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id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>English usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_designation_in_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_designation_in_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ethnic designation in French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_designation_in_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Other opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Québécois_as_an_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Québécois_as_an_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Québécois as an ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Québécois_as_an_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Québécois_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Québécois_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Québécois identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Québécois_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Québécois_nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Québécois_nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Québécois nation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Québécois_nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Québécois_in_census_and_ethnographic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Québécois_in_census_and_ethnographic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Québécois in census and ethnographic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Québécois_in_census_and_ethnographic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_terms_using_'Québécois'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_terms_using_'Québécois'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Special terms using 'Québécois'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_terms_using_'Québécois'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="কেবেকোয়া জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেবেকোয়া জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebequesos" title="Quebequesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quebequesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecer" title="Quebecer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quebecer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_(peuple)" title="Québécois (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Québécois (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natio_Quebecensis" title="Natio Quebecensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Natio Quebecensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvebekie%C4%8Diai" title="Kvebekiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvebekiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="كيبيكرز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيبيكرز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="ケベック人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケベック人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Квебекцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квебекцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96" title="Квебекці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Residents of Quebec, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Québécois (disambiguation)">Québécois (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Québécois</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kebekwa]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg\/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"FR-Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg" title="File:FR-Québécois.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; also known as <b>Quebecers</b> or <b>Quebeckers</b> in English) are people associated with <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The term is most often used in reference to either descendants of the French settlers in Quebec or people of any ethnicity who live and trace their origins in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Self-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identification">Self-identification</a> as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> and as <i>Canadiens</i> before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> in 2006 approved <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">a motion</a> tabled by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, which stated that the Québécois are a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> within a united Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to <a href="/wiki/Nation#Voluntary_definitions_(will)" title="Nation">self-identify</a> as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Québécois</i> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kebekwa]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg\/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"FR-Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.ogg" title="File:FR-Québécois.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>); <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>: <i>Québécoise</i> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kebekwaz]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise.ogg\/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"FR-Qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise.ogg/FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:FR-Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise.ogg" title="File:FR-Québécoise.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), <i>Quebecois</i> (fem.: <i>Quebecoise</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Québecois</i> (fem.: <i>Québecoise</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a word used primarily to refer to a French-speaking inhabitant of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Sometimes, it is used more generally to refer to any inhabitant of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can refer to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French spoken in Quebec</a>. It may also be used, with an upper- or lower-case initial, as an adjective relating to Quebec, or to the French-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">culture of Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resident or native of Quebec is often referred to in English as a Quebecer or Quebecker.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In French, <i>Québécois</i> or <i>Québécoise</i> usually refers to any native or resident of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_1984_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use became more prominent in the 1960s as <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> from Quebec increasingly self-identified as Québécois.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_1984_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_usage">English usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English expressions employing the term may imply specific reference to francophones; examples include "Québécois music","a Québécois rocker"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Québécois literature"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_designation_in_French">Ethnic designation in French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnic designation in French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dictionary <i>Le <a href="/wiki/Petit_Robert" title="Petit Robert">Petit Robert</a></i>, published in France, states that the adjective <i>québécois</i>, in addition to its territorial meaning, may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dictionary gives as examples <i>cinéma québécois</i> and <i>littérature québécoise</i>. </p><p>However, an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from <i>Le <a href="/wiki/Petit_Larousse" title="Petit Larousse">Petit Larousse</a></i>, also published in France,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as <i>Le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Le Dictionnaire du français Plus</i>, which indicate instead <i>Québécois francophone</i> "francophone Quebecer" in the linguistic sense. </p><p>The online dictionary <i>Grand dictionnaire terminologique</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions only a territorial meaning for <i>Québécois</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_opinion">Other opinion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Lysiane_Gagnon" title="Lysiane Gagnon">Lysiane Gagnon</a> has referred to an ethnic sense of the word <i>Québécois</i> in both English and French.