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<li id="toc-Prehistoric_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistoric roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>National consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="cdx-button 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniparental_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniparental_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Uniparental haplogroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniparental_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Autosomal DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estonians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlanders" title="Estlanders – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Estlanders" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إستونيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستونيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonios" title="Estonios – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estonios" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Эстониял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Эстониял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonlar" title="Estonlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Estonlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="استون‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استون‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстондар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эстондар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эстонцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстонцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эстонцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстонцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Естонци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естонци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estonians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эстонсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эстонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniaid" title="Estoniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estoniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estere" title="Estere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Estere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esten" title="Esten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Esten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestlased" title="Eestlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eestlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Εσθονοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσθονοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Эстэть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эстэть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_estonio" title="Pueblo estonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo estonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonoj" title="Estonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniar" title="Estoniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estoniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مردم استونیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم استونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniens" title="Estoniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estoniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%C3%B3naigh" title="Eastónaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eastónaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_estoniano" title="Pobo estoniano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo estoniano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="에스토니아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스토니아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էստոնացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էստոնացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Estonia" title="Suku Estonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Эстойнаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эстойнаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אסטונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ესტონელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტონელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстондар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эстондар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Эстъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эстъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эстондор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эстондор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igau%C5%86i" title="Igauņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Igauņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estai" title="Estai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslenjers" title="Eslenjers – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eslenjers" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sztek" title="Észtek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észtek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Естонци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естонци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Estonia" title="Orang Estonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Эстоничууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эстоничууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esten" title="Esten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Esten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="エストニア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エストニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эстонаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эстонаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlendere" title="Estlendere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estlendere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estarar" title="Estarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonlar" title="Estonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Estonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esto%C5%84czycy" title="Estończycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estończycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianos" title="Estonianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estonianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эстонцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эстонцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстоннар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эстоннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonez%C3%ABt" title="Estonezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Estonezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Estonians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Естонци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Естонци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virolaiset" title="Virolaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virolaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(folkslag)" title="Ester (folkslag) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ester (folkslag)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстоннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эстоннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonlar" title="Estonlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estonlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Естонці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естонці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilai%C5%BEed" title="Estilaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Estilaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Estonia" title="Người Estonia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestl%C3%A4seq" title="Eestläseq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eestläseq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="爱沙尼亚人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱沙尼亚人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="愛沙尼亞人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛沙尼亞人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C4%81" title="Estā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Estā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="愛沙尼亞人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛沙尼亞人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa_Estonia" title="Bansa Estonia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bansa Estonia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Estonia" title="Jolma Estonia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Estonia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173302#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Estonian natives" redirects here. For the horse breed, see <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Native_horse" title="Estonian Native horse">Estonian Native horse</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Estonians<br /><i>eestlased</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Countries with significant Estonian population and descendants.