even if a nation was less efficient at producing all kinds of goods than its trading partners.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRicardo1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch" title="John Ramsay McCulloch">J. R. McCulloch</a>, ed. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofdavidrica01rica/page/n5/mode/2up">The Works of David Ricardo</a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+David+Ricardo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Ricardo&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofdavidrica01rica%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> His works and writings were collected in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicardo,_David1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa, Piero</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Dobb, Maurice Herbert</a>, eds. (1981) [1951]. The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo (1st paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521285054" title="Special:BookSources/0521285054"><bdi>0521285054</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10251383">10251383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+and+Correspondence+of+David+Ricardo&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10251383&rft.isbn=0521285054&rft.au=Ricardo%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> (11 volumes) <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Miller, Roger LeRoy. Economics Today. Fifteenth Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. p. 559 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Sowell, Thomas (2006). On classical economics. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policonomics.com/david-ricardo/">"David Ricardo | Policonomics"</a>. 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Ricardo+%26%23124%3B+Policonomics&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policonomics.com%2Fdavid-ricardo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> David Ricardo, D. Weatherall, Springer Netherlands, 2012, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Anglo-Jewish Portraits- A Biographical Catalogue of Engraved Anglo-Jewish and Colonial Portraits from the Earliest Times to the Accession of Queen Victoria, Alfred Rubens, Jewish Museum, London, 1935, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heertje-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heertje_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heertje_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeertje2004" class="citation journal cs1">Heertje, Arnold (2004). "The Dutch and Portuguese-Jewish background of David Ricardo". European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 11 (2): 281–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0967256042000209288">10.1080/0967256042000209288</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154424757">154424757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+and+Portuguese-Jewish+background+of+David+Ricardo&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-294&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0967256042000209288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154424757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heertje&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23471">"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/23471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23471">10.1093/ref:odnb/23471</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=ref%3Aodnb%2F23471&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23471&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F23471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Francisco Solano Constancio, Paul Henri Alcide Fonteyraud. 1847. <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_David_Ricardo/Notice">Œuvres complètes de David Ricardo</a>, Guillaumin, (pp. v–xlviii): A part sa conversion au Christianisme et son mariage avec une femme qu'il eut l'audace grande d'aimer malgré les ordres de son père </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ricardo, David. 1919. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. G. Bell, p. lix: "by reason of a religious difference with his father, to adopt a position of independence at a time when he should have been undergoing that academic training" </li> <li id="cite_note-sraffa-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sraffa_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sraffa_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSraffa,_PieroDavid_Ricardo1955" class="citation cs2">Sraffa, Piero; David Ricardo (1955), The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo: Volume 10, Biographical Miscellany, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 434, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06075-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06075-3"><bdi>0-521-06075-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+and+Correspondence+of+David+Ricardo%3A+Volume+10%2C+Biographical+Miscellany&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-521-06075-3&rft.au=Sraffa%2C+Piero&rft.au=David+Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Wilfried Parys, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eshet-conference.net/lille/file/edl/?file=dVg5YURiRmc1TTZKOHhTamhZYmVwY0R4b3d1a0xuTkdTS0F5VlNoc2JaamRmTk5tL0hyT3h1bEJMeE5ha0g5WmNKbEhNRUV2UWhYbm9tL0ZEbVVPL09CZ2Y5eE1Ic092S3NFY01FSjVCc2ovSjNHOEQxL3pHeU9ONGZXME1VZ2p6U2ZXV0pyeEJOaWFXbzVTbjNIM3hoU1dzWG9GWitlUEh3UVNURXN4YTc3Y0tTdzVaaExVVTdRNU8vOXVRQkxqQW04Rk1pb3NDQXh3c1p0YzN4Wm91Zz09">"Samuelsonian legends about Ricardo’s finances lack historical evidence"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette17326" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17326/page/188">"No. 17326"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 24 January 1818. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+17326&rft.pages=188&rft.date=1818-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F17326%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Ricardo">"David Ricardo | Biography, Theory, Comparative Advantage, & Works"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=David+Ricardo+%7C+Biography%2C+Theory%2C+Comparative+Advantage%2C+%26+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FDavid-Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2017" class="citation news cs1">Zweig, Jason (26 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-MBB-60411">"Economist David Ricardo"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 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(2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~bruceb/Peter%20W.pdf">"A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, Income Distribution, and North–South Trade"</a> (PDF), Journal of Political Economy, 108 (6): 1093–1120, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F317684">10.1086/317684</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154166748">154166748</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918000912/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~bruceb/Peter%20W.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=A+Ricardian+Model+with+a+Continuum+of+Goods+under+Nonhomothetic+Preferences%3A+Demand+Complementarities%2C+Income+Distribution%2C+and+North%E2%80%93South+Trade&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1093-1120&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F317684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154166748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matsuyama&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarkwing.uoregon.edu%2F~bruceb%2FPeter%2520W.