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href="#Home_language:_rates_of_language_use_1971–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Home language: rates of language use 1971–2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_language:_rates_of_language_use_1971–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Use of English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Use of French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingualism_and_multilingualism_versus_English–French_bilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingualism_and_multilingualism_versus_English–French_bilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Bilingualism and multilingualism versus English–French bilingualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingualism_and_multilingualism_versus_English–French_bilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_English–French_bilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution_of_English–French_bilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Geographic distribution of English–French bilingualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_English–French_bilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English–French_bilingualism_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English–French_bilingualism_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 English–French bilingualism rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English–French_bilingualism_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_language_minority_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_language_minority_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Official language minority communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_language_minority_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_outside_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_outside_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 French outside Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_outside_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-official_languages_spoken_in_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-official_languages_spoken_in_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Non-official languages spoken in Canada </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-official_languages_spoken_in_Canada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-official languages spoken in Canada subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-official_languages_spoken_in_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indigenous languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pidgins,_mixed_languages,_&_trade_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pidgins,_mixed_languages,_&_trade_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pidgins, mixed languages, & trade languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pidgins,_mixed_languages,_&_trade_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belle_Isle_Pidgin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belle_Isle_Pidgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Belle Isle Pidgin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belle_Isle_Pidgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bungee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bungee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Bungee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bungee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chiac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Chiac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinook_Jargon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinook_Jargon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Chinook Jargon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinook_Jargon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franglais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franglais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Franglais </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franglais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haida_Jargon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haida_Jargon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Haida Jargon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haida_Jargon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loucheux_Jargon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loucheux_Jargon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Loucheux Jargon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loucheux_Jargon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Michif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nootka_Jargon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nootka_Jargon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.9 Nootka Jargon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nootka_Jargon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavey_Jargon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavey_Jargon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.10 Slavey Jargon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavey_Jargon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Souriquois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Souriquois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.11 Souriquois </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Souriquois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Sign languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 American Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coast_Salish_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast_Salish_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Coast Salish Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast_Salish_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_Talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_Talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Hand Talk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_Talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oneida_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneida_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3.1 Oneida Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneida_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inuit_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Inuit Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Maritime Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plateau_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plateau_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Plateau Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plateau_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ktunaxa_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ktunaxa_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6.1 Ktunaxa Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ktunaxa_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secwépemc_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secwépemc_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6.2 Secwépemc Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secwépemc_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Quebec Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_dialects_of_European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_dialects_of_European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Canadian dialects of European languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_dialects_of_European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acadian_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Acadian French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brayon_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brayon_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1.1 Brayon French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brayon_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Québec_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Québec_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Québec French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Québec_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chaouin_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaouin_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2.1 Chaouin French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaouin_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joual_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joual_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2.2 Joual French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joual_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Màgoua_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Màgoua_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2.3 Màgoua French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Màgoua_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Métis_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métis_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Métis French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Métis_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Newfoundland French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontarois_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontarois_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Ontarois French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontarois_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6 Black English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afro-Nova_Scotian_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Nova_Scotian_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6.1 Afro-Nova Scotian English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Nova_Scotian_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascadian_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascadian_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.7 Cascadian English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascadian_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.8 Indigenous English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunenburg_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunenburg_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.9 Lunenburg English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunenburg_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.10 Maritime English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.11 Newfoundland English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottawa_Valley_Twang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottawa_Valley_Twang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.12 Ottawa Valley Twang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottawa_Valley_Twang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.13 Quebec English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toronto_slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toronto_slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.14 Toronto slang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toronto_slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Gaelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Gaelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.15 Canadian Gaelic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Gaelic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.16 Newfoundland Irish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.17 Newfoundland Welsh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Ukrainian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Ukrainian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.18 Canadian Ukrainian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Ukrainian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doukhobor_Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doukhobor_Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.19 Doukhobor Russian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doukhobor_Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deitsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deitsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.20 Deitsch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deitsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hutterisch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hutterisch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.21 Hutterisch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hutterisch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plautdietsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plautdietsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.22 Plautdietsch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plautdietsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_multilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_multilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Official multilingualism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_multilingualism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Official multilingualism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Official_multilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_policy_of_the_federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_policy_of_the_federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Language policy of the federal government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_policy_of_the_federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_policies_of_Canada's_provinces_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_policies_of_Canada's_provinces_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_policies_of_Canada's_provinces_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officially_bilingual_or_multilingual:_New_Brunswick,_Nova_Scotia,_and_the_three_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officially_bilingual_or_multilingual:_New_Brunswick,_Nova_Scotia,_and_the_three_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Officially bilingual or multilingual: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the three territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officially_bilingual_or_multilingual:_New_Brunswick,_Nova_Scotia,_and_the_three_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officially_French-only:_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officially_French-only:_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Officially French-only: Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officially_French-only:_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_facto_English_only,_or_limited_French-language_services:_the_other_eight_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_facto_English_only,_or_limited_French-language_services:_the_other_eight_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 De facto English only, or limited French-language services: the other eight provinces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_facto_English_only,_or_limited_French-language_services:_the_other_eight_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Knowledge of languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Knowledge_of_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Knowledge of languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knowledge_of_official_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_of_official_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Knowledge of official languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_of_official_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speakers_by_mother_tongue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speakers_by_mother_tongue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Speakers by mother tongue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speakers_by_mother_tongue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_used_most_often_at_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_used_most_often_at_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Language used most often at work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_used_most_often_at_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_used_most_often_at_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_used_most_often_at_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Language used most often at home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_used_most_often_at_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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</div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Languages of Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="لغات كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Llingües de Canadá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কানাডার ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কানাডার ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Мовы Канады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мовы Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Мовы Канады – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мовы Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Llengües del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Lenguas de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvoj_de_Kanado" title="Lingvoj de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvoj de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_au_Canada" title="Langues au Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues au Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="캐나다의 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다의 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Kanada" title="Bahasa di Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_a_Ganada" title="Yethow a Ganada – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow a Ganada" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_tillari" title="Kanada tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanada tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Языки Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Languages of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_kielet" title="Kanadan kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k_i_Kanada" title="Språk i Kanada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språk i Kanada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Too_many_charts plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/X-office-spreadsheet.svg/40px-X-office-spreadsheet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/X-office-spreadsheet.svg/60px-X-office-spreadsheet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/X-office-spreadsheet.svg/80px-X-office-spreadsheet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTSTATS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTSTATS">too many charts, tables, or data</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit">cleaning them up</a> or elaborating them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Prose">prose text</a>. (November 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#efefef;">Languages of Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife,_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife%2C_NT.jpg/200px-Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife%2C_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife%2C_NT.jpg/300px-Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife%2C_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife%2C_NT.jpg/400px-Multilingual_sign_for_eye_clinic_in_Yellowknife%2C_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="4600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Sign in <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a> featuring English, French, <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënësųłıné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłįchǫ Yatıì</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Semi-official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënësųłıné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłįchǫ Yatıì</a> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmawi%27simk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmawi'simk">Mi'kmawi'simk</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[nb 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(by <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>) <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> (22), <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a> (13), <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> (7) <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a> (24), <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> (17), <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsimshian languages">Tsimshian</a> (4), <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a> (6), <a href="/wiki/Isolate_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolate languages">Isolates</a> (3: <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa language">Ktunaxa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Deitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Minority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Signed_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed English">Signed English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language (LSQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">MSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">IUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Prairie Hand Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">OSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">PSL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">KSL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secwepemc%C3%A9kst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secwepemcékst (page does not exist)">Secwepemcékst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> US English <a href="/wiki/File:KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg/200px-KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg/300px-KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg/400px-KB_United_States-NoAltGr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a> Canadian French <a href="/wiki/File:KB_Canadian_French.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/KB_Canadian_French.svg/200px-KB_Canadian_French.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/KB_Canadian_French.svg/300px-KB_Canadian_French.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/KB_Canadian_French.svg/400px-KB_Canadian_French.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/CSA_keyboard" title="CSA keyboard">Canadian Multilingual Standard</a> (rare) <a href="/wiki/File:KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg/200px-KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg/300px-KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg/400px-KB_Canadian_Multilingual_Standard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a> Inuktitut <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Inuktitut" title="Keyboard layout">Naqittaut</a> <a href="/wiki/File:KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg/200px-KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg/300px-KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg/400px-KB_Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A multitude of languages have always been spoken in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>, the territories that would become Canada were home to over 70 distinct languages across 12 or so <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a>. Today, a majority of those <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous languages</a> are still spoken; however, most are endangered and only about 0.6% of the Canadian population report an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous language</a> as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 3]</a> Since the establishment of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a> have been the co-official languages and are, by far, the most-spoken languages in the country. According to the 2016 census, English and French are the <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongues</a> of 56.0% and 21.4% of <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> In total, 86.2% of Canadians have a working knowledge of English, while 29.8% have a working knowledge of French.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)" title="Official Languages Act (Canada)">Official Languages Act</a> of 1969, both English and French have official status throughout Canada in respect of federal government services and most courts. All federal legislation is enacted bilingually. Provincially, only in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> are both English and French official to the same extent. French is <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>'s official language,<a href="#cite_note-qclang-9">[6]</a> although legislation is enacted in both French and English and court proceedings may be conducted in either language. English is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, but government services are available in French in many regions of each, particularly in regions and cities where Francophones form the majority. Legislation is enacted in both languages and courts conduct cases in both. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> recognized <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmawi%27simk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmawi'simk">Mi'kmawi'simk</a> as the first language of the province,<a href="#cite_note-FirstLang-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-LangAct-3">[2]</a> and maintains two provincial language secretariats: the Office of <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> Affairs and Francophonie (French language) and the Office of Gaelic Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>). The remaining provinces (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) do not have an official provincial language per se but government is primarily English-speaking. Territorially, both the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> have official indigenous languages alongside French and English: <a href="/wiki/Inuktut" title="Inuktut">Inuktut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>) in Nunavut<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> and, in the NWT, nine others (<a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënësųłıné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a>, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłįchǫ Yatıì</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nwtlang-12">[9]</a> Canada's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_Official_Languages" title="Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages">official languages commissioner</a> (the federal government official charged with monitoring the two languages) said in 2009, "[I]n the same way that race is at the core of what it means to be American and at the core of an American experience and class is at the core of British experience, I think that language is at the core of Canadian experience."<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> To assist in more accurately monitoring the two official languages, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Canada" title="Census in Canada">census</a> collects a number of <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">demolinguistic descriptors</a> not enumerated in the censuses of most other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada#"Home_language"" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">home language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada#"Mother_tongue"" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">mother tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada#"First_official_language_spoken"" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">first official language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada#"Language_used_most_often_at_work"" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">language of work</a>. Canada's linguistic diversity extends beyond English, French and numerous indigenous languages. "In Canada, 4.7 million people (14.2% of the population) reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home and 1.9 million people (5.8%) reported speaking such a language on a regular basis as a second language (in addition to their main home language, English or French). In all, 20.0% of Canada's population reported speaking a language other than English or French at home. For roughly 6.4 million people, the other language was an immigrant language, spoken most often or on a regular basis at home, alone or together with English or French whereas for more than 213,000 people, the other language was an indigenous language. Finally, the number of people reporting sign languages as the languages spoken at home was nearly 25,000 people (15,000 most often and 9,800 on a regular basis)."<a href="#cite_note-15">[nb 4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_two_official_languages">The two official languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The two official languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_language:_rates_of_language_use_1971–2011">Home language: rates of language use 1971–2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Home language: rates of language use 1971–2011">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Language_used_most_often_at_home_1981-2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Language_used_most_often_at_home_1981-2006.JPG/260px-Language_used_most_often_at_home_1981-2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Language_used_most_often_at_home_1981-2006.JPG/390px-Language_used_most_often_at_home_1981-2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Language_used_most_often_at_home_1981-2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Languages – Statistics Canada<a href="#cite_note-Home_language-16">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> The percentage of the population speaking English, French or both languages most often at home has declined since 1986; the decline has been greatest for French. The proportion of the population who speak neither English nor French in the home has increased. Geographically, this trend remains constant, as usage of English and French have declined in both English and French speaking regions of the country, but French has declined more rapidly both inside and outside Quebec. The table below shows the percentage of the total Canadian population who speak Canada's official languages most often at home from 1971 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> Note that there are nuances between "language most spoken at home", "mother-language" and "first official language": data is collected for all three, which together provide a more detailed and complete picture of language-use in Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_English">Use of English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of English">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></div> In 2011, just under 21.5 million Canadians, representing 65% of the population, spoke English most of the time at home, while 58% declared it their mother language.<a href="#cite_note-pop1-18">[14]</a> English is the major language everywhere in Canada except <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, and most Canadians (85%) can speak English.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> While English is not the preferred language in Quebec, 36.1% of <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> can speak English.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> Nationally, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Francophones</a> are five times more likely to speak English than Anglophones are to speak French – 44% and 9% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> Only 3.2% of Canada's English-speaking population resides in Quebec—mostly in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-23">[nb 5]</a> In 2011, 28.4 million Canadians had knowledge of English while only 21.6 million Canadians spoke it most often at home.<a href="#cite_note-Navigator-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_French">Use of French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use of French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French language in Canada</a></div> In 2011, just over 7.1 million Canadians spoke French most often at home, this was a rise of 4.2%, although the proportion of people in Canada who spoke French "most often" at home fell slightly from 21.7% to 21.5% . Of these, about 6.1 million or 85% resided in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Outside Quebec, the largest French-speaking populations are found in New Brunswick (which is home to 3.1% of Canada's Francophones) and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> (4.2%, residing primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario" title="Northeastern Ontario">northeastern</a> parts of the province and in Toronto and Ottawa). Overall, 22% of people in Canada declare French to be their mother language, while one in three Canadians speak French and 70% are unilingual Anglophones.<a href="#cite_note-26">[nb 6]</a> Smaller indigenous French-speaking communities exist in some other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> For example, a vestigial community exists on Newfoundland's <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Port_Peninsula" title="Port au Port Peninsula">Port au Port Peninsula</a>, a remnant of the "<a href="/wiki/French_Shore" title="French Shore">French Shore</a>" along the island's west coast. The percentage of the population who speak French both by mother tongue and home language has decreased over the past three decades. Whereas the number of those who speak English at home is higher than the number of people whose mother tongue is English, the opposite is true for Francophones. There are fewer people who speak French at home, than learned French after birth.<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> Ethnic diversity is growing in <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canada</a> but still lags behind the English-speaking parts of the country. In 2006, 91.5% of <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Quebecers</a> considered themselves to be of either "French" or "Canadian" origin. As a result of the growth in immigration, since the 1970s, from countries in which French is a widely used language, 3.4% of Quebecers indicated that they were of Haitian, Belgian, Swiss, Lebanese or Moroccan origin.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> Other groups of non-francophone immigrants (Irish Catholics, Italian, Portuguese, etc.) have also assimilated into French over the generations. The Irish, who started arriving in large numbers in Quebec in the 1830s, were the first such group, which explains why it has been possible for Quebec to have had five <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">premiers</a> of Irish ethnic origin: <a href="/wiki/John_Jones_Ross" title="John Jones Ross">John Jones Ross</a> (1884–87), <a href="/wiki/Edmund_James_Flynn" title="Edmund James Flynn">Edmund James Flynn</a> (1896–97), <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Sr." title="Daniel Johnson Sr.">Daniel Johnson Sr.</a> (1966–68), <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Marc Johnson">Pierre-Marc Johnson</a> (1985), and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Jr." title="Daniel Johnson Jr.">Daniel Johnson Jr.</a> (1994). In 1991, due to linguistic assimilation of Francophones outside Quebec, over one million Canadians who claimed English as their mother tongue were of French ethnic origin (1991 Census). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilingualism_and_multilingualism_versus_English–French_bilingualism">Bilingualism and multilingualism versus English–French bilingualism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bilingualism and multilingualism versus English–French bilingualism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_of_official_languages.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ability of Canadians to speak English and French 1931–2001[24]"><img alt="Ability of Canadians to speak English and French 1931–2001[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Knowledge_of_official_languages.JPG/485px-Knowledge_of_official_languages.JPG" decoding="async" width="485" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Knowledge_of_official_languages.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="337" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ability of Canadians to speak English and French 1931–2001<a href="#cite_note-knowledge-30">[24]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingualism_in_Canada,_Quebec,_ROC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rate of bilingualism (French and English) in Quebec and the rest of Canada, 1941–2006[25]"><img alt="Rate of bilingualism (French and English) in Quebec and the rest of Canada, 1941–2006[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilingualism_in_Canada%2C_Quebec%2C_ROC.JPG/472px-Bilingualism_in_Canada%2C_Quebec%2C_ROC.JPG" decoding="async" width="472" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Bilingualism_in_Canada%2C_Quebec%2C_ROC.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="347" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rate of bilingualism (French and English) in Quebec and the rest of Canada, 1941–2006<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> According to the 2011 census, 98.2% of Canadian residents have knowledge of one or both of the country's two official languages,<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> Between 2006 and 2011, the number of persons who reported being able to conduct a conversation in both of Canada's official languages increased by nearly 350,000 to 5.8 million. The bilingualism rate of the Canadian population edged up from 17.4% in 2006 to 17.5% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[11]</a> This growth of English-French bilingualism in Canada was mainly due to the increased number of Quebecers who reported being able to conduct a conversation in English and French.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[11]</a> Bilingualism with regard to nonofficial languages also increased, most individuals speaking English plus an immigrant language such as Punjabi or Mandarin.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geographic_distribution_of_English–French_bilingualism">Geographic distribution of English–French bilingualism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution of English–French bilingualism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_belt" title="Bilingual belt">Bilingual belt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_bilingual_Canadians,_as_proportion_of_overall_population.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Geographical distribution of bilingual Canadians as compared to total Canadian population 1941–2006. (sources in table below)"><img alt="Geographical distribution of bilingual Canadians as compared to total Canadian population 1941–2006. (sources in table below)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Geographical_distribution_of_bilingual_Canadians%2C_as_proportion_of_overall_population.JPG/485px-Geographical_distribution_of_bilingual_Canadians%2C_as_proportion_of_overall_population.JPG" decoding="async" width="485" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Geographical_distribution_of_bilingual_Canadians%2C_as_proportion_of_overall_population.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="342" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geographical distribution of bilingual Canadians as compared to total Canadian population 1941–2006. (sources in table below)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bilingual Belt. In most of Canada, either English or French is predominant. Only in the intermittent "belt" stretching between northern Ontario and northern New Brunswick, and in a few other isolated pockets, do the two languages mix on a regular basis.   English   English and French (Bilingual Belt)   French   Sparsely populated areas (< 0.4 persons per km2)"><img alt="The Bilingual Belt. In most of Canada, either English or French is predominant. Only in the intermittent "belt" stretching between northern Ontario and northern New Brunswick, and in a few other isolated pockets, do the two languages mix on a regular basis.   English   English and French (Bilingual Belt)   French   Sparsely populated areas (< 0.4 persons per km2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/351px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="351" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/527px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/702px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="940" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_belt" title="Bilingual belt">The Bilingual Belt</a>. In most of Canada, either English or French is predominant. Only in the intermittent "belt" stretching between northern Ontario and northern New Brunswick, and in a few other isolated pockets, do the two languages mix on a regular basis.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  English</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  English and French (Bilingual Belt)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  French</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sparsely populated areas (< 0.4 persons per km2)</div></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Proportion of bilingual Canadians in Quebec and the rest of Canada compared to overall population distribution 1941–2016 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th># Bilingual Canadians</th> <th>% Quebec</th> <th>% Rest of Canada</th> <th>Total # Canadians</th> <th>% Quebec</th> <th>% Rest of Canada </th></tr> <tr> <td>1941<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a></td> <td>1,472,858</td> <td>59.9%</td> <td>39.5%</td> <td>11,506,700</td> <td>29.0%</td> <td>71.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></td> <td>1,727,400</td> <td>60.1%</td> <td>39.9%</td> <td>14,009,400</td> <td>28.9%</td> <td>71.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></td> <td>2,231,200</td> <td>60.0%</td> <td>40.0%</td> <td>18,238,200</td> <td>28.8%</td> <td>71.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a></td> <td>2,900,150</td> <td>57.4%</td> <td>42.6%</td> <td>21,568,310</td> <td>27.9%</td> <td>72.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></td> <td>3,681,955</td> <td>56.1%</td> <td>43.9%</td> <td>24,083,495</td> <td>26.4%</td> <td>73.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a></td> <td>4,056,155</td> <td>54.9%</td> <td>45.1%</td> <td>25,022,005</td> <td>25.8%</td> <td>74.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></td> <td>4,398,655</td> <td>54.9%</td> <td>45.1%</td> <td>26,994,045</td> <td>25.2%</td> <td>74.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></td> <td>4,841,320</td> <td>55.0%</td> <td>45.0%</td> <td>28,528,120</td> <td>24.2%</td> <td>75.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></td> <td>5,231,575</td> <td>55.6%</td> <td>44.0%</td> <td>29,639,030</td> <td>24.0%</td> <td>76.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></td> <td>5,448,850</td> <td>55.4%</td> <td>44.6%</td> <td>31,241,030</td> <td>23.8%</td> <td>76.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> </td> <td>6,251,485 </td> <td>57.9% </td> <td>42.1% </td> <td>34,767,255 </td> <td>23.2% </td> <td>76.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 census</a>, 94.3% of Quebecers have knowledge of French, and 47.2% have knowledge of English.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> Bilingualism (of the two official languages) is largely limited to Quebec itself, and to a strip of territory sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Bilingual_belt" title="Bilingual belt">bilingual belt</a>", that stretches east from Quebec into northern New Brunswick and west into parts of Ottawa and northeastern Ontario. 85% of bilingual Canadians live within Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> A majority of all bilingual Canadians, (57.4%) are themselves Quebecers,<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> and a high percentage of the bilingual population in the rest of Canada resides in close proximity to the Quebec border. Similarly, the rate of bilingualism in Quebec has risen higher, and more quickly than in the rest of Canada. In Quebec, the rate of bilingualism has increased from 26% of the population being able to speak English and French in 1951 to 42.5% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> As of 2011, in the rest of Canada (excluding Quebec) the rate of bilingualism was 7.5%.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:right;"> <caption>Percentage of French-English bilingualism by province/territory (2016 census) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/territory </th> <th>% of population </th> <th>Total number </th> <th class="unsortable">Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Quebec </td> <td>44.5% </td> <td>3,586,410 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-canquebec-45">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">New Brunswick </td> <td>34% </td> <td>249,950 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Northwest Territories </td> <td>14% </td> <td>4,900 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Prince Edward Island </td> <td>13% </td> <td>17,840 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ontario </td> <td>11.2% </td> <td>1,490,390 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nova Scotia </td> <td>10.5% </td> <td>95,380 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Yukon </td> <td>10.3% </td> <td>4,275 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Manitoba </td> <td>9% </td> <td>108,460 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Alberta </td> <td>7% </td> <td>264,720 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">British Columbia </td> <td>7% </td> <td>314,925 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Saskatchewan </td> <td>5% </td> <td>51,560 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Newfoundland and Labrador </td> <td>5% </td> <td>25,940 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nunavut </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>1,525 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Canada—Total </td> <td>17.9% </td> <td>6,216,065 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-canquebec-45">[39]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English–French_bilingualism_rates">English–French bilingualism rates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: English–French bilingualism rates">edit</a>]</div> English–French bilingualism is highest among members of local linguistic minorities. It is very uncommon for Canadians to be capable of speaking only the minority official language of their region (French outside Quebec or English in Quebec). Only 1.5% of Canadians are able to speak only the minority official language, and of these most (90%) live in the bilingual belt.<a href="#cite_note-2006_knolwedge-58">[52]</a> As the table below shows, rates of bilingualism are much higher among individuals who belong to the linguistic minority group for their region of Canada, than among members of the local linguistic majority. For example, within Quebec around 37% of bilingual Canadians are Francophones, whereas Francophones only represent 4.5% of the population outside Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Rates of French-English bilingualism among linguistic groups.<a href="#cite_note-bilinguism-rate-60">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">Anglophones</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Francophones</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Allophone_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophone (Quebec)">Allophones</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">66.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">Rest of Canada</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">7.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">85.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_language_minority_communities">Official language minority communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official language minority communities">edit</a>]</div> French-speaking Canadians from outside Quebec and <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecers" title="English-speaking Quebecers">English-speaking Quebecers</a> are, together, the official language minority communities. These communities are: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Official language minority communities </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jurisdiction</th> <th>Community </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecers" title="English-speaking Quebecers">Anglo-Quebecers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarians / Ontarois</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitobans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Albertan">Franco-Albertans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Colombians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /> <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Terreneuviens" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Terreneuviens">Franco-Terreneuviens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acadiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadiens">Acadiens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madawaska_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Madawaska County, New Brunswick">Madawaska</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Metis_Blue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Metis_Blue.png/23px-Metis_Blue.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Metis_Blue.png/35px-Metis_Blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Metis_Blue.png/46px-Metis_Blue.