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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewal_of_the_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewal_of_the_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Renewal of the agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewal_of_the_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_since_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_since_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Activities since 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_since_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_with_other_geopolitical_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_with_other_geopolitical_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cooperation with other geopolitical regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_with_other_geopolitical_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benelux_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benelux_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Benelux institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benelux_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benelux_legal_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benelux_legal_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Benelux legal instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benelux_legal_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benelux</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="بنلوكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنلوكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benil%C3%BCks" title="Benilüks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benilüks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বেনেলাক্স ইউনিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেনেলাক্স ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенілюкс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенілюкс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бэнілюкс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнілюкс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенелюкс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенелюкс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluks" title="Beneluks – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beneluks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluks" title="Beneluks – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Beneluks" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BE" title="Μπενελούξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπενελούξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelukso" title="Benelukso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benelukso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="بنلوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنلوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelukslondini" title="Benelukslondini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Benelukslondini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benel%C3%BAks" title="Benelúks – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Benelúks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%A3%A9%EC%8A%A4" title="베네룩스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네룩스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Բենիլյուքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենիլյուքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benel%C3%BAxl%C3%B6ndin" title="Benelúxlöndin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benelúxlöndin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="בנלוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנלוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბენილუქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენილუქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benilukss" title="Benilukss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benilukss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniliuksas" title="Beniliuksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beniliuksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux_%C3%A1llamok" title="Benelux államok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Benelux államok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенелукс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенелукс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბენილუქსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბენილუქსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ベネルクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネルクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benilyuks" title="Benilyuks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Benilyuks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="بینیلکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بینیلکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluks" title="Beneluks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beneluks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluksi" title="Beneluksi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beneluksi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluks" title="Beneluks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beneluks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluks" title="Beneluks – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Beneluks" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенелукс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенелукс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенилюкс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенилюкс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เบเนลักซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบเนลักซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benel%C3%BCks" title="Benelüks – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benelüks" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бенілюкс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенілюкс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="بینیلکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینیلکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelusse" title="Benelusse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Benelusse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%A2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="比荷卢联盟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比荷卢联盟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%9B%A7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="比荷盧聯盟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比荷盧聯盟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluks" title="Beneluks – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beneluks" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Benelux" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%9B%A7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="比荷盧聯盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比荷盧聯盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="View the 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Western European politico-economic union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the politico-economic union. For the geographical