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/200px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/300px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/400px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec 1774</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Québec</i> comes from an <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a> word meaning 'narrow passage' or 'strait'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name originally referred to the area around <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> narrows to a cliff-lined gap. French explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Canada,_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada, New France">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> was first founded as a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> formally transferred the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> to Britain after the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Quebec City remained the capital. In 1774, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> obtained from the British Government the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>, which gave <a href="/wiki/Canadiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadiens">Canadiens</a> most of the territory they held before 1763; the right of religion; and their right of language and culture. The British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty, in the face of a growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Québécois_as_an_ethnicity"><span id="Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois_as_an_ethnicity"></span>Québécois as an ethnicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Québécois as an ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As shown by the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> census, 58.3% of residents of Quebec identify their ethnicity as <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 23.5% as <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and 0.4% as <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly 2.3% of residents, or 184,005 people, describe their ethnicity as <i>Québécois</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lange2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Related Groups </th></tr> <tr> <th>184,005 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadien</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Québécois_identity"><span id="Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois_identity"></span>Québécois identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Québécois identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Jean!042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St-Jean%21042.jpg/200px-St-Jean%21042.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St-Jean%21042.jpg/300px-St-Jean%21042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St-Jean%21042.jpg/400px-St-Jean%21042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_Nationale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Fête Nationale du Québec">Fête Nationale du Québec</a> (or Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term became more common in English as <i>Québécois</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely replacing <i><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a></i> as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s. The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and Church-run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States. In contrast, the modern Québécois identity is secular and based on a <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> ideal of an active Quebec government promoting the French language and French-speaking culture in the arts, education, and business within the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec">Province of Quebec</a>. Politically, this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec independence</a> and identity that continues to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada now self-identify more specifically with provincial or regional identity-tags, such as <i>acadienne</i>, or <i>franco-canadienne</i>, <i>franco-manitobaine</i>, <i>franco-ontarienne</i> or <i>fransaskoise</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms such as <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a> are still predominant. Francophones and anglophones use many terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Québécois_nation"><span id="Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois_nation"></span>Québécois nation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Québécois nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">Québécois nation motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Talk:Québécois people">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg/220px-Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg/330px-Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg/440px-Qu%C3%A9bec_-_H%C3%B4tel_du_Parlement_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)" title="Parliament Building (Quebec)">Parliament Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The political shift towards a new <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> in the 1960s led to Québécois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being national. This was reflected in the change of the provincial <i>Legislative Assembly</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a></i> in 1968. Nationalism reached an apex in the 1970s and 1990s, with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all of French-speaking Québécois seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec sovereignty">Quebec sovereignty</a> in 1980 and 1995. Having lost both referendums, the sovereigntist <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the National Assembly. They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec. They also renamed the area around Quebec City the <i><a href="/wiki/Capitale-Nationale" title="Capitale-Nationale">Capitale-Nationale</a></i> (national capital) region and renamed provincial parks <i>Parcs Nationaux</i> (national parks). In opposition in October 2003, the Parti Québécois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation. <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a> scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23, 2006, that would have recognized "Quebecers as a nation". <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> tabled the <i><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">Québécois nation motion</a></i> the day before the Bloc Québécois resolution came to a vote. The English version changed the word <i>Quebecer</i> to <i>Québécois</i> and added "within a united Canada" at the end of the Bloc motion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">"Québécois nation"</a> was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> on November 27, 2006. The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the <i>"cultural"</i> and <i>"sociological"</i> as opposed to the <i>"legal"</i> sense of the word <i>"nation"</i>. According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> has further elaborated, stating that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to <a href="/wiki/Nation#Voluntary_definitions_(will)" title="Nation">self-identify</a> as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite near-universal support in the House of Commons, several important dissenters criticized the motion. Intergovernmental Affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Michael Chong</a> resigned from his position and abstained from voting, arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a> were the most divided on the issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion. Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden" title="Ken Dryden">Ken Dryden</a> summarized the view of many of these dissenters, maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity. A survey by <a href="/wiki/Leger_Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Leger Marketing">Leger Marketing</a> in November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue. When asked if Québécois are a nation, only 53 per cent of Canadians agreed, 47 per cent disagreed, with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing; 78 per cent of French-speaking Canadians agreed that Québécois are a nation, compared with 38 per cent of English-speaking Canadians. As well, 78 per cent of 1,000 Québécois polled thought that Québécois should be recognized as a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Québécois_in_census_and_ethnographic_studies"><span id="Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois_in_census_and_ethnographic_studies"></span>Québécois in census and ethnographic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Québécois in census and ethnographic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Québécois self-identify as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada. </p><p>In the 2016 census, 74,575 chose Québécois as one of multiple responses with 119,985 choosing it as a single response (194,555 as a combined response).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2001 Census of Canada, 98,670 Canadians, or just over 1% of the population of Quebec identified "Québécois" as their ethnicity, ranking "Québécois" as the 37th most common response.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada: <i>"To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?"</i>, along with a list of sample choices<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Québécois" did not appear among the various sample choices).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnicity <i>"Canadien"</i> or Canadian, did appear as an example on the questionnaire, and was selected by 4.9 million people or 68.2% of the Quebec population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the more detailed <i>Ethnic Diversity Survey</i>, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec, reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities.<sup id="cite_ref-EDS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey, based on interviews, asked the following questions: <i>"1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?"</i><sup id="cite_ref-questions_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In census ethnic surveys, French-speaking Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <i>Canadien</i>, <i>Québécois</i>, or <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a>, with the latter three referred to by Jantzen (2005) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English <i>Canadian</i>, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French <i>Canadien</i>, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada: specifically, 90% of <i>Québécois</i> traced their ancestry back this far.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61% respectively reporting a strong sense of belonging.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker tending to have a more broad based cultural identification: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population), "Acadian" (6% of Atlantic provinces) and "Newfoundlander" (38% of Newfoundland and Labrador).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_terms_using_'Québécois'"><span id="Special_terms_using_.27Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois.27"></span>Special terms using 'Québécois'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Special terms using 'Québécois'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French expressions employing "Québécois" often appear in both French and English. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></i>: Provincial-level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></i>: Federal-level political party that supports Quebec independence from Canada</li> <li><i>Québécois de souche</i> ("old-stock Quebecker"): Quebecer who can trace their ancestry back to the regime of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></li> <li><i>Québécois <a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">pure laine</a></i>: "true blue" or "dyed-in-the-wool" Quebecker</li> <li><i>Québécois francophone</i>: "francophone Quebecer"</li> <li><i>Québécois anglophone</i>: "anglophone Quebecer"</li> <li><i>néo-Québécois</i> ("new Quebecers"): immigrant Quebecers</li> <li><i>Le Québec aux Québécois</i> ("Quebec for Québécois", or "Quebec for Quebecers"): slogan sometimes chanted at Quebec nationalist rallies or protests. This slogan can be controversial, as it might be interpreted both as a call for a Quebec controlled by <i>Québécois pure laine</i>, with possible xenophobic connotations, or as a call for a Quebec controlled by the inhabitants of the province of Quebec, and free from outside interference.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Quebec" title="Language demographics of Quebec">Language demographics of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Cuisine of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec" title="Symbols of Quebec">Symbols of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecers" title="English-speaking Quebecers">English-speaking Quebecers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebecer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Quebecer (disambiguation)">Quebecer (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quebec (disambiguation)">Quebec (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English-language questionnaires listed this ethnicity as <i>Canadian</i>, while French-language questionnaires used <i>Canadien</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerberoglu1995" class="citation book cs1">Berberoglu, Berch (1995). <i>The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Self-Determination in the Twentieth Century</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-342-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-342-6"><bdi>1-56639-342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question%3A+Nationalism%2C+Ethnic+Conflict%2C+and+Self-Determination+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56639-342-6&rft.aulast=Berberoglu&rft.aufirst=Berch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael M. Brescia, John C. Super. <i>North America: an introduction</i>. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Pp. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/who-s-a-qu%C3%A3-b%C3%A3-cois-harper-isn-t-sure-1.575797">"Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 2006-12-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126111147/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/12/19/harper-motion.html?ref=rss">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+a+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois%3F+Harper+isn%27t+sure&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwho-s-a-qu%25C3%25A3-b%25C3%25A3-cois-harper-isn-t-sure-1.575797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526140001/http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng">"Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois"</a>. <i>TERMIUM Writing Tips</i>. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2012-02-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_q&page=643.html">the original</a> on 2012-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-20</span></span>. <q>A French-speaking Quebecker is often referred to as a Québécois (masculine) or Québécoise (feminine) written with two accented é's, although some editorial styles prefer none.