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiozawa2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shiozawa, Y. (2007). "A New Construction of Ricardian Trade Theory: A Multi-country, Multi-commodity Case with Intermediate Goods and Choice of Production Techniques". Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. 3 (2): 141–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14441%2Feier.3.141">10.14441/eier.3.141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154021080">154021080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+and+Institutional+Economics+Review&rft.atitle=A+New+Construction+of+Ricardian+Trade+Theory%3A+A+Multi-country%2C+Multi-commodity+Case+with+Intermediate+Goods+and+Choice+of+Production+Techniques&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-187&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14441%2Feier.3.141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154021080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shiozawa&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Y. Shiozawa (2017) The new theory of international values: An overview. Shiozawa, Oka and Tabuchi (eds.) A New Construction of Ricardian Theory of International Values. Singapore: Springer. Chapter 1, pp. 3–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Shiozawa, Y., and Fujimoto, T. (2018) The nature of international competition among firms. Fujimoto and Ikuine (eds.) Industrial Competitiveness and Design Evolution, Springer Japan, Tokyo. Chapter 2, pp.43–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeats2001" class="citation book cs1">Yeats, A. (2001). "Just How Big is Global Production Sharing?". In Arndt, S.; Kierzkowski, H. (eds.). Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924331-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924331-X"><bdi>0-19-924331-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Just+How+Big+is+Global+Production+Sharing%3F&rft.btitle=Fragmentation%3A+New+Production+Patterns+in+the+World+Economy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-924331-X&rft.aulast=Yeats&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhanJaffee2004" class="citation book cs1">Bardhan, Ashok Deo; Jaffee, Dwight (2004). "On Intra-Firm Trade and Multinationals: Foreign Outsourcing and Offshoring in Manufacturing". In Graham, Monty; Solow, Robert (eds.). The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Corporations in Economic Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Intra-Firm+Trade+and+Multinationals%3A+Foreign+Outsourcing+and+Offshoring+in+Manufacturing&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Foreign+Direct+Investment+and+Multinational+Corporations+in+Economic+Development&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bardhan&rft.aufirst=Ashok+Deo&rft.au=Jaffee%2C+Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Chris Edwards 1985 The Fragmented World: Competing Perspectives on Trade, Money and Crisis, London and New York: Methuen. Chapter 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuel1972" class="citation cs2">Emmanuel, Arghiri (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unequalexchanges0000emma/page/">Unequal exchange; a study of the imperialism of trade</a>, New York: Monthly Review Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85345-188-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85345-188-5"><bdi>0-85345-188-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unequal+exchange%3B+a+study+of+the+imperialism+of+trade&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-85345-188-5&rft.aulast=Emmanuel&rft.aufirst=Arghiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funequalexchanges0000emma%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalma1978" class="citation cs2">Palma, G (1978), "Dependency: A formal theory of underdevelopment or a methodology for the analysis of concrete situations of underdevelopment?", World Development, 6 (7–8): 881–924, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-750X%2878%2990051-7">10.1016/0305-750X(78)90051-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Dependency%3A+A+formal+theory+of+underdevelopment+or+a+methodology+for+the+analysis+of+concrete+situations+of+underdevelopment%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=881-924&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-750X%2878%2990051-7&rft.aulast=Palma&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about David Ricardo <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=David+Ricardo">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=David+Ricardo&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By David Ricardo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=David+Ricardo">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=David+Ricardo&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseFair1999" class="citation cs2">Case, Karl E.; Fair, Ray C. (1999), Principles of Economics (5th ed.), Prentice-Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-961905-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-961905-4"><bdi>0-13-961905-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Economics&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-13-961905-4&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rft.au=Fair%2C+Ray+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hollander" title="Samuel Hollander">Samuel Hollander</a> (1979). The Economics of David Ricardo. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</li> <li>G. de Vivo (1987). "Ricardo, David," <a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a>, v. 4, pp. 183–198.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson, P. A.</a> (2001), "Ricardo, David (1772–1823)", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 13330–13334, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F00324-7">10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00324-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080430768" title="Special:BookSources/9780080430768"><bdi>9780080430768</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ricardo%2C+David+%281772%E2%80%931823%29&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=13330-13334&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F00324-7&rft.isbn=9780080430768&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(in French) <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Pichet" title="Éric Pichet">Éric Pichet</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012163459/http://www.lesiecle.fr/economiste_david_riccarddo.html">David RICARDO, le premier théoricien de l'économie</a>, Les éditions du siècle, 2004.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaravale1985" class="citation book cs1">Caravale, Giovanni A., ed. (1985). The Legacy of Ricardo. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-13617-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-13617-7"><bdi>0-631-13617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Ricardo&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-631-13617-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkousen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen, Mark</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n265.xml">"Ricardo, David (1772–1823)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 433–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n222">10.4135/9781412965811.n222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ricardo%2C+David+%281772%E2%80%931823%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=433-434&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n222&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Skousen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn265.