region, see <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Benelux Union</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-bottom:0"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Benelux Unie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom:0"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Union Benelux</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Benelux of Benelux"><img alt="Logo of the Benelux of Benelux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Benelux_Logo.svg/175px-Benelux_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Benelux_Logo.svg/263px-Benelux_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Benelux_Logo.svg/350px-Benelux_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></div> <div>Logo of the Benelux</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Benelux"><img alt="Location of Benelux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Benelux.svg/220px-Benelux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Benelux.svg/330px-Benelux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Benelux.svg/440px-Benelux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:11px;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Member states of the Benelux Union</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 200px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Benelux_location_map.svg/200px-Benelux_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Benelux_location_map.svg/300px-Benelux_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Benelux_location_map.svg/400px-Benelux_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1304" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:120px; top:232px">Luxembourg</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94px; top:92px">Netherlands</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:172px">Belgium</div> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative centre<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">and largest agglomeration</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Benelux&params=50_51_N_4_21_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°51′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.850°N 4.350°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.850; 4.350</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Politico</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member states</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Customs union treaty signed </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">5 September 1944<sup id="cite_ref-PeasleeXydis1974_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeasleeXydis1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Customs union in effect </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1948<sup id="cite_ref-PeasleeXydis1974_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeasleeXydis1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Renewal signed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 2008</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Renewal in effect </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 2010</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">75,140<sup id="cite_ref-Counter_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Counter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Population_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (29,010 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024<sup id="cite_ref-Counter_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Counter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Population_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 30,451,700</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">405/km<sup>2</sup> (1,048.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2.507 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luxembourg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $82,328</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2.059 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luxembourg_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $67,616</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benelux.int">benelux<wbr />.int</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13116#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Benelux Union</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Benelux Unie</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Union Benelux</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Benelux-Union</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Benelux-Unioun</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <b>Benelux</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">politico</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a>, alliance and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">portmanteau</a> formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries. </p><p>The Benelux is an economically dynamic and densely populated region, with 5.6% of the European population (29.55 million residents) and 7.9% of the joint <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> GDP (€36,000/resident) on 1.7% of the whole surface of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, 37% of the total number of EU cross-border workers worked in the Benelux;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35,000 Belgian citizens work in Luxembourg, while 37,000 Belgian citizens cross the border to work in the Netherlands each day. In addition, 12,000 Dutch and close to a thousand Luxembourg residents work in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice while the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Office_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Benelux Office for Intellectual Property">Benelux Office for Intellectual Property</a> covers the same land but is not part of the Benelux Union. </p><p>The Benelux General Secretariat is located in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. It is the central platform of the Benelux Union cooperation. It handles the secretariat of the Committee of Ministers, the Council of Benelux Union and the sundry committees and working parties. The General Secretariat provides day-to-day support for the Benelux cooperation on the substantive, procedural, diplomatic and logistical levels. The Secretary-General is Frans Weekers from the Netherlands and there are two deputies: Deputy Secretary-General Michel-Etienne Tilemans from Belgium and Deputy Secretary-General Jean-Claude Meyer from Luxembourg. </p><p>The presidency of the Benelux is held in turn by the three countries for a period of one year. Belgium holds the presidency for 2024. </p><p>About 80 percent of the Benelux population speaks <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, about 20 percent speaks <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and one percent <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> as their native language. A small minority under one percent are native <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees,_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg/220px-Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg/330px-Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg/440px-Benelux_Conferentie_1e_Kamer_Den_Haag._Opening_rede_Dr._W._Drees%2C_Bestanddeelnr_903-2602.