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="804" /></a> Michif Piyii:<a href="#endnote_reference_name_A">a</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a><a href="#cite_note-MetisFR-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papen1-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papen2-63">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row" colspan="2">Notes:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style>a The Métis <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">homeland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_outside_Quebec">French outside Quebec</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French outside Quebec">edit</a>]</div> The language continuity index represents the relationship between the number of people who speak French most often at home and the number for whom French is their mother tongue. A continuity index of less than one indicates that French has more losses than gains – that more people with French as a mother tongue speak another language at home. Outside Quebec, New Brunswick has the highest French language continuity ratio. <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> have the lowest French language continuity ratio and thus the lowest retention of French. From 1971 to 2011, the overall ratio for French language continuity outside Quebec declined from 0.73 to 0.45. Declines were the greatest for <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Saskatchewan, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>French language continuity ratio 1971–2011<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/Territory </th> <th>1971 </th> <th>1981 </th> <th>1991 </th> <th>1996 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td align="left">0.92 </td> <td align="left">0.93 </td> <td align="left">0.93 </td> <td align="left">0.92 </td> <td align="left">0.91 </td> <td align="left">0.91 </td> <td align="left">0.89 </td> <td align="left">0.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">1.01 </td> <td align="left">1.01 </td> <td align="left">1.02 </td> <td align="left">1.03 </td> <td align="left">1.03 </td> <td align="left">1.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">0.54 </td> <td align="left">0.57 </td> <td align="left">0.58 </td> <td align="left">0.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">- </td> <td align="left">0.96 </td> <td align="left">0.96 </td> <td align="left">0.96 </td> <td align="left">0.97 </td> <td align="left">0.97 </td> <td align="left">0.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td align="left">0.73 </td> <td align="left">0.72 </td> <td align="left">0.63 </td> <td align="left">0.61 </td> <td align="left">0.60 </td> <td align="left">0.60 </td> <td align="left">0.57 </td> <td align="left">0.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td align="left">0.69 </td> <td align="left">0.69 </td> <td align="left">0.59 </td> <td align="left">0.57 </td> <td align="left">0.56 </td> <td align="left">0.53 </td> <td align="left">0.51 </td> <td align="left">0.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td align="left">0.60 </td> <td align="left">0.64 </td> <td align="left">0.53 </td> <td align="left">0.53 </td> <td align="left">0.48 </td> <td align="left">0.49 </td> <td align="left">0.47 </td> <td align="left">0.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td align="left">0.65 </td> <td align="left">0.60 </td> <td align="left">0.49 </td> <td align="left">0.47 </td> <td align="left">0.46 </td> <td align="left">0.45 </td> <td align="left">0.42 </td> <td align="left">0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> </td> <td align="left">0.30 </td> <td align="left">0.45 </td> <td align="left">0.43 </td> <td align="left">0.46 </td> <td align="left">0.46 </td> <td align="left">0.49 </td> <td align="left">0.57 </td> <td align="left">0.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td align="left">0.50 </td> <td align="left">0.51 </td> <td align="left">0.47 </td> <td align="left">0.43 </td> <td align="left">0.39 </td> <td align="left">0.46 </td> <td align="left">0.51 </td> <td align="left">0.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> </td> <td align="left">0.63 </td> <td align="left">0.72 </td> <td align="left">0.47 </td> <td align="left">0.42 </td> <td align="left">0.42 </td> <td align="left">0.36 </td> <td align="left">0.46 </td> <td align="left">0.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td align="left">0.49 </td> <td align="left">0.49 </td> <td align="left">0.36 </td> <td align="left">0.32 </td> <td align="left">0.33 </td> <td align="left">0.33 </td> <td align="left">0.36 </td> <td align="left">0.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> </td> <td align="left">0.50 </td> <td align="left">0.41 </td> <td align="left">0.33 </td> <td align="left">0.29 </td> <td align="left">0.26 </td> <td align="left">0.26 </td> <td align="left">0.26 </td> <td align="left">0.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td align="left">0.30 </td> <td align="left">0.35 </td> <td align="left">0.28 </td> <td align="left">0.29 </td> <td align="left">0.29 </td> <td align="left">0.30 </td> <td align="left">0.29 </td> <td align="left">0.30 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-official_languages_spoken_in_Canada">Non-official languages spoken in Canada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-official languages spoken in Canada">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_languages">Indigenous languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indigenous languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Canada" title="List of endangered languages in Canada">List of endangered languages in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png/220px-Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png/330px-Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png/440px-Indigenous_language_speakers_in_Canada-3.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous language speakers in Canada-3</figcaption></figure> Canada is home to a rich variety of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous</a> languages, most of which are spoken nowhere else. There are 14 indigenous <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language groups</a> in Canada with about 100 distinct languages and dialects, including many sign languages.<a href="#cite_note-Aboriginal_languages-69">[63]</a> Almost all indigenous languages in Canada are considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, and the Cree varieties <a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw" title="Atikamekw">Atikamekw</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> was common across indigenous nations, many of whom often seasonally migrated. However, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserve system</a> created more permanent stationary <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">bands</a>, which have generally selected only one of their various ancestral languages to try to preserve in the face of increasing <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">Anglicization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McLeod-71">[65]</a> or Amslanization (the process by which <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> replaces local <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>).<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Residential_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Residential School">residential school</a> system attempted to institutionally exterminate languages and cultures from coast to coast to coast. The cruel methods (such as <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, as well as death rates as high as one in twenty children<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a>) resulted in a sharp declines in language use across all nations,<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> including amongst <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">signing</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Ouellette" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Falcon Ouellette">Robert Falcon Ouellette</a>, a Cree Member of Parliament, played a pivotal role in promoting indigenous languages within the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian House of Commons">Canadian House of Commons</a>. He was instrumental in obtaining unanimous consent from all political parties to change the standing orders to allow indigenous languages to be spoken in the House of Commons, with full translation services provided. This historic change enabled Ouellette to deliver a speech in Cree, marking the first use of an indigenous language in the House on Jan 28, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> <a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> Furthermore, Bill C-91, the Indigenous Languages Act passed in 2019, was enacted to support and revitalize indigenous languages across Canada. This legislation, aims to reclaim, revitalize, and maintain indigenous languages through sustainable funding and the establishment of the Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous Languages. Ouellette was the chair of the indigenous caucus in the House of Commons and helped ensure it passage before the election of 2019. <a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> <a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Two of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada#Territories" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">territories</a> give official status to native languages. In <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun, known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Inuktut" title="Inuktut">Inuktut</a>, are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">vehicular language</a> in territorial government.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Cree, <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënësųłıné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Dene Yatıé / Dene Zhatıé</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> English, French, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a>, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłįchǫ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nwtlang-12">[9]</a> Besides English and French, these languages are not vehicular in government; official status entitles citizens to receive services in them on request and to deal with the government in them.<a href="#cite_note-online-85">[79]</a> Awaiting <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> in October 2022 on <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Day_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Treaty Day (Nova Scotia)">Treaty Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> has affirmed <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmawi%27simk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmawi'simk">Mi'kmawi'simk</a> as the "First Language" of the province through a bill titled the "Mi'kmaw Language Act" (No. 148). The Act establishes a language committee co-developed and co-run by <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_Kina%EA%9E%8Cmatnewey" title="Miꞌkmaw Kinaꞌmatnewey">Miꞌkmaw Kinaꞌmatnewey</a> as well as ensuring "government support for the preservation, revitalization, promotion and protection of the Mi’kmaw language for generations to come," collaboratively developing strategy between the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> of Nova Scotia and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Government of Nova Scotia">Government of Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LangAct-3">[2]</a> According to the 2016 census, less than one per cent of Canadians (213,225) reported an indigenous language as their mother tongue, and less than one per cent of Canadians (137,515) reported an indigenous language as the language spoken most often at home.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> Whilst most Canadian indigenous languages are endangered and their current speaker numbers are frequently low, the number of speakers has grown and even outpaced the number with an indigenous mother tongue, indicating that many people continue to learn the languages even if not initially raised with them.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Given the destruction of indigenous state structures, academics usually classify indigenous peoples of Canada by region into "<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">culture areas</a>", or by their language family.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Arctic cultural area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic culture area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Eastern Woodlands (Northeast) cultural area</a> (Algonquian and <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian languages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains cultural area</a> (Algonquian, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Northwest Plateau cultural area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa language">Ktunaxa</a>, Na-Dene, and <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a>, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secwepemc_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secwepemc Sign Language (page does not exist)">Secwepemcékst</a><a href="#cite_note-BCHSD-89">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Northwest Coast cultural area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>, Salishan, <a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan languages</a>, possibly including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish Sign Language (page does not exist)">Coast Salish Sign Language</a><a href="#cite_note-BCHSD-89">[83]</a>)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indigenous languages </th> <th>No. of speakers </th> <th><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Mother tongue</a> </th> <th>Home language </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> (n.o.s.)<a href="#cite_note-nos-90">[nb 7]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_Aa">[a]</a> </td> <td>99,950 </td> <td>78,855 </td> <td>47,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> </td> <td>35,690 </td> <td>32,010 </td> <td>25,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwemowin</a> </td> <td>32,460 </td> <td>11,115 </td> <td>11,115 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a> </td> <td>11,815 </td> <td>10,970 </td> <td>9,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Denesuline</a> </td> <td>11,130 </td> <td>9,750 </td> <td>7,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree (Anishininimowin)</a> </td> <td>12,605 </td> <td>8,480 </td> <td>8,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmawi'simk</a> </td> <td>8,750 </td> <td>7,365 </td> <td>3,985 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Siouan languages (Dakota/Nakota)</a> </td> <td>6,495 </td> <td>5,585 </td> <td>3,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a> </td> <td>5,645 </td> <td>5,245 </td> <td>4,745 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> </td> <td>4,915 </td> <td>3,085 </td> <td>3,085 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłįchǫ</a> </td> <td>2,645 </td> <td>2,015 </td> <td>1,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin (Omàmìwininìmowin)</a> </td> <td>2,685 </td> <td>1,920 </td> <td>385 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Dakelh</a> </td> <td>2,495 </td> <td>1,560 </td> <td>605 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsanimaax</a> </td> <td>1,575 </td> <td>1,175 </td> <td>320 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Tsilhqot'in</a> </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>1,070 </td> <td>435 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́</a><a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> </td> <td>1,235 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Dené Dháh / Dene Yatıé / Dene Zhatıé</a><a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> </td> <td>2,315 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Wəlastəkey latowewakən</a> </td> <td>790 </td> <td>535 </td> <td>140 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </td> <td>580 </td> <td>370 </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a> </td> <td>570 </td> <td>355 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Kanienʼkéha</a> </td> <td>615 </td> <td>290 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Secwepemctsín</a> </td> <td>1,650 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisg̱a'a</a> </td> <td>1,090 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurngniq</a> </td> <td>47<a href="#cite_note-AmsterdamLing-91">[84]</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Onʌyota'a:ká Sign Language</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_Bb">[b]</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_Bb">[b]</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secw%C3%A9pemc_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secwépemc Sign Language (page does not exist)">Secwepemcékst</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_reference_name_Bb">[b]</a> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship Ottawa, 2007, pp. 2, 6, 10.<a href="#cite_note-Aboriginal_languages-69">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_Aa">a</a> There exist numerous Cree languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> (nêhiyawêwin ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ), <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a> (nīhithawīwin ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ), <a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a> (E: nêhinawêwin ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ, W: ininîmowin ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ), <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a> (ililîmowin ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐎᓐ), and <a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a> (N: Iyiniu-Ayamiwin ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ S: Iyiyiu-Ayamiwin ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_reference_name_Bb">b</a> Although small in number,<a href="#cite_note-BCHSD-89">[83]</a> these languages have been included without data to show the disparity in information between <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">oral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_the_Deaf" title="Canadian Association of the Deaf">Canadian Association of the Deaf</a> state that, in their opinion, "no fully credible census of <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf</a>, deafened, and hard of hearing people has ever been conducted in Canada." By extension, there exists no credible data on sign languages, especially of indigenous sign languages.<a href="#cite_note-CADState-92">[85]</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> 4.3 (2020) counted 13 independent indigenous language families and/or isolates in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-4-1-93">[86]</a> A potential fourteenth family, that of the <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">sign languages of the Plateau</a>, possibly hosting languages like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secwepemc%C3%A9kst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secwepemcékst (page does not exist)">Secwepemcékst</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa Sign Language</a>, remains unlisted by Glottolog. It remains unknown to academia the extent which sign languages are spoken and how they relate to and across linguistic families.<a href="#cite_note-CADState-92">[85]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a><a href="#cite_note-Algic-94">[lan 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a><a href="#cite_note-Inuit-95">[lan 2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a><a href="#cite_note-Iroquoian-96">[lan 3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Ktunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages">Na-Dene</a><a href="#cite_note-Dene-97">[lan 4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign</a><a href="#cite_note-Plains-98">[lan 5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a><a href="#cite_note-Salishan-99">[lan 6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a><a href="#cite_note-Siouan-100">[lan 7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsimshian languages">Tsimshian</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsimshian-101">[lan 8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a><a href="#cite_note-Wakashan-102">[lan 9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign</a><a href="#cite_note-Plateau-103">[lan 10]</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pidgins,_mixed_languages,_&_trade_languages">Pidgins, mixed languages, & trade languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pidgins, mixed languages, & trade languages">edit</a>]</div> In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonization</a>, the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade and (in some cases) intermarriage led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">hybrid languages</a>. These languages tended to be highly localized, were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were frequently capable of speaking another language, and often persisted only briefly, before being wiped out by the arrival of a large population of permanent settlers, speaking either English or French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belle_Isle_Pidgin">Belle Isle Pidgin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Belle Isle Pidgin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></div> Spoken until about 1760, this <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> was spoken between <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> fishermen and <a href="/wiki/NunatuKavut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="NunatuKavut people">NunatuKavummiut</a> of <a href="/wiki/NunatuKavut" title="NunatuKavut">NunatuKavut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bungee">Bungee</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bungee">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi Creole</a></div> Named from the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> word bangii meaning "a little bit,"<a href="#cite_note-104">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[88]</a> the meagrely documented <a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi Creole</a> (also known as Bungee, Bungy, Bungie, Bungay, and as the Red River Dialect) is a mixed language predominantly anchored in English that evolved within the Prairie <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> community, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Countryborn or Anglo-Métis</a>. Due to the multicultural nature of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Settlement</a>, Bungi was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Nehiyawewin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Nakawemowin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_dialect" title="Orcadian dialect">Orcadian dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[91]</a> The vocabulary and word order were primarily English, but the speech was lilting like that of Gaelic speakers, with pronunciation and structural shifts coming from the <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree languages</a>, such as: shawl becoming sawl, she becoming see, and the popular greeting I’m well, you but?.<a href="#cite_note-BungeeCAN-109">[92]</a> Bungi reached its peak in the nineteenth century, with about 5,000 Countryborn native speakers of the dialect in 1870. However, over the next century, standard Canadian English gradually replaced it; and by the late 1980s, only a handful of elderly speakers remained. It is generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">asleep</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-BungeeCAN-109">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chiac">Chiac</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chiac">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></div> Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritime provinces</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> with a linguistic base in <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Maritime English</a> with significant contributions from <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Mi'kmawi'simk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[93]</a> Notable for its <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> between English and French, it is often popularly considered a variant of <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a>, with examples such as: Espère-moi su'l'corner, j'traverse le ch'min pi j'viens right back (Wait for me at the corner, I'm crossing the road and I'll be right back) and On va amarrer ça d'même pour faire sûr que ça tchenne<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[94]</a> (We will tie it like this to make sure it stays).