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Ricardo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ricardo%2C%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20Ricardo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ricardo%2C%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20Ricardo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ricardo%2C%20D%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20Ricardo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ricardo%2C%20David%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20Ricardo%22%29%20OR%20%28%221772-1823%22%20AND%20Ricardo%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about David Ricardo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14338">Works by David Ricardo</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502201750/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/stead.ricardo">Biography</a> at EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/ricardoindex.htm">Ricardo on Value: the Three Chapter Ones</a>. A presentation tracing the changes in the Principles' (University of Southampton).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharp_(politician)" title="Richard Sharp (politician)">Richard Sharp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Portarlington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Portarlington (UK Parliament constituency)">Portarlington</a> 1819–1823 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Farquhar_(MP)" title="James Farquhar 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&oldid=1259339170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&oldid=1259339170</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ricardo&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 17:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دافيد ريكاردو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دافيد ريكاردو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rikardo" title="David Rikardo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="David Rikardo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B" title="ডেভিড রিকার্ডো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড রিকার্ডো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Рикардо Давид – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рикардо Давид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Давід Рыкарда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Давід Рыкарда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Давид Рикардо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Давид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B7%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ντέηβιντ Ρικάρντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέηβιντ Ρικάρντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دیوید ریکاردو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید ریکاردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%8F%84" title="데이비드 리카도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 리카도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Դավիթ Ռիկարդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դավիթ Ռիկարդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="डेविड रिकार्डो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेविड रिकार्डो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="דוד ריקארדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוד ריקארדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B" title="ಡೇವಿಡ್ ರಿಕಾರ್ಡೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೇವಿಡ್ ರಿಕಾರ್ಡೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="დეივიდ რიკარდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეივიდ რიკარდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Давид Рикардо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Давид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivids_Rikardo" title="Deivids Rikardo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deivids Rikardo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Давид Рикардо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Давид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B" title="ഡേവിഡ്‌ റിക്കാർഡോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡേവിഡ്‌ റിക്കാർഡോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="डेव्हिड रिकार्डो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेव्हिड रिकार्डो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دافيد ريكاردو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دافيد ريكاردو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Давид Рикардо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Давид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="デヴィッド・リカード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デヴィッド・リカード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B" title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਰਿਕਾਰਡੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਰਿਕਾਰਡੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%88" title="ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Рикардо, Давид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рикардо, Давид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Давид Рикардо – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Давид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%86" title="دەیڤید ڕیکاردۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەیڤید ڕیکاردۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Дејвид Рикардо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="டேவிட் ரிக்கார்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டேவிட் ரிக்கார்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Давид Рикардо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Давид Рикардо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Девід Рікардо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девід Рікардо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%88" title="ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="David Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9B%BE" title="大卫·李嘉图 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大卫·李嘉图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" title="李嘉圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李嘉圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9B%BE" title="大卫·李嘉图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大卫·李嘉图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76dfdc59c8-ktrkt","wgBackendResponseTime":258,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.886","walltime":"2.263","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16224,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":309041,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12835,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":254828,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1903.480 1 -total"," 21.92% 417.222 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 19.99% 380.494 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.09% 230.125 21 Template:Cite_book"," 11.40% 217.046 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.22% 118.489 1 Template:In_lang"," 5.01% 95.272 1 Template:Infobox_economist"," 4.82% 91.756 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.56% 86.818 1 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