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of Benelux delegates in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1944, exiled representatives of the three countries signed the <a href="/wiki/London_Customs_Convention" title="London Customs Convention">London Customs Convention</a>, the treaty that established the Benelux Customs Union. Ratified in 1947, the treaty was in force from 1948 until it was superseded by the Benelux Economic Union. The initial form of economic cooperation expanded steadily over time, leading to the signing of the treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union (<i>Benelux Economische Unie</i>, <i>Union Économique Benelux</i>) on 3 February 1958 in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, which came into force on 1 November 1960. Initially, the purpose of cooperation among the three partners was to put an end to customs barriers at their borders and ensure free movement of persons, <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> between the three countries. This treaty was the first example of international economic integration in Europe since the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. </p><p>The three countries therefore foreshadowed and provided the model for future European integration, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC), and the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>–<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EC–EU). The three partners also launched the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a> process, which came into operation in 1985. Benelux cooperation has been constantly adapted and now goes much further than mere economic cooperation, extending to new and topical policy areas connected with security, sustainable development, and the economy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner,_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg/220px-Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg/330px-Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg/440px-Benelux_conferentie_te_Den_Haag._De_premiers_van_de_drie_landen_vlnr._P._Werner%2C_Bestanddeelnr_121-0413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Dutch Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Piet_de_Jong" title="Piet de Jong">Piet de Jong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a> during a Benelux conference in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands, on 28 April 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers,_Pierre_Werner_(Luxemburg)_en_Wilfried_Martens_(Belgi%C3%AB,_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers%2C_Pierre_Werner_%28Luxemburg%29_en_Wilfried_Martens_%28Belgi%C3%AB%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg/220px-V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers%2C_Pierre_Werner_%28Luxemburg%29_en_Wilfried_Martens_%28Belgi%C3%AB%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers%2C_Pierre_Werner_%28Luxemburg%29_en_Wilfried_Martens_%28Belgi%C3%AB%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg/330px-V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers%2C_Pierre_Werner_%28Luxemburg%29_en_Wilfried_Martens_%28Belgi%C3%AB%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers%2C_Pierre_Werner_%28Luxemburg%29_en_Wilfried_Martens_%28Belgi%C3%AB%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg/440px-V.l.n.r._premiers_Lubbers%2C_Pierre_Werner_%28Luxemburg%29_en_Wilfried_Martens_%28Belgi%C3%AB%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-3952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3651" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Dutch Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Wilfried Martens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Affairs" title="Ministry of General Affairs">Ministry of General Affairs</a>, on 10 November 1982</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg/170px-Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg/255px-Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg/340px-Terras_van_het_Catshuis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Dutch Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yves_Leterme" title="Yves Leterme">Yves Leterme</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands, on 24 May 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1965, the treaty establishing a Benelux Court of Justice was signed. It entered into force in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court, composed of judges from the highest courts of the three states, has to guarantee the uniform interpretation of common legal rules. This <a href="/wiki/International_judicial_institution" title="International judicial institution">international judicial institution</a> is located in Luxembourg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewal_of_the_agreement">Renewal of the agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renewal of the agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1958 Treaty between the Benelux countries establishing the Benelux Economic Union was limited to a period of 50 years. During the following years, and even more so after the creation of the European Union, the Benelux cooperation focused on developing other fields of activity within a constantly changing international context. </p><p>At the end of the 50 years, the governments of the three Benelux countries decided to renew the agreement, taking into account the new aspects of the Benelux-cooperation – such as security – and the new <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a> structure of Belgium. The original establishing treaty, set to expire in 2010, was replaced by a new legal framework (called the Treaty revising the Treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union), which was signed on 17 June 2008. </p><p>The new treaty has no set time limit and the name of the <i>Benelux Economic Union</i> changed to <i>Benelux Union</i> to reflect the broad scope on the union.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objectives of the treaty are the continuation and enlargement of the cooperation between the three member states within a larger European context. The renewed treaty explicitly foresees the possibility that the Benelux countries will cooperate with other European member states or with regional cooperation structures. The new Benelux cooperation focuses on three main topics: internal market and economic union, sustainability, justice and internal affairs. The number of structures in the renewed Treaty has been reduced and thus simplified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_since_2008">Activities since 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activities since 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benelux seeks region-to-region cooperation, be it with France and Germany (<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>) or beyond with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrad</a> countries, or even further. In 2018, a renewed political declaration was adopted between Benelux and North Rhine-Westphalia to give cooperation a