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.1 million</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> 925,892 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Other significant population centers:</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">49,590–100,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29,128<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,509<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24,000<sup id="cite_ref-canadainternational.gc.ca_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadainternational.gc.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–15,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,778<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,543<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,286<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,092<sup id="cite_ref-ssb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,868<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,560<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,676<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,658<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,482<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a><br />also <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Seto language">Seto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">irreligious</a><br /> Historically Protestant Christian (<a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IvkovićHaberfeld2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvkovićHaberfeld2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Currently <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and regional <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox</a>) minority</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Estonians</b> or <b>Estonian people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">eestlased</i>) are a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> who speak the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a>. Their nation state is <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. </p><p>The Estonian language is spoken as the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>. The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic family of languages</a>, which also includes e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>. These languages are markedly different from most other native languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a>, most of which have been assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family of languages</a>. Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro people">Võros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a>), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a> in Estonia in the 20th century. </p><p>There are approximately 1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the vast majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland, the United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_roots">Prehistoric roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistoric roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estonia was first inhabited about 10,000 years ago, soon after the ice from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Ice_Lake" title="Baltic Ice Lake">Baltic Ice Lake</a> had melted. Living in the same area for more than 5,000 years would put Estonians' ancestors among Europe's oldest permanent inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some recent linguistic estimations suggest that <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> speakers arrived around the Baltic Sea considerably later, perhaps during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> (ca. 1800 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that Western Uralic tribes reached <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> first, leading into the development of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi peoples</a>, and arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> later in the Bronze Age<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the transition to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> at the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lead into the formation of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a>, who would later become such groups as Estonians and <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> of the Estonians is <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">maarahvas</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-ariste_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariste-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally meaning "land people" or "country folk". It was used until the mid-19th century, when it was gradually replaced by <i>Eesti rahvas</i> "Estonian people" during the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Eesti</i>, the modern endonym of Estonia, is thought to have similar origins to <i><a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a></i>, the name used by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> for the neighbouring people living northeast of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>. The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> in 98 CE was the first to mention the "<i>Aesti</i>" in writing. In <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, the land south of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> was called <i>Eistland</i> and the people <i>eistr</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Wanradt%E2%80%93Koell_Catechism" title="Wanradt–Koell Catechism">Wanradt–Koell Catechism</a></i>, the first known book in Estonian, was printed in 1525, while the oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th-century chronicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_consciousness">National consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russa_literacy_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Russa_literacy_1897.jpg/220px-Russa_literacy_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Russa_literacy_1897.jpg/330px-Russa_literacy_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Russa_literacy_1897.jpg/440px-Russa_literacy_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Public education systems founded during prior Swedish rule turned Estonia and Finland into the two most literate areas of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (map of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_census" title="Russian Empire census">1897 census</a> <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> data)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas,_Oskar_Hoffmann,_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas%2C_Oskar_Hoffmann%2C_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg/220px-Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas%2C_Oskar_Hoffmann%2C_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas%2C_Oskar_Hoffmann%2C_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg/330px-Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas%2C_Oskar_Hoffmann%2C_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas%2C_Oskar_Hoffmann%2C_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg/440px-Talumehed_kaarte_m%C3%A4ngimas%2C_Oskar_Hoffmann%2C_EKM_j_190-768_M_957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Estonian farmers playing cards (by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Hoffmann_(painter)" title="Oskar Hoffmann (painter)">Oskar Hoffmann</a>, ca 