<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[94]</a> However, Chiac is not simply a Franglais/Frenglish mix of French and English, as it differs distinctly from other French-English mixed-use cases such as those found amongst <a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a> or <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" title="Franco-Ontarians">Ontarois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinook_Jargon">Chinook Jargon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chinook Jargon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Wawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Wawa">Chinook Wawa</a></div> In British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, a pidgin language known as the <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a> (also rendered "Chinook Wawa") emerged in the early 19th century that was a combination of <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nootka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Chehalis</a>, French and English, with a smattering of words from other languages including <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[97]</a> Later in that century, it had creolized in the Pacific Northwest. Certain words and expressions remain current in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">local use</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Skookum" title="Skookum">skookum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tyee</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saltchuck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltchuck (page does not exist)">saltchuck</a>, while a few have become part of worldwide English ("high mucketymuck" or "high muckamuck" for a high-ranking and perhaps self-important official). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franglais">Franglais</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Franglais">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> language which is said to combine English and French syntax, grammar and lexicons to form a unique <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">interlanguage</a>, is sometimes ascribed to mandatory basic French education in the Canadian anglophone school systems. Many unilingual anglophone Canadians, for instance, will borrow French words into their sentences. Simple words and phrases like "C'est quoi ça?" (what is that?) or words like "arrête" (stop) can alternate with their English counterparts. This phenomenon is more common in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">eastern half of the country</a> where there is a greater density of Francophone populations. <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a> can also refer to the supposed degradation of the French language thanks to the overwhelming impact Canadian English has on the country's Francophone inhabitants, though many linguists would argue that while English vocabulary can be freely borrowed as a stylistic device, the grammar of French has been resistant to influences from English<a href="#cite_note-115">[98]</a> and the same conservatism holds true in Canadian English grammar,<a href="#cite_note-116">[99]</a> even in Quebec City. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haida_Jargon">Haida Jargon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Haida Jargon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Haida_Jargon" title="Haida Jargon">Haida Jargon</a></div> A pidgin trade language based on Haida, known as <a href="/wiki/Haida_Jargon" title="Haida Jargon">Haida Jargon</a>, was used in the 1830s in and around <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>. It was used by speakers of English, Haida, Coast Tsimshian, Heiltsuk, and other languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loucheux_Jargon">Loucheux Jargon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Loucheux Jargon">edit</a>]</div> As a result of cultural contact between the <a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a> (formerly called "Loucheaux") and Europeans (predominately French <a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a>), a pidgin language was historically used across <a href="/wiki/Denendeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Denendeh">Gwich'in Nành, Denendeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[100]</a> The language is often called in English "Jargon Loucheux" using the traditional French syntax.<a href="#cite_note-118">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Michif">Michif</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Michif">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a> (also known as Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, and French Cree) is a mixed language which evolved within the Prairie <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> community that was oriented towards Cree and Franco-Catholic culture. It is based on elements of Cree and French along with elements of <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a>. Michif is today spoken by fewer than 1,000 individuals in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. At its peak, around 1900, Michif was understood by perhaps three times this number. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nootka_Jargon">Nootka Jargon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nootka Jargon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Jargon" title="Nootka Jargon">Nootka Jargon</a></div> Based in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and likely one precursor to <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Wawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Wawa">Chinook Wawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Jargon" title="Nootka Jargon">Nootka Jargon</a> was a trade language derived from <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuučaan̓uł</a>, English, Spanish, and Russian, as well as other local languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavey_Jargon">Slavey Jargon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Slavey Jargon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavey_Jargon" title="Slavey Jargon">Slavey Jargon</a></div> Also known as "Broken Slavey," this language was spoken until the mid-1900s, abruptly diminishing due to the influx of English into <a href="/wiki/Denendeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Denendeh">Denendeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[102]</a> Documentation has also shown that the language was spoken by a range of fur traders, postmasters, and their wives, sisters, and daughters, who were often of Métis descent.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[102]</a> The native languages of speakers who used Slavey Jargon were <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Denesuline</a>, French, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuktitut</a>, and the languages collectively known as "Slavey" (North: Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́, K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́; South: Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé and Dené Dháh). The <a href="/wiki/Dene_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene people">Dene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, French, British, and Métis who spoke the language did so predominately for preaching the gospel, teasing and harassing clergymen, and for interpersonal relationships.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[102]</a> The use of Slavey Jargon can be characterized as an innovation employed by speakers in order to meet several linguistic goals, such as introductions, advice, and disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[102]</a> Mishler specified, "For all these reasons, Slavey Jargon seems inaccurate to characterize it strictly as a trade jargon" (p. 277).<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[102]</a> Spoken predominately in the <a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Dehcho Countries</a> of Denendeh, the nouns of the language generally consisted of English, Dënësųłınë́ Yatıé, Sahtúgot’įné / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé, whereas the verbs and pronouns are derived from French. Adverbs are typically pulled from Dënësųłınë́ and Gwich’in. There is, however, a lot of variation in Slavey Jargon. Gwich’in verbs can be mixed with French nouns or phonemically modified French sentences exist.<a href="#cite_note-:1-119">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Souriquois">Souriquois</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Souriquois">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></div> Spoken alongside the Basque/Breton–Inuit Belle Isle pidgin was another <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin language</a> that developed in the 16th century amongst the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> in coastal areas along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Belle_Isle" title="Strait of Belle Isle">Strait of Belle Isle</a> as the result of contact between <a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling" title="History of Basque whaling">Basque whalers</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[103]</a> The name "Souriquois" has an obscure history and most likely refers to region around <a href="/wiki/Souris,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Souris, Prince Edward Island">Souris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> suffix koa, perhaps from zurikoa “that of the whites."<a href="#cite_note-121">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_languages">Sign languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sign languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deaf_life_for_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Deaf life for Indigenous peoples in Canada">Deaf life for Indigenous peoples in Canada</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_(excl._ASL_and_LSQ).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_%28excl._ASL_and_LSQ%29.png/260px-US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_%28excl._ASL_and_LSQ%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_%28excl._ASL_and_LSQ%29.png/390px-US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_%28excl._ASL_and_LSQ%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_%28excl._ASL_and_LSQ%29.png/520px-US_%26_Canada_sign-language_map_%28excl._ASL_and_LSQ%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Attested historical ranges of sign languages of the US and Canada excluding <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">LSQ</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurngniq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages, Canada also boasts several <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">sign languages</a>. Currently, Canada is home to some five or more <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> (that number rising with the probability that <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a> is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella), belonging to four to six distinct <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a>, those being: French Sign Language family, <a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign</a> isolate, perhaps the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish Sign Language (page does not exist)">Coast Salish Sign</a> isolate, and perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign</a> family composed of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secwepemc_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secwepemc Sign Language (page does not exist)">Secwepemcékst</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa Sign Language</a>. As with all sign languages around the world that developed naturally, these are natural, human languages distinct from any oral language. As such, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (unlike <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_English#Signed_English" title="Manually coded English">Signed English</a>) is no more a derivation of English than Russian is,<a href="#cite_note-EthnologueASL-122">[105]</a> all being distinct languages from one another. Some languages present here were <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of First Nations, however, they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as a first language. The sign languages of Canada share extremely limited rights within the country in large due to the general population's misinformation on the subject. Ontario is the only province or territory to formally make legal any sign language, enabling the use of American Sign Language, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a> (LSQ) and "First Nation Sign Language" (which could refer to Plains Sign Talk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida Sign Language</a>, or any other language) in only the domains of education, legislation and judiciary proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-Ontario-123">[106]</a> The only other language afforded any other rights is Inuiuuk, which sees interpretation in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Legislative Assembly of Nunavut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[107]</a> There have been efforts to make LSQ an official language of Quebec, but all efforts have failed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Sign_Language">American Sign Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: American Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> The most utilized sign language in Canada, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> or ASL, can be found across the country in mostly anglophone regions. The ties with anglophone Canada are not due to ASL and English's similarity, but to cultural similarities and linguistic history (as several ASL words are borrowed from English). As such, ASL can be found in areas where English is not the primary language, such as <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. ASL is part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">French Sign Language (Francosign) family</a>, originating on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> from a mix of <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">Langue des signes françaises (LSF)</a> and other local languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coast_Salish_Sign_Language">Coast Salish Sign Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Coast Salish Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> There is evidence that Coast Salish citizens speak a distinct sign language.<a href="#cite_note-BCHSD-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hand_Talk">Hand Talk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hand Talk">edit</a>]</div> Originally a trade pidgin, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a>, also known as Plains Standard or Prairie Sign Language, became a full language after children began to learn the language as a first language across many Nations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From "HANDS" and "TO TALK TO," Hand Talk was used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> across linguistic and national boundaries<a href="#cite_note-Davis_2006-126">[109]</a> across the continent and the language stretched across the provinces down through Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-sunsite-127">[110]</a> As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents, it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella. One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan.<a href="#cite_note-Supalla-128">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oneida_Sign_Language">Oneida Sign Language</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Oneida Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> Born out of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneida Nation">Oneida Nation</a>, OSL is a mixed language, descended primarily from both Prairie Sign Language (or Hand Talk) and the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">oral Oneida language</a>, with some additions from ASL.<a href="#cite_note-129">[112]</a> Onʌyota'a:ká (or Oneida) Sign Language is a young and growing language, spreading especially amongst deaf Oneida citizens.<a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-BCHSD-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inuit_Sign_Language">Inuit Sign Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Inuit Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a>, also known as Atgangmuurngniq or Uukturausingit, is a critically endangered language with some 50 speakers remaining. It is a language isolate and has only be found by researchers in <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>; however, there are theories it extends across the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmsterdamLing-91">[84]</a> Little is known about its history, but efforts are being made to document and revitalize the language.<a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maritime_Sign_Language">Maritime Sign Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Maritime Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a> is a BANZSL language. It was used as the language of education for Deaf populations in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, New Brunswick, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> before ASL became available in the mid-20th century. It is still remembered by some elderly people but is <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">moribund</a>. The language, living alongside ASL, has produced a unique dialect of ASL in <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a> due to mixing of the languages. The exact number of speakers is unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plateau_Sign_Language">Plateau Sign Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Plateau Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a> replaced Plains Sign Talk in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a> and surrounding regions of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. It is now extinct. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ktunaxa_Sign_Language">Ktunaxa Sign Language</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ktunaxa Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> Called ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam in the <a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa language">Ktunaxa language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a> Ktunaxa Sign Language has historically been spoken in Ktunaxa ɁamakaɁis (Ktunaxa Country).<a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Secwépemc_Sign_Language">Secwépemc Sign Language</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Secwépemc Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> Perhaps related to or descended from the old Plateau Sign Language, Secwepemcékst or Secwépemc Sign Language is spoken by a small number of <a href="/wiki/Secw%C3%A9pemc" title="Secwépemc">Secwépemc</a> citizens.<a href="#cite_note-BCHSD-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_Sign_Language">Quebec Sign Language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Quebec Sign Language">edit</a>]</div> Alongside ASL, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a> or LSQ (Langue des signes québécoise) is the second most spoken sign language in the country. Centred mainly around and within Quebec, LSQ can also be found in Ontario, New Brunswick and various other parts of the country, generally around <a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Francophone_Canada" title="Deafness in Francophone Canada">francophone communities</a> due to historical ties to the French language. Although approximately 10% of the population of Quebec is deaf or hard-of-hearing, it is estimated that only 50,000 to 60,000 children use LSQ as their native language. LSQ is part of the Francosign family with ASL. As such, both languages are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_dialects_of_European_languages">Canadian dialects of European languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Canadian dialects of European languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_French">Acadian French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Acadian French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> is a unique form of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> which incorporates not only distinctly Canadian phrases but also nautical terms, English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)" title="Feature (linguistics)">linguistic features</a> found only in older forms of French as well as ones found in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Maritimer English</a> dialect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Brayon_French">Brayon French</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Brayon French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></div> A sub-dialect of <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>, Brayon French is spoken by those in <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Madawaska County">Madawaska County</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. The language is a mix of Acadian and Quebec French with influence from the local <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> languages, with only slight differentiation from the more standard Acadian French.<a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Québec_French">Québec French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Québec French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec French">Québec French</a></div> As the most spoken variety of French in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec French">Québec French</a> contains a significant number of dialects, generally grouped in two: the "old" dialects of the territories at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758%E2%80%931760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of New France (1758–1760)">British conquest</a> and the "new" dialects that arose post-conquest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chaouin_French">Chaouin French</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Chaouin French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chaouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaouin">Chaouin</a></div> Around 1615 as the <a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a> moved past <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">the city of Quebec</a>, those who settled in <a href="/wiki/Ndakinna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndakinna">Ndakinna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> land) developed unique features still found today, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Bois-Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bois-Francs">Bois-Francs</a> region South of the <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lawrence River">St. Lawrence</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Joual_French">Joual French</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Joual French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></div> Originally the dialect of the French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>, the cultural renaissance connected to the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> have resulted in Joual being spoken by people across the educational and economic spectrum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Màgoua_French">Màgoua French</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Màgoua French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Magoua_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Magoua dialect">Magoua dialect</a></div> Possibly deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a> word for "<a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">loon</a>" (makwa; standard French: huard), the French spoken by the Magoua community is one of the most conservative French dialects in North America. This <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">basilectal</a> dialect is found in <a href="/wiki/Nitaskinan" title="Nitaskinan">Nitaskinan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a> region became the first stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city of Quebec</a> in 1615. Magoua French preserves the sontaient ("étaient") characteristic of Métis French and Cajun French, has a creole-like past tense particle tà, and has old present-tense contraction of a former verb "to be" that behave in the same manner as subject clitics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Métis_French">Métis French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Métis French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a></div> Alongside <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> dialect of French is one of the traditional languages of the Métis people, and the French-dialect source of the Michif language.<a href="#cite_note-137">[120]</a> Métis French is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> with some added characters <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Ññ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Áá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Óó</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ææ">Ææ</a> (from older French spellings), such as: il ñá ócun nævus sur ce garçon English: "there is no birthmark on this boy."