further impetus. </p><p>The Benelux is particularly active in the field of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>. The three countries established a Benelux Trademarks Office and a Benelux Designs Office, both situated in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. In 2005, they concluded a treaty establishing the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Office_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Benelux Office for Intellectual Property">Benelux Office for Intellectual Property</a>, which replaced both offices upon its entry into force on 1 September 2006. This organisation is the official body for the registration of trademarks and designs in the Benelux. In addition, it offers the possibility to formally record the existence of ideas, concepts, designs, prototypes and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of recent Benelux initiatives include: automatic level recognition of diplomas and degrees within the Benelux for bachelor's and master's programs in 2015, and for all other degrees in 2018;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> common road inspections in 2014;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Benelux pilot with digital <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consignment_notes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consignment notes (page does not exist)">consignment notes</a> (<a href="/wiki/CMR_Convention" title="CMR Convention">e-CMR</a>) in 2017;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a new Benelux Treaty on Police Cooperation in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing for direct access to each other's police databases and population registers within the limits of national legislation, and allowing some police forces to cross borders in some situations. The Benelux is also committed to working together on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation to climate change</a>. A joint political declaration in July 2020 called on the European Commission to prioritise cycling in European climate policy and Sustainable Transport strategies, to co-finance the construction of <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>, and to provide funds to stimulate cycling policy.<sup id="cite_ref-BN_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 June 2018, the Benelux Treaty celebrated its 60 years of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a Benelux Youth Parliament was created.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to cooperation based on a Treaty, there is also political cooperation in the Benelux context, including summits of the Benelux government leaders. In 2019 a Benelux summit was held in Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a Benelux summit was held – online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic – under Dutch Presidency on 7 October between the prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1 January 2017, a new arrangement for NATO Air Policing started for the airspace of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg (Benelux). The Belgian Air Component and the Royal Netherlands Air Force will take four-month turns to ensure that Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) fighter jets are available at all times to be launched under NATO control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_with_other_geopolitical_regions">Cooperation with other geopolitical regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cooperation with other geopolitical regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Benelux countries also work together in the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentalateral_Energy_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentalateral Energy Forum (page does not exist)">Pentalateral Energy Forum</a>, a regional cooperation group formed of five members—the Benelux states, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Formed on 6 June 2007, the ministers for energy from the various countries represent a total of 200 million residents and 40% of the European electricity network. </p><p>In 2017 the members of the Benelux, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a>, three members of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> (Sweden, Denmark and Finland), and all the other countries <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a>, sought to increase cooperation in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Single_Market" title="Digital Single Market">Digital Single Market</a>, as well as discussing social matters, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">immigration</a> and defence cooperation. Foreign relations in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's annexation of Crimea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_constitutional_referendum,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish constitutional referendum, 2017">2017 Turkish constitutional referendum</a> were also on the agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2008 the Benelux Union works together with the German Land (state) North Rhine-Westphalia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 Benelux Union signed a declaration with France to strengthen cross-border cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Benelux.png/220px-Benelux.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Benelux.png/330px-Benelux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Benelux.png/440px-Benelux.png 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg form the Benelux</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benelux_institutions">Benelux institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Benelux institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the 2008 treaty there are five Benelux institutions: the Benelux Committee of Ministers, the Benelux Council, the Benelux Parliament, the Benelux Court of Justice, the Benelux Secretariat General. Beside these five institutions, the Benelux Organisation for Intellectual Property is also an independent organisation. </p><p><b>Benelux Committee of Ministers:</b> The Committee of Ministers is the supreme decision-making body of the Benelux. It includes at least one representative at ministerial level from the three countries. Its composition varies according to its agenda. The ministers determine the orientations and priorities of Benelux cooperation. The presidency of the Committee rotates between the three countries on an annual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Benelux Council:</b> The council is composed of senior officials from the relevant ministries. Its composition varies according to its agenda. The council's main task is to prepare the dossiers for the ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Benelux InterParliamentary Consultative Council:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> (officially referred to as an "Interparliamentary Consultative Council") was created in 1955. This <a href="/wiki/International_parliament" title="International parliament">parliamentary assembly</a> is composed of 49 members from the respective national parliaments (21 members of the Dutch parliament, 21 members of the Belgian national and regional parliaments, and 7 members of the Luxembourg parliament). Its members inform and advise their respective governments on all Benelux matters.