1895)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg/220px-Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg/330px-Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg/440px-Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1602" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg/220px-Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg/330px-Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg/440px-Eesti_rahvar%C3%B5ivad-EE_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="1587" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Selection of 19th century Estonian festive <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">folk costumes</a> (by region, from top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Kadrina_Parish" title="Kadrina Parish">Kadrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koonga_Parish" title="Koonga Parish">Mihkli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karksi" title="Karksi">Paistu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhu" title="Muhu">Muhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Karja</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5stamaa_Parish" title="Tõstamaa Parish">Tõstamaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halinga_Parish" title="Halinga Parish">Pärnu-Jaagupi</a>)</div></div></div></div> <p>Although Estonian national consciousness spread in the course of the 19th century during the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some degree of ethnic awareness preceded this development.<sup id="cite_ref-raun2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raun2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century the self-denomination <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">eestlane</i></span> spread among Estonians along with the older <span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">maarahvas</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ariste_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariste-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anton_thor_Helle" title="Anton thor Helle">Anton thor Helle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Estonian" title="Bible translations into Estonian">translation of the Bible</a> into Estonian appeared in 1739, and the number of books and brochures published in Estonian increased from 18 in the 1750s to 54 in the 1790s. By the end of the century more than a half of adult peasants could read. The first university-educated intellectuals identifying themselves as Estonians, including <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Robert_Faehlmann" title="Friedrich Robert Faehlmann">Friedrich Robert Faehlmann</a> (1798–1850), <a href="/wiki/Kristjan_Jaak_Peterson" title="Kristjan Jaak Peterson">Kristjan Jaak Peterson</a> (1801–1822) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reinhold_Kreutzwald" title="Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald">Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald</a> (1803–1882), appeared in the 1820s. The ruling elites had remained predominantly <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">German</a> in language and culture since the conquest of the early 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Garlieb_Merkel" title="Garlieb Merkel">Garlieb Merkel</a> (1769–1850), a Baltic-German <a href="/wiki/Estophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estophile">Estophile</a>, became the first author to treat the Estonians as a nationality equal to others; he became a source of inspiration for the Estonian national movement, modelled on Baltic German cultural world before the middle of the 19th century. However, in the middle of the century, the Estonians became more ambitious and started leaning toward the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finns</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fennoman_movement" title="Fennoman movement">successful model of national movement</a> and, to some extent, toward the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Young_Latvians" title="Young Latvians">Latvian national movement</a>. By the end of 1860 the Estonians became unwilling to reconcile with German cultural and political hegemony. Before the attempts at <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> in the 1880s, their view of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> remained positive.<sup id="cite_ref-raun2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raun2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonians have strong ties to the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> stemming from important cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> rule and settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a poll done in 2013, about half of the young <a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">Estonians considered themselves Nordic</a>, and about the same number viewed Baltic identity as important. The Nordic identity among Estonians can ovelap with other identities, as it is associated with being Finno-Ugric and their close relationship with the Finnish people and does not exclude being Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Estonian foreign ministry reports from the early 2000s Nordic identity was preferred over Baltic one.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Estonian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)">Treaty of Tartu</a> (1920) recognised Estonia's 1918 independence from Russia, ethnic Estonians residing in Russia gained the option of opting for Estonian citizenship (those who opted were called <i>optandid</i> – 'optants') and returning to their fatherland. An estimated 40,000 Estonians lived in Russia in 1920. In sum, 37,578 people moved from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> to Estonia (1920–1923).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of Tsarist rule of Estonia (1710-1917), over 100,000 Estonians migrated to the neighbouring areas of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, especially to the then capital city <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. According to the 1897 census, 6,852 native Estonian-speakers also lived in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, of which over 4,360 lived in territories of today's Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when Estonia was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">invaded by the Soviet Army</a> in 1944, large numbers of Estonians fled their homeland on ships or smaller boats over the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Many refugees who survived the risky sea voyage to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> later moved from there to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these refugees and their descendants returned to Estonia after the nation regained its independence in 1991. </p><p>Over the years of independence, many Estonians have chosen to work abroad, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, but also in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognising the problems arising from low birth rate and emigration, the Estonian government has launched various measures to increase the birth rate and to lure migrant Estonians back to Estonia. For example, a campaign <i>Talendid koju!</i> ("Bringing talents home!")<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has aimed to coordinate and promote the return of Estonians who have particular skills needed in Estonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonians_in_Canada">Estonians in Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Estonians in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the largest permanent Estonian communities outside Estonia is in Canada, with about 24,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-canadainternational.gc.ca_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadainternational.gc.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (according to some sources up to 50,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1940s and early 1950s, about 17,000 arrived in Canada, initially in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> is currently the city with the largest population of Estonians outside of Estonia. The first Estonian World Festival was held in Toronto in 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniparental_haplogroups">Uniparental haplogroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uniparental haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome haplogroups</a> among Estonians include <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N1c</a> (35.7%),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> (33.5%)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1">I1</a> (15%).