<a href="#cite_note-Papen1-62">[56]</a> There are also significant amounts of words loaned from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwemowin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa Ẕáágéʔ (Beaver)</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Papen2-63">[57]</a> Like Michif, Métis French is spoken predominantly in Manitoba as well as adjacent provinces and US states.<a href="#cite_note-138">[121]</a> As a general rule, Métis individuals tend to speak one or the other, rarely both.<a href="#cite_note-MetisFR-61">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland_French">Newfoundland French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Newfoundland French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a></div> Tracing their origins to Continental French fishermen who settled in the late 1800s and early 1900s, rather than the Québécois, Newfoundland French (or français terre-neuvien) refers to the French spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Port_Peninsula" title="Port au Port Peninsula">Port au Port Peninsula</a> (part of the so-called “<a href="/wiki/French_Shore" title="French Shore">French Shore</a>”) of Newfoundland. Some Acadians of the Maritimes also settled in the area. For this reason, Newfoundland French is most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> of nearby <a href="/wiki/St-Pierre-et-Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Pierre-et-Miquelon">St-Pierre-et-Miquelon</a>. Today, heavy contact with Acadian French—and especially widespread bilingualism with Newfoundland English—have taken their toll, and the community is in decline. The degree to which lexical features of Newfoundland French constitute a distinct dialect is not presently known. It is uncertain how many speakers survive; the dialect could be <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a>. There is a provincial advocacy organisation Fédération des Francophones de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador, representing both the Peninsular French and Acadian French communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontarois_French">Ontarois French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ontarois French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian#Franco-Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarian § Franco-Ontarian French</a></div> Although quite similar to Quebec French, the dialect of the Ontarois or Franco-Ontarians maintains distinctive features. These include the progressive disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a>, the use of the possessive á, the transfer of rules from English to French, e.g., "J’ai vu un film sur/à la télévision" which comes from "I saw a film on television", or "Je vais à la maison/chez moi" coming from "I'm going home," and the loaning of English conjunctions such as "so" for ça fait que or alors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_English">Black English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Black English">edit</a>]</div> In what is also called Black Canadian, Afro-Canadian, or African Canadian English, there exist several varieties of English spoken by <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a>. The most well-established is the dialect spoken by <a href="/wiki/Afro-Nova_Scotians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Nova Scotians">Afro-Nova Scotians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> In places like Toronto where there is a large population of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a> descendants and newcomers, localized varieties of Black English take on elements of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a>, as well as mixing with <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)</a>. Although AAVE is not nearly as widespread in Canada as it is across the United States, Black Canadians have various lines of connection to the dialect. Sometimes that connection is historical, such as with Black Nova Scotians; sometimes it is hegemonic, where Afro-Canadians adopt speech mannerisms from the larger United States; sometimes it is <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporic</a>, where communities of African-American newcomers or African-American descendants coalesce, especially in larger cities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Afro-Nova_Scotian_English">Afro-Nova Scotian English</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Afro-Nova Scotian English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African-American_English#African_Nova_Scotian_English" title="African-American English">African-American English § African Nova Scotian English</a></div> African Nova Scotian English is spoken by descendants of <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a>, black immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Though most <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">African American freedom seekers</a> in Canada ended up in Ontario through the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, only the dialect of African Nova Scotians retains the influence of West African pidgin.<a href="#cite_note-140">[123]</a> In the 19th century, African Nova Scotian English would have been indistinguishable from English spoken in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[124]</a> However, it has been increasingly de-creolized since this time, due to interaction and influence from the white Nova Scotian population. <a href="/wiki/Racial_desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial desegregation">Desegregation</a> of the province's school boards in 1964 further accelerated the process of de-creolization. The language is a relative of the <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>, with significant variations unique to the group's history in the area.<a href="#cite_note-142">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-143">[126]</a> There are noted differences in the dialects of those from <a href="/wiki/Guysborough_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Guysborough County">Guysborough County</a> (Black Loyalists), and those from <a href="/wiki/North_Preston" title="North Preston">North Preston</a> (Black Refugees), the Guysborough group having been in the province three generations earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-143">[126]</a> Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a>, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that speech patterns were inherited from nonstandard colonial English.<a href="#cite_note-144">[127]</a> The dialect was extensively studied in 1992 by Shana Poplack and Sali Tagliamonte from the University of Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-143">[126]</a> A commonality between African Nova Scotian English and African-American Vernacular English is <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">(r)-deletion</a>. This rate of deletion is 57% among Black Nova Scotians, and 60% among African Americans in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, in the surrounding mostly white communities of Nova Scotia, (r)-deletion does not occur.<a href="#cite_note-145">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cascadian_English">Cascadian English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Cascadian English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></div> The English language in British Columbia shares numerous features with the neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, such as the /æɡ/ raising (found words such as bag, vague and bagel). Boreal Cascadian English speakers exhibit more vowel retraction of /æ/ before nasals than people from Toronto, and younger speakers in the Greater Vancouver area do not raise /aʊ/ as much, but keep the drop in intonation, causing "about" to sound slightly like "a baht." The "o" in such words as holy, goal, load, know, etc. is pronounced as a close-mid back rounded vowel, [o], but not as rounded as in the Prairies where there are strong Scandinavian, Slavic and German influences, which can lend to a more stereotypical "Canadian" accent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_English">Indigenous English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Indigenous English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Aboriginal English in Canada</a></div> The varieties of English spoken by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous people</a> are <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologically</a> influenced by their first or traditional languages. This has resulted in an identifiable dialect spectrum distinct from other Canadian English dialects. Due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada#Indigenous_Peoples" title="Racism in Canada">stigmatization</a> of indigenous cultures, indigenous children could be wrongly diagnosed as having a speech impairment or a learning disability, when what is identified by medical professionals are simply the dialectal features.<a href="#cite_note-146">[129]</a> Some written works use indigenous English dialects. For example, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Campbell" title="Maria Campbell">Maria Campbell's</a> book <a href="/wiki/Stories_of_the_Road_Allowance_People" title="Stories of the Road Allowance People">Stories of the Road Allowance People</a> is a collection of Métis folktales. An excerpt from that work illustrates the type of speech used by Elders in rural Métis communities during her research, but some stories were collected in Cree or other languages and translated into dialectical English by Campbell: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Dere wasen very much he can steal from dah table anyways 'cept da knives and forks. An Margareet he knowed he wouldn dare take dem cause dat woman you know hees gots a hell of a repetation for being a hardheaded woman when he gets mad. Dat man he have to be a damn fool to steal from hees table. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dah Teef<a href="#cite_note-147">[130]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lunenburg_English">Lunenburg English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Lunenburg English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg English</a></div> Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a> dialect is sometimes called "Lunenburg Dutch" due to its rooting in the large <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Kurpfalzisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württembergisch</a> population who settled the town. Although the German language subsided significantly, the English of the town and county continue to be marked by its influence. Indeed, the pronunciation in Lunenburg county is the only Canadian community to be <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a>. The accent features Canadian raising and so flight [ˈflʌɪt] has a different vowel from fly [ˈflɑɪ], and the noun house [ˈhoʊs] has a different vowel from the verb house [ˈhɑʊz]. In Lunenburg, the phrase about a boat contains two identical stressed and two identical unstressed vowels: /əˌboʊt ə ˈboʊt/, rather than the Standard Canadian English /əˌbaʊt ə ˈboʊt/, with distinct stressed vowels. Due to German influence, there is a tendency to pronounce /w/ in witch the same as /v/ as in van. Another example is the lack of the dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/, which are replaced by the alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ (rendering "thank" and "tank" homophonous as /ˈtæŋk/), and the "t" at the end of words is usually silent: "get" becomes "ge." For example, here is a sample of a conversation between two people: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> "De kids vere over der in da woods, gettin inda dis an dat." "Dey never did?" "Yeah, an now dey gone da get some of dem der apples you see." "You don't say?" "No foolin, dey over der now." "Dey brung some of dem apples over heera da day before." "Oh, dey vere some good eatin I bet." "Now look, you make no nevermind, dose vere da best apples I ever did have, dey vas some good." "Oh, here dey come now, dey bedda know da wash der feet off." </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maritime_English">Maritime English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Maritime English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic Canadian English</a></div> Spoken across the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PEI" class="mw-redirect" title="PEI">PEI</a>, this English dialect has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Gaelic">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, and some Acadian French, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmawi'simk</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland_English">Newfoundland English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Newfoundland English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a></div> The initial European settlers to Newfoundland were fishermen from the various coastal villages of the English <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Bristol, and Wiltshire beginning in the 1500s (previously they visited in summer and returned). This set the basic speech patterns for those settlers who fanned out into isolated coves and bays along the island's 9,700 km (6,000 mi) of coastline to take advantage of the scattered off-shore fishing areas. <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, today the greater part of "Newfoundland", was then sparsely settled. The West Country dialects continued to be spoken in isolated coves and fjords of the island thus preserving varied dialects of what is today referred to as <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a>. It was not until the 1700s that social disruptions in Ireland sent thousands of Irish from the southeastern counties of Waterford, Wexford, Kilkenny, and Cork and to the Avalon peninsula in the eastern part of Newfoundland where significant Irish influence on the Newfoundland dialects may still be heard. Some of the Irish immigrants to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> were native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> making Newfoundland the only place outside Europe to have <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">its own Irish dialect</a>. Newfoundland was also the only place outside Europe to have its own distinct name in Irish: Talamh an Éisc, which means 'land of the fish'. The Irish language is now extinct in Newfoundland. After 400 years, much of the dialectal differences between the isolated settlements has levelled out beginning in the 20th century when faster boats (using gas engines instead of oars or sails), and improved road connections provided easier social contact. As well, influences from mainland North America began to affect the local dialects beginning during WWII when US and Canadian servicemen were stationed in Newfoundland and accelerating after Newfoundland became a Canadian province in 1949. Lack of an official orthography, publications in dialect, speaker attrition and official disinterest in promoting the language has been contributing factors towards a decline of speakers of the older, traditional Newfoundland English in the original settlements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottawa_Valley_Twang">Ottawa Valley Twang</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ottawa Valley Twang">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley Twang</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a>, sometimes referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of English, that is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley" title="Ottawa Valley">Ottawa Valley</a>, in Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-148">[131]</a> The Ottawa Valley is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclave</a> within Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-one_language-149">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_English">Quebec English</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Quebec English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec English</a></div> The language of <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecers" title="English-speaking Quebecers">English-speaking Quebecers</a> generally aligns to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian English</a>, however established ethnic groups retain certain, distinctive lexical features, such as the dialects spoken by <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_Cree" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bay Cree">Cree</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nunavimmiut" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nunavimmiut">Inuit</a>, Irish, Jewish, Italian, and Greek communities. Isolated fishing villages on the <a href="/wiki/Basse-C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Basse-Côte-Nord">Basse-Côte-Nord</a> speak Newfoundland English, and many <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9sie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspésie">Gaspesian</a> English-speakers use Maritime English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toronto_slang">Toronto slang</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Toronto slang">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Toronto slang</a></div> Spoken within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Toronto slang</a> is the nuanced, multicultural English spoken in the city. This dialect is heavily influenced by the different communities present, most notably the Jamaican, Trinidadian, Guyanese, and other Caribbean communities and their ways of speaking. There is also influence from West African, East African, and South Asian communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Canadian Gaelic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> was spoken by many immigrants who settled in <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry County (Ontario)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">the Maritimes</a>—predominantly in New Brunswick's <a href="/wiki/Restigouche_River" title="Restigouche River">Restigouche River</a> valley, central and southeastern Prince Edward Island, and across the whole of northern Nova Scotia—particularly <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Breton">Cape Breton</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> dialect has mostly disappeared, regional pockets persist. These are mostly centred on families deeply committed to their Celtic traditions. Nova Scotia currently has 500–1,000 fluent speakers, mostly in northwestern Cape Breton. There have been attempts in Nova Scotia to institute Gaelic immersion on the model of <a href="/wiki/French_immersion" title="French immersion">French immersion</a>. As well, formal post-secondary studies in Gaelic language and culture are available through <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_(Halifax)" title="Saint Mary's University (Halifax)">Saint Mary's University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton University</a> In 1890, a private member's bill was tabled in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Senate">Canadian Senate</a>, calling for Gaelic to be made Canada's third <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">official language</a>. However, the bill was defeated 42–7. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland_Irish">Newfoundland Irish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Newfoundland Irish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish language in Newfoundland</a></div> Newfoundland is home to the largest population of Irish-descendants in Canada and once hosted a thriving <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish Gaelic</a> linguistic community. Although steep declines around the 20th century meant that the Irish language on the Island hardly remains, there exists today strong interest with consistent efforts to revive the language. Newfoundland Irish has left an impact on the English spoken on the Island, including terms like scrob "scratch" (Irish scríob), sleveen "rascal" (Irish slíbhín) and streel "slovenly person" (Irish sraoill), along with grammatical features like the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English#Recent_past_construction" title="Hiberno-English">"after" perfect</a> as in "she's already after leavin'" (Irish tá sí tar éis imeacht).<a href="#cite_note-150">[133]</a> As well, both Newfoundland (Talamh an Éisc, Land of the Fish)<a href="#cite_note-151">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> (Baile Sheáin)<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a> have distinct names in the <a href="/wiki/Irish-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-language">Irish-language</a>. The dialect of Irish spoken in Newfoundland is said to resemble the <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a> of the 18th century. Events and institutions are increasingly supporting the language with ever larger <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9il%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Céilí">Céilithe móra</a>, students participating in <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a> events, people playing <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic sports</a>, and Irish film festivals attracting English- and Irish-speakers alike. There is also an Irish language instructor, appointed every year by the Ireland Canada University Foundation, who works at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial University">Memorial University</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[136]</a> where the university's Digital Learning Centre provides resources for learning the Irish language.<a href="#cite_note-154">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland_Welsh">Newfoundland Welsh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Newfoundland Welsh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language#Canada" title="Welsh language">Welsh language § Canada</a></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> is found in Newfoundland. In part, this is as a result of Welsh settlement since the 17th century. Also, there was an influx of about 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Patagonian Welsh</a>, who migrated to Canada from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> after the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. Welsh-Argentines are fluent in Spanish as well as English and Welsh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Canadian Ukrainian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></div> Canada is also home to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a>, a distinct dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>, spoken mostly in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> by the descendants of first two waves of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian settlement in Canada</a> who developed in a degree of isolation from their cousins in what was then <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doukhobor_Russian">Doukhobor Russian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Doukhobor Russian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></div> Canada's <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobor">Doukhobor</a> community, especially in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks,_British_Columbia" title="Grand Forks, British Columbia">Grand Forks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castlegar,_British_Columbia" title="Castlegar, British Columbia">Castlegar, British Columbia</a>, has kept its <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">distinct dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. It has a lot in common with <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">South Russian dialects</a>, showing some common features with Ukrainian. This dialect's versions are becoming extinct in their home regions of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> where the Doukhobors have split into smaller groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deitsch">Deitsch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Deitsch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a></div> A variety of <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Old Order Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonites" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Mennonites">Old Order Mennonites</a> and other descendants of <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German immigrants in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Deitsch</a> is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Rhine Valley">Upper Rhine Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a> Of the estimated 300,000 speakers, most are found across several US states, whilst there is a sizable community within Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-156">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hutterisch">Hutterisch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Hutterisch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></div> Centred in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, the <a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterite</a> communities maintain a <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">distinct form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian dialects</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> (by founder <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Hutter">Jacob Hutter</a>). The language shifted in the mid-18th century toward a more <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthian</a> linguistic base upon the deportation of <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Landler</a> from <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. There is only about a 50% intelligibility between <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> speakers and <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[140]</a> Its speaker base belongs to the Schmiedleit, Lehrerleit, and Dariusleit groups with a few speakers among the older generations of Prairieleit (the descendants of those Hutterites who chose not to settle in colonies). Hutterite children who grow up in the colonies first learn and speak Hutterisch before learning English. Of the estimated 34,000 speakers in the world (as of 2003), 85% of them live in 370 communities in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-158">[141]</a> Canadian adults are generally literate in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> (also called "Biblical German", the predecessor to Standard German used by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>) that they employ as the written form for Scriptures, however Hutterisch is, for the most part, an unwritten language.<a href="#cite_note-159">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Plautdietsch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a> is predominantly found in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario where <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> communities settled. The Mennonites, or <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a> as they are sometimes called, descend from <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low country</a> <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> who fled from what is today the Netherlands and Belgium in the 16th century to escape persecution and <a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">resettled in the Vistula delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[143]</a> Their language is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> dialects which over time mixed with the <a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Werdersch" title="Werdersch">Werdersch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nehrungisch" title="Nehrungisch">Nehrungisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialekt_des_Weichselgebietes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialekt des Weichselgebietes">Weichselisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_multilingualism">Official multilingualism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Official multilingualism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_the_public_service_of_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada">Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_policy_of_the_federal_government">Language policy of the federal government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Language policy of the federal government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal-Place_Vauquelin,_Note.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Montreal-Place_Vauquelin%2C_Note.jpg/220px-Montreal-Place_Vauquelin%2C_Note.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Montreal-Place_Vauquelin%2C_Note.jpg/330px-Montreal-Place_Vauquelin%2C_Note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Montreal-Place_Vauquelin%2C_Note.jpg/440px-Montreal-Place_Vauquelin%2C_Note.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">bilingual</a> sign in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></figcaption></figure> English and French have equal status in federal courts, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, as well as in all federal institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. Immigrants who are applying for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian citizenship</a> must normally be able to speak either English or French. The principles of bilingualism in Canada are protected in <a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">sections 16</a> to <a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> of 1982 which establishes that: <ul><li>French and English are equal to each other as federal official languages;</li> <li>Debate in Parliament may take place in either official language;</li> <li>Federal laws shall be printed in both official languages, with equal authority;</li> <li>Anyone may deal with any court established by Parliament, in either official language;</li> <li>Everyone has the right to receive services from the federal government in his or her choice of official language;</li> <li>Members of a minority language group of one of the official languages if learned and still understood (i.e., French speakers in a majority English-speaking province, or vice versa) or received primary school education in that language has the right to have their children receive a public education in their language, where numbers warrant.</li></ul> Canada's Official Languages Act, first adopted in 1969 and updated in 1988, gives English and French equal status throughout federal institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_policies_of_Canada's_provinces_and_territories">Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officially_bilingual_or_multilingual:_New_Brunswick,_Nova_Scotia,_and_the_three_territories">Officially bilingual or multilingual: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the three territories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Officially bilingual or multilingual: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the three territories">edit</a>]</div> New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Canada's three territories have all given official status to more than one language. In the case of New Brunswick, this means perfect equality. In the other cases, the recognition sometimes amounts to a formal recognition of official languages, but limited services in official languages other than English. The official languages are: <ul><li>New Brunswick: English and French. New Brunswick has been officially bilingual since the 1960s. The province's officially bilingual status has been entrenched in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since 1982.</li> <li>Nova Scotia: Mi'kmawi'simk is considered the province's official "first language."</li> <li>Northwest Territories: Cree, Dënësųłıné, Dene Yatıé / Dene Zhatıé,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> and Tłįchǫ.<a href="#cite_note-nwtlang-12">[9]</a></li> <li>Nunavut: English, Inuktut (Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun), and French.<a href="#cite_note-nulang-162">[145]</a></li> <li>Yukon: English and French.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officially_French-only:_Quebec">Officially French-only: Quebec</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Officially French-only: Quebec">edit</a>]</div> Until 1969, Quebec was the only officially bilingual province in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages. English was also used in the legislature, government commissions and courts. With the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a> (also known as "Bill 101") by Quebec's <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a> in August 1977, however, French became Quebec's sole official language. However, the Charter of the French Language enumerates a defined set of language rights for the English language and for Aboriginal languages, and government services are available, to certain citizens and in certain regions, in English. As well, a series of court decisions have forced the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Quebec government</a> to increase its English-language services beyond those provided for under the original terms of the Charter of the French Language. Regional institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Nord-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Nord-du-Québec">northern Quebec</a> offer services in Inuktitut and Cree. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_facto_English_only,_or_limited_French-language_services:_the_other_eight_provinces">De facto English only, or limited French-language services: the other eight provinces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: De facto English only, or limited French-language services: the other eight provinces">edit</a>]</div> Most provinces have laws that make either English or both English and French the official language(s) of the legislature and the courts but may also have separate policies in regards to education and the bureaucracy. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, English and French are both official languages of debate in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly</a>, but laws may be drafted solely in English and there is no legal requirement that they be translated into French. French can be used in some lower courts and education is offered in both languages, but the bureaucracy functions almost solely in English. Therefore, although Alberta is not officially an English-only province, English has a higher de facto status than French. Ontario and Manitoba are similar but allow for more services in French at the local level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg/290px-Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg/435px-Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg/580px-Diversity_of_languages_in_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The following table details the population of each province and territory, with summary national totals, by mother tongue as reported in the Canada 2016 Census. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/territory </th> <th>Total population </th> <th>English </th> <th>% </th> <th>French </th> <th>% </th> <th>Other languages </th> <th>% </th> <th>Official language(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>13,312,870 </td> <td>9,255,660</td> <td>69.52% </td> <td>568,345</td> <td>4.27% </td> <td>3,865,780</td> <td>29.04% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English (de facto)<a href="#cite_note-163">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td>8,066,555 </td> <td>718,985</td> <td>8.91% </td> <td>6,377,080</td> <td>79.06% </td> <td>1,173,345</td> <td>14.54% </td> <td style="text-align:left">French<a href="#cite_note-qclang-9">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td>4,598,415 </td> <td>3,271,425</td> <td>71.14% </td> <td>71,705</td> <td>1.56% </td> <td>1,360,815</td> <td>29.59% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English (de facto) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td>4,026,650 </td> <td>3,080,865</td> <td>76.51% </td> <td>86,705</td> <td>2.15% </td> <td>952,790</td> <td>23.66% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td>1,261,615 </td> <td>931,410</td> <td>73.83% </td> <td>46,055</td> <td>3.65% </td> <td>316,120</td> <td>25.06% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> </td> <td>1,083,240 </td> <td>910,865</td> <td>84.09% </td> <td>17,735</td> <td>1.64% </td> <td>173,475</td> <td>16.01% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td>912,300 </td> <td>838,055</td> <td>91.86% </td> <td>33,345</td> <td>3.66% </td> <td>49,165</td> <td>5.39% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English (de facto)<a href="#cite_note-NS-164">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td>736,280 </td> <td>481,690</td> <td>65.42% </td> <td>238,865</td> <td>32.44% </td> <td>25,165</td> <td>3.42% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, French </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> </td> <td>515,680 </td> <td>501,350</td> <td>97.22% </td> <td>3,020</td> <td>0.59% </td> <td>13,035</td> <td>2.53% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English (de facto) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td>141,020 </td> <td>128,975</td> <td>91.46% </td> <td>5,395</td> <td>3.83% </td> <td>7,670</td> <td>5.44% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English (de facto) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td>41,380 </td> <td>32,545</td> <td>78.65% </td> <td>1,365</td> <td>3.30% </td> <td>8,295</td> <td>20.05% </td> <td style="text-align:left">Cree, Dënësųłıné, Dene Yatıé / Zhatıé,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́,<a href="#cite_note-Slavey-1">[nb 1]</a> Tłįchǫ<a href="#cite_note-nwtlang-12">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> </td> <td>35,555 </td> <td>29,765</td> <td>83.72% </td> <td>1,815</td> <td>5.10% </td> <td>4,665</td> <td>13.12% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, French </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> </td> <td>35,695 </td> <td>11,745</td> <td>32.90% </td> <td>640</td> <td>1.79% </td> <td>24,050</td> <td>67.38% </td> <td style="text-align:left">Inuit Language (Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun), English, French<a href="#cite_note-nulang-162">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9DBEC3;"> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>34,767,255 </td> <td>20,193,340</td> <td>58.08% </td> <td>7,452,075</td> <td>21.43% </td> <td>7,974,375</td> <td>22.94% </td> <td style="text-align:left">English, French </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style="">Source: Statistics Canada, Mother tongue by age (Total), 2016 counts for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census .<a href="#cite_note-pop1-18">[14]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knowledge_of_languages">Knowledge of languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Knowledge of languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Top ten spoken languages in Canada 2021 census<a href="#cite_note-165">[b]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Language</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:87.06%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">87.06%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:29.08%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29.08%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><a href="#cite_note-chinese-166">[c]</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:4.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustani-167">[d]</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:3.24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:3.22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:2.59%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.59%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:2.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:2.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.03%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1.51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.51%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1.15%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.15%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the <a href="/wiki/1991_Canadian_census" title="1991 Canadian census">1991 Canadian census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[e]</a> The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, <a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001 Canadian census</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 Canadian census</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <caption>Knowledge of Languages in Canada </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Language </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-language2021-170">[148]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-language2011-171">[149]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-language2001-168">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-language2001B-172">[150]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-language1991-173">[151]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>31,628,570 </td> <td>87.06% </td> <td>28,360,235<a href="#cite_note-language2011B-174">[152]</a> </td> <td>85.63% </td> <td>25,246,220<a href="#cite_note-language2001C-175">[153]</a> </td> <td>85.18% </td> <td>22,505,415 </td> <td>83.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>10,563,235 </td> <td>29.08% </td> <td>9,960,585<a href="#cite_note-language2011B-174">[152]</a> </td> <td>30.07% </td> <td>9,178,100<a href="#cite_note-language2001C-175">[153]</a> </td> <td>30.97% </td> <td>8,508,960 </td> <td>31.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><a href="#cite_note-chinese-166">[c]</a> </td> <td>1,528,860 </td> <td>4.21% </td> <td>1,297,505 </td> <td>3.92% </td> <td>1,028,445 </td> <td>3.47% </td> <td>557,305 </td> <td>2.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustani-167">[d]</a> </td> <td>1,176,295 </td> <td>3.24% </td> <td>576,165 </td> <td>1.74% </td> <td>366,740 </td> <td>1.24% </td> <td>163,930 </td> <td>0.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td>1,171,450 </td> <td>3.22% </td> <td>873,395 </td> <td>2.64% </td> <td>610,580 </td> <td>2.06% </td> <td>402,430 </td> <td>1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>942,170 </td> <td>2.59% </td> <td>545,730 </td> <td>1.65% </td> <td>338,720 </td> <td>1.14% </td> <td>167,925 </td> <td>0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td>838,045 </td> <td>2.31% </td> <td>470,965 </td> <td>1.42% </td> <td>290,280 </td> <td>0.98% </td> <td>164,380 </td> <td>0.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td> <td>737,565 </td> <td>2.03% </td> <td>491,075 </td> <td>1.48% </td> <td>244,690 </td> <td>0.83% </td> <td>136,975 </td> <td>0.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </td> <td>547,655 </td> <td>1.51% </td> <td>595,600 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>680,970 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>701,910 </td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td>419,195 </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>525,480 </td> <td>1.59% </td> <td>635,520 </td> <td>2.14% </td> <td>684,955 </td> <td>2.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td>336,865 </td> <td>0.93% </td> <td>266,950 </td> <td>0.81% </td> <td>264,990 </td> <td>0.89% </td> <td>254,465 </td> <td>0.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><a href="#cite_note-persian-177">[f]</a> </td> <td>330,725 </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>196,110 </td> <td>0.59% </td> <td>111,700 </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>49,380 </td> <td>0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td>309,235 </td> <td>0.85% </td> <td>230,755 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>157,455 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>84,050 </td> <td>0.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td>237,890 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>179,465 </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>111,580 </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>37,330 </td> <td>0.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> </td> <td>232,800 </td> <td>0.64% </td> <td>192,070 </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>165,645 </td> <td>0.56% </td> <td>113,115 </td> <td>0.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> </td> <td>209,410 </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>118,950 </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>80,835 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>54,210 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td>204,460 </td> <td>0.56% </td> <td>217,735 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>249,695 </td> <td>0.84% </td> <td>239,575 </td> <td>0.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </td> <td>203,885 </td> <td>0.56% </td> <td>149,035 </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>91,610 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>40,230 </td> <td>0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a><a href="#cite_note-serbocroatian-178">[g]</a> </td> <td>155,775 </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>154,700 </td> <td>0.47% </td> <td>153,085 </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>100,541 </td> <td>0.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td>145,060 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>150,620 </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>158,800 </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>161,320 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> </td> <td>134,895 </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>128,555 </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td>76,140 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>49,970 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td>131,655 </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>144,260 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>200,520 </td> <td>0.68% </td> <td>249,535 </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </td> <td>120,605 </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>69,490 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>34,650 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td> <td>116,520 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>97,180 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>60,520 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>30,520 </td> <td>0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td> <td>107,985 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>135,085 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>157,875 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>173,290 </td> <td>0.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a><a href="#cite_note-cree-179">[h]</a> </td> <td>105,850 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>96,690 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>97,200 </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>93,825 </td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> </td> <td>98,070 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>74,690 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>65,030 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>45,370 </td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> </td> <td>83,205 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>70,695 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>63,675 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>52,450 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td> <td>78,500 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>44,080 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>32,520 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </td> <td>77,910 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>22,125 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>9,185 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td> <td>64,625 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>73,695 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>89,230 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>97,410 </td> <td>0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> </td> <td>61,680 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>21,880 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.03% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> </td> <td>59,005 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>37,115 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.03% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> </td> <td>57,295 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>31,690 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>25,300 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> </td> <td>54,685 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>12,645 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.03% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_of_official_languages">Knowledge of official languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Knowledge of official languages">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Knowledge of Official Languages in Canada </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Language </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-language2021B-180">[154]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<a href="#cite_note-language2016-181">[155]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-language2011B-174">[152]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<a href="#cite_note-language2006-182">[156]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-language2001-168">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-language2001C-175">[153]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1996<a href="#cite_note-language1996-183">[157]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-language1991B-184">[158]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1981<a href="#cite_note-language1981-185">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-language1981B-186">[160]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> total </td> <td>31,628,570 </td> <td>87.06% </td> <td>29,973,590 </td> <td>86.21% </td> <td>28,360,235 </td> <td>85.63% </td> <td>26,578,795 </td> <td>85.08% </td> <td>25,246,220 </td> <td>85.18% </td> <td>23,975,565 </td> <td>84.04% </td> <td>22,505,415 </td> <td>83.37% </td> <td>19,804,855 </td> <td>82.