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 January 2015, the governments of the three countries, including, as far as Belgium is concerned, the community and regional governments, signed in Brussels the Treaty of the Benelux Interparliamentary Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treaty entered into force on 1 August 2019. This superseded the 1955 Convention on the Consultative Interparliamentary Council for the Benelux. The official name has been largely obsolete in daily practice for a number of years: both internally in the Benelux and in external references, the name Benelux Parliament has been used <i>de facto</i> for a number of years now.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Benelux Court of Justice:</b> The Benelux Court of Justice is an international court. Its mission is to promote uniformity in the application of Benelux legislation. When faced with difficulty interpreting a common Benelux legal rule, national courts must seek an interpretive ruling from the Benelux Court, which subsequently renders a binding decision<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The members of the Court are appointed from among the judges of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)" title="Court of Cassation (Belgium)">'Cour de cassation'</a> of Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">'Hoge Raad of the Netherlands'</a> and the 'Cour de cassation' of Luxembourg<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Benelux General Secretariat:</b> The General Secretariat, which is based in Brussels, forms the cooperation platform of the Benelux Union. It acts as the secretariat of the Committee of Ministers, the council and various commissions and working groups<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The General Secretariat has years of expertise in the area of Benelux cooperation and is familiar with the policy agreements and differences between the three countries. Building on what already been achieved, the General Secretariat puts its knowledge, network and experience at the service of partners and stakeholders who endorse its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It initiates, supports and monitors cooperation results in the areas of economy, sustainability and security.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benelux works together on the basis of an annual plan embedded in a four-year joint work programme.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benelux_legal_instruments">Benelux legal instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Benelux legal instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Benelux Union involves intergovernmental cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty establishing the Benelux Union explicitly provides that the Benelux Committee of Ministers can resort to four legal instruments (art. 6, paragraph 2, under a), f), g) and h)):<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. <b>Decisions</b> </p><p>Decisions are legally binding regulations for implementing the Treaty establishing the Benelux Union or other Benelux treaties. </p><p>Their legally binding force concerns the Benelux states (and their sub-state entities), which have to implement them. However, they have no direct effect towards individual citizens or companies (notwithstanding any indirect protection of their rights based on such decisions as a source of international law). Only national provisions implementing a decision can directly create rights and obligations for citizens or companies. </p><p>2. <b>Agreements</b> </p><p>The Committee of Ministers can draw up agreements, which are then submitted to the Benelux states (and/or their sub-state entities) for signature and subsequent parliamentary ratification. These agreements can deal with any subject matter, also in policy areas that are not yet covered by cooperation in the framework of the Benelux Union. </p><p>These are in fact traditional treaties, with the same direct legally binding force towards both authorities and citizens or companies. The negotiations do however take place in the established context of the Benelux working groups and institutions, rather than on an ad hoc basis. </p><p>3. <b>Recommendations</b> </p><p>Recommendations are non-binding orientations, adopted at ministerial level, which underpin the functioning of the Benelux Union. These (policy) orientations may not be legally binding, but given their adoption at the highest political level and their legal basis vested directly in the Treaty, they do entail a strong moral obligation for any authority concerned in the Benelux countries. </p><p>4. <b>Directives</b> </p><p>Directives of the Committee of Ministers are mere inter-institutional instructions towards the Benelux Council and/or the Secretariat-General, for which they are binding. This instrument has so far only been used occasionally, basically in order to organize certain activities within a Benelux working group or to give them impetus. </p><p>All four instruments require the unanimous approval of the members of the Committee of Ministers (and, in the case of agreements, subsequent signature and ratification at national level). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries">Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Benelux Countries Comparison </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Official Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Official Local Name(s) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Belgi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninkrijk België">Koninkrijk België</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Belgique" class="mw-redirect" title="Royaume de Belgique">Royaume de Belgique</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Belgien" class="mw-redirect" title="Königreich Belgien">Königreich Belgien</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninkrijk der Nederlanden">Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Groussherzogtum_L%C3%ABtzebuerg" class="mw-redirect" title="Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg">Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Großherzogtum Luxemburg">Großherzogtum Luxemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand-Duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand-Duché de Luxembourg">Grand-Duché de Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Common Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> (2024) </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 11,763,650<sup id="cite_ref-population_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 18,287,700<sup id="cite_ref-Counter1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Counter1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 672,050<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">Area</a> (km²) </th> <td>30,528</td> <td>41,543</td> <td>2,586.