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R1a, common in Eastern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among the pre-Uralic inhabitants of Estonia, as it is the only one found in the local samples from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> and Bronze Age. Appearance of N1c is linked to the arrival of Uralic-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated in East Eurasia<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is commonly carried by modern Uralic-speaking groups but also other North Eurasians, including Estonians' Baltic-speaking neighbors <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the Balts, Estonians have been noticed to have differences in allelic variances of N1c haplotypes, showing more similarity with other Finno-Ugric-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When looking at <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">maternal lineages</a>, nearly half (45 %) of the Estonians have the haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> . About one in four (24.2 %) carry the haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>, and the majority of them belong to its subclade <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_2a_(Cropped)_PCA_of_Europeans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Figure_2a_%28Cropped%29_PCA_of_Europeans.jpg/220px-Figure_2a_%28Cropped%29_PCA_of_Europeans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Figure_2a_%28Cropped%29_PCA_of_Europeans.jpg/330px-Figure_2a_%28Cropped%29_PCA_of_Europeans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Figure_2a_%28Cropped%29_PCA_of_Europeans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>A PCA of Estonians and several other European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp/220px-PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp/330px-PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp/440px-PCA_of_2305_Estonian_samples.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Regional population structure of Estonians.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Autosomally Estonians are close with Latvians and Lithuanians.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are shifted towards the <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, who are isolated from most European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northeastern Estonians are particularly close to Finns, while Southeastern Estonians are close to the Balts; other Estonians plot between these two extremes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonians have high <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">steppe</a>-like admixture, and less <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">farmer</a>-related and more <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a>-related admixture than Western and Central Europeans. The same pattern is found also in the Balts, Finns and <a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uralic peoples typically carry a <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a>-related component, which is also present in Estonians and makes up about five percent of their ancestry on average. Although they have a smaller share of it than other Balto-Finns, it is one factor that distinguishes them from the Balts.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estonians can also be modelled to have considerably more Finnish-like ancestry than Baltic-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonians have a high sharing of IBD (<a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">identity-by-descent</a>) segments with other studied Balto-Finnic groups (Finns, <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Saami_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saami (people)">Sami</a> people, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Argentines" title="Estonian Argentines">Estonian Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Estonian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauja_Estonians" title="Gauja Estonians">Gauja Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_Americans" title="List of Estonian Americans">List of Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonians" title="List of Estonians">List of notable Estonians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Finland" title="Statistics Finland">Statistics Finland</a> does not record ethnicity and instead categorizes the population by their native language; in 2017, Estonian was spoken as a mother tongue by 49,590 people, not all of whom may be ethnic Estonians.<sup id="cite_ref-fi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/estai/">Estai</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=RV0222U">"Population by ethnic nationality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Estonia" title="Statistics Estonia">Statistics Estonia</a>. June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+ethnic+nationality&rft.pub=Statistics+Estonia&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandmebaas.stat.ee%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DRV0222U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">"Population"</a>. Statistics Finland. 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnn-news.com/100-000-estonians-work-finland-12318">"Up to 100 000 Estonians work in Finland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_News_Network" title="Baltic News Network">Baltic News Network</a>. 27 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on 23 May 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=a&D6=l&VW=T">Official CBS website containing all Dutch demographic statistics</a>. Cbs.nl. Retrieved on 4 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IvkovićHaberfeld2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IvkovićHaberfeld2015_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvkovićHaberfeld2015" class="citation book cs1">Ivković, Sanja Kutnjak; Haberfeld, M.R. (10 June 2015). <i>Measuring Police Integrity Across the World: Studies from Established Democracies and Countries in Transition</i>. Springer. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493922796" title="Special:BookSources/9781493922796"><bdi>9781493922796</bdi></a>. <q>Estonia is considered Protestant when classified by its historically predominant major religion (Norris and Inglehart 2011) and thus some authors (e.g., Davie 2003) claim Estonia belongs to Western (Lutheran) Europe, while others (e.g., Norris and Inglehart 2011) see Estonia as a Protestant ex-Communist society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Police+Integrity+Across+the+World%3A+Studies+from+Established+Democracies+and+Countries+in+Transition&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.isbn=9781493922796&rft.aulast=Ivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sanja+Kutnjak&rft.au=Haberfeld%2C+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingvee2011" class="citation web cs1">Ringvee, Ringo (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonia-least-religious-country-world">"Is Estonia really the least religious country in the world?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <q>For this situation there are several reasons, starting from the distant past (the close connection of the churches with the Swedish or German ruling classes) up to the Soviet-period atheist policy when the chain of religious traditions was broken in most families. In Estonia, religion has never played an important role on the political or ideological battlefield. The institutional religious life was dominated by foreigners until the early 20th century. The tendencies that prevailed in the late 1930s for closer relations between the state and Lutheran church [...] ended with the Soviet occupation in 1940.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Estonia+really+the+least+religious+country+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.aulast=Ringvee&rft.aufirst=Ringo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2011%2Fsep%2F16%2Festonia-least-religious-country-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWB3Bv3vuyMC">Unrepresented Nations and peoples organization By Mary Kate Simmons; p141</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0223-2">978-90-411-0223-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petri Kallio 2006: Suomalais-ugrilaisen kantakielen absoluuttisesta kronologiasta. — <i>Virittäjä</i> 2006. (With English summary).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäkkinen,_Jaakko2009" class="citation web cs1">Häkkinen, Jaakko (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf">"Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa. – Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kantauralin+ajoitus+ja+paikannus%3A+perustelut+puntarissa.+%E2%80%93+Suomalais-Ugrilaisen+Seuran+Aikakauskirja&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2009&rft.au=H%C3%A4kkinen%2C+Jaakko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgr.fi%2Fsusa%2F92%2Fhakkinen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang, Valter: <i>Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria</i>, pp. 335–336. 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Eine Studie zur Begriffsgeschichte des Ostseeraums". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung" title="Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung">Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung</a></i>. <b>56</b>: 566–593.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung&rft.atitle=Maakeel+ja+eesti+keel.+Eesti+NSV+Teaduste+Akadeemia+Toimetised+5%3A+117%E2%80%9324%3B+Beyer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen+%282007%29.+Ist+maarahvas+%28%27Landvolk%27%29%2C+die+alte+Selbstbezeichnung+der+Esten%2C+eine+Lehn%C3%BCbersetzung%3F+Eine+Studie+zur+Begriffsgeschichte+des+Ostseeraums&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=566-593&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ariste&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beyer, Jürgen (April 2011). 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Calafell, Francesc (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026">"Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (9): e0135820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1035820K">2015PLoSO..1035820K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820">10.1371/journal.pone.0135820</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026">4558026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26332464">26332464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Genetic+Heritage+of+the+Balto-Slavic+Speaking+Populations%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Autosomal%2C+Mitochondrial+and+Y-Chromosomal+Data&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0135820&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4558026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1035820K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26332464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Kushniarevich&rft.aufirst=Alena&rft.au=Utevska%2C+Olga&rft.au=Chuhryaeva%2C+Marina&rft.au=Agdzhoyan%2C+Anastasia&rft.au=Dibirova%2C+Khadizhat&rft.au=Uktveryte%2C+Ingrida&rft.au=M%C3%B6ls%2C+M%C3%A4rt&rft.au=Mulahasanovic%2C+Lejla&rft.au=Pshenichnov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Frolova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Shanko%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Reidla%2C+Maere&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Tamm%2C+Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4558026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhruninKhokhrinFilippovaEsko2013" class="citation journal cs1">Khrunin, Andrey V.; Khokhrin, Denis V.; Filippova, Irina N.; Esko, Tõnu; Nelis, Mari; Bebyakova, Natalia A.; Bolotova, Natalia L.; Klovins, Janis; Nikitina-Zake, Liene; Rehnström, Karola; Ripatti, Samuli; Schreiber, Stefan; Franke, Andre; Macek, Milan; Krulišová, Veronika (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591355">"A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (3): e58552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...858552K">2013PLoSO...858552K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058552">10.1371/journal.pone.0058552</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591355">3591355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23505534">23505534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Genome-Wide+Analysis+of+Populations+from+European+Russia+Reveals+a+New+Pole+of+Genetic+Diversity+in+Northern+Europe&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e58552&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3591355%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...858552K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23505534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058552&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Khrunin&rft.aufirst=Andrey+V.&rft.au=Khokhrin%2C+Denis+V.&rft.au=Filippova%2C+Irina+N.&rft.au=Esko%2C+T%C3%B5nu&rft.au=Nelis%2C+Mari&rft.au=Bebyakova%2C+Natalia+A.&rft.au=Bolotova%2C+Natalia+L.&rft.au=Klovins%2C+Janis&rft.au=Nikitina-Zake%2C+Liene&rft.au=Rehnstr%C3%B6m%2C+Karola&rft.au=Ripatti%2C+Samuli&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Franke%2C+Andre&rft.au=Macek%2C+Milan&rft.au=Kruli%C5%A1ov%C3%A1%2C+Veronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3591355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmela2023" class="citation journal cs1">Salmela, Elina (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/mist%C3%A4-suomalaisten-perim%C3%A4-on-per%C3%A4isin">"Mistä suomalaisten perimä on peräisin?"</a>. <i>Duodecim</i>. <b>139</b> (16): 1247–1255. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-7183">0012-7183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duodecim&rft.atitle=Mist%C3%A4+suomalaisten+perim%C3%A4+on+per%C3%A4isin%3F&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1247-1255&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=0012-7183&rft.aulast=Salmela&rft.aufirst=Elina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchportal.helsinki.fi%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmist%25C3%25A4-suomalaisten-perim%25C3%25A4-on-per%25C3%25A4isin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersoo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Petersoo, Pille (January 2007). "Reconsidering otherness: constructing Estonian identity". <i><a href="/wiki/Nations_and_Nationalism_(journal)" title="Nations and Nationalism (journal)">Nations and Nationalism</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 117–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2007.00276.x">10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00276.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+otherness%3A+constructing+Estonian+identity&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-133&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2007.00276.x&rft.aulast=Petersoo&rft.aufirst=Pille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603051543/http://www.eesti.ee/rahvuskaaslased/">Office of the Minister for Population and Ethnic Affairs: Estonians abroad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/fromestonia/">From Estonia to Thirlmere</a> (online exhibition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/ournewhome/">Our New Home Meie Uus Kodu: Estonian-Australian Stories</a> (online exhibition)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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diaspora">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_diaspora" title="Chechen diaspora">Chechens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Georgians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrians_Abroad" title="Austrians Abroad">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Germans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_diaspora" title="Kashubian diaspora">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_diaspora" title="Slovak diaspora">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_diaspora" title="Slovene diaspora">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_abroad" title="Swiss abroad">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_diaspora" title="Belarusian diaspora">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danes#Diaspora" title="Danes">Danes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Emigration">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_diaspora" title="Finnish diaspora">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_diaspora" title="Icelandic diaspora">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_diaspora" title="Latvian diaspora">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians#Diaspora" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_diaspora" title="Norwegian diaspora">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Kosovars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_diaspora" title="Aromanian diaspora">Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_diaspora" title="Bosnian diaspora">Bosnians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_diaspora" title="Bulgarian diaspora">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cypriots</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">Greek Cypriots</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriots</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_diaspora" title="Macedonian diaspora">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_diaspora" title="Moldovan diaspora">Moldovans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_diaspora" title="Serbian diaspora">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora#Diaspora_of_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Turkish diaspora">Meskhetian Turks</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwestern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people#Maltese_emigration_and_expatriation" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spaniards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturians#Emigration" title="Asturians">Asturians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_diaspora" title="Basque diaspora">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Canarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_diaspora" title="Galician diaspora">Galicians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian diaspora">Belgians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people#Diaspora" title="Flemish people">Flanders</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_people#Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon people">Walloons</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebecois</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_people#Breton_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_people#The_Corsican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican people">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers#Location" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comprehensive group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Estonia"><img alt="Flag of Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Argentines" title="Estonian Argentines">Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Estonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Estonia&#124;link=Estonia_Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Estonia">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Armenians in the Baltic states">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedes" title="Estonian Swedes">Coastal Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poluverniki" title="Poluverniki">Poluverniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Estonia" title="Ukrainians in Estonia">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estonia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estonia_topics" title="Template talk:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estonia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Estonian_history" title="Timeline of Estonian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia" title="List of wars involving Estonia">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Age of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Võnnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants Kaljurand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Deportations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Estonia" title="Extreme points of Estonia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Estonia" title="List of mammals of Estonia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu"><i>Riigikogu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Estonia" title="Agriculture in Estonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia" title="E-Residency of Estonia">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Estonia" title="Taxation in Estonia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Estonia" title="Tourism in Estonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Estonia" title="Category:Society of Estonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Estonia" title="Crime in Estonia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Estonia" title="Women in Estonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_given_names" title="Category:Estonian given names">Estonian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia" title="Internet in Estonia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABD_ehk_Luggemise-Ramat_Lastele" title="ABD ehk Luggemise-Ramat Lastele"><i>ABD</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg"><i>Kalevipoeg</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Estonia" title="Mass media in Estonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Estonia" title="Name of Estonia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Estonia" title="National symbols of Estonia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Estonia" title="List of newspapers in Estonia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Estonia" title="Public holidays in Estonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Estonia" title="Television in Estonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template talk:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Peoples speaking <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjarmians">Bjarmians</a></i> †</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kvens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornedalians" title="Tornedalians">Tornedalians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Karelians" title="Tver Karelians">Tver Karelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreevins" title="Kreevins">Kreevins</a></i> †</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a></i> † <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Chudes" title="Volkhov Chudes">Volkhov Chudes</a></i> †</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Inari Sámi people">Inari Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolts" title="Skolts">Skolt Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> <ul><li>Meadow Mari</li> <li>Hill Mari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_people" title="Northwestern Mari people">Northwestern Mari</a></li> <li>Eastern Mari</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Meryans</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a></i> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permians" title="Permians">Permians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhma_Komi" title="Izhma Komi">Izhma Komi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob-Ugrians">Ob-Ugrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyarabs">Magyarabs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enets people">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamasins</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurats">Yurats</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mators (page does not exist)">Mators</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Маторцы">ru</a>]</span></i> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173302#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/915613/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estonians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045000">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estonci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117533&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000056056&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr5791jc0zmb8ll">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555684105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647651">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18030">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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