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> total </td> <td>10,563,235 </td> <td>29.08% </td> <td>10,360,750 </td> <td>29.8% </td> <td>9,960,585 </td> <td>30.07% </td> <td>9,590,700 </td> <td>30.7% </td> <td>9,178,100 </td> <td>30.97% </td> <td>8,920,405 </td> <td>31.27% </td> <td>8,508,960 </td> <td>31.52% </td> <td>7,669,205 </td> <td>31.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> only </td> <td>25,261,655 </td> <td>69.54% </td> <td>23,757,525 </td> <td>68.33% </td> <td>22,564,665 </td> <td>68.13% </td> <td>21,129,945 </td> <td>67.64% </td> <td>20,014,645 </td> <td>67.53% </td> <td>19,134,245 </td> <td>67.07% </td> <td>18,106,760 </td> <td>67.08% </td> <td>16,122,895 </td> <td>66.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> only </td> <td>4,087,895 </td> <td>11.25% </td> <td>4,144,685 </td> <td>11.92% </td> <td>4,165,015 </td> <td>12.58% </td> <td>4,141,850 </td> <td>13.26% </td> <td>3,946,525 </td> <td>13.32% </td> <td>4,079,085 </td> <td>14.3% </td> <td>4,110,305 </td> <td>15.23% </td> <td>3,987,245 </td> <td>16.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> & <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>6,581,680 </td> <td>18.12% </td> <td>6,216,065 </td> <td>17.88% </td> <td>5,795,570 </td> <td>17.5% </td> <td>5,448,850 </td> <td>17.44% </td> <td>5,231,575 </td> <td>17.65% </td> <td>4,841,320 </td> <td>16.97% </td> <td>4,398,655 </td> <td>16.29% </td> <td>3,681,960 </td> <td>15.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neither <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> nor <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>689,725 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>648,970 </td> <td>1.87% </td> <td>595,920 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>520,385 </td> <td>1.67% </td> <td>446,285 </td> <td>1.51% </td> <td>473,475 </td> <td>1.66% </td> <td>378,320 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>291,395 </td> <td>1.21% </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speakers_by_mother_tongue">Speakers by mother tongue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Speakers by mother tongue">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Languages in Canada (<a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">Mother Tongue</a>) 2016 Census</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Language</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:55.97%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55.97%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:20.61%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.61%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Non-official</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:21.06%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21.06%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">English and French</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.48%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">First language</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">Single language</a> responses</td> <td>33,947,610</td> <td>97.64%</td> <td>32,481,635</td> <td>98.07%</td> <td>30,848,270</td> <td>98.74%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official languages</a></td> <td>26,627,545</td> <td>76.59%</td> <td>25,913,955</td> <td>78.24%</td> <td>24,700,425</td> <td>79.06%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td>19,460,855</td> <td>55.97%</td> <td>18,858,980</td> <td>56.94%</td> <td>17,882,775</td> <td>57.24%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td>7,166,700</td> <td>20.61%</td> <td>7,054,975</td> <td>21.3%</td> <td>6,817,650</td> <td>21.82%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Non-official languages</td> <td>7,321,070</td> <td>21.06%</td> <td>6,567,680</td> <td>19.83%</td> <td>6,147,840</td> <td>19.68%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Combined Chinese Responses</a></td> <td>1,227,680</td> <td>3.53%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td style="text-align: left">Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)</td> <td>592,035</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>248,705</td> <td>0.75%</td> <td>170,950</td> <td>0.55%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></td> <td>565,275</td> <td>1.63%</td> <td>372,460</td> <td>1.12%</td> <td>361,450</td> <td>1.16%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td> <td>501,680</td> <td>1.44%</td> <td>430,705</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>367,505</td> <td>1.18%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>458,850</td> <td>1.32%</td> <td>410,670</td> <td>1.24%</td> <td>345,345</td> <td>1.11%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></td> <td>431,385</td> <td>1.24%</td> <td>327,445</td> <td>0.99%</td> <td>235,615</td> <td>0.75%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td>419,895</td> <td>1.21%</td> <td>327,870</td> <td>0.99%</td> <td>261,640</td> <td>0.84%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td>384,040</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>409,200</td> <td>1.24%</td> <td>450,570</td> <td>1.44%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>375,645</td> <td>1.08%</td> <td>407,485</td> <td>1.23%</td> <td>455,040</td> <td>1.46%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></td> <td>321,465</td> <td>0.92%</td> <td>263,345</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>224,045</td> <td>0.72%</td> <td style="text-align: left">Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td>221,535</td> <td>0.64%</td> <td>211,335</td> <td>0.64%</td> <td>219,275</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (Farsi)</td> <td>214,200</td> <td>0.62%</td> <td>170,045</td> <td>0.51%</td> <td>134,080</td> <td>0.43%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td> <td>210,820</td> <td>0.61%</td> <td>172,800</td> <td>0.52%</td> <td>145,805</td> <td>0.47%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td> <td>188,255</td> <td>0.54%</td> <td>164,330</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>133,580</td> <td>0.43%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></td> <td>181,705</td> <td>0.52%</td> <td>191,645</td> <td>0.58%</td> <td>211,175</td> <td>0.68%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td> <td>156,430</td> <td>0.45%</td> <td>144,880</td> <td>0.44%</td> <td>141,625</td> <td>0.45%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td> <td>153,425</td> <td>0.44%</td> <td>137,925</td> <td>0.42%</td> <td>125,570</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td> <td>140,720</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>131,265</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>115,880</td> <td>0.37%</td> <td style="text-align: left">Most of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canadian Tamils</a> live in Toronto. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td> <td>110,645</td> <td>0.32%</td> <td>90,545</td> <td>0.27%</td> <td>78,240</td> <td>0.25%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></td> <td>108,775</td> <td>0.31%</td> <td>91,450</td> <td>0.28%</td> <td>81,465</td> <td>0.26%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td>106,520</td> <td>0.31%</td> <td>108,925</td> <td>0.33%</td> <td>117,285</td> <td>0.38%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td> <td>102,485</td> <td>0.29%</td> <td>111,540</td> <td>0.34%</td> <td>134,500</td> <td>0.43%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td>99,015</td> <td>0.28%</td> <td>110,490</td> <td>0.33%</td> <td>128,900</td> <td>0.41%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td> <td>96,660</td> <td>0.28%</td> <td>90,300</td> <td>0.27%</td> <td>78,495</td> <td>0.25%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></td> <td>73,125</td> <td>0.21%</td> <td>59,370</td> <td>0.18%</td> <td>45,685</td> <td>0.15%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></td> <td>72,130</td> <td>0.21%</td> <td>61,725</td> <td>0.19%</td> <td>53,515</td> <td>0.17%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, n.o.s.<a href="#cite_note-nos-90">[nb 7]</a></td> <td>64,045</td> <td>0.18%</td> <td>77,900</td> <td>0.24%</td> <td>78,855</td> <td>0.25%</td> <td style="text-align: left">In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td> <td>61,235</td> <td>0.18%</td> <td>67,920</td> <td>0.21%</td> <td>73,335</td> <td>0.23%</td> <td style="text-align: left">The majority of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian speakers</a> in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>)</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>57,855</td> <td>0.17%</td> <td>25,578</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></td> <td>57,345</td> <td>0.16%</td> <td>56,420</td> <td>0.17%</td> <td>51,665</td> <td>0.17%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></td> <td>48,200</td> <td>0.14%</td> <td>49,730</td> <td>0.15%</td> <td>55,330</td> <td>0.18%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td> <td>43,640</td> <td>0.13%</td> <td>39,985</td> <td>0.12%</td> <td>40,200</td> <td>0.13%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, n.o.s.<a href="#cite_note-nos-90">[nb 7]</a></td> <td>38,575</td> <td>0.11%</td> <td>425,210</td> <td>1.28%</td> <td>456,705</td> <td>1.46%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></td> <td>36,760</td> <td>0.11%</td> <td>31,380</td> <td>0.09%</td> <td>27,320</td> <td>0.09%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></td> <td>35,215</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>33,500</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>32,015</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td style="text-align: left">In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td> <td>33,455</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>29,795</td> <td>0.09%</td> <td>30,130</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td> <td>32,815</td> <td>0.09%</td> <td>29,640</td> <td>0.09%</td> <td>24,745</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Min Nan (Chaochow, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochow</a>, Fukien, Taiwanese)</td> <td>31,795</td> <td>0.09%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td> <td>28,570</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td>16,080</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>11,925</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td> <td>26,895</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td>23,820</td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></td> <td>26,345</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td>17,915</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>13,450</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a></td> <td>22,465</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>18,020</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>14,555</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></td> <td>22,295</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>23,585</td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>24,450</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer (Cambodian)</a></td> <td>20,130</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>19,440</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>19,105</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></td> <td>20,020</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>19,050</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>16,790</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td>19,530</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>18,450</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>17,635</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>19,140</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td>14,075</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></td> <td>18,275</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>8,480</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibway</a></td> <td>17,885</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>17,625</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>24,190</td> <td>0.08%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></td> <td>17,585</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>17,580</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>18,820</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></td> <td>16,910</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>12,465</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>9,025</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></td> <td>16,770</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>17,245</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>18,435</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrigna</a></td> <td>16,650</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>10,220</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>7,105</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></td> <td>16,335</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>14,185</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>10,180</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Bisayan languages</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>16,240</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>11,240</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></td> <td>15,655</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>9,315</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>6,625</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td> <td>15,295</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>17,415</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>21,030</td> <td>0.07%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></td> <td>13,555</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>15,205</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>16,295</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan (Twi)</a></td> <td>13,460</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>12,680</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>12,780</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></td> <td>13,375</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>10,090</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>7,935</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> (Shanghainese)</td> <td>12,920</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a></td> <td>12,855</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>9,835</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>11,690</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></td> <td>12,670</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>12,970</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>13,940</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td>12,630</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>14,145</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>18,735</td> <td>0.06%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td> <td>12,275</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>10,910</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>9,490</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></td> <td>12,210</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>11,685</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>12,790</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></td> <td>11,860</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>11,330</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>10,355</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></td> <td>11,705</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>9,805</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>7,660</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></td> <td>10,910</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>5,115</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dene</a>, n.o.s.<a href="#cite_note-nos-90">[nb 7]</a></td> <td>10,700</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>11,215</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>9,745</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></td> <td>10,260</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>8,770</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Montagnais (Innu)</a></td> <td>10,230</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>10,785</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>10,975</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td style="text-align: left">In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a>'. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a></td> <td>9,785</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>10,775</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>13,135</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>9,635</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>9,620</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></td> <td>9,555</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>10,155</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>12,510</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td style="text-align: left">All varieties of Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian) combined would enumerate a total of 127,310 speakers (0.37% of total population). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>9,125</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></td> <td>9,255</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>7,935</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></td> <td>8,295</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>5,830</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>7,150</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></td> <td>7,075</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>7,245</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>8,335</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td>6,840</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>7,350</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>8,220</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></td> <td>6,690</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>7,635</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>7,365</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Tibetan</td> <td>6,165</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></td> <td>6,150</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>5,820</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>5,250</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>6,015</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>6,015</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Fukien (<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a>)</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>5,925</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Rundi (<a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>)</td> <td>5,845</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>3,975</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></td> <td>5,565</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>6,220</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>6,405</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></td> <td>5,445</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>6,385</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>8,240</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></td> <td>5,455</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>6,200</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a> (Rwanda)</td> <td>5,250</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>3,895</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>5,180</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>5,255</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></td> <td>4,960</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>11,140</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></td> <td>4,615</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>5,800</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>7,225</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan languages</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>4,640</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>4,360</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>4,125</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>3,815</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Vlaams (<a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>)</td> <td>3,895</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>4,690</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>5,660</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a></td> <td>3,810</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>3,085</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></td> <td>3,585</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>2,985</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></td> <td>3,025</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>3,050</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>2,920</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></td> <td>2,815</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>3,085</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>2,420</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>3,630</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>2,155</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>16,970</td> <td>0.05%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></td> <td>2,095</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>2,890</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a> (Tlicho)</td> <td>1,645</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>2,020</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>1,405</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a>)</td> <td>1,265</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>5,585</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></td> <td>1,260</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1,920</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></td> <td>1,095</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></td> <td>1,075</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></td> <td>1,030</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1,560</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>)</td> <td>1,020</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>365</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></td> <td>985</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>290</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">South Slavey</a></td> <td>950</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1,605</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td style="text-align: left">Also known as Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé, or Dené Dháh. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan (Gitksan)</a></td> <td>880</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1,180</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">North Slavey</a></td> <td>765</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1,065</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td style="text-align: left">Also known as Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́, K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Tsilhqot'in</a></td> <td>655</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1,070</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td style="text-align: left">Also spelled Chilcotin. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a></td> <td>530</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënësųłıné</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>525</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></td> <td>465</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a> (Secwepemctsin)</td> <td>445</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>935</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></td> <td>400</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>680</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite</a></td> <td>300</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>535</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux)</a></td> <td>260</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>360</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></td> <td>95</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>80</td> <td><0.01%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Other <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>77,890</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>172,650</td> <td>0.55%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multiple language</a> responses</td> <td>818,640</td> <td>2.35%</td> <td>639,540</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>392,760</td> <td>1.26%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">English and French</td> <td>165,335</td> <td>0.48%</td> <td>144,685</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>98,630</td> <td>0.32%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">English and a non-official language</td> <td>533,260</td> <td>1.53%</td> <td>396,330</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>240,005</td> <td>0.77%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">French and a non-official language</td> <td>86,145</td> <td>0.25%</td> <td>74,430</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>43,335</td> <td>0.14%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">English, French, and a non-official language</td> <td>33,900</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>24,095</td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>10,790</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Total<a href="#cite_note-187">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[163]</a></td> <td>34,767,250</td> <td>100%</td> <td>33,121,175</td> <td>100%</td> <td>31,241,030</td> <td>100%</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_used_most_often_at_work">Language used most often at work</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Language used most often at work">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> used most often at work </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>% of total population (2006)<a href="#cite_note-languagesatwork2006-190">[164]</a> </th> <th>% of total population (2016)<a href="#cite_note-languagesatwork2016-191">[165]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td align="right">76.36% </td> <td align="right">76.