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TERMIUM+Writing+Tips&rft.atitle=Quebecker%2C+Quebecer%2C+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.termiumplus.gc.ca%2Ftpv2guides%2Fguides%2Fwrtps%2Findex-eng.html%3Flang%3Deng%26lettr%3Dindx_catlog_q%26page%3D643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The form <i>Québecois</i> (fem.: <i>Québecoise</i>) – with one <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></i> – is valid in French, and appears in English publications (e.g., <i>Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541816-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541816-6">0-19-541816-6</a>; p. 1265)). Yet, in the entry "Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois(e), Franco-, French Canadian" in the <i>Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage</i>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8">0-19-541619-8</a>; Fee, Margery & McAlpine, Janice; Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 405-6): "... note that <i>Québécois</i>(<i>e</i>) requires either two accents or none. Often <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">anglophone</a> writers omit the second accent in <i>Québécois</i>, probably because <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Québec</a></i> has only one accent and because in English <i>Québécois</i> is usually pronounced <i>KAY beck wah</i>, not <i>KAY BAY kwah</i>." As well, "[s]ometimes English writers use <i>Québécois</i>, without a final <i>e</i>, to refer to a woman; in French, this <i>e</i> would be required."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Québécois". <i>Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.btitle=Canadian+Oxford+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span> "a francophone inhabitant of Quebec"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In entry "Quebecker, Quebecer, Québécois(e), Franco-, French Canadian". In <i>Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage</i>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8">0-19-541619-8</a>) Fee, Margery & McAlpine, Janice. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997; p. 405-6: "The French words <i>Québécois</i> and <i>Québécoise</i> (feminine) are also frequently used in English, but generally only to refer to the French-speaking residents of Quebec."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Editing Canadian English</i>, 2nd ed. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55199-045-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55199-045-8">1-55199-045-8</a>) Cragg, Catherine, ed., et al.; Editors Association of Canada. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 2000; p. 230 (item 12.125): "A <i>Quebecker</i> (preferable to "Quebecer") is a person of or from Quebec province; a <i>Québécois</i>(<i>e</i>) is a French Canadian of or from Quebec province (see: <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>). As an adjective in English material, usually capped, as in <i>Québécois cooking</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Quebecois">"Quebecois. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition"</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219030701/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/quebecois">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-21</span></span>. <q>A inhabitant of Quebec, especially a French-speaking one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebecois.+%28n.d.%29.+The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Fourth+Edition.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FQuebecois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/quebecois">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Quebecois." <i>Main entry. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition</i>"</a>. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104818/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/quebecois">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-16</span></span>. <q>inhabitant of Quebec; specifically: a French-speaking inhabitant of Quebec</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Quebecois.%22+Main+entry.+Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary%2C+Eleventh+Edition&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Fquebecois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Québécois". <i>Gage Canadian Dictionary</i>. Toronto, Canada: Canada Publishing Corporation. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.btitle=Gage+Canadian+Dictionary&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Canada+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span> "a Quebecer, especially a Francophone."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Quebecois">"quebecois. (adj.). WordNet 3.0"</a>. Princeton University. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219030701/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/quebecois">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-21</span></span>. <q>adjective 1. of or relating to Quebec (especially to the French speaking inhabitants or their culture)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=quebecois.+%28adj.%29.+WordNet+3.0.&rft.pub=Princeton+University.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FQuebecois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_q&page=9dP0Kzvc9FmY.html">"Termium Plus®"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084052/http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_q&page=9dP0Kzvc9FmY.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Termium+Plus%C2%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca%2Ftpv2guides%2Fguides%2Fwrtps%2Findex-eng.html%3Flang%3Deng%26lettr%3Dindx_catlog_q%26page%3D9dP0Kzvc9FmY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-fra.html?lang=fra&i=&index=alt&__index=alt&srchtxt=Qu%E9b%E9cois&comencsrch.x=9&comencsrch.y=8">"Québécois"</a>. Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada. 2012-02-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728103844/https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-fra.html?lang=fra&i=&index=alt&__index=alt&srchtxt=Qu%EF%BF%BDb%EF%BF%BDcois&comencsrch.x=9&comencsrch.y=8">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>. <q>Personne <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> dans la province de Québec ou qui y habite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.pub=Travaux+publics+et+Services+gouvernementaux+Canada&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.termiumplus.gc.ca%2Ftpv2alpha%2Falpha-fra.html%3Flang%3Dfra%26i%3D%26index%3Dalt%26__index%3Dalt%26srchtxt%3DQu%25E9b%25E9cois%26comencsrch.x%3D9%26comencsrch.y%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_1984-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_1984_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_1984_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert1984" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Paul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lepetitrobert1di00robe"><i>Petit Robert. Dictionaire de la langue française</i></a>. Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S.C.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85036-066-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-85036-066-X"><bdi>2-85036-066-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Robert.+Dictionaire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise.&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Les+Dictionnaires+Roberts-Canada+S.C.C.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=2-85036-066-X&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flepetitrobert1di00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span> "<i>Specialt.</i> (répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécoise."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/">"Québécois music isn't marginalized—it's English Canadians who are missing out - Macleans.ca"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905134122/https://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+music+isn%27t+marginalized%E2%80%94it%27s+English+Canadians+who+are+missing+out+-+Macleans.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fquebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerron2003" class="citation book cs1">Perron, Paul (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narratologytexts0000perr"><i>Narratology and Text: Subjectivity and Identity in New France and Québécois Literature</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. xvii + 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3688-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3688-0"><bdi>0-8020-3688-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratology+and+Text%3A+Subjectivity+and+Identity+in+New+France+and+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+Literature.&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=xvii+%2B+338&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8020-3688-0&rft.aulast=Perron&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarratologytexts0000perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert1984" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Paul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lepetitrobert1di00robe"><i>Petit Robert. Dictionnaire de la langue française</i></a>. Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S.C.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85036-066-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-85036-066-X"><bdi>2-85036-066-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Robert.+Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise.&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Les+Dictionnaires+Roberts-Canada+S.C.C.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=2-85036-066-X&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flepetitrobert1di00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span> "<i>Specialt.</i> (répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécois."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Larousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Petit Larousse">Le Petit Larousse</a></i> (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry for <i>québécois</i> in <i>Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui</i>. The entry is a column long.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillot" class="citation web cs1">Guillot, Marie-Cecile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclacaal.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/8-vol-2-nos1-2-art-guillot.pdf">"Le Dictionnaire queb´ ecois d'aujourd'hui ´ : Enquete sur les registres"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905134125/http://www.aclacaal.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/8-vol-2-nos1-2-art-guillot.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Association+of+Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Le+Dictionnaire+queb%C2%B4+ecois+d%27aujourd%27hui+%C2%B4+%3A+Enquete+sur+les+registres&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=Marie-Cecile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclacaal.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2F8-vol-2-nos1-2-art-guillot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry for <i>Québécois</i> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090303002029/http://www.granddictionnaire.com//btml//fra//r_motclef//index1024_1.asp"><i>Grand dictionnaire terminologique</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lysiane_Gagnon" title="Lysiane Gagnon">Gagnon, Lysiane</a> (2006-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725081254/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061113.wgagnon13/TPStory/specialComment/columnists">"There's no Quebec 'nation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061113.wgagnon13/TPStory/specialComment/columnists">the original</a> on 2008-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=There%27s+no+Quebec+%27nation%27&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Lysiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20061113.wgagnon13%2FTPStory%2FspecialComment%2Fcolumnists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lysiane_Gagnon" title="Lysiane Gagnon">Gagnon, Lysiane</a> (2006-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929114918/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20061125/CPOPINIONS/611250816/6309/CPOPINIONS">"La nation? Quelle nation?"</a>. <i>La Presse</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20061125/CPOPINIONS/611250816/6309/CPOPINIONS">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Presse&rft.atitle=La+nation%3F+Quelle+nation%3F&rft.date=2006-11-26&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Lysiane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyberpresse.ca%2Farticle%2F20061125%2FCPOPINIONS%2F611250816%2F6309%2FCPOPINIONS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/provincial-territorial-symbols-canada/quebec.html#a1">"Quebec's provincial symbols: Origin of the name"</a>. Natural Resources Canada. 2017-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec%27s+provincial+symbols%3A+Origin+of+the+name&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fprovincial-territorial-symbols-canada%2Fquebec.html%23a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=51718">"Quebéc (Ville)"</a>. Gouvernement du Québec - Commission de toponymie. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queb%C3%A9c+%28Ville%29&rft.pub=Gouvernement+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+-+Commission+de+toponymie&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fct%2FToposWeb%2FFiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D51718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=24&Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Quebec&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=24&type=0">"2016 Census Ethnic Origin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915064724/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=24&Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Quebec&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=24&type=0">Archived</a> 2021-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (consulted October 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange2017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lange2017_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Lange2017" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Lange (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGRhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18"><i>Killing Others: A Natural History of Ethnic Violence</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0776-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-0776-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000027/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGRhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Others%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Ethnic+Violence&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0776-6&rft.au=Matthew+Lange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGRhDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm">https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204211819/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm">Archived</a> 2021-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Ap-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF">"National Household Survey: Data tables"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000107/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Ap-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">Archived</a> 2021-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (August 10, 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsmidwestworldfest.org/sites/default/files/study_guide_guides/Canada-Culture.pdf">"Study Guide Canada and Québec Language & Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arts Midwest Worldfest</i>. 2010–2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805052007/http://www.artsmidwestworldfest.org/sites/default/files/study_guide_guides/Canada-Culture.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arts+Midwest+Worldfest&rft.atitle=Study+Guide+Canada+and+Qu%C3%A9bec+Language+%26+Culture&rft.date=2010%2F2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsmidwestworldfest.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstudy_guide_guides%2FCanada-Culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidle1994" class="citation book cs1">Seidle, F. Leslie (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seekingnewcanadi0000unse/page/72"><i>Seeking a New Canadian Partnership: Asymmetrical and Confederal Options Volumen 45 de Institute for Research on Public Policy Series</i></a>. IRPP. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seekingnewcanadi0000unse/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780886451639" title="Special:BookSources/9780886451639"><bdi>9780886451639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+a+New+Canadian+Partnership%3A+Asymmetrical+and+Confederal+Options+Volumen+45+de+Institute+for+Research+on+Public+Policy+Series&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=IRPP&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780886451639&rft.aulast=Seidle&rft.aufirst=F.+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseekingnewcanadi0000unse%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélanger2000" class="citation web cs1">Bélanger, Claude (2000-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070411071354/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/events/natpart4.htm">"The social-democratic nationalism: 1945 to today"</a>. <i>Quebec Nationalism</i>. Marianopolis College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/events/natpart4.htm">the original</a> on 2007-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+social-democratic+nationalism%3A+1945+to+today&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.marianopolis.edu%2Fquebechistory%2Fevents%2Fnatpart4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2003" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Stacy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ChurchillEN.pdf">"Linguistic and Cultural Identities in Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Education, Canadian Civic Identity, and the Identity of Canadians</i>. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809060345/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ChurchillEN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>. <q>French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as francomanitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+and+Cultural+Identities+in+Canada&rft.btitle=Language+Education%2C+Canadian+Civic+Identity%2C+and+the+Identity+of+Canadians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe%2C+Language+Policy+Division&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Flinguistic%2FSource%2FChurchillEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis2001" class="citation book cs1">Denis, Angèle (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22Angele+Denis%22+%2BCorridors&pg=PA133">"Corridors: Language as Trap and Meeting Ground"</a>. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). <i>Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9"><bdi>1-896357-36-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000028/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22Angele+Denis%22+%2BCorridors&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>. <q>The latent nationalism that is the corollary of folklorization is also visible in the persistence of Canadians in designating Québécois, Acadiens, and Fransaskois as French Canadian. Most Québécois speak French.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corridors%3A+Language+as+Trap+and+Meeting+Ground&rft.btitle=Talking+about+Identity%3A+Encounters+in+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Language&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-896357-36-9&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=Ang%C3%A8le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7gtD9vcGJMC%26q%3D%2522Angele%2BDenis%2522%2B%252BCorridors%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBédard2001" class="citation book cs1">Bédard, Guy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">"Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity"</a>. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). <i>Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9"><bdi>1-896357-36-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000114/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>. <q>In short, apart from the historical and cultural specificities, the process by which the <i>Québécois</i> identity was born was not much different from the formation of other community identities around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9citude%3A+An+Ambiguous+Identity&rft.btitle=Talking+about+Identity%3A+Encounters+in+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Language&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-896357-36-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9dard&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7gtD9vcGJMC%26q%3D%2522le%2Bquebec%2Baux%2Bquebecois%2522%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShip2001" class="citation book cs1">Ship, Susan J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">"Jewish, Canadian or Québécois: Notes on a Diasporic Identity"</a>. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). <i>Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9"><bdi>1-896357-36-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000029/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>. <q>... the Anglo-American culture of Canada; the French Québécois culture of Quebec; and the distinct cosmopolitan multiculture of Montreal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish%2C+Canadian+or+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois%3A+Notes+on+a+Diasporic+Identity&rft.btitle=Talking+about+Identity%3A+Encounters+in+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Language&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-896357-36-9&rft.aulast=Ship&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7gtD9vcGJMC%26q%3D%2522le%2Bquebec%2Baux%2Bquebecois%2522%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/house-passes-motion-recognizing-quebecois-as-nation-1.574359">"House passes motion recognizing Québécois as nation"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-11-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129124401/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/11/27/nation-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+passes+motion+recognizing+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+as+nation&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhouse-passes-motion-recognizing-quebecois-as-nation-1.574359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/who-s-a-qu%C3%A3-b%C3%A3-cois-harper-isn-t-sure-1.575797">"Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+a+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois%3F+Harper+isn%27t+sure&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwho-s-a-qu%25C3%25A3-b%25C3%25A3-cois-harper-isn-t-sure-1.575797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Brown2006" class="citation web cs1">Jim Brown (2006-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121009012227/http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/746044/harper_pays_price_for_victory_on_quebecois_nation_motion/">"Harper Pays price for victory on Québécois nation motion"</a>. Canadian press (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/cp/national/061128/n112804A.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harper+Pays+price+for+victory+on+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+nation+motion&rft.pub=Canadian+press+%28Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=Jim+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fcp%2Fnational%2F061128%2Fn112804A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubert_Bauch2006" class="citation web cs1">Hubert Bauch (2006-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102210629/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=23ba4837-5854-458d-b513-0c2d2d0b5ea3&k=50919">"Quebec 'nation' debate divides French, English: poll"</a>. CanWest News Service; Montreal Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=23ba4837-5854-458d-b513-0c2d2d0b5ea3&k=50919">the original</a> on 2012-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec+%27nation%27+debate+divides+French%2C+English%3A+poll&rft.pub=CanWest+News+Service%3B+Montreal+Gazette&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft.au=Hubert+Bauch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D23ba4837-5854-458d-b513-0c2d2d0b5ea3%26k%3D50919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (Total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data"</a>. 2017-10-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706070913/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Ethnocultural+Diversity+Highlight+Tables+-+Ethnic+Origin%2C+both+sexes%2C+age+%28Total%29%2C+Canada%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+25%25+Sample+data&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fimm%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D31%26Geo%3D01%26SO%3D4D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0">"Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190216080345/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethno-Cultural+Portrait+of+Canada%2C+Table+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fhighlight%2FETO%2FTable1.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D501%26GV%3D1%26GID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409105135/http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/instrument/3901_Q2_V2_E.pdf">"Census questionnaire (long form)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/instrument/3901_Q2_V2_E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+questionnaire+%28long+form%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fsdds%2Finstrument%2F3901_Q2_V2_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409105135/http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/instrument/3901_Q2_V2_E.pdf">"Census questionnaire (long form)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/instrument/3901_Q2_V2_E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-04-09. <q>To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong? For example, Canadian, French, English, Chinese, Italian, German, Scottish, Irish, Cree, Micmac, Metis, Inuit (Eskimo), East Indian, Ukrainian, Dutch, polish, Portuguese, Filipino, Jewish, Greek, Jamaican, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Chilean, Somali, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+questionnaire+%28long+form%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fsdds%2Finstrument%2F3901_Q2_V2_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=1&GID=24&S=1&O=D">"Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013241/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=1&GID=24&S=1&O=D">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethno-Cultural+Portrait+of+Canada%2C+Table+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fhighlight%2FETO%2FTable1.cfm%3FT%3D501%26Lang%3DE%26GV%3D1%26GID%3D24%26S%3D1%26O%3DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDS_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528122642/http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-593-XIE/89-593-XIE2003001.pdf"><i>Ethnic Diversity Survey: portrait of a multicultural society</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics Canada. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-35031-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-662-35031-6"><bdi>0-662-35031-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-593-XIE/89-593-XIE2003001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-25</span></span>. <q>For example, in Quebec, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity and was reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+Survey%3A+portrait+of+a+multicultural+society&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-662-35031-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Ffreepub%2F89-593-XIE%2F89-593-XIE2003001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317012903/https://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/030929/d030929a.htm">"Ethnic Diversity Survey"</a>. <i>The Daily</i>. Statistics Canada. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/030929/d030929a.htm">the original</a> on 2008-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-17</span></span>. <q>For example, 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older reported Québécois, either as their only ethnic identity or alongside other identities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Diversity+Survey&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2FDaily%2FEnglish%2F030929%2Fd030929a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-questions-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-questions_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2002" class="citation web cs1">Statistics Canada (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5nUG44rGn?url=http://janus.ssc.uwo.ca/docfiles/2002eds/Questionnaire-E.pdf">"Ethnic Diversity Survey: Questionnaire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janus.ssc.uwo.ca/docfiles/2002eds/Questionnaire-E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-25</span></span>. <q>p. 4-5</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+Survey%3A+Questionnaire&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2002-04&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanus.ssc.uwo.ca%2Fdocfiles%2F2002eds%2FQuestionnaire-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jantzen-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jantzen_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJantzen2005" class="citation web cs1">Jantzen, Lorna (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CH36-4-1-2004E.pdf">"The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations — Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Canadian Heritage. p. 103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420075546/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CH36-4-1-2004E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-26</span></span>. <q>Respondents were not provided examples of ancestries and they were permitted to report multiple responses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Advantages+of+analyzing+ethnic+attitudes+across+generations+%E2%80%94+Results+from+the+Ethnic+Diversity+Survey&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jantzen&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2FCollection%2FCH36-4-1-2004E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005) Footnote 9: <i>"These will be called "French New World" ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005) Footnote 5: <i>"Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things. In English, it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations. In French it is referring to "Les Habitant", settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th Century, who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005): <i>"The reporting of French New World ancestries (Canadien, Québécois, and French-Canadian) is concentrated in the 4th+ generations; 79% of French- Canadian, 88% of Canadien and 90% of Québécois are in the 4th+generations category."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005): <i>"According to Table 3, the 4th+ generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Québécois."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005): <i>For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different. Where generational data is available, it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. The high proportions are focused among those respondents that are in the 4th+ generations, and unlike with the British Isles example, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th+ generation is more pronounced. Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th+ generations, their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th+ generational results."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005): <i>"As shown on Graph 3, over 30% of respondents reporting Canadian, British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jantzen (2005): <i>Table 3: Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong* Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups, by Generational Status, 2002 EDS"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 14 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/cgi-bin/downpub/listpub.cgi?catno=89-593-XIE2003001">report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104202519/http://www.statcan.ca/cgi-bin/downpub/listpub.cgi?catno=89-593-XIE2003001">Archived</a> 2007-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Bélanger2000" class="citation web cs1">Claude Bélanger (2000-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/events/quiet.htm">"The Quiet Revolution"</a>. Marionapolis College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202045040/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/events/quiet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-31</span></span>. <q>There was no doubt that the <b>Québécois</b>, governed for so long by "Negro-Kings" [to use the interesting expression of André Laurendeau] in the interest of foreign powers, economical and political, had to become masters of their destiny, had to be "Maîtres chez-nous". Scads of Parti Québécois supporters were later to echo these sentiments in chanting loudly during political rallies: "<b>Le Québec aux Québécois</b>".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Revolution&rft.pub=Marionapolis+College&rft.date=2000-08-23&rft.au=Claude+B%C3%A9langer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Fevents%2Fquiet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBédard2001" class="citation book cs1">Bédard, Guy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">"Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity"</a>. In Adrienne Shadd; Carl E. James (eds.). <i>Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-896357-36-9"><bdi>1-896357-36-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029000029/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7gtD9vcGJMC&q=%22le+quebec+aux+quebecois%22&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-05</span></span>. <q>The increasing uneasiness that I feel each time I hear nationalists say <i><b>Le Québec aux Québécois</b></i> illustrates this in another way. In adhering to this battle cry, <i>indépendentistes</i> are necessarily forced to admit that there are certain individuals whose status as residents of Quebec is not enough to qualify them as <b>Québécois</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9citude%3A+An+Ambiguous+Identity&rft.btitle=Talking+about+Identity%3A+Encounters+in+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Language&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-896357-36-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9dard&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7gtD9vcGJMC%26q%3D%2522le%2Bquebec%2Baux%2Bquebecois%2522%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Quebecois" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Quebecois">Quebecois</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Quebecoise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Quebecoise">Quebecoise</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Quebecer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Quebecer">Quebecer</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Quebecker" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Quebecker">Quebecker</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Québécois">Québécois</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Québécoise">Québécoise</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9becois" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Québecois">Québecois</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9becoise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Québecoise">Québecoise</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:québécois">québécois</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:québécoise">québécoise</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%A9becois" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:québecois">québecois</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%A9becoise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:québecoise">québecoise</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9438417/Quebecers-or-Quebecois">"Quebecers or Québécois?"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217210214/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9438417/Quebecers-or-Quebecois">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quebecers+or+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois%3F&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9438417%2FQuebecers-or-Quebecois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/fichier/resultats.asp?mode=citations&page=1&init=true&affiche_entree=True&no_entree=96949&tri=entree">"Québécois"</a>. <i>Trésor de la langue française au Québec</i>. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921235603/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/fichier/resultats.asp?mode=citations&page=1&init=true&affiche_entree=True&no_entree=96949&tri=entree">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tr%C3%A9sor+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2Ffichier%2Fresultats.asp%3Fmode%3Dcitations%26page%3D1%26init%3Dtrue%26affiche_entree%3DTrue%26no_entree%3D96949%26tri%3Dentree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/fichier/resultats.asp?mode=citations&page=1&init=true&affiche_entree=True&no_entree=136300&tri=entree">"Quebecker"</a>. <i>Trésor de la langue française au Québec</i>. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921235549/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/fichier/resultats.asp?mode=citations&page=1&init=true&affiche_entree=True&no_entree=136300&tri=entree">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tr%C3%A9sor+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Quebecker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2Ffichier%2Fresultats.asp%3Fmode%3Dcitations%26page%3D1%26init%3Dtrue%26affiche_entree%3DTrue%26no_entree%3D136300%26tri%3Dentree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattberg" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Blattberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Blattberg (page does not exist)">Blattberg, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolerance.ca/Article.aspx?ID=68">"I am English Canadian"</a>. Tolerance.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+am+English+Canadian&rft.pub=Tolerance.ca&rft.aulast=Blattberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolerance.ca%2FArticle.aspx%3FID%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoudé-Lord1994" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coudé-Lord, Michelle (1994-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928104228/http://www.media-awareness.ca/francais/ressources/textes_d_opinion/representation_minorites/tache_noire_neige.cfm">"Une tache noire dans la neige blanche"</a>. <i>vol. 18, no 4</i> (in French). 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Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15695%2Famqst.v3i1.99">10.15695/amqst.v3i1.99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-4316">1553-4316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AmeriQuests&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Recognizing+the+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+Nation&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15695%2Famqst.v3i1.99&rft.issn=1553-4316&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellyVan_Schendel2001" class="citation book cs1">Helly, Denise; Van Schendel, Nicolas (2001). <i>Appartenir au Québec : Citoyenneté, nation et société civile : Enquête à Montréal, 1995</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voir.ca/actualite/actualite.aspx?iIDArticle=44924">the original</a> on 2007-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LA+NATION+schtroumpf&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.aulast=Parenteau&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voir.ca%2Factualite%2Factualite.aspx%3FiIDArticle%3D44924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeboul2007" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teboul, Victor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolerance.ca/Article.aspx?ID=3621">"L'identité québécoise est-elle inclusive?"</a>. <i>The Tolerance Webzine</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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