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population_Density" class="mw-redirect" title="Population Density">Population Density</a> (per km²) </th> <td>383 km²</td> <td>436 km²</td> <td>255 km² </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital City</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Largest Urban Areas </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: 2,500,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>: 1,200,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>: 749,110<br /><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>: 594,582<br /><a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>: 522,522</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: 2,480,394<br /><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>: 1,181,284<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: 1,054,793<br /><a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>: 656,342<br /><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>: 424,601</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>: 134,714<br /><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>: 36,625<br /><a href="/wiki/Differdange" title="Differdange">Differdange</a>: 29,536<br /><a href="/wiki/Dudelange" title="Dudelange">Dudelange</a>: 22,403<br /><a href="/wiki/Ettelbruck" title="Ettelbruck">Ettelbruck</a>: 9,965 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Form_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of Government">Form of Government</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Current Head of State</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">King Willem-Alexander</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke Henri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">Current Head of Government</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bart_de_Wever" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart de Wever">Prime Minister Bart de Wever</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Prime Minister Dick Schoof</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Prime Minister Luc Frieden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Official Languages</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (regional: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a>/<a href="/wiki/Papiamentu" class="mw-redirect" title="Papiamentu">Papiamentu</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">Main Religions</a> </th> <td>58% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a><br />16% <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Other Christian</a><br />5% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br />2% Other</td> <td>49.2% <a href="/wiki/Non-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-religious">Non-religious</a><br />24.4% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a><br />15.8% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a><br />4.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>68% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a><br />3% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a><br />3% <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Other Christian</a><br />2% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> Nominal (2025) </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $689.364 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1.273 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $96.993 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Luxembourg_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP per Capita</a> Nominal (2025) </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $58,248<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $70,606<sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $141,079<sup id="cite_ref-Luxembourg_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">GDP (PPP)</a> (2025) </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $889.833 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1.511 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $106.505 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Luxembourg_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">GDP per Capita (PPP)</a> (2025) </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $75,187<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $83,823<sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $154,914<sup id="cite_ref-Luxembourg_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, also uses <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> (in some cases)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Benelux" title="Admiral Benelux">Admiral Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Med_Group" title="EU Med Group">EU Med Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">Inner Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish–Czechoslovak confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_United_Kingdom_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed United Kingdom Confederation">Proposed United Kingdom Confederation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benelux.int/files/3914/0067/7093/trait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend.pdf">"Révision portant sur le traité de 1958"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). 2008. <q>Article 38 : le français et le néerlandais sont les langues officielles des institutions de l'Union Benelux</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9vision+portant+sur+le+trait%C3%A9+de+1958&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Ffiles%2F3914%2F0067%2F7093%2Ftrait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeasleeXydis1974-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeasleeXydis1974_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeasleeXydis1974_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeasleeXydis1974" class="citation book cs1">Peaslee, Amos Jenkins; Xydis, Dorothy Peaslee (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8U65llhfqSwC&pg=PA165"><i>International governmental organizations</i></a>. BRILL. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1601-2"><bdi>978-90-247-1601-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+governmental+organizations&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1601-2&rft.aulast=Peaslee&rft.aufirst=Amos+Jenkins&rft.au=Xydis%2C+Dorothy+Peaslee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8U65llhfqSwC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Counter-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Counter_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Counter_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/visualisaties/dashboard-bevolking/bevolkingsteller">"Bevolkingsteller"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsteller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fvisualisaties%2Fdashboard-bevolking%2Fbevolkingsteller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population">"Structure of the Population"</a>. Statbel<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistiques.public.lu&rft.atitle=Statistiques+%2F%2F+Luxembourg&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques.public.lu%2Ffr%2Factualites%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation%2F2022%2F04%2F20220411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lustat.statec.lu/vis?fs%5b0%5d=Thèmes%2C1%7CPopulation%20et%20emploi%23B%23%7CEtat%20de%20la%20population%23B1%23&pg=0&fc=Thèmes&df%5bds%5d=ds-release&df%5bid%5d=DF_B1100&df%5bag%5d=LU1&df%5bvs%5d=1.0&pd=2015%2C2023&dq=.A&lo=5">"Statistiques // Luxembourg"</a>. <i>statistiques.public.lu</i>. 10 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Belgium%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D124%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netherlands-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=138,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. 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Benelux. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benelux.int/nl/benelux-unie/benelux-een-oogopslag/">the original</a> on 13 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>Dit alles onder een nieuwe naam: de Benelux Unie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+de+Benelux&rft.pub=Benelux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Fnl%2Fbenelux-unie%2Fbenelux-een-oogopslag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benelux.int/fr/benelux-unie/le-benelux-en-quelques-traits/">"A propos du Benelux"</a> (in French). Benelux<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>Le 17 juin 2008, un nouveau Traité Benelux était signé. 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Benelux<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>. <q>Die Niederlande haben 2023 den Vorsitz in der Benelux-Union inne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benelux%2C+eine+grenz%C3%BCberschreitende+Zusammenarbeit+zum+Wohle+der+B%C3%BCrger+und+Unternehmen&rft.pub=Benelux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Fde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gouvernement.lu/lb/dossiers/2018/benelux.html">"De Benelux"</a> (in Luxembourgish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>D'Benelux-Unioun besteet aus dem Kinnekräich Belsch, dem hollännesche Kinnekräich an dem Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Benelux&rft.pub=Government+of+Luxembourg&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgouvernement.lu%2Flb%2Fdossiers%2F2018%2Fbenelux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60666/Benelux-Treaty-of-Economic-Union">"Benelux Treaty of Economic Union - Belgium-Luxembourg-Netherlands [1958]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benelux+Treaty+of+Economic+Union+-+Belgium-Luxembourg-Netherlands+%5B1958%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F60666%2FBenelux-Treaty-of-Economic-Union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revue de l'Institut International de Statistique</i> (1947) Vol. 15, No. 1/4, page 43. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Declaration+Benelux+Summit&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Fdocuments%2Fdiplomatic-statements%2F2020%2F10%2F07%2Fjoint-declaration-benelux-summit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFERR2017" class="citation web cs1">ERR (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/603573/ratas-meets-with-benelux-nordic-baltic-leaders-in-the-hague">"Ratas meets with Benelux, Nordic, Baltic leaders in the Hague"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratas+meets+with+Benelux%2C+Nordic%2C+Baltic+leaders+in+the+Hague&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.au=ERR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F603573%2Fratas-meets-with-benelux-nordic-baltic-leaders-in-the-hague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benelux.int/en/information-for-citizens/benelux/">"Benelux +"</a>. <i>Benelux</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benelux&rft.atitle=Benelux+%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Fen%2Finformation-for-citizens%2Fbenelux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benelux.int/en/information-for-citizens/benelux-union/about-us/history/">"History of the Benelux"</a>. <i>Benelux</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benelux&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Benelux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Fen%2Finformation-for-citizens%2Fbenelux-union%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/benelux.html">"The Benelux"</a>. <i>gouvernement.lu</i>. 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gouvernement.lu&rft.atitle=The+Benelux&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgouvernement.lu%2Fen%2Fdossiers%2F2018%2Fbenelux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeulenBondt2015" class="citation book cs1">Vermeulen, Gert; Bondt, Wendy De (28 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1lVBgAAQBAJ&q=Benelux+Council&pg=PA25"><i>Justice, Home Affairs and Security. European and international institutional and policy development</i></a>. Maklu. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-466-0747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-466-0747-3"><bdi>978-90-466-0747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+Home+Affairs+and+Security.+European+and+international+institutional+and+policy+development&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Maklu&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.isbn=978-90-466-0747-3&rft.aulast=Vermeulen&rft.aufirst=Gert&rft.au=Bondt%2C+Wendy+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1lVBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBenelux%2BCouncil%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuig2008" class="citation book cs1">Puig, Lluís Maria de (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2QkONZLFZAC&q=Benelux+Parliament+comprises+49+representatives&pg=PA70"><i>International Parliaments</i></a>. Council of Europe. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6450-6"><bdi>978-92-871-6450-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Parliaments&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6450-6&rft.aulast=Puig&rft.aufirst=Llu%C3%ADs+Maria+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2QkONZLFZAC%26q%3DBenelux%2BParliament%2Bcomprises%2B49%2Brepresentatives%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beneluxparl.eu/wp-content/uploads/documents/09_Verdragen/2015-Verdrag-over-de-Benelux-Interparlementaire-Assemblee.pdf">"PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beneluxparl.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2F09_Verdragen%2F2015-Verdrag-over-de-Benelux-Interparlementaire-Assemblee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelkahla" class="citation web cs1">Belkahla, Mehdi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpi.lu/fileadmin/mpi/medien/research/MPEiPro/Benelux_CJ_law-mpeipro-e1265.pdf">"Benelux Court of Justice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203072432/https://www.mpi.lu/fileadmin/mpi/medien/research/MPEiPro/Benelux_CJ_law-mpeipro-e1265.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benelux+Court+of+Justice&rft.aulast=Belkahla&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpi.lu%2Ffileadmin%2Fmpi%2Fmedien%2Fresearch%2FMPEiPro%2FBenelux_CJ_law-mpeipro-e1265.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benelux.int/fr/">"Benelux"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benelux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Ffr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benelux.int/fr/info-citoyen/themes-prioritaires/economie/">"Économie"</a>. <i>le Secrétariat général de l’Union Benelux</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=le+Secr%C3%A9tariat+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+l%E2%80%99Union+Benelux&rft.atitle=%C3%89conomie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Ffr%2Finfo-citoyen%2Fthemes-prioritaires%2Feconomie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benelux.int/files/8514/9933/4534/Common_Work_Programme_2017-2020.pdf">"Common Work Programme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Benelux Union. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.benelux.int/files/8514/9933/4534/Common_Work_Programme_2017-2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Work+Programme&rft.pub=Benelux+Union&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Ffiles%2F8514%2F9933%2F4534%2FCommon_Work_Programme_2017-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018134443/https://www.urm.lt/default/en/foreign-policy/lithuania-in-the-region-and-the-world/regional-cooperation/intergovernmental-cooperation-of-the-baltic-and-the-benelux-countries">"Intergovernmental cooperation of the Baltic and the Benelux countries | Regional cooperation | Lithuania in the Region and the World | Foreign Policy | Ministry of Foreign Affairs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urm.lt/default/en/foreign-policy/lithuania-in-the-region-and-the-world/regional-cooperation/intergovernmental-cooperation-of-the-baltic-and-the-benelux-countries">the original</a> on 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+cooperation+of+the+Baltic+and+the+Benelux+countries+%26%23124%3B+Regional+cooperation+%26%23124%3B+Lithuania+in+the+Region+and+the+World+%26%23124%3B+Foreign+Policy+%26%23124%3B+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urm.lt%2Fdefault%2Fen%2Fforeign-policy%2Flithuania-in-the-region-and-the-world%2Fregional-cooperation%2Fintergovernmental-cooperation-of-the-baltic-and-the-benelux-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benelux.int/files/3914/0067/7093/trait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend.pdf">"trait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>benelux.int</i>. 3 February 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=benelux.int&rft.atitle=trait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend&rft.date=1958-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Ffiles%2F3914%2F0067%2F7093%2Ftrait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population">"Structure of the Population"</a>. Statbel. 4 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+Population&rft.pub=Statbel&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fpopulation%2Fstructure-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Counter1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Counter1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/visualisaties/dashboard-bevolking/bevolkingsteller">"Bevolkingsteller"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolkingsteller&rft.pub=Statistics+Netherlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fvisualisaties%2Fdashboard-bevolking%2Fbevolkingsteller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/actualite/2024/stn16-pop-2024/stn16-2024-population-2024-v20.pdf">"Une croissance démographique réduite en 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statistiques.public.lu</i> (in French). 18 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418170659/https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/actualite/2024/stn16-pop-2024/stn16-2024-population-2024-v20.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistiques.public.lu&rft.atitle=Une+croissance+d%C3%A9mographique+r%C3%A9duite+en+2023&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques.public.lu%2Fdam-assets%2Factualite%2F2024%2Fstn16-pop-2024%2Fstn16-2024-population-2024-v20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersten1982" class="citation book cs1">Kersten, A.E. (1982). <i>Maken drie kleinen een grote? De politieke invloed van de Benelux, 1945-1955</i>. Bussum: Van Holkema & Warendorf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63269615">63269615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maken+drie+kleinen+een+grote%3F+De+politieke+invloed+van+de+Benelux%2C+1945-1955&rft.place=Bussum&rft.pub=Van+Holkema+%26+Warendorf&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63269615&rft.aulast=Kersten&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenelux" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Willy van Ryckeghem : <i>Benelux</i> in: The European Economy - Growth and Crisis, Andrea Boltho, Editor, Oxford University Press, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-877118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-877118-5">0-19-877118-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benelux&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benelux" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benelux">Benelux</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benelux#Q13116" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Benelux">Benelux</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Official sites</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benelux.int">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13116#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (in Dutch and French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courbeneluxhof.be/">Benelux Court of Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225075452/http://www.courbeneluxhof.be/">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boip.int/en/homepage.php">Benelux Office for Intellectual Property</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902042613/http://www.boip.int/en/homepage.php">Archived</a> 2 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benelux56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benelux_countries" title="Template talk:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benelux56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_schematic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benelux countries with flag colours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/50px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/75px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/100px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benelux" title="Flag of Benelux">Flag of Benelux</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_organizations38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_organizations" title="Template talk:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_organizations38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Foundation">Asia-Europe Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liptako%E2%80%93Gourma_Authority" title="Liptako–Gourma Authority">Liptako–Gourma Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_Council" title="Regional Cooperation Council">Regional Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans_Quad" title="Western Balkans Quad">Western Balkans Quad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td 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