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>French </td> <td align="right">20.22% </td> <td align="right">19.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-official </td> <td align="right">1.49% </td> <td align="right">1.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>English and French </td> <td align="right">1.37% </td> <td align="right">2.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>English and non-official </td> <td align="right">0.47% </td> <td align="right">0.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-192">[i]</a> </td> <td align="right">0.09% </td> <td align="right">0.12% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_used_most_often_at_home">Language used most often at home</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Language used most often at home">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Language used most often at home </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>% of total population (2006)<a href="#cite_note-193">[166]</a> </th> <th>% of total population (2016)<a href="#cite_note-languagesathome2016-194">[167]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td align="right">65.89% </td> <td align="right">63.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>French </td> <td align="right">21.15% </td> <td align="right">19.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-official </td> <td align="right">11.11% </td> <td align="right">11.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>English and non-official </td> <td align="right">1.3% </td> <td align="right">3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>English and French </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td> <td align="right">0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-195">[j]</a> </td> <td align="right">0.24% </td> <td align="right">0.63% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Franco-Albertans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Canada" title="Italian language in Canada">Italian language in Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Algic-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Algic_94-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Anishininiimowin ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓂᓃᒧᐏᐣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw nehirâmowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Daawaamwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">ililîmowin ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐎᓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">ininîmowin ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu-aimun">Innu- / Ilnu-Aimûn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">Iiyiyiu- / Iiyiyuu- / Iinuu-Ayamiwin ᐄᔨᔨᐤ- / ᐄᔨᔫ- / ᐄᓅ-ᐊᔨᒨᓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Mi'kmawi'simk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Mitchif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Nakawēmowin ᓇᐦᑲᐌᒧᐎᓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi Iyimuun ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">nêhinawêwin ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">nêhiyawêwin ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">nīhithawīwin ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Niitsipowahsin ᖹᐨᓱᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwemowin ᐅᒋᑉᐧᐁᒧᐎᓐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Omàmìwininìmowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Wəlastəkey latowewakən</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Wôbanakiôdwawôgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">ʔɔʔɔ́ɔ́ɔ́naakíitʔɔh</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inuit-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Inuit_95-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilingmiutut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">Iglulingmiutut ᐃᒡᓗᓕᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Inuttitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiryuarmiutun" title="Kangiryuarmiutun">Kangiryuarmiutun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivallirmiutut ᑭᕙᓪᓕᕐᒥᐅᑐᑦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilingmiutut ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkuhiksalik" title="Utkuhiksalik">Utkuhiksalingmiutitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iroquoian-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Iroquoian_96-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Gayogo̱hó:nǫʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Kanienʼkéha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onǫdaʼgegáʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Onödowáʼga:ʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Onʌyotaʔa:ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Ska:rù:ręʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wendat</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dene-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Dene_97-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Dakelh ᑕᗸᒡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Dän kʼè / Dän kʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa Ẕáágéʔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Dené Dháh / Dene Yatıé / Dene Zhatıé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënë Sųłınë́ Yatıé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Häł gołan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska Dene Zágéʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Lingít</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Nedut'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tā̀gish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tałtan ẕāke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Tse'khene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsilhqot'in language">Tŝilhqot’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsúùtʼínà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Witsuwitʼen</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plains-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Plains_98-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Prairie Hand Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Onʌyota'a:ká Sign Language</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salishan-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Salishan_99-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Éy7á7juuthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halq̓eméylem Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees" title="Songhees">Lək̓ʷəŋən</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Nłeʔkepmxcín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">n̓səl̓xcin̓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Secwepemctsín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">SENĆOŦEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt language">Sháshíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">sn-səlxcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">St̓át̓imcets / Sƛ̓aƛ̓imxǝc / Lil̓wat7úlmec / Ucwalmícwts</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siouan-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Siouan_100-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakȟótiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Hohe Nakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney Nakoda</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsimshian-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsimshian_101-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsimshian languages">Tsimshian languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsanimaax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisg̱a’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Sgüüx̣s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Sm'álgyax</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakashan-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Wakashan_102-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">diitiidʔaaʔtx̣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk_dialect" title="Heiltsuk dialect">Haíɫzaqv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">nuučaan̓uɫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oowekyala" title="Oowekyala">’Wuik̓ala</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plateau-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Plateau_103-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secwepemc_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secwepemc Sign Language (page does not exist)">Secwepemcékst</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Slavey-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavey_1-10">k</a> Also known as the "Slavey language(s)," these languages are grouped into the North (Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sahtu" title="Sahtu">Sahtu Dene</a>, the Hare Dene dialect of K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and the northern mountain dialect of Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́) and South (Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé, and Dené Dháh used predominately by the <a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a> in Alberta). There is a sizeable push to end of the use of the name Slave or Slavey in relation to these Dene nations.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> First Language of Nova Scotia<a href="#cite_note-FirstLang-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-LangAct-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 200,725 Canadians, or less than one per cent of the population, report an Aboriginal language as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Nearly 148,000 people reported speaking both a language other than English or French most often and a second language other than English or French on a regular basis at home. The term "immigrant languages" refers to languages (other than English, French and Aboriginal languages) whose presence in Canada is originally due to immigration. The document entitled Aboriginal languages in Canada, Catalogue no. 98‑314‑X2011003, in the Census in Brief series, provides more detailed information on this subject.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> 18,858,908 Canadians identify their mother tongue as English. 599,230 Québécois identify their mother tongue as English and of that 309,885 live in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-Navigator-22">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Of the 33,121,175 Canadians only 9,960,590 report to having knowledge of the French language.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-19">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nos-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nos_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos_90-5">f</a> n.o.s. – not otherwise specified </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_176-12">m</a> n.i.e. – not included elsewhere </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NS-164"><a href="#cite_ref-NS_164-0">^</a> Nova Scotia has since enacted Miꞌkmaq as the province’s first language </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian Census</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chinese-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinese_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinese_166-1">b</a> 2021 census: Combined responses of the Chinese languages, including Mandarin (987,300), Cantonese (724,925), Min Nan, Hakka, Wu (Shanghainese), Min Dong, Chinese, n.o.s.,<a href="#cite_note-nos-90">[nb 7]</a> and Chinese languages, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindustani-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindustani_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindustani_167-1">b</a> 2021 census: Combined responses of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (761,425) and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (414,870) as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> The 1991 Census was the first to ask Canadians whether they could conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French<a href="#cite_note-language2001-168">[147]</a>: 50  </li> <li id="cite_note-persian-177"><a href="#cite_ref-persian_177-0">^</a> 2021 census: Combined responses of Iranian Persian (222,160), Dari, and Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.,<a href="#cite_note-nos-90">[nb 7]</a> as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Persian language, and as they were all categorized under "Persian" in previous censuses. </li> <li id="cite_note-serbocroatian-178"><a href="#cite_ref-serbocroatian_178-0">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, and Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.<a href="#cite_note-nie-176">[nb 8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cree-179"><a href="#cite_ref-cree_179-0">^</a> 2021 census: Total number of speakers of the Cree-Innu languages, previously categorized under "Cree" in past censuses. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> French and non-official language OR English, French and non-official language </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> French and non-official language OR English, French and non-official language </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FirstLang-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FirstLang_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FirstLang_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20220407003">"Legislation Enshrines Mi'kmaw as Nova Scotia's First Language"</a>. Province of Nova Scotia (in English and Mi'kmaw). L'nu Affairs. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Province+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.atitle=Legislation+Enshrines+Mi%27kmaw+as+Nova+Scotia%27s+First+Language&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fnews%2Frelease%2F%3Fid%3D20220407003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LangAct-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LangAct_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LangAct_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LangAct_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nslegislature.ca/legislative-business/bills-statutes/bills/assembly-64-session-1/bill-148">Mi'kmaw Language Act</a> (Bill 148). Nova Scotia Legislature. 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaw+Language+Act&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Legislature&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnslegislature.ca%2Flegislative-business%2Fbills-statutes%2Fbills%2Fassembly-64-session-1%2Fbill-148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference "LangAct" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103328&PRID=0&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations – Mother Tongue - Detailed Aboriginal Languages (85), Languages Spoken Most Often at Home - Detailed Aboriginal Languages (85), Other Languages Spoken Regularly at Home - Aboriginal Languages (12), Age Groups (13A), Sex (3) and Area of Residence (6) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2011 Census"</a>. 24 October 2012. 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Mother tongue, official language and home language"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 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Retrieved 2022-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile+for+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Divisions+and+Census+Subdivisions%2C+1981+Census+-+Part+B&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus81%2Fdata%2Ftables%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D113752%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D113743%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D1986%26THEME%3D134%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada"</a>. Statistics Canada. August 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dcanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1#Note20">"Census Profile"</a>. 8 February 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D1%23Note20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89202&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006 Census of Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701114242/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89202&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971%2C97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> July 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-languagesatwork2006-190"><a href="#cite_ref-languagesatwork2006_190-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92002&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Statistics Canada – Language used at work1 by frequency of language used at work and mother tongue, 2006 counts</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-languagesatwork2016-191"><a href="#cite_ref-languagesatwork2016_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2017" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language+of+work&TABID=1&type=0">"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+-+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+and+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DLanguage%2Bof%2Bwork%26TABID%3D1%26type%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> The percentage figures cited are the top languages spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Home_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Home language">home language</a> in Canada, shown as a percentage of total single responses. Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 6–10. Data available online at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=0&LANG=E&A=R&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GID=837928&GK=1&GRP=1&O=D&PID=94817&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=702&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0">"Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home"</a>. 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. April 8, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census+of+Canada%3A+Topic-based+tabulations&rft.atitle=Detailed+Language+Spoken+Most+Often+at+Home&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Ftbt%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FTABID%3D0%26LANG%3DE%26A%3DR%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D01%26GID%3D837928%26GK%3D1%26GRP%3D1%26O%3DD%26PID%3D94817%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971%2C97154%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D702%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3D0%26D6%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-languagesathome2016-194"><a href="#cite_ref-languagesathome2016_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1&type=0">"Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] Language spoken most often at home"</a>. 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+and+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+Language+spoken+most+often+at+home&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DLanguage%26TABID%3D1%26type%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Boberg, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW2rM_6I3gMC&pg=PA242">The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-78981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-78981-6"><bdi>978-0-511-78981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language+in+Canada%3A+Status%2C+History+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-511-78981-6&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW2rM_6I3gMC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1998" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, John R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgnJRCjuyKcC&pg=PA125">Language in Canada</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56328-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56328-3"><bdi>0-521-56328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Canada&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-56328-3&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgnJRCjuyKcC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeological_Survey_of_CanadaWilliam_Fraser_TolmieGeorge_Mercer_Dawson1884" class="citation book cs1">Geological Survey of Canada; William Fraser Tolmie; George Mercer Dawson (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativevoca00dawsgoog">Comparative vocabularies of the Indian tribes of British Columbia: with a map illustrating distribution</a>. Dawson Bros. Retrieved 25 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+vocabularies+of+the+Indian+tribes+of+British+Columbia%3A+with+a+map+illustrating+distribution&rft.pub=Dawson+Bros.&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Geological+Survey+of+Canada&rft.au=William+Fraser+Tolmie&rft.au=George+Mercer+Dawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativevoca00dawsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosel2009" class="citation book cs1">Kosel, Jochen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkVZOHj-i2AC&pg=PP1">The Language Situation in Canada with Special Regard to Quebec</a>. RWTH Aachen University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-65926-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-65926-5"><bdi>978-3-640-65926-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Situation+in+Canada+with+Special+Regard+to+Quebec&rft.pub=RWTH+Aachen+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-640-65926-5&rft.aulast=Kosel&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhkVZOHj-i2AC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CA">Ethnologue report for Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2018001-eng.htm">The evolution of language populations in Canada, by mother tongue, from 1901 to 2016</a> (Statistics Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/e5b417f0-8893-11e0-9885-6cf049291510.html">The Atlas of Canada – Mother tongue</a> English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/e5d9a14f-8893-11e0-88ab-6cf049291510.html">The Atlas of Canada – Mother tongue</a> French</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/e540e3c0-8893-11e0-96c1-6cf049291510.html">The Atlas of Canada – English-French Bilingualism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-594/Index.cfm?Lang=E">2006 Census: Aboriginal data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/cartecanada.htm">Linguistic maps of Canada</a> with 50 indigenous languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/index-eng.php">Language Portal of Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_band_governments" title="List of First Nations band governments">by band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundlander">Newfoundlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist#Nova_Scotia" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horn of Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Canadians" title="Algerian Canadians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Canadians" title="Libyan Canadians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">Languages of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belize" title="Languages of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Costa_Rica" title="Languages of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_El_Salvador" title="Languages of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Honduras" title="Languages of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Aruba" title="Languages of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greenland" title="Languages of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&oldid=1267391907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Canada&oldid=1267391907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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