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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landmarks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallo-Roman_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallo-Roman_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gallo-Roman remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallo-Roman_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications_and_military_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications_and_military_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fortifications and military buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications_and_military_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_residentials_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_residentials_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Government and residentials buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_residentials_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Performing arts centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Annual cultural events and fairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sports venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_teams_and_sportspeople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_teams_and_sportspeople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Professional teams and sportspeople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_teams_and_sportspeople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sport events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Literary references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Besançon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيزنسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيزنسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besen%C3%A7on" title="Besençon – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Besençon" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezanson" title="Bezanson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bezanson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بزانسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بزانسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81" title="ব্যজঁসোঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যজঁসোঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бэзансон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэзансон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Μπεζανσόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπεζανσόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besanz%C3%B3n" title="Besanzón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Besanzón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بزانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بزانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EC%9E%A5%EC%86%A1" title="브장송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브장송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բեզանսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեզանսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="बेसनकॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेसनकॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בזאנסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזאנסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბეზანსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეზანსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesontio" title="Vesontio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vesontio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezansona" title="Bezansona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezansona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezansonas" title="Bezansonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bezansonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82" title="बेझाँसों – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेझाँसों" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيزنسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيزنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بزانسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بزانسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бэзансон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бэзансон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ブザンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブザンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besaun%C3%A7oun" title="Besaunçoun – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Besaunçoun" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="بیسانکاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیسانکاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzanchon" title="Bzanchon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bzanchon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezanson" title="Bezanson – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bezanson" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezansoni" title="Bezansoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bezansoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%87" title="เบอซ็องซง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอซ็องซง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Безансон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безансон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیزانسون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیزانسون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezanson" title="Bezanson – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bezanson" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%A1%91%E6%9D%BE" title="贝桑松 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝桑松" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="בעזאנסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעזאנסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E6%A1%91%E6%9D%BE" title="貝桑松 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝桑松" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Besançon" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Besan%C3%A7on&params=47_14_24_N_6_1_12_E_type:city(119,000)_region:FR-25"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°14′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°1′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.24000°N 6.02000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.24000; 6.02000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prefecture and commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bisanz" redirects here. For the German football coach, see <a href="/wiki/Gero_Bisanz" title="Gero Bisanz">Gero Bisanz</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prefecture and commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Besançon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectures of France">Prefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:270px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint-Jean district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg/270px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg/405px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg/540px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_rue_de_la_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5908" data-file-height="3928" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_(FR25)_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Town hall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_%28FR25%29_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg/270px-H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_%28FR25%29_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_%28FR25%29_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg/405px-H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_%28FR25%29_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_%28FR25%29_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg/540px-H%C3%B4tel_Ville_-_Besan%C3%A7on_%28FR25%29_-_2022-04-17_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5877" data-file-height="2158" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Granvelle Palace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg/134px-France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg/201px-France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg/268px-France_BFC_25_Besancon_Palais_Granvelle_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_quai_Vauban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Quai Vauban." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_quai_Vauban.jpg/134px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_quai_Vauban.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_quai_Vauban.jpg/201px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_quai_Vauban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_quai_Vauban.jpg/268px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_quai_Vauban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:none;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rives du Doubs et citadelle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg/270px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg/405px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg/540px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Doubs_et_la_citadelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Left to right, top to bottom: the Saint-Jean district with the <a href="/wiki/Porte_Noire" title="Porte Noire">Porte Noire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Cathedral" title="Besançon Cathedral">cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Hôtel de Ville, Besançon">Hôtel de Ville</a>, the Granvelle Palace, Quai Vauban, <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Citadel of Besançon">citadel</a> above the river <a href="/wiki/Doubs_(river)" title="Doubs (river)">Doubs</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Besançon"><img alt="Flag of Besançon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png/100px-Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png/150px-Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png/200px-Flag_of_Besan%C3%A7on.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Besançon"><img alt="Coat of arms of Besançon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg/67px-Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg/100px-Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg/134px-Arms_of_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="911" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Plût A Dieu</i> <small>("If God wills")</small> or <i>Utinam</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Location of Besançon</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_b5ff5523530d19396242cbb3fdf2800b8804652e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Besan%C3%A7on&revid=1274262590&groups=_b5ff5523530d19396242cbb3fdf2800b8804652e" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Besan%C3%A7on&revid=1274262590&groups=_b5ff5523530d19396242cbb3fdf2800b8804652e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Besançon is located in France"><img alt="Besançon is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/270px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/405px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/540px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.571%;left:74.81%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Besançon"><img alt="Besançon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Besançon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of France</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Besançon is located in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté"><img alt="Besançon is located in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg/270px-Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg/405px-Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg/540px-Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="782" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.637%;left:72.194%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Besançon"><img alt="Besançon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Besançon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Besan%C3%A7on&params=47_14_24_N_6_1_12_E_type:city(119,000)_region:FR-25"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°14′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°1′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.24000°N 6.02000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.24000; 6.02000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">Arrondissement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Arrondissement of Besançon">Besançon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">Canton</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Besan%C3%A7on-1" title="Canton of Besançon-1">Besançon-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Besan%C3%A7on-2" title="Canton of Besançon-2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Besan%C3%A7on-3" title="Canton of Besançon-3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Besan%C3%A7on-4" title="Canton of Besançon-4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Besan%C3%A7on-5" title="Canton of Besançon-5">5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Besan%C3%A7on-6" title="Canton of Besançon-6">6</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France#Intercommunality" title="Communes of France">Intercommunality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Besan%C3%A7on_M%C3%A9tropole" title="Grand Besançon Métropole">Grand Besançon Métropole</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020–2026) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Vignot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Vignot (page does not exist)">Anne Vignot</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/The_Ecologists_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecologists (political party)">The Ecologists</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup><b>1</b></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">65.05 km<sup>2</sup> (25.12 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">528.6 km<sup>2</sup> (204.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,514.5 km<sup>2</sup> (970.9 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popref2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popref2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">120,057</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">34rd in France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,800/km<sup>2</sup> (4,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">198,387</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">380/km<sup>2</sup> (970/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022<sup id="cite_ref-statloc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statloc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">284,474</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">110/km<sup>2</sup> (290/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/INSEE_code" title="INSEE code">INSEE</a>/Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-25056">25056</a> /25000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.besancon.fr/">www<wbr />.besancon<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><sup><b>1</b></sup> French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Besançon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Besan%C3%A7on.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Besan%C3%A7on.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Beno\u00eet Prieur-Besan\u00e7on.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Besan%C3%A7on.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Besan%C3%A7on.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Besan%C3%A7on.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Besançon.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Franco-Provençal:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="frp-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">[bəzɑ̃ˈsɔ̃]</a></span>; archaic <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bisanz</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Vesontio</i>) is the prefecture of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a> and the border with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p><p>Capital of the historic and cultural region of <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, Besançon is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a> regional council headquarters, and is an important administrative centre in the region. It is also the seat of one of the fifteen French <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a> and one of the two <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>. </p><p>In 2021 the city had a population of 120,057, in a metropolitan area of 284,474, the second in the region in terms of population. </p><p>Established in a <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meander</a> of the river <a href="/wiki/Doubs_(river)" title="Doubs (river)">Doubs</a>, the city was already important during the Gallo-Roman era under the name of <i>Vesontio</i>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>. Its geography and specific history turned it into a military stronghold, a garrison city, a political centre, and a religious capital. </p><p>Besançon is the historical capital of <a href="/wiki/Watchmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchmaking">watchmaking</a> in France. This has led it to become a centre for innovative companies in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">microtechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micromechanics" title="Micromechanics">micromechanics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Franche-Comté">University of Franche-Comté</a>, founded in 1423, enrolls nearly 30,000 students each year, including around 4,000 trainees from all over the world within its <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Applied_Linguistics" title="Centre for Applied Linguistics">Centre for Applied Linguistics</a> (CLA). </p><p>The greenest city in France,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it enjoys a quality of life recognized in Europe. Thanks to its rich historical and cultural heritage and its unique architecture, Besançon has been labeled a "<a href="/wiki/French_Towns_and_Lands_of_Art_and_History" title="French Towns and Lands of Art and History">Town of Art and History</a>" since 1986. Its <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Citadel of Besançon">fortifications</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Vauban</a>, have been listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Timeline of Besançon">Timeline of Besançon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is first recorded in 58 BC as <i>Vesontio</i> in Book I of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>. The etymology of <i>Vesontio</i> is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derived from <i>wes</i>, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to <i>Besontio</i> or <i>Bisontion</i> and then underwent several transformations to become <i>Besançon</i> in 1243. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_%283%29.JPG/170px-0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_%283%29.JPG/255px-0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_%283%29.JPG/340px-0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_Doubs_-_Quai_Vauban_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The Doubs and the Quai Vauban seen from the Pont Battant.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vesontio_oppidum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vesontio_oppidum.jpg/220px-Vesontio_oppidum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vesontio_oppidum.jpg/330px-Vesontio_oppidum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vesontio_oppidum.jpg/440px-Vesontio_oppidum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the Gallic (pre-Roman) <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> of Vesontio</figcaption></figure> <p>The city sits within an oxbow of the river Doubs (a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a>); a mountain closes the fourth side. During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, c. 1500 BC, tribes of Gauls settled the oxbow. </p><p>From the 1st century BC through the modern era, the town had a significant military importance because <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">the Alps</a> rise abruptly to its immediate south, presenting a significant natural barrier. </p><p>The Arar (<a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a>) River formed part of the border between the <a href="/wiki/Haedui" class="mw-redirect" title="Haedui">Haedui</a> and their hereditary rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the cause of the conflict was commercial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each tribe claimed the Arar and the tolls on trade along it. The Sequani controlled access to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and had built an <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> (a fortified town) at Vesontio to protect their interests. The Sequani defeated and massacred the Haedui at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magetobriga" title="Battle of Magetobriga">Battle of Magetobriga</a>, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a> tribe and the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> tribe under the Germanic king <a href="/wiki/Ariovistus" title="Ariovistus">Ariovistus</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, in his commentaries detailing his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, describes <i><b>Vesontio</b></i> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a>), as the largest town of the <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>, a smaller <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaulic</a> tribe, and mentions that a wooden palisade surrounded it. It appears as <i>Vesontine</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a>. </p><p>Over the centuries, the name permutated to become <i><b>Besantio</b></i>, <i><b>Besontion</b></i>, <i><b>Bisanz</b></i> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, and gradually arrived at the modern French <i>Besançon</i>. The locals retain their ancient heritage referring to themselves as <i>Bisontins</i> (feminine: <i>Bisontine</i>). </p><p>It has been an <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a> since the 4th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg/170px-Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg/255px-Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg/340px-Kronung_Heinrich_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> inherited the city and made it part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 843, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> divided up <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s empire. Besançon became part of <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, under the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> since 1034, the city became an <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">archbishopric</a>, and was designated the <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Free Imperial City of Besançon</a> (an autonomous city-state under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>) in 1184. In 1157, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> held the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Diet of Besançon">Diet of Besançon</a>. There, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bandinelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Bandinelli">Orlando Bandinelli</a> (the future Pope Alexander III, then adviser of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a>) openly asserted before the Emperor that the imperial dignity was a papal <a href="/wiki/Beneficium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficium">beneficium</a> (in the more general sense of favour, not the strict feudal sense of <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>), which incurred the wrath of the German princes. He would have fallen on the spot under the battle-axe of his lifelong foe, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I_of_Wittelsbach,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria">Otto of Wittelsbach</a>, had Frederick not intervened. The Archbishops were elevated to <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">Princes of the Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1288. The close connection to the Empire is reflected in the city's coat of arms. </p><p>In 1290, after a century of fighting against the power of the archbishops, the Emperor granted Besançon its independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 15th century, Besançon came under the influence of the dukes of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. After the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, the city was in effect a <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> fief. In 1519 <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spain</a>, became the Holy Roman Emperor. This made him master of the Franche-Comté and Besançon, a francophone imperial city. In 1526 the city obtained the right to mint coins, which it continued to strike until 1673. Nevertheless, all coins bore the name of Charles V. </p><p>When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he gave the Franche-Comté to his son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, King of Spain. Besançon remained a free imperial city under the protection of the King of Spain. In 1598, Philip II gave the province to his daughter on her marriage to an Austrian archduke. It remained formally a portion of the Empire until its cession at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Spain regained control of Franche-Comté and the city lost its status as a free city. Then in 1667, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> claimed the province as a consequence of his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Marie-Thérèse</a> of Spain in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a>. </p><p>Louis conquered the city for the first time in 1668, but the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> returned it to Spain within a matter of months. While it was in French hands, the famed <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> visited the city and drew up plans for its fortification. The Spaniards built the main centre point of the city's defences, "la Citadelle", siting it on Mont Saint-Étienne, which closes the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">oxbow</a> that is the site of the original town. In their construction, the Spaniards followed Vauban's designs. </p><p>In 1674, French troops recaptured the city, which the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a> (1678) then awarded to France. At this time the city became the administrative centre for the Franche-Comté, with its own <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Parlement of Besançon">Parlement of Besançon</a>, which replaced <a href="/wiki/Dole,_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadelle_Besancon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Citadelle_Besancon.JPG/220px-Citadelle_Besancon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Citadelle_Besancon.JPG/330px-Citadelle_Besancon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Citadelle_Besancon.JPG/440px-Citadelle_Besancon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Citadel of Besançon by Vauban</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of control passing to France, Vauban returned to working on the citadel's fortifications, and those of the city. This process lasted until 1711, some 30 years, and the walls built then surround the city. Between the train station and the central city there is a complex moat system that now serves road traffic. Numerous forts, some of which date back to that time and that incorporate Vauban's designs elements sit on the six hills that surround the city: Fort de Trois Châtels, Fort Chaudanne, Fort du Petit Chaudanne, Fort Griffon, Fort des Justices, <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Beauregard_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Fort of Beauregard (Besançon)">Fort de Beauregard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Bregille" title="Fort of Bregille">Fort de Brégille</a>. The citadel itself has two dry moats, with an outer and inner court. In the evenings, the illuminated Citadelle stands above the city as a landmark and a testament to Vauban's genius as a <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineer</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Rosemont" title="Fort of Rosemont">Fort of Rosemont</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Europe">Modern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1814, the Austrians invaded and bombarded the city. It also occupied an important position during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71. In 1871, a project of <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Commune" title="Besançon Commune">Besançon Commune</a> is engaged. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> occupied the citadel during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Between 1940 and 1944, the Germans executed some one hundred <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> fighters there. However, Besançon saw little action during the war. The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies</a> bombed the railway complex in 1943, and the next year the Germans resisted the U.S. advance for four days. </p><p>Besançon was also the location, between 1940 and 1941, of an Internment Camp (<i>Konzentrationslager</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ilag" title="Ilag">Frontstalag 142</a>, also known as <i>Caserne Vauban</i>, which the Germans set up for 3–4,000 holders of British passports, all women and children. The conditions were harsh; many hundreds of internees died of pneumonia, diarrhea, food poisoning, dysentery, and frostbite.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, the French Army turned the citadel over to the city of Besançon, which turned it into a museum. </p><p>The forts of Brégille and Beauregard sit across the Doubs from the city. In 1913, a private company built a <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a> to the Brégille Heights. The funicular passed from private ownership to the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>, who finally closed it in 1987. The funicular's tracks, stations and even road signs remain in place to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png/220px-Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png/330px-Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png/440px-Besan%C3%A7on_NASA.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Site of Besançon (Landsat 7)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg/170px-Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg/255px-Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg/340px-Besancon_SPOT_1139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Besançon seen by Spot Satellite</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besançon is located in the north-east quarter of France on the river Doubs. It is about 325 kilometres (202 miles) east of the national capital of Paris, 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> in Burgundy, 125 km (78 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> in Switzerland, and 100 km (62 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a> in Franche-Comté. It is located at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city initially developed in a natural <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meander</a> (or oxbow loop) of the river Doubs with a diameter of almost 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). The flat inner loop has an elevation of about 250 metres (820 feet), and is bounded to the south by a hill called <i>Mont Saint-Étienne</i>, which has a maximum height of 371 metres (1,217 feet). The city is surrounded by six other hills which range in elevation from 400 to 500 metres (1,312 to 1,640 feet): Brégille, Griffon, <a href="/wiki/Planoise" title="Planoise">Planoise</a>, Chaudanne, Montfaucon, and Montboucon. (There is a barge canal that cuts through rock under Mont Saint-Étienne, short-cutting the meander.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besançon has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Do</i>), with cool to cold winters, warm summers, and frequent precipitation year-round. The year-round average is 11.5 °C (53 °F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F), and the coldest is January, with an average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F). Besançon receives about 1,059 mm (42 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> per year. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Besançon, elevation: 307 m (1,007 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1884–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.7<br />(−5.3) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6<br />(−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.3<br />(11.7) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.3<br />(−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.7<br />(−5.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7<br />(3.53) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.2<br />(3.20) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0<br />(3.35) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.6<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.9<br />(4.25) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.5<br />(3.84) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.8<br />(3.50) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.1<br />(3.78) </td> <td style="background: #63FF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.7<br />(3.96) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.7<br />(4.40) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.5<br />(4.19) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.3<br />(4.15) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,157<br />(45.55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">136.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">81 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7D7D7D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.8 </td> <td style="background: #C5C506; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.8 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">230.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.2 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.6 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.6 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.2 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,872.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Meteo_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteo France">Meteo France</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-Infoclimat_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoclimat-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.JPG/220px-0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.JPG/440px-0_Besan%C3%A7on_-_H%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the former city hall</figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; font-size:80%; margin-left:10px;"> <caption><big><b>The 14 Besançon boroughs</b></big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em;"><ol> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Boucle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Boucle (page does not exist)">La Boucle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velotte_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Velotte (Besançon)">Velotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_(Besan%C3%A7on)" class="mw-redirect" title="Butte (Besançon)">La Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battant_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Battant (Besançon)">Battant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Chaprais" title="Les Chaprais">Les Chaprais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregille" title="Bregille">Bregille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ferjeux_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Saint-Ferjeux (Besançon)">Saint-Ferjeux</a></li> </ol> </td> <td style="background:white; padding:0 1em;" class="toccolours"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg/200px-Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg/300px-Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg/400px-Besancon_map_with_districts_numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="823" /></a></span> </td> <td><ol start="8"> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrapon" title="Montrapon">Montrapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Claude_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Saint-Claude (Besançon)">Saint-Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palente (page does not exist)">Palente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Clairs-Soleils" title="Les Clairs-Soleils">Les Clairs-Soleils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planoise" title="Planoise">Planoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Tilleroyes" title="Les Tilleroyes">Les Tilleroyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Chailluz" title="Forest of Chailluz">Chailluz</a></li> </ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Boucle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Boucle (page does not exist)">La Boucle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battant_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Battant (Besançon)">Battant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregille" title="Bregille">Bregille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Clairs-Soleils" title="Les Clairs-Soleils">Les Clairs-Soleils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velotte_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Velotte (Besançon)">Velotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Butte_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="La Butte (Besançon)">La Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Chaprais" title="Les Chaprais">Les Chaprais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palente (page does not exist)">Palente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Tilleroyes" title="Les Tilleroyes">Les Tilleroyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrapon" title="Montrapon">Montrapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planoise" title="Planoise">Planoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Claude_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Saint-Claude (Besançon)">Saint-Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ferjeux_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Saint-Ferjeux (Besançon)">Saint-Ferjeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Chailluz" title="Forest of Chailluz">Chailluz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2022, the population of the City of Besançon was 120,057. It is the 34rd most populous city of France. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Besan%C3%A7on_M%C3%A9tropole" title="Grand Besançon Métropole">Grand Besançon Métropole</a> covers 528.6 km<sup>2</sup> (204.1 sq mi), 67 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> and has a population of 198,387. The metropolitan area covers 2,514.5 km<sup>2</sup> (970.9 sq mi), 308 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> and has 284,474 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-statloc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statloc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its population increased by 4.9% between 2008 and 2020. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1793 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,328</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,436</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1806 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,727</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,388</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.56%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1831 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">29,167</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.01%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,718</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,461</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1846 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,949</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,295</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.66%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1856 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">43,544</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,786</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1866 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,961</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">49,401</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,404</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">57,067</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.96%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,511</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,055</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1896 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,556</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.53%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,362</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.77%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1906 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">56,168</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.29%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,978</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,652</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.41%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,525</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.01%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.62%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">65,022</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,508</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">73,445</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.83%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">95,642</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.36%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1968 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">113,220</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1975 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">120,315</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.87%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">113,283</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">113,828</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">117,733</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">117,836</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.01%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">116,914</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">116,466</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,057</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.43%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: EHESS<sup id="cite_ref-ehess_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehess-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and INSEE (1968–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-pophist_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pophist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pop2022_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2016, Besançon was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> administrative <i><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">région</a></i> of France, a <i>région</i> including the four <i>départements</i> of Doubs, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>. Franche-Comté was since merged with the neighbouring region of <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, and the "préfecture" was transferred to the city of <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>. However, Besançon remains the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a> regional council and of various decentralised administrations such as the regional offices of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies</a> (Insee) or the <a href="/wiki/Centre_r%C3%A9gional_des_%C5%93uvres_universitaires_et_scolaires" title="Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires">Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires</a> (Crous). </p><p>Mayor of the City of Besançon is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Vignot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Vignot (page does not exist)">Anne Vignot</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Ecologists" title="The Ecologists">The Ecologists</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is known for its <a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">microtechnology</a> and watch industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is host of the biannual Micronora trade fair, one of Europe's major events in the field of microtechnologies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has a little-known specialty, automatic ticketing machines for car parking, airports, date stamping etc. </p><p>The watch industry, for which Besançon remains the French capital, endured a major crisis in the 1970s when the advent of quartz watches from Asia knocked out the traditional watch industry in the space of just a few years. The <a href="/wiki/LIP_(clockwork_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="LIP (clockwork company)">"Lip" affair</a> epitomizes the industrial crisis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> LIP is to this day the name of one of Besançon's most prestigious brands of watches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Refusing to let their factory close, the workers set up a <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">cooperative</a> to run it. The action produced a lot of notoriety and sympathy for the workers but also resulted in branding Besançon as a city of the radical left. It also did nothing to help revive the watch industry; the cooperative went out of business a short while later. The city took a long time to recover from the collapse of the watch industry and its other major industry of the industrial age, artificial textiles. </p><p>Since the 1980s, Besançon's watch industry has clawed its way back on the basis of its historic reputation and quartz watches, establishing itself in a number of niche markets including customized watches, high quality watches, and fashion articles. Since the 1990s, the town has developed a reputation as one of France's leading centres of technology in all fields, including telecommunications and biotechnology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besançon is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Franche-Comté">University of Franche-Comté</a>. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were approximately 24,000 students enrolled at the university, including around 3,000 foreign students. The Institut Supérieur d'Ingénieurs de Franche-Comté<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ISIFC), part of the Université de Franche-Comté, is the first school created in the country specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a> field. The city is also home of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_M%C3%A9canique_et_des_Microtechniques" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques">École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques</a> (ENSMM), a technological school with a strong reputation in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">microtechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Applied_Linguistics" title="Centre for Applied Linguistics">Centre for Applied Linguistics</a> which teaches ten languages to non-native speakers (French, Arabic, Chinese, English, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish) and any other known language on request. The Centre welcomes more than 4,000 students every year from all over the world. As well as being famed as one of France's finest "villes d'art" (art cities), Besançon is the seat of one of France's older universities, of France's <a href="/wiki/ENSMM" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSMM">National School of Mechanics and Micromechanics</a>, and one of the best known French language schools in France, the CLA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most historic center of the town is characterised by the broad horse-shoe of the river Doubs, "la Boucle", which encircles the old town. <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a>'s imposing <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Citadel of Besançon">Citadelle blocks</a> off the neck. The historic center presents an ensemble of classic stone buildings, some dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and others to the Spanish Renaissance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallo-Roman_remains">Gallo-Roman remains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallo-Roman remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Antiquity, Vesontio was an important metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>. It is adorned with monuments, some of which have survived, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">archaeological excavations</a> carried out during construction sites often revealing new discoveries dating from this period. </p><p>The most emblematic and best-preserved monument dating from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Porte_Noire" title="Porte Noire">Porte Noire</a>, a Gallo-Roman <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> built under <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in the 2nd century in the Saint-Jean district. Heavily deteriorated by the vagaries of time and pollution, it was the subject of a long and difficult restoration operation at the beginning of the 21st century. Immediately below is the Square Castan, a garden with a collection of archaeological remains from the 2nd century or the 3rd century including in particular eight <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian columns</a>. </p><p>On the other bank of the river Doubs, in the Battant district, the remains of the Vesontio arena are visible: only a few steps and foundations have been unearthed, its stones having been widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> for the construction of other buildings. </p><p>There are several domus in the residential district of Vesontio. Among them, the domus of the Palace of Justice and the domus of the Lumière college with Roman mosaic exhibited in situ at the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology. Other remains can be seen in more anonymous places, such as the ancient foundations in the underground car park of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté regional council. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_porte_Noire_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Porte Noire, Roman triumphal arch"><img alt="The Porte Noire, Roman triumphal arch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_porte_Noire_%282%29.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_porte_Noire_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_porte_Noire_%282%29.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_porte_Noire_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_porte_Noire_%282%29.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_porte_Noire_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Porte_Noire" title="Porte Noire">Porte Noire</a>, Roman <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on_(Doubs)_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_(52062478772).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Square Castan."><img alt="Square Castan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Besan%C3%A7on_%28Doubs%29_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_%2852062478772%29.jpg/225px-Besan%C3%A7on_%28Doubs%29_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_%2852062478772%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Besan%C3%A7on_%28Doubs%29_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_%2852062478772%29.jpg/338px-Besan%C3%A7on_%28Doubs%29_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_%2852062478772%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Besan%C3%A7on_%28Doubs%29_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_%2852062478772%29.jpg/450px-Besan%C3%A7on_%28Doubs%29_-_Square_Castan_-_Vestiges_gallo-romains_de_Vesontio_%2852062478772%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4428" data-file-height="3540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Square Castan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archaeological remains of the Arena."><img alt="Archaeological remains of the Arena." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/240px-Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/360px-Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/480px-Vestiges_Ar%C3%A8nes_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archaeological remains of the Arena.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mosaics from ancient Vesontio."><img alt="Roman mosaics from ancient Vesontio." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg/270px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg/405px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg/541px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mosaics from ancient Vesontio.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications_and_military_buildings">Fortifications and military buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fortifications and military buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the current fortification system (<a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Citadel of Besançon">citadel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive wall</a> made up of <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>, Fort Griffon) is the work of the <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban</a>. This group of buildings allows Besançon to appear on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage List">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> with eleven other sites under the title <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Vauban" title="Fortifications of Vauban">Fortifications of Vauban</a>. The forts on the other hills were all built in the 19th century. The only remaining pre-Vauban fortifications are Porte Rivotte, Porte Taillée, Tour Carrée, Tour Notre-Dame and Tour de la Pelote. </p><p>The citadel of Besançon was built by Vauban from 1678 to 1771 and is the most visited site in <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> with more than 250,000 visitors each year. It extends over eleven hectares at the top of Mont Saint-Étienne at an altitude between 330 and 370 meters, thus overhanging the meander of the river Doubs which has an altitude between 240 and 250 meters. It brings together a museum of Resistance and Deportation, a museum of Franche-Comté traditions, the regional archeology service and a zoo. It is the symbol of the city. Fort Griffon, whose name is that of the Italian architect Jean Griffoni who was commissioned to build a first fortification at this location in 1595, is a second citadel. It was Vauban who, at the end of the 17th century, had the current fort built. </p><p>The city walls designed by Vauban includes all the fortifications of La Boucle historic district which were rebuilt from 1675 to 1695. Vauban in fact replaced the medieval defenses restored and completed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in the sixteenth century with a belt provided with six bastioned <a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">battery towers</a> : the Notre-Dame tower, the bastioned tower of Chamars, the bastioned tower of the Marais, the bastioned tower of the Cordeliers (completed in 1691), the bastioned tower of Bregille and the bastioned tower of Rivotte. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Citadel of Besançon."><img alt="Citadel of Besançon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/267px-Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/400px-Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/533px-Citadelle_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Citadel of Besançon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porte Rivotte."><img alt="Porte Rivotte." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg/284px-Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg/425px-Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg/567px-Besancon_Porte_Rivotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4436" data-file-height="2819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porte Rivotte.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tour de la Pelote."><img alt="Tour de la Pelote." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_%281%29.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_%281%29.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_%281%29.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_tour_de_la_Pelote_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tour de la Pelote.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tour de Chamars."><img alt="Tour de Chamars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg/480px-Tour_bastionn%C3%A9e_de_Chamars_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tour de Chamars.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Fortifications prior to the French conquest are also numerous. The Tour de la Pelote, located on the Quai de Strasbourg, is a defensive tower built in 1546 by the municipal government on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. Its name would come from the former owner of the land where it was built, Pierre Pillot, lord of Chenecey. The Porte Rivotte is a city gate dating from the 16th century, consisting of two round towers and a pediment carved with a sun which was King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s personal emblem. The Porte Taillée ("Carved Gate"), opened in a rocky outcrop, is the work of the Romans. It marks the entrance to the city on the road to Switzerland. It is surmounted by a guardhouse and a watchtower built in 1546. The “square tower”, located in the promenade des Glacis, is also called the Montmart tower. It was built in the 13th century to defend the old entrance to the Battant district. </p><p>The fortifications of the 19th century consist of a set of forts covering all the heights of the city: the fort of Chaudanne built from 1837 to 1842, the fort of Bregille built from 1820 to 1832, the fort of Planoise built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Benoit was built from 1877 to 1880, Fort Beauregard in 1830. </p><p>Another example are the Trois-Châtels and Tousey <a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">lunettes</a>, both built at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries, as well as the Rosemont battery built during the war of 1870–1871, the Fort des Montboucons built from 1877 to 1880 and the Fort des Justices built from 1870. A third Lunette d'Arçon was located on the site of Fort Chaudanne; only its tower was preserved during the construction of the fort in the first half of the 19th century. </p><p>The Ruty barracks, formerly Saint-Paul barracks, are made up of four pavilions surrounding a courtyard serving as a <a href="/wiki/Place_d%27Armes" title="Place d'Armes">Place d'Armes</a> and dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. It currently houses the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Brigade_(France)" title="7th Armoured Brigade (France)">7th Armoured Brigade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the city acquired an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> in the 3rd century, churches and abbeys multiplied during the period of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. Important constructions or reconstructions of religious buildings then took place in the 11th century during the episcopate of Hugues Ier de Salins and many churches were embellished or rebuilt after the French conquest of 1674. In 1842, the Church of the Holy Spirit was officially ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_France" title="Protestantism in France">Protestant</a> community while the <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in France">Jewish</a> community inaugurated its <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in 1869. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">Muslim</a> community had two <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> built at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. </p><p>The most important religious building dedicated to Catholic worship in Besançon is <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Cathedral" title="Besançon Cathedral">Saint John's Cathedral</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, dating from the 9th, 12th and 18th centuries. It has two <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apses</a> and contains a masterpiece by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a>, the painting of the <i>Madonna in Glory with Saints</i> painted in 1512. The cathedral dominates the old <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">chapter</a> district which includes the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">Archbishopric</a> of Besançon located in the former Hôtel Boistouset and the former Archbishop's Palace currently occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academy</a>. The Grand <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a> was built from 1670 to 1695 by Archbishop Antoine-Pierre Ier de Grammont and completed in the 18th century by the elevation of the portal and the construction of the main facade. The chapel has a two-storey facade of Corinthian pilasters on the street. Its portal is surmounted by a tympanum where the sculptor Huguenin represented a Madonna and Child in 1848. </p><p>At the other end of the old <a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">cardo</a> and current Grande Rue, is the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_(Besan%C3%A7on)" title="Église de la Madeleine (Besançon)">Sainte-Madeleine church</a> built from 1746 to 1766 on plans by Nicolas Nicole. It was definitively completed in 1828–1830 with the construction of its two towers, one of which hosts the <a href="/wiki/Jacquemart_(bellstriker)" title="Jacquemart (bellstriker)">Jacquemart bellstriker automaton</a>. Its roof is made of <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic tile">glazed tiles</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. John's Cathedral."><img alt="St. John's Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Jean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">St. John's Cathedral.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainte-Madeleine Church."><img alt="Sainte-Madeleine Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg/287px-Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg/430px-Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg/573px-Besancon_Ste._Madeleine_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="2293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Sainte-Madeleine Church.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Ferjeux Basilica."><img alt="Saint-Ferjeux Basilica." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg/240px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg/360px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg/480px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_basilique_Saint_Ferjeux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Saint-Ferjeux Basilica.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame-du-Refuge Chapel."><img alt="Notre-Dame-du-Refuge Chapel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_%282%29.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_%282%29.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_%282%29.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_chapelle_Notre-Dame-du-Refuge_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4253" data-file-height="2828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Notre-Dame-du-Refuge Chapel.</div></div> </li> </ul> <p>In the heart of the city centre, St Peter's Church, built by the Bisontin Claude Joseph Alexandre Bertrand from 1782 to 1786, impresses with the height of its bell tower which served as a <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfry</a> for the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Hôtel de Ville, Besançon">Hôtel de Ville</a>, which is opposite. St Maurice's Church, founded in the 6th century, was rebuilt from 1711 to 1714 with a Jesuit-style facade surmounted by a carillon. Notre-Dame Church corresponds to the former Benedictine abbey of Saint-Vincent which was founded in the eleventh century. It was under the Empire that it became the parish church of Notre-Dame. Its facade was designed in 1720 by the architect Jean-Pierre Galezot. You can still make out the large entrance gate to the abbey and the 16th-century bell tower. Today it is occupied by the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences. Saint-François-Xavier Church, former chapel of the Jesuit college, was built between 1680 and 1688. Its plan is in the shape of a Latin cross surrounded by small side chapels. It was decommissioned in 1975. The Saint-Paul abbey, church of the former abbey founded around 628 by Saint Donat, archbishop of Besançon, was rebuilt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Notre-Dame-du-Foyer chapel, built from 1739 to 1745 by the Bisontin Nicolas Nicole, was once the chapel of the Couvent du Refuge before being attached to the Saint-Jacques hospital in 1802. </p><p>Outside the old town, among the important Catholic buildings, is the Saint-Ferjeux basilica of Romano-Byzantine style built on the cave of the patron saints of Besançon, Saint Ferjeux and Saint Ferréol. Notre-Dame des Buis, a 19th-century chapel, overlooks the city at an altitude of 491 metres. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_synagogue_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_synagogue_%281%29.jpg/220px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_synagogue_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_synagogue_%281%29.jpg/330px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_synagogue_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_synagogue_%281%29.jpg/440px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_synagogue_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue of Besançon</figcaption></figure> <p>The Protestant community was assigned in 1842 the former hospice of the Holy Spirit, today the temple of the Holy Spirit. It is a 13th-century Gothic building augmented by a 15th-century chapel and deprived of its bell tower during the Revolution. It is distinguished by its gallery of sculpted wood, a masterpiece by an anonymous artist. Its neo-Gothic portal was created in 1841 by the architect Alphonse Delacroix in place of the old porch. </p><p>The Jewish community, booming in the city in the middle of the 19th century, built the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Synagogue of Besançon">synagogue of Besançon</a> from 1869 to 1871 on plans by the architect Pierre Marnotte. Listed as a historic monument in 1984, it is particularly remarkable for its <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> style inspired by the Alhambra in Granada. </p><p>The most recently built places of worship in Besançon are of Muslim faith: the Sounna Mosque built at the end of the 20th century on land ceded by the city in the Saint-Claude district, and the Al-Fath located in the district of Planoise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_residentials_buildings">Government and residentials buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government and residentials buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansions</a> were erected in the Boucle and Battant districts. The most important is the Palais Granvelle with <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> built for <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Perrenot_de_Granvelle" title="Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle">Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle</a>, Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a>. It now houses the Museum of Time. The Hôtel de Ville (city hall) was built by the architect Richard Maire who completed it in 1573. It has an <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> façade in the spirit of Italian Renaissance palaces. Until the Revolution, a large niche in the façade housed a bronze statue of Charles V riding a two-headed eagle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palais de Justice (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a>) was originally the second main building to the Hôtel de Ville. The construction was entrusted to the architect Hugues Sambin who was greatly inspired by the spirit of the Renaissance. The Hôtel de Champagney was built in the Battant district by Jacques Bonvalot, Lord of Champagney, during the first half of the 16th century. His daughter Nicole Bonvalot, widow of Nicolas de Granvelle, had the premises redesigned and the courtyard designed from 1560 to 1565 by architect Richard Maire. It is distinguished by the four <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a> that adorn its facade and by its interior courtyard with arched passageways and galleries with wooden columns. The Hôtel Mareschal belonged to an important Besançon family, the Mareschal family. Burnt down on 4 June 1516, Guillaume Mareschal had it rebuilt in 1532 with an ornamental flora that heralded the Renaissance. Other notable buildings dating from the sixteenth century are the Hôtels of Chevanney, Gauthiot d'Ancier, Anvers, Bonvalot, and Bouteiller. At that time, the hills around Besançon were covered with <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>: the city has preserved from this important viticultural past a dozen <i>cabordes</i>, former vineyard huts made of dry <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p><p>Immediately after the French conquest, the installations were mainly of a military nature. However, two other notable constructions were erected at the end of the 17th century. Work on the Saint-Jacques hospital, which was intended to replace the one located on rue d'Arènes, began in 1688 and was completed in 1701. Its monumental entrance gate, executed by the locksmith Nicolas Chapuis in 1703 has been replaced by a copy. The Vauban Quay was built from 1691 to 1695 by the engineer Isaac Robelin. It is a monumental set of houses with arcades. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palais Granvelle."><img alt="Palais Granvelle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg/271px-Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg/406px-Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg/542px-Cour_du_Palais_Granvelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Palais Granvelle.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Saint-Jacques hospital."><img alt="Former Saint-Jacques hospital." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/258px-H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/387px-H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/515px-H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Jacques_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Former Saint-Jacques hospital.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel de Ville (city hall)."><img alt="Hôtel de Ville (city hall)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.jpg/269px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.jpg/404px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.jpg/538px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_ville_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5592" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hôtel de Ville (city hall).</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel Mareschal."><img alt="Hôtel Mareschal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg/240px-H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg/360px-H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg/480px-H%C3%B4tel_Mareschal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hôtel Mareschal.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vauban Quay."><img alt="Vauban Quay." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/240px-Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/360px-Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/480px-Quai_Vauban_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Vauban Quay.</div></div> </li> </ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the town's urban planning underwent major transformations and the construction of remarkable buildings, notably due to its new status as capital. The Hôtel de l'Intendance, currently <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Doubs_departement" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubs departement">Doubs departement</a>, was built from 1771 to 1778 at the request of the intendant Charles André de Lacoré. The plans were drawn up by the great Parisian architect <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a> and the work directed by the bisontin architect Nicolas Nicole. It adopts the traditional plan of private mansions, with a main courtyard with a facade made up of six Ionic columns surmounted by a pediment and a garden at the rear of the building whose facade is decorated with a rotunda jutting out slightly. on the garden. The Théâtre Ledoux is an order from Monsieur de Lacoré to <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> who drew up the plans and entrusted the construction to Claude-Joseph-Alexandre Bertrand which began in 1778 and ended with its inauguration on 9 August 1784 under the crook of Louis V Joseph of Bourbon-Condé. With a capacity of 2,000 seats, it was considered very innovative, as it had a seated parterre, an amphitheater hall without boxes, and it was the first in the world to have an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_pit" title="Orchestra pit">orchestra pit</a>. On 29 April 1958 a dramatic fire completely destroyed the interior and the roof of the building. The walls are the only witnesses that have survived, including the facade and its six monumental columns. Many mansions also attest to the prosperity of the city during this period. The Hotel Terrier de Santans was built between 1770 and 1772 for the Marquis Terrier de Santans, first president of parliament, by the architect Claude Bertrand. Other eminent families call on the greatest architects for their homes: the Hôtels Petit de Marivat, de Magnoncourt, Boistouset, de Courbouzon, de Clévans, de Camus, Querret, Terrier, and de Rosières. </p><p>If the thermal baths of Besançon were completely destroyed in the 1950s, the city retains a number of buildings emblematic of its thermal past: the Grand Hôtel des Bains inaugurated in 1893, the municipal casino installed in a Belle Époque-style building inaugurated in 1882 or the Kursaal opened in 1893. It was also during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Besançon Astronomical Observatory">astronomical observatory</a> and the Café du Commerce were erected, a brasserie from the second half of the 19th century with a rich interior decor in the Belle Époque style. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_Kursaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kursaal."><img alt="The Kursaal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Kursaal.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Kursaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Kursaal.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Kursaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Kursaal.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Kursaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5435" data-file-height="3614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Kursaal.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Hôtel des Bains."><img alt="Grand Hôtel des Bains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg/240px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg/360px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg/480px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_Grand_H%C3%B4tel_des_Bains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="4248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Grand Hôtel des Bains.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_casino_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casino."><img alt="Casino." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_casino_%282%29.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_casino_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_casino_%282%29.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_casino_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_casino_%282%29.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_casino_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Casino.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brasserie du Commerce."><img alt="Brasserie du Commerce." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg/152px-Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg/228px-Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg/305px-Caf%C3%A9_du_Commerce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="2934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Brasserie du Commerce.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The observatory."><img alt="The observatory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/240px-Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/360px-Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg/480px-Observatoire_de_Besan%C3%A7on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The observatory.</div></div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_clockmaking_in_Besan%C3%A7on" title="History of clockmaking in Besançon">Besançon's specialization in watchmaking</a> has also left its mark on the city's heritage. The <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_astronomical_clock" title="Besançon astronomical clock">astronomical clock</a> located inside St. John's cathedral was commissioned in 1858 by Cardinal Mathieu from Auguste-Lucien Vérité. Composed of 30,000 mechanical parts, 57 dials and presenting 122 all interdependent indications, it is considered a masterpiece of its kind and classified as a Historic Monument in 1991. The National School of Watchmaking was built from 1928 to 1932 by the architect Paul Guadet. This imposing Art Deco building with a monumental clock on its facade now houses the Lycée Jules-Haag. The Dodane watch factory, completed in 1943, is an L-shaped reinforced concrete building whose construction was entrusted to the architect <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a> who also designed the interior decor elements. It has a private garden with swimming pool and tennis court. In the twenty-first century, two monumental clocks, works by Bisontin Philippe Lebru from the Utinam workshop, were installed on the facade of the Besançon Museum of Fine Arts and inside the Besançon Franche-Comté TGV station. </p><p>In addition to the watchmaking heritage, other buildings with notable architecture were built during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The Canot university campus was built from 1929 by the architect René Tournier and inaugurated by the President of the Republic Albert Lebrun in 1933. It was the first university residence in France. The Higher Institute of Fine Arts was built between 1970 and 1974 to plans by the Catalan architect <a href="/wiki/Josep_Llu%C3%ADs_Sert" title="Josep Lluís Sert">Josep Lluís Sert</a>. The Cité des Arts inaugurated in 2013 is the work of the Japanese architect <a href="/wiki/Kengo_Kuma" title="Kengo Kuma">Kengo Kuma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With 5,950 acres (9.30 sq mi; 24.1 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">urban open spaces</a>, including 4,942 acres (7.722 sq mi; 20.00 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, Besançon is considered the first green city in France with 204 m2 of green spaces per capita. The <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Chailluz" title="Forest of Chailluz">Forest of Chailluz</a>, covering 4,015 acres (6.273 sq mi; 16.25 km<sup>2</sup>), represents a quarter of the total area of the commune. The city is the owner of this mainly <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forest, which includes a wildlife park and a <a href="/wiki/Fitness_trail" title="Fitness trail">fitness trail</a> in addition to numerous trails. The historic center is entirely surrounded by green spaces. To the west of the old town, on the left bank of the Doubs, are the Jardins de la Gare-d'Eau: in 1833, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Rhone-Rhine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone-Rhine Canal">Rhone-Rhine Canal</a> led the city to create a small port river shipping but it quickly fell into disuse after the opening of a <a href="/wiki/Canal_tunnel" title="Canal tunnel">canal tunnel</a> under the citadel. The 5 acres (0.0078 sq mi; 0.020 km<sup>2</sup>) park around the basin is currently owned by the <a href="/wiki/Departmental_council_(France)" title="Departmental council (France)">departmental council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>. The Chamars Promenade, attached to these gardens but further north, built in the fourth quarter of the eighteenth century, owes its name to the contraction of Champ de Mars (<a href="/wiki/Field_of_Mars" title="Field of Mars">Field of Mars</a>). It was at first a <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshland</a> separated into two parts by an arm of the River Doubs: the big and the small Chamars. <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a>, judging this place vulnerable, fortified it with the help of <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>. The city obtained permission to turn this space into a promenade in 1739. The architect Bertrand remodeled it between 1770 and 1778 by incorporating a café, public baths, an <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviary</a> of rare birds, waterfalls, a botanical garden and many plantings. It largely disappeared after 1830 with the leveling of the inner rampart and the creation of the Gare d'Eau port. A public garden was refurbished between 1978 and 1982. The only surviving elements of the former Chamars Promenade are the two guard houses, some plane trees, and the stone vases of the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Boutry. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jardins de la Gare d'Eau."><img alt="Jardins de la Gare d'Eau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg/541px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_Gare_d%27Eau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jardins de la Gare d'Eau.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Promenade Chamars."><img alt="Promenade Chamars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Chamars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Promenade Chamars.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Promenade Micaud."><img alt="Promenade Micaud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg/240px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg/360px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg/480px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_les_cascades_du_parc_Micaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Promenade Micaud.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Promenade Granvelle."><img alt="Promenade Granvelle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg/271px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg/406px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg/542px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_la_promenade_Granvelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="3793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Promenade Granvelle.</div> </li> </ul> <p>North of the historic district of Battant, on the right bank of the River Doubs, the Glacis Promenade, created in the middle of the nineteenth century, is the work of the landscape architect Brice Michel and the architect Boutterin. Right in the heart of this district, the Clos Barbisier is a garden created in 1988 and presenting an important variety of <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>. The green belt extends east of the old town, still on the right bank of the River Doubs, by the Promenade of Helvetia which houses a botanical garden called Jardin des Sens et des Senteurs (Garden of Senses and Scents) realized in 1987, accessible to the visually impaired thanks to its plants and shrubs with certain sensory features (smell, touch), and <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> signs. Directly to the south is the Micaud Promenade, which has been progressively developed over 7 acres (0.011 sq mi; 0.028 km<sup>2</sup>) from 1843 on plans by architect Alphonse Delacroix. It is named after Jules Micaud, the mayor who promoted the project. It includes more than four hundred trees, including a <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora" title="Magnolia grandiflora">southern magnolia</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bandstand" title="Bandstand">bandstand</a>, a pond, and several sculptures. The Jardins du Casino, a public garden with flowering lawns and tree-lined avenues, is directly on the other side of Edouard Droz Avenue, which runs along Micaud Promenade. </p><p>In the heart of the historic center, the Promenade Granvelle is the former private garden of the sixteenth century Granvelle Palace, which the municipality acquired in 1712 and which was opened to the public in 1728. The architect Bertrand redeveloped it into a public garden from 1775 to 1778. It includes a bandstand, an artificial cave, a <a href="/wiki/Wallace_fountain" title="Wallace fountain">Wallace fountain</a>, statues of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and Auguste Veil-Picard, the portal of the church of the convent of the Great Carmelites, and a neoclassical colonnade, a remnant of a refreshment pavilion. The first <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> in Besançon was created in 1580. It then occupied more than ten different sites, including the current location of Place Leclerc since 1957. The Parc de l'Observatoire, created in 1904 at the request of the director of the astronomical observatory Auguste Lebeuf, is home to a purple beech, a weeping beech, chestnut and pine trees. </p><p>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bouchot" title="Henri Bouchot">Henri Bouchot</a> stands in Besançon's Henri-Bouchot square. It was originally in bronze but was melted down by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_r%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy régime">Vichy régime</a>. The replacement in stone was made by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Saupique" title="Georges Saupique">Georges Saupique</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besan%C3%A7on,_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_(La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_%28La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino%29.jpg/220px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_%28La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_%28La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino%29.jpg/330px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_%28La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_%28La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino%29.jpg/440px-Besan%C3%A7on%2C_le_mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_%28La_D%C3%A9ploration_sur_le_Christ_mort_-_Bronzino%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_Besan%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon">Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are five museums in Besançon that all bear the designation "<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_France" title="Museum of France">Museum of France</a>". Besançon has one of the finest city art galleries in France outside Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_et_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_de_Besan%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'archéologie de Besançon">Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology</a>, created in 1694, was the first museum created in France and predates <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">The Louvre</a> by almost a century. It has benefited from a remarkable series of bequests over time. </p><p>In the 1960s the architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Miquel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Miquel (page does not exist)">Luis Miquel</a>, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, totally rebuilt the building. The building's interior takes the form of a gently rising concrete walkway that takes visitors up from classical antiquity to the modern age. Among the museum's treasures are a fine collection of classical antiquities and ancient Egyptian artifacts, as well as a very rich collection of paintings including works by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronzino" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordaens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordaens">Jordaens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Isaakszoon_van_Ruisdael" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael">Ruisdael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Cranach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurbar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurbarán">Zurbarán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Fragonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">Boucher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ricault" class="mw-redirect" title="Géricault">Géricault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Matisse">Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> and many others. </p><p>The Musée du Temps (Museum of Time), inaugurated in 2002, was formerly the City's History Museum. Located in the Granvelle Palace, its concept is unique in Europe, grouping watch collections (watches, <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglasses</a>, all means of measuring time ...) and the funds of the history museum (paintings, engravings). In addition, three museums are grouped inside the Vauban citadel. </p><p>The Museum of Resistance and Deportation has been open since 1971 and is one of the largest in its category at the national level. It consists of twenty rooms, retracing the themes related to the Second World War (Nazism, the Occupation, the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a>, the Resistance, Liberation, Deportation) through photographs, texts, documents and original collectibles. The establishment also has two rooms dedicated to artists whose works were made in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. </p><p>The Comtois Museum, installed in 1961 in the Royal Front, presents regional arts and traditions through sixteen permanent exhibition halls with collections of more than 20,000 objects, mainly from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. </p><p>The Museum of Natural History, created in 1959 under the leadership of Mayor Jean Minjoz, presents varied backgrounds in a small evolutionary course around collections of natural sciences (naturalized animals, herbaria ...); it also presents live animals in four sectors (zoo, insectarium, noctarium and aquarium). Besançon is also home to the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, presenting the humanist political commitment of the writer. The Cité des Arts exhibits part of the works of the regional fund of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> of Franche-Comté. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_centers">Performing arts centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Performing arts centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG/220px-La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG/330px-La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG/440px-La_Rodia_Besan%C3%A7on.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>La Rodia concert hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to a National Center for Dramatic Art, the Centre dramatique national Besançon Franche-Comté created in 1972. This theater installed in the former <a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">ballroom</a> of the Casino has a capacity of 337 seats. The Scène nationale de Besançon performs since 2012 in two facilities including the Théâtre de l'Espace and the Théâtre Ledoux. The Théâtre Ledoux was inaugurated in 1784 and can accommodate 1100 people. Besançon also has smaller structures. The Scénacle located in the Saint-Jean district is a small theater with a capacity of about 100 seats that offers plays and concerts by the troupe or regional artists. On campus, the 150-seat Petit Théâtre de la Bouloie welcomes student projects to promote artistic and cultural practice (university theater, university choir...), artistic residencies of young companies, professional shows proposed by the partner structures and shows of young companies. </p><p>The Kursaal is the result of the will to offer entertainment and shows to spa guests of the spa resort of Besançon-les-Bains created in 1891 and military garrison in the city. The Kursaal-Circus opened at the end of 1893, but the promoter's finances, Madame Veuve Pellegrin, did not allow her to reimburse the expenses incurred. The city acquired it in 1895 and the Kursaal became the city's <a href="/wiki/Concert_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert hall">concert hall</a>. It closes in 1970 for reasons of obsolescence, before being renovated from 1979 and reopened in September 1982. A conference room with 360 seats, called Petit Kursaal was also created in the basement. The main hall, known as Grand Kursaal, has two balconies and a dome ceiling decorated with frescoes reminiscent of the circus arts. Its capacity can go up to 1,038 seats including 450 on both balconies. </p><p>Bands play throughout the year at La Rodia, located in the Prés-de-Vaux neighborhood. It includes a large 900-seat theater and a 330-seat "club" hall as well as two creative studios. The Micropolis Exhibition Center houses a modular hall with a capacity of 2,200 to 6,500 seats, where the majority of artists and bands on national and international tours are performing. </p><p>The city is home to the Victor Hugo Franche-Comté Orchestra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplex cinema">multiplex cinemas</a>, the Mégarama Beaux-Arts in the historic district and Mégarama École-Valentin in the suburban area. The Cinéma Victor-Hugo is a smaller cinema promoting <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">indie movies</a>, located in the city center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_cultural_events_and_fairs">Annual cultural events and fairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Annual cultural events and fairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Besançon hosts many festive and cultural events. </p><p>Several music festivals punctuate the year, the most emblematic and the oldest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_International_Music_Festival" title="Besançon International Music Festival">Besançon Franche-Comté International Music Festival</a>, created in 1948 and held every year in September. This festival honors the <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonic</a> repertoire, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recital" class="mw-redirect" title="Recital">recitals</a>. It was completed in 1951 by the International Contest of Young <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductors</a> held every two years (odd years), one of the most prestigious of the discipline which counts among its laureates <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Albrecht" title="Gerd Albrecht">Gerd Albrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Plasson" title="Michel Plasson">Michel Plasson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_M%C3%A1cal" title="Zdeněk Mácal">Zdeněk Mácal</a>. </p><p>The Festival Détonation is another highlight of September: created in 2012 and organized by La Rodia, its programming mixes pop music, electronic music and interactive mapping installations. </p><p>Initiated in 2007, the GéNéRiQ Festival takes place in February in five cities: <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>, Besançon, <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>. Its programming is also focused on new musical trends such as electro clubbing, mediterranean surf, free metal, electro blues, alternative hip hop or neo ghetto folk. </p><p>Created in 1981, the Jazz and improvised music festival in Franche-Comté offers concerts in Besançon and other towns in the region in June. </p><p>The Circasismic Festival, held in May since 2015, presents a program of electro, dub and rock music as well as circus and street theater shows. </p><p>The Orgue en ville festival, created in 2009, offers about twenty concerts around the organ in religious buildings of Besançon and its agglomeration. It takes place between the end of June and the beginning of July. </p><p>The Besançon-Montfaucon Festival offers musical works played on <a href="/wiki/Period_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Period instrument">period instruments</a>. </p><p>The Foire Comtoise is a trade fair and a <a href="/wiki/Traveling_carnival" title="Traveling carnival">travelling funfair</a> held in the Micropolis exhibition center. This event created in 1922 was originally an agricultural fair. It now hosts around 600 exhibitors and 140,000 visitors around the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Feast of the Ascension</a> weekend. Each year, a country or a community is a guest of honor and presents its crafts and its customs and traditions through shows. </p><p>Since 1995, the Gourmet Instants market has been held on the Granvelle Promenade in September and showcases local gastronomic products. </p><p>The Christmas market in Besançon has been spreading throughout December since 1993, while a carnival parade has been held since 1978, bringing together 20,000 to 30,000 people each year in the streets of the city center. </p><p>The Grand Besançon Métropole book festival (Livres dans la Boucle) take place in September. Running over three days, it hosted in 2018 more than 200 authors and 30,000 visitors. </p><p>An African cinema festival called Lumières d'Afrique has been held in November since 1996. </p><p>Bien Urbain is a manifestation of street art and contemporary art in the public space held in June since 2011. </p><p>In the field of theater, Besançon has two festivals. The Festival de Caves has been offering shows since 2006 in the cellars of the city. Born in Besançon, the concept of this festival has since spread in many cities in France and Europe. </p><p>Since 2018, the Festival of World Languages and Cultures has been the heir to the International University Theater Meetings, which celebrated their 25th edition in 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_BIP" title="Radio BIP">Radio BIP</a>. Originally operating as a <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> station from 1977 to 1978, refounded in 1981 as a "free radio".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_radio" title="South radio">South radio</a>. Created in 1982 for the Algerian and Arab community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Shalom_Dijon" title="Radio Shalom Dijon">Radio Shalom Besançon</a>. Radio of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Besan%C3%A7on" title="History of the Jews in Besançon">Jewish Community of Besançon</a>.</li> <li>RCF Besançon. Local edition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radios_chr%C3%A9tiennes_francophones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radios chrétiennes francophones (page does not exist)">RCF</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon</a>.</li> <li>Radio Campus Besançon. Local edition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Campus_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Campus France (page does not exist)">Radio Campus France</a>, for students.</li> <li>France Bleu Besançon. Local edition of <a href="/wiki/France_Bleu" class="mw-redirect" title="France Bleu">France Bleu</a>, generalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a> Franche-Comté. Public TV.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Est_R%C3%A9publicain" title="L'Est Républicain">L'Est Républicain</a></i>. Newspaper.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of sport in the agglomeration of Besançon is quite diverse, on the one hand because the municipality does not want to bet everything on one or two professional disciplines that would carry the colors of the city high, but rather to encourage its population to practice all disciplines, and on the other hand because the particular setting of the city (hills, cliffs, rivers) makes it possible to practice a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">outdoor sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">rowing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_venues">Sports venues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_sports_Ghani-Yalouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais des sports Ghani-Yalouz">Palais des sports Ghani-Yalouz</a>, the largest indoor sports <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a> in the metropolitan area, was inaugurated in 1967 and refurbished in 2005. Its capacity is flexible, from 3,380 seats in <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a> configuration to 4,200 seats in <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> configuration. The main <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a> is the Léo-Lagrange stadium, inaugurated in 1939 and renovated between 2003 and 2005. With a capacity of 11,500 seats, it exclusively hosts <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> matches. Three other stadiums are located in the town, the Rosemont stadium, the Orchamps stadium and the Henri Joran stadium in the Velotte district. The city has a single <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rink</a>, the La Fayette ice rink, two indoor <a href="/wiki/Olympic_swimming_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic swimming pool">Olympic swimming pools</a> (Mallarmé and La Fayette), two outdoor swimming pools (Chalezeule and Port Joint) and ten <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gyms</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor climbing">indoor climbing</a> gym inaugurated in 2020 near the Léo-Lagrange stadium offers climbing routes that can reach up to 18 meters above the ground. The Centre des Cultures Urbaines de Besançon (CCUB) located in the Saint-Claude district is a 2,000 m2 indoor space inaugurated in 2019 and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">boardsports</a> (rollerblading, <a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>) and balance practices (<a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">parkour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">slacklining</a>). An open-air skatepark is set up in the city center on the banks of the river Doubs in the Chamars area. Other notable facilities are located on the territory of peripheral municipalities. In <a href="/wiki/Montfaucon,_Doubs" title="Montfaucon, Doubs">Montfaucon</a>, at the gates of Besançon, there is a free flight site for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hang-gliding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang-gliding">hang-gliding</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliff</a> with nearly 150 climbing routes from 20 to 40 meters. The Golf de Besançon is an 18-hole <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf course</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/La_Chevillotte" title="La Chevillotte">La Chevillotte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_teams_and_sportspeople">Professional teams and sportspeople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Professional teams and sportspeople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of team sports, the city is currently represented at the national level mainly in the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>. The <a href="/wiki/ESBF_Besan%C3%A7on" title="ESBF Besançon">Entente Sportive Bisontine Feminine (ESBF)</a> club, founded in 1970, plays in the <a href="/wiki/French_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="French Women's Handball Championship">French Women's First League</a>. It is the most successful club in the city with notably 4 French league titles and a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_EHF_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's EHF Cup Winners' Cup">European Cup</a>. Grand Besançon Doubs Handball (GBDH), men's handball club, participated in 4 seasons in the first division and 26 seasons in the second division. It is playing in the second division for the 2020–2021 season. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, the city has two clubs playing in <a href="/wiki/Championnat_National_3" title="Championnat National 3">Championnat National 3</a>, the fifth tier in the French football league system: <a href="/wiki/Racing_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Racing Besançon">Racing Besançon</a> (RB) and <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Football" title="Besançon Football">Besançon Football</a> (BF). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is present with the Besançon Avenir Comtois (BesAC) club, playing in Championnat de Nationale 3, fifth tier in the French basketball league system. Former <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_BCD" title="Besançon BCD">Besançon BCD</a>, now defunct, played nine seasons in the top-tier men's professional basketball league in France and counted <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bowen" title="Bruce Bowen">Bruce Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanoka_Beard" title="Tanoka Beard">Tanoka Beard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Farmer" title="Tony Farmer">Tony Farmer</a> among its most famous players. </p><p>In the field of individual sports at professional and amateur level, the city stands out in boxing with Olympic medalist <a href="/wiki/Khedafi_Djelkhir" title="Khedafi Djelkhir">Khedafi Djelkhir</a>, wrestling with Olympic medalist <a href="/wiki/Ghani_Yalouz" title="Ghani Yalouz">Ghani Yalouz</a>, archery with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Valladont" title="Jean-Charles Valladont">Jean-Charles Valladont</a> several times medalist at the World and European championship and silver medalist at the Rio Olympics, judo, cycling (Amicale Cycliste Bisontine), weightlifting (La Française de Besançon) or canoeing (Société Nautique Bisontine, 2nd club French). Besançon also hosts the Franche-Comté Judo Besançon club with 90 national podiums, 50 French Champion titles in all categories and 20 European and world podiums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_events">Sport events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sport events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand Besançon Métropole is organizing from 2019 a festival called Grandes Heures Nature devoted to outdoor sports such as hiking, trail running, canoeing, climbing, mountain biking and road cycling. It takes place over four days during the month of June. The city of Besançon is a regular stage city in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> bicycle race, which it hosted 18 times between 1903 and 2018. The Besançon Trail des Forts has been taking place since 2004 every year in May and offers four <a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">trail running</a> races of 48, 28, 19 and 10 kilometers, the longest course being registered among the ten stages of the National Trail Tour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besançon is situated at the crossing of two major lines of communication, the NE-SW route that follows the valley of the river Doubs and links Germany and North Europe with <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and southwest Europe, and the N–S route linking northern France and the Netherlands with Switzerland. The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/A36_autoroute" title="A36 autoroute">A36 motorway</a>, which connects the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> border with <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besançon is well connected with the rest of France by train. One can reach major destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> directly. The city has some international connections to cities such as <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Besan%C3%A7on-Viotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Besançon-Viotte">Gare de Besançon-Viotte</a>, the main railway station, sits in the centre of the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Besan%C3%A7on_Franche-Comt%C3%A9_TGV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Besançon Franche-Comté TGV">Gare de Besançon Franche-Comté TGV</a> is the high speed railway station and it sits some 10 km (6 mi) north of the city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/220px-CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/330px-CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/440px-CAF_Urbos_3_n%C2%B0812_GINKO_R%C3%A9publique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4643" data-file-height="3077" /></a><figcaption>Tram in Besançon, Chamars.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Trams in Besançon">tramway</a> commenced service in September 2014. The length of the line is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) and the route follows a mainly South-West-North East direction through the city between <a href="/wiki/Hauts_du_Chazal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauts du Chazal">Hauts du Chazal</a> and alternative destinations of <a href="/wiki/Chalezeule" title="Chalezeule">Chalezeule</a> ("parc Micaud") and the Besançon railway station at <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Besan%C3%A7on-Viotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Besançon-Viotte">"Gare Viotte"</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bus services in Besançon and its suburbs are run by the Ginko company. It runs 58 bus lines and its fleet has about 240 buses. The network serves the 68 municipalities of the urban community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Category:People from Besançon">Category:People from Besançon</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg/140px-Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg/210px-Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg/280px-Portrait_of_Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle_by_Willem_Key.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle" title="Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle">Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle</a>, 1561</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27homme,_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_(1780-1877),_homme_de_lettre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portrait_d%27homme%2C_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_%281780-1877%29%2C_homme_de_lettre.jpg/140px-Portrait_d%27homme%2C_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_%281780-1877%29%2C_homme_de_lettre.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portrait_d%27homme%2C_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_%281780-1877%29%2C_homme_de_lettre.jpg/210px-Portrait_d%27homme%2C_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_%281780-1877%29%2C_homme_de_lettre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Portrait_d%27homme%2C_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_%281780-1877%29%2C_homme_de_lettre.jpg/280px-Portrait_d%27homme%2C_autrefois_identifi%C3%A9_comme_Charles_Nodier_%281780-1877%29%2C_homme_de_lettre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3606" data-file-height="4444" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a>, ca.1830</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg/140px-Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg/210px-Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg/280px-Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in Besançon</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/140px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/210px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/280px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Joseph Proudhon">Pierre Joseph Proudhon</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Besançon was the birthplace of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a> (1510–1572), musician, teacher of Palestrina, composer of Protestant hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle" title="Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle">Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle</a> (1517–1586), cardinal, statesman and humanist.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Boissard" title="Jean-Jacques Boissard">Jean-Jacques Boissard</a> (1528–1602), an antiquary and Neo-Latin poet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Besard" title="Jean-Baptiste Besard">Jean-Baptiste Besard</a> (1567 – ca.1625), lawyer, Doctor of Medicine and composer for the lute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mairet" title="Jean Mairet">Jean Mairet</a> (1604–1686), dramatist.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boisot" title="Jean-Baptiste Boisot">Jean-Baptiste Boisot</a> (1638–1694), abbot and scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Blavet" title="Michel Blavet">Michel Blavet</a> (1700–1768), flutist, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> (1772–1837), inventor of socialist "<a href="/wiki/Phalanstery" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanstery">phalansteries</a>" (a self-contained utopian community building for 500–2000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Antoine_de_Courvoisier" title="Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier">Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier</a> (1775–1835), magistrate and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89tienne-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ruty" title="Charles-Étienne-François Ruty">Charles-Étienne-François Ruty</a> (1777–1828), comte, general, peer—commissioned into the army in 1793 and promoted to lt. general in 1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Weiss_(librarian)" title="Charles Weiss (librarian)">Charles Weiss</a> (1779–1866), librarian and bibliographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a> (1780–1844), writer. Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_S%C3%A9raphin_Barizain" title="Claude Louis Séraphin Barizain">Claude Louis Séraphin Barizain</a> (1783–1843), a French actor, known as <i>Monrose</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Claude_Eug%C3%A8ne_P%C3%A9clet" title="Jean Claude Eugène Péclet">Jean Claude Eugène Péclet</a> (1793–1857), <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, gave his name to the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9clet_number" title="Péclet number">Péclet number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> (1802–1885), poet, dramatist and romance-writer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie-Charles_de_Bernard_du_Grail_de_la_Villette" title="Pierre-Marie-Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette">Charles de Bernard</a> (1804–1850), a French writer.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> (1809–1865), politician, economist and author, theorist of anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Braun" title="Adolphe Braun">Adolphe Braun</a> (1812–1877), early photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet" title="Hilaire de Chardonnet">Hilaire de Chardonnet</a> (1838–1924), inventor of artificial silk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Langlois" title="Hippolyte Langlois">Hippolyte Langlois</a> (1839–1912), a French general, he wrote on military science.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nicolas_Rambaud" title="Alfred Nicolas Rambaud">Alfred Nicolas Rambaud</a> (1842–1905), a French historian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Aron" title="Henry Aron">Henry Aron</a> (1842–1885), journalist<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jean_R%C3%A9sal" title="Louis-Jean Résal">Louis-Jean Résal</a> (1854–1920), engineer who built the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Mirabeau" title="Pont Mirabeau">Pont Mirabeau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a> in Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a> (1862–1954) and (1864–1948), inventors of cinematography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Scaremberg" title="Émile Scaremberg">Émile Scaremberg</a> (1863–1938), tenor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Bernard" title="Tristan Bernard">Tristan Bernard</a> (1866–1947), journalist and humorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Seitz" title="Albert Seitz">Albert Seitz</a> (1872–1937), composer and violist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Paris" title="Marie-Louise Paris">Marie-Louise Paris</a> (1889–1969), French engineer who founded the Women's Polytechnic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Arrachart" title="Ludovic Arrachart">Ludovic Arrachart</a> (1897–1933), aviator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gerard_(trumpeter)" title="Fred Gerard (trumpeter)">Fred Gerard</a> (1924–2012), jazz trumpeter and composer<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Plan%C3%A7on" title="Gabriel Plançon">Gabriel Plançon</a> (1916–1943), <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> fighter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Petetin" title="Georges Petetin">Georges Petetin</a> (1920–2012), painter and sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviane_Wade" title="Viviane Wade">Viviane Wade</a> (born 1932), First Lady of Senegal (2000–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Blum" title="Bernard Blum">Bernard Blum</a> (1938–2014), agronomist and founder of IBMA and ABIM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bender" title="Philippe Bender">Philippe Bender</a> (born 1942), flutist and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Blanc" title="Raymond Blanc">Raymond Blanc</a> (born 1949), chef</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Clerc_(mathematician)" title="Maurice Clerc (mathematician)">Maurice Clerc</a> (born 1949), mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Courlet_de_Vregille" title="Arnaud Courlet de Vregille">Arnaud Courlet de Vregille</a> (born 1958), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Berta" title="Philippe Berta">Philippe Berta</a> (born 1960), MP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Olivier_Maire" title="Killing of Olivier Maire">Olivier Maire</a> (1960–2021), assassinated Catholic priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Mamy" title="Sylvie Mamy">Sylvie Mamy</a> (born ca.1965), musicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paris" title="Thomas Paris">Thomas Paris</a> (born 1970), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Aug%C3%A9" title="Gaspard Augé">Gaspard Augé</a> (born 1979), one half of electronic music duo <a href="/wiki/Justice_(band)" title="Justice (band)">Justice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Laurent" title="Lucien Laurent">Lucien Laurent</a> (1907–2005), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gribaldy" title="Jean de Gribaldy">Jean de Gribaldy</a> (1922–1987), professional racing cyclist and <a href="/wiki/Directeur_sportif" title="Directeur sportif">directeur sportif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrade_Hakkar" title="Morrade Hakkar">Morrade Hakkar</a> (born 1972), boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Kali" title="Cyril Kali">Cyril Kali</a> (born 1984), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohann_Lasimant" title="Yohann Lasimant">Yohann Lasimant</a> (born 1989), footballer</li></ul> <p>and </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands</a> (born 1967) is the Lord of Besançon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literary references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, in his account <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i> gives a description of the antique city of Besançon, named Vesontio (first book, section 38):</li></ul> <blockquote><p>[1.38] When he had proceeded three days' journey, word was brought to him that Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani, and had advanced three days' journey from its territories. Caesar thought that he ought to take the greatest precautions lest this should happen, for there was in that town a most ample supply of every thing which was serviceable for war; and so fortified was it by the nature of the ground, as to afford a great facility for protracting the war, inasmuch as the river Doubs almost surrounds the whole town, as though it were traced round it with a pair of compasses. A mountain of great height shuts in the remaining space, which is not more than 600 feet (180 m), where the river leaves a gap, in such a manner that the roots of that mountain extend to the river's bank on either side. A wall thrown around it makes a citadel of this [mountain], and connects it with the town.</p></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Jennings_(author)" title="Gary Jennings (author)">Gary Jennings</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Raptor_(novel)" title="Raptor (novel)">Raptor</a></i>, which takes place in the 5th century AD, describes Vesontio lavishly.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Le_rouge_et_le_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Le rouge et le noir">Le rouge et le noir</a></i>, Julien Sorel, the main character, studies for a while at the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> at Besançon (first book, chapters 24 to 30):</li></ul> <blockquote><p>Eventually he saw the white walls beyond the distant mountain; it was the citadel of Besançon. "What a difference", he said, sighing, "if I could come into this fine city as a sub-lieutenant of one of these regiments of the post." Besançon is not only one of the prettiest cities in France, but it abounds in brave and intelligent men. Julien, however, was only a little peasant, without any means of approaching distinguished personages.</p></blockquote> <ul><li>In the poem "This Century Was Two Years Old" (<i><a href="/wiki/Les_Feuilles_d%27automne" title="Les Feuilles d'automne">Les Feuilles d'automne</a></i>; literally – "The Leaves of Autumn"), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> evokes his birth in Besançon:</li></ul> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>This century was two years old. Rome was replacing Sparta;<br /> Already Napoleon was emerging from under Bonaparte.<br /> And already the First Consul's tight mask<br /> Had been split in several places by the Emperor's brow.<br /> It was then that in Besançon, that old Spanish town,<br /> Cast like a seed into the flying wind,<br /> A child was born of mixed blood—Breton and Lorraine—<br /> Pallid, blind and mute,...<br /> That child, whom Life was scratching from its book,<br /> And who had not another day to live,<br /> Was me. </p> </div></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a>'s novel <i>A History of the World in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Chapters</i> features as chapter 3: "Wars of Religion"—a fictional manuscript reportedly from the Archives Municipales de Besançon.</li> <li>Balzac's novel <i>Albert Savaron</i> takes place in Besançon.</li> <li>Colonel Sainte-Hermine, the fictional hero of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_Sainte-Hermine" title="The Knight of Sainte-Hermine">The Last Cavalier</a></i>, is a native of Besançon.</li></ul> <p>The Christmas carol "Berger, Secoue Ton Sommeil Profond", known in English as "Shepherds, Shake Off Your Drowsy Sleep", originated in Besançon in the 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in France">List of twin towns and sister cities in France</a></div> <p>Besançon is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bistriţa">Bistriţa</a>, Romania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Douroula" title="Douroula">Douroula</a>, Burkina Faso</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a>, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, Finland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Man,_Ivory_Coast" title="Man, Ivory Coast">Man</a>, Ivory Coast</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Matsumae,_Hokkaido" title="Matsumae, Hokkaido">Matsumae</a>, Japan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Russia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Battle of Besançon">Battle of Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Chapelle_des_Buis" title="Centre-Chapelle des Buis">Centre-Chapelle des Buis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Doubs_department" title="Communes of the Doubs department">Communes of the Doubs department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_James_Pradier" title="List of works by James Pradier">List of works by James Pradier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_in_Besan%C3%A7on_Cathedral" title="Paintings in Besançon Cathedral">Paintings in Besançon Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Protestantism in Besançon">Protestantism in Besançon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503">"Répertoire national des élus: les maires"</a> (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9pertoire+national+des+%C3%A9lus%3A+les+maires&rft.pub=data.gouv.fr%2C+Plateforme+ouverte+des+donn%C3%A9es+publiques+fran%C3%A7aises&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdatasets%2Fr%2F2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popref2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popref2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8288323?geo=COM-25056">"Populations de référence 2022"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a>. 19 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence+2022&rft.pub=The+National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Economic+Studies&rft.date=2024-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F8288323%3Fgeo%3DCOM-25056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statloc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statloc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statloc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2019&view=map13">"France par aire d'attraction des villes – Population municipale 2019 >> Tableau"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+par+aire+d%27attraction+des+villes+%E2%80%93+Population+municipale+2019+%3E%3E+Tableau&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques-locales.insee.fr%2F%23c%3Dindicator%26i%3Dpop_legales.popmun%26s%3D2019%26view%3Dmap13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818031721/https://www.lexico.com/definition/besancon?s=t">"Besançon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Besan%C3%A7on">the original</a> on 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Besan%C3%A7on&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBesan%25C3%25A7on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Besan%C3%A7on">"Besançon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Besan%C3%A7on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBesan%25C3%25A7on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2018" class="citation news cs1">Beckett, Kathleen (15 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/fashion/watches-besancon-france.html">"The Watch Capital of France? Besançon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Watch+Capital+of+France%3F+Besan%C3%A7on&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F15%2Ffashion%2Fwatches-besancon-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Considering surface green spaces per inhabitant, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quid.fr/2007/Environnement/Defense_De_L_Environnement/2">Numbers available on the encyclopedia site <i>Quid</i>, at the bottom of the page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209034104/http://www.quid.fr/2007/Environnement/Defense_De_L_Environnement/2">Archived</a> 9 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1283">"Fortifications of Vauban"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Fortifications+of+Vauban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geography</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+4.3.1">4.3.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare, Nicholas (2013) <i>Priscilla: The Hidden Life of an Englishwoman in Wartime France</i>. (Harvill Secker).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107101826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/besancon/25056001/normales">"Climatological Information for Besançon, France"</a>. Meteo France. 14 February 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/besancon/25056001/normales">the original</a> on 7 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatological+Information+for+Besan%C3%A7on%2C+France&rft.pub=Meteo+France&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteofrance.com%2Fclimat%2Ffrance%2Fbesancon%2F25056001%2Fnormales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_25056001.pdf">"Besançon (25)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records</i> (in French). Meteo France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fiche+Climatologique%3A+Statistiques+1991%E2%80%932020+et+records&rft.atitle=Besan%C3%A7on+%2825%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdonneespubliques.meteofrance.fr%2FFichesClim%2FFICHECLIM_25056001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infoclimat-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infoclimat_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07288-besancon-thise.html">"Normes et records 1961–1990: Besançon – altitude 307m"</a> (in French). Infoclimat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normes+et+records+1961%E2%80%931990%3A+Besan%C3%A7on+%E2%80%93+altitude+307m&rft.pub=Infoclimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie-07288-besancon-thise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehess-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ehess_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=3928">Commune data sheet Besançon</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pophist-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pophist_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-25056#ancre-POP_T1">Population en historique depuis 1968</a>, INSEE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2022-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop2022_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8290607/dep25.pdf">"Populations de référence 2022: 25 Doubs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence+2022%3A+25+Doubs&rft.pub=INSEE&rft.date=2024-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F8290607%2Fdep25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronora.com/en/the-trade-fair/">"Microtechnology, high precision, nanotechnology trade fair"</a>. <i>Micronora</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Micronora&rft.atitle=Microtechnology%2C+high+precision%2C+nanotechnology+trade+fair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronora.com%2Fen%2Fthe-trade-fair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isifc.univ-fcomte.fr/">"Institut Supérieur d'Ingénieurs de Franche-Comté (Besançon) web site"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institut+Sup%C3%A9rieur+d%27Ing%C3%A9nieurs+de+Franche-Comt%C3%A9+%28Besan%C3%A7on%29+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisifc.univ-fcomte.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.besac.com/agenda/lieu-hotel_de_ville_besancon-73.htm">"Hôtel de Ville de Besançon"</a>. Besac<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%B4tel+de+Ville+de+Besan%C3%A7on&rft.pub=Besac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.besac.com%2Fagenda%2Flieu-hotel_de_ville_besancon-73.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Goudimel, Claude"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Goudimel,_Claude">"Goudimel, Claude" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goudimel%2C+Claude&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Granvella, Antoine Perrenot, Cardinal de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Granvella,_Antoine_Perrenot,_Cardinal_de">"Granvella, Antoine Perrenot, Cardinal de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">361–</span>362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Granvella%2C+Antoine+Perrenot%2C+Cardinal+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boissard, Jean Jacques"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boissard,_Jean_Jacques">"Boissard, Jean Jacques" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boissard%2C+Jean+Jacques&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mairet, Jean de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mairet,_Jean_de">"Mairet, Jean de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mairet%2C+Jean+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=445&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Robert Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Robert</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fourier, François Charles Marie"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fourier,_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Marie">"Fourier, François Charles Marie" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">751–</span>752.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fourier%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois+Charles+Marie&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E752&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Courvoisier,_Jean_Joseph_Antoine">"Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">329–</span>330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courvoisier%2C+Jean+Joseph+Antoine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nodier, Charles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nodier,_Charles">"Nodier, Charles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 731.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nodier%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=731&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monrose"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Monrose">"Monrose" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 739.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monrose&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=739&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwinburne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Swinburne, Algernon Charles</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hugo, Victor Marie"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hugo,_Victor_Marie">"Hugo, Victor Marie" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">862–</span>864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo%2C+Victor+Marie&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E862-%3C%2Fspan%3E864&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Swinburne&rft.aufirst=Algernon+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernard, Charles de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bernard,_Charles_de">"Bernard, Charles de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 798.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bernard%2C+Charles+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=798&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proudhon, Pierre Joseph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Proudhon,_Pierre_Joseph">"Proudhon, Pierre Joseph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>490.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proudhon%2C+Pierre+Joseph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Langlois, Hippolyte"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Langlois,_Hippolyte">"Langlois, Hippolyte" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Langlois%2C+Hippolyte&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=177&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rambaud,_Alfred_Nicolas">"Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">872–</span>873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rambaud%2C+Alfred+Nicolas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E872-%3C%2Fspan%3E873&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupré, Romain (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-archives-juives-2013-2-page-136.htm">"Henri, dit Henry, Aron, professeur, publiciste, directeur du Journal officiel"</a>. <i>Archives Juives, Revue d'histoire des Juifs de France</i>, Vol. 46, pp. 136–140. Retrieved 24 January 2016 (subscription required for full access) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Laplace2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Michel Laplace (2002). "Gerard, Fred [Monnin, Georges]". <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.J166400">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J166400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gerard%2C+Fred+%5BMonnin%2C+Georges%5D&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.J166400&rft.au=Michel+Laplace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandbesancon.fr/infos-pratiques/citoyennete/besancon-ville-ouverte-au-monde/">"Besançon, ville ouverte au monde"</a>. <i>grandbesancon.fr</i> (in French). Besançon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grandbesancon.fr&rft.atitle=Besan%C3%A7on%2C+ville+ouverte+au+monde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandbesancon.fr%2Finfos-pratiques%2Fcitoyennete%2Fbesancon-ville-ouverte-au-monde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABesan%C3%A7on" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Besan%C3%A7on#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Besançon">Bibliography of the history of Besançon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_France" title="Template:Cities in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_France" title="Template talk:Cities in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_France_by_population139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities in France by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeurbanne" title="Villeurbanne">Villeurbanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis, Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis">Montreuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Paul, Réunion">Saint-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Complete list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communes_of_the_Doubs_department_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Doubs_communes" title="Template:Doubs communes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Doubs_communes" title="Template talk:Doubs communes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Doubs_communes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Doubs communes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communes_of_the_Doubs_department_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Doubs_department" title="Communes of the Doubs department">Communes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs department</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbans-Dessous" title="Abbans-Dessous">Abbans-Dessous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbans-Dessus" title="Abbans-Dessus">Abbans-Dessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbenans" title="Abbenans">Abbenans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9villers" title="Abbévillers">Abbévillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accolans" title="Accolans">Accolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam-l%C3%A8s-Passavant" title="Adam-lès-Passavant">Adam-lès-Passavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam-l%C3%A8s-Vercel" title="Adam-lès-Vercel">Adam-lès-Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibre" title="Aibre">Aibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFssey" title="Aïssey">Aïssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenjoie" title="Allenjoie">Allenjoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Alli%C3%A9s" title="Les Alliés">Les Alliés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allondans" title="Allondans">Allondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amagney" title="Amagney">Amagney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amancey" title="Amancey">Amancey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amathay-V%C3%A9signeux" title="Amathay-Vésigneux">Amathay-Vésigneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amondans" title="Amondans">Amondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anteuil" title="Anteuil">Anteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenans" title="Appenans">Appenans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbouans" title="Arbouans">Arbouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc-et-Senans" title="Arc-et-Senans">Arc-et-Senans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcey,_Doubs" title="Arcey, Doubs">Arcey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A7on" title="Arçon">Arçon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc-sous-Cicon" title="Arc-sous-Cicon">Arc-sous-Cicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc-sous-Montenot" title="Arc-sous-Montenot">Arc-sous-Montenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubonne,_Doubs" title="Aubonne, Doubs">Aubonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audeux" title="Audeux">Audeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audincourt" title="Audincourt">Audincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autechaux" title="Autechaux">Autechaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autechaux-Roide" title="Autechaux-Roide">Autechaux-Roide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Auxons" title="Les Auxons">Les Auxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanne-Aveney" title="Avanne-Aveney">Avanne-Aveney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avilley" title="Avilley">Avilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoudrey" title="Avoudrey">Avoudrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badevel" title="Badevel">Badevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannans" title="Bannans">Bannans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Barboux" title="Le Barboux">Le Barboux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart,_Doubs" title="Bart, Doubs">Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartherans" title="Bartherans">Bartherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenans-les-Mines" title="Battenans-les-Mines">Battenans-les-Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenans-Varin" title="Battenans-Varin">Battenans-Varin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baume-les-Dames" title="Baume-les-Dames">Baume-les-Dames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavans" title="Bavans">Bavans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfays" title="Belfays">Belfays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_B%C3%A9lieu" title="Le Bélieu">Le Bélieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleherbe" title="Belleherbe">Belleherbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Doubs" title="Belmont, Doubs">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir,_Doubs" title="Belvoir, Doubs">Belvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berche" title="Berche">Berche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthelange" title="Berthelange">Berthelange</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Besançon</a><sup>pref</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethoncourt" title="Bethoncourt">Bethoncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beure" title="Beure">Beure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beutal" title="Beutal">Beutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bief" title="Bief">Bief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Bizot" title="Le Bizot">Le Bizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blamont" title="Blamont">Blamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarians" title="Blarians">Blarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blussangeaux" title="Blussangeaux">Blussangeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blussans" title="Blussans">Blussans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandoz" title="Bolandoz">Bolandoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondeval" title="Bondeval">Bondeval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnal,_Doubs" title="Bonnal, Doubs">Bonnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnay,_Doubs" title="Bonnay, Doubs">Bonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn%C3%A9tage" title="Bonnétage">Bonnétage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnevaux,_Doubs" title="Bonnevaux, Doubs">Bonnevaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bosse,_Doubs" title="La Bosse, Doubs">La Bosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouclans" title="Bouclans">Bouclans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boujailles" title="Boujailles">Boujailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourguignon,_Doubs" title="Bourguignon, Doubs">Bourguignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournois" title="Bournois">Bournois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussi%C3%A8res" title="Boussières">Boussières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouverans" title="Bouverans">Bouverans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braillans" title="Braillans">Braillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branne,_Doubs" title="Branne, Doubs">Branne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breconchaux" title="Breconchaux">Breconchaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremondans" title="Bremondans">Bremondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A8res" title="Brères">Brères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Br%C3%A9seux" title="Les Bréseux">Les Bréseux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Breteni%C3%A8re,_Doubs" title="La Bretenière, Doubs">La Bretenière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretigney" title="Bretigney">Bretigney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretigney-Notre-Dame" title="Bretigney-Notre-Dame">Bretigney-Notre-Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretonvillers" title="Bretonvillers">Bretonvillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brey-et-Maison-du-Bois" title="Brey-et-Maison-du-Bois">Brey-et-Maison-du-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brognard" title="Brognard">Brognard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffard" title="Buffard">Buffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugny" title="Bugny">Bugny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulle,_Doubs" title="Bulle, Doubs">Bulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgille" title="Burgille">Burgille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnevillers" title="Burnevillers">Burnevillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy,_Doubs" title="Busy, Doubs">Busy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By,_Doubs" title="By, Doubs">By</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byans-sur-Doubs" title="Byans-sur-Doubs">Byans-sur-Doubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadem%C3%A8ne" title="Cademène">Cademène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cendrey" title="Cendrey">Cendrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernay-l%27%C3%89glise" title="Cernay-l'Église">Cernay-l'Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessey" title="Cessey">Cessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaffois" title="Chaffois">Chaffois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chal%C3%A8ze" title="Chalèze">Chalèze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalezeule" title="Chalezeule">Chalezeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamesey" title="Chamesey">Chamesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamesol" title="Chamesol">Chamesol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagney,_Doubs" title="Champagney, Doubs">Champagney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlive" title="Champlive">Champlive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champoux" title="Champoux">Champoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champvans-les-Moulins" title="Champvans-les-Moulins">Champvans-les-Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantrans" title="Chantrans">Chantrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle-des-Bois" title="Chapelle-des-Bois">Chapelle-des-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle-d%27Huin" title="Chapelle-d'Huin">Chapelle-d'Huin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmauvillers" title="Charmauvillers">Charmauvillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmoille,_Doubs" title="Charmoille, Doubs">Charmoille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnay,_Doubs" title="Charnay, Doubs">Charnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charquemont" title="Charquemont">Charquemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassagne-Saint-Denis" title="Chassagne-Saint-Denis">Chassagne-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauvieux-les-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Châteauvieux-les-Fossés">Châteauvieux-les-Fossés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telblanc" title="Châtelblanc">Châtelblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon-Guyotte" title="Châtillon-Guyotte">Châtillon-Guyotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon-le-Duc" title="Châtillon-le-Duc">Châtillon-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaucenne" title="Chaucenne">Chaucenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chaux,_Doubs" title="La Chaux, Doubs">La Chaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaux-l%C3%A8s-Passavant" title="Chaux-lès-Passavant">Chaux-lès-Passavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaux-Neuve" title="Chaux-Neuve">Chaux-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chay,_Doubs" title="Chay, Doubs">Chay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazot" title="Chazot">Chazot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemaudin_et_Vaux" title="Chemaudin et Vaux">Chemaudin et Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chenalotte" title="La Chenalotte">La Chenalotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenecey-Buillon" title="Chenecey-Buillon">Chenecey-Buillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevigney-l%C3%A8s-Vercel" title="Chevigney-lès-Vercel">Chevigney-lès-Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevigney-sur-l%27Ognon" title="Chevigney-sur-l'Ognon">Chevigney-sur-l'Ognon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chevillotte" title="La Chevillotte">La Chevillotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevroz" title="Chevroz">Chevroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouzelot" title="Chouzelot">Chouzelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ron" title="Cléron">Cléron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cluse-et-Mijoux" title="La Cluse-et-Mijoux">La Cluse-et-Mijoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombier-Fontaine" title="Colombier-Fontaine">Colombier-Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Combes" title="Les Combes">Les Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolation-Maisonnettes" title="Consolation-Maisonnettes">Consolation-Maisonnettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcelle-Mieslot" title="Corcelle-Mieslot">Corcelle-Mieslot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcelles-Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Corcelles-Ferrières">Corcelles-Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcondray" title="Corcondray">Corcondray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tebrune" title="Côtebrune">Côtebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courcelles,_Doubs" title="Courcelles, Doubs">Courcelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courcelles-l%C3%A8s-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Courcelles-lès-Montbéliard">Courcelles-lès-Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courchapon" title="Courchapon">Courchapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cour-Saint-Maurice" title="Cour-Saint-Maurice">Cour-Saint-Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtefontaine,_Doubs" title="Courtefontaine, Doubs">Courtefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtetain-et-Salans" title="Courtetain-et-Salans">Courtetain-et-Salans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courvi%C3%A8res" title="Courvières">Courvières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosey-le-Grand" title="Crosey-le-Grand">Crosey-le-Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosey-le-Petit" title="Crosey-le-Petit">Crosey-le-Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Crouzet" title="Le Crouzet">Le Crouzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crouzet-Migette" title="Crouzet-Migette">Crouzet-Migette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubrial" title="Cubrial">Cubrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubry" title="Cubry">Cubry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusance" title="Cusance">Cusance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuse-et-Adrisans" title="Cuse-et-Adrisans">Cuse-et-Adrisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cussey-sur-Lison" title="Cussey-sur-Lison">Cussey-sur-Lison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cussey-sur-l%27Ognon" title="Cussey-sur-l'Ognon">Cussey-sur-l'Ognon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambelin" title="Dambelin">Dambelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambenois" title="Dambenois">Dambenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dammartin-les-Templiers" title="Dammartin-les-Templiers">Dammartin-les-Templiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampierre-les-Bois" title="Dampierre-les-Bois">Dampierre-les-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampierre-sur-le-Doubs" title="Dampierre-sur-le-Doubs">Dampierre-sur-le-Doubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampjoux" title="Dampjoux">Dampjoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damprichard" title="Damprichard">Damprichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dannemarie,_Doubs" title="Dannemarie, Doubs">Dannemarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dannemarie-sur-Cr%C3%A8te" title="Dannemarie-sur-Crète">Dannemarie-sur-Crète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasle" title="Dasle">Dasle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluz" title="Deluz">Deluz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sandans" title="Désandans">Désandans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9servillers" title="Déservillers">Déservillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devecey" title="Devecey">Devecey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dommartin,_Doubs" title="Dommartin, Doubs">Dommartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dompierre-les-Tilleuls" title="Dompierre-les-Tilleuls">Dompierre-les-Tilleuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domprel" title="Domprel">Domprel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubs,_Doubs" title="Doubs, Doubs">Doubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung,_Doubs" title="Dung, Doubs">Dung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durnes" title="Durnes">Durnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89chay" title="Échay">Échay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89chenans" title="Échenans">Échenans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89chevannes,_Doubs" title="Échevannes, Doubs">Échevannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole-Valentin" title="École-Valentin">École-Valentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89corces" title="Les Écorces">Les Écorces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cot" title="Écot">Écot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89couvotte" title="L'Écouvotte">L'Écouvotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89curcey" title="Écurcey">Écurcey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89magny" title="Émagny">Émagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89penouse" title="Épenouse">Épenouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89penoy" title="Épenoy">Épenoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89peugney" title="Épeugney">Épeugney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esnans" title="Esnans">Esnans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89talans" title="Étalans">Étalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ternoz-Vall%C3%A9e-du-Lison" title="Éternoz-Vallée-du-Lison">Éternoz-Vallée-du-Lison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89touvans" title="Étouvans">Étouvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89trabonne" title="Étrabonne">Étrabonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89trappe" title="Étrappe">Étrappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tray" title="Étray">Étray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tupes" title="Étupes">Étupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89villers" title="Évillers">Évillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exincourt" title="Exincourt">Exincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eysson" title="Eysson">Eysson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faimbe" title="Faimbe">Faimbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallerans" title="Fallerans">Fallerans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8res-le-Lac" title="Ferrières-le-Lac">Ferrières-le-Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8res-les-Bois" title="Ferrières-les-Bois">Ferrières-les-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertans" title="Fertans">Fertans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesches-le-Ch%C3%A2tel" title="Fesches-le-Châtel">Fesches-le-Châtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessevillers" title="Fessevillers">Fessevillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feule" title="Feule">Feule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Fins" title="Les Fins">Les Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagey,_Doubs" title="Flagey, Doubs">Flagey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagey-Rigney" title="Flagey-Rigney">Flagey-Rigney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flangebouche" title="Flangebouche">Flangebouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleurey" title="Fleurey">Fleurey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontain" title="Fontain">Fontain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontaine-l%C3%A8s-Clerval" title="Fontaine-lès-Clerval">Fontaine-lès-Clerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle-Montby" title="Fontenelle-Montby">Fontenelle-Montby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Fontenelles" title="Les Fontenelles">Les Fontenelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenotte" title="Fontenotte">Fontenotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourbanne" title="Fourbanne">Fourbanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourcatier-et-Maison-Neuve" title="Fourcatier-et-Maison-Neuve">Fourcatier-et-Maison-Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourg" title="Fourg">Fourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Fourgs" title="Les Fourgs">Les Fourgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournet-Blancheroche" title="Fournet-Blancheroche">Fournet-Blancheroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournets-Luisans" title="Fournets-Luisans">Fournets-Luisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frambouhans" title="Frambouhans">Frambouhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franey" title="Franey">Franey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franois" title="Franois">Franois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frasne" title="Frasne">Frasne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froidevaux" title="Froidevaux">Froidevaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuans" title="Fuans">Fuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gellin" title="Gellin">Gellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9monval" title="Gémonval">Gémonval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneuille" title="Geneuille">Geneuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geney" title="Geney">Geney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennes,_Doubs" title="Gennes, Doubs">Gennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A9fontaine" title="Germéfontaine">Germéfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germondans" title="Germondans">Germondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevresin" title="Gevresin">Gevresin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilley,_Doubs" title="Gilley, Doubs">Gilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamondans" title="Glamondans">Glamondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glay,_Doubs" title="Glay, Doubs">Glay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A8re" title="Glère">Glère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondenans-les-Moulins" title="Gondenans-les-Moulins">Gondenans-les-Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondenans-Montby" title="Gondenans-Montby">Gondenans-Montby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonsans" title="Gonsans">Gonsans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouhelans" title="Gouhelans">Gouhelans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goumois,_Doubs" title="Goumois, Doubs">Goumois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goux-l%C3%A8s-Dambelin" title="Goux-lès-Dambelin">Goux-lès-Dambelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goux-sous-Landet" title="Goux-sous-Landet">Goux-sous-Landet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Charmont" title="Grand-Charmont">Grand-Charmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Combe-Ch%C3%A2teleu" title="Grand'Combe-Châteleu">Grand'Combe-Châteleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Combe-des-Bois" title="Grand'Combe-des-Bois">Grand'Combe-des-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfontaine,_Doubs" title="Grandfontaine, Doubs">Grandfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfontaine-sur-Creuse" title="Grandfontaine-sur-Creuse">Grandfontaine-sur-Creuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grange,_Doubs" title="La Grange, Doubs">La Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granges-Narboz" title="Granges-Narboz">Granges-Narboz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Grangettes" title="Les Grangettes">Les Grangettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Gras" title="Les Gras">Les Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosbois" title="Grosbois">Grosbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillon-les-Bains" title="Guillon-les-Bains">Guillon-les-Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyans-Durnes" title="Guyans-Durnes">Guyans-Durnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyans-Vennes" title="Guyans-Vennes">Guyans-Vennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rimoncourt" title="Hérimoncourt">Hérimoncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4pital-du-Grosbois" title="L'Hôpital-du-Grosbois">L'Hôpital-du-Grosbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4pital-Saint-Lieffroy" title="L'Hôpital-Saint-Lieffroy">L'Hôpital-Saint-Lieffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_H%C3%B4pitaux-Neufs" title="Les Hôpitaux-Neufs">Les Hôpitaux-Neufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_H%C3%B4pitaux-Vieux" title="Les Hôpitaux-Vieux">Les Hôpitaux-Vieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtaud" title="Houtaud">Houtaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanne-Montmartin" title="Huanne-Montmartin">Huanne-Montmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A9mondans" title="Hyémondans">Hyémondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8vre-Magny" title="Hyèvre-Magny">Hyèvre-Magny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8vre-Paroisse" title="Hyèvre-Paroisse">Hyèvre-Paroisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indevillers" title="Indevillers">Indevillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Isle-sur-le-Doubs" title="L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs">L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issans" title="Issans">Issans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallerange" title="Jallerange">Jallerange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jougne" title="Jougne">Jougne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labergement-Sainte-Marie" title="Labergement-Sainte-Marie">Labergement-Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laire" title="Laire">Laire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissey" title="Laissey">Laissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanans" title="Lanans">Lanans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landresse" title="Landresse">Landresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantenne-Verti%C3%A8re" title="Lantenne-Vertière">Lantenne-Vertière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthenans" title="Lanthenans">Lanthenans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larnod" title="Larnod">Larnod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laval-le-Prieur%C3%A9" title="Laval-le-Prieuré">Laval-le-Prieuré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavans-Quingey" title="Lavans-Quingey">Lavans-Quingey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavans-Vuillafans" title="Lavans-Vuillafans">Lavans-Vuillafans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavernay" title="Lavernay">Lavernay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laviron" title="Laviron">Laviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levier" title="Levier">Levier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebvillers" title="Liebvillers">Liebvillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liesle" title="Liesle">Liesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizine" title="Lizine">Lizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lods" title="Lods">Lods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard,_Doubs" title="Lombard, Doubs">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomont-sur-Cr%C3%AAte" title="Lomont-sur-Crête">Lomont-sur-Crête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longechaux" title="Longechaux">Longechaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longemaison" title="Longemaison">Longemaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevelle-l%C3%A8s-Russey" title="Longevelle-lès-Russey">Longevelle-lès-Russey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevelle-sur-Doubs" title="Longevelle-sur-Doubs">Longevelle-sur-Doubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeville" title="Longeville">Longeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevilles-Mont-d%27Or" title="Longevilles-Mont-d'Or">Longevilles-Mont-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loray" title="Loray">Loray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lougres" title="Lougres">Lougres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Luhier" title="Le Luhier">Le Luhier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxiol" title="Luxiol">Luxiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magny-Ch%C3%A2telard" title="Magny-Châtelard">Magny-Châtelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEche" title="Maîche">Maîche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisons-du-Bois-Li%C3%A8vremont" title="Maisons-du-Bois-Lièvremont">Maisons-du-Bois-Lièvremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malans,_Doubs" title="Malans, Doubs">Malans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbrans" title="Malbrans">Malbrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbuisson" title="Malbuisson">Malbuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpas,_Doubs" title="Malpas, Doubs">Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamirolle" title="Mamirolle">Mamirolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancenans" title="Mancenans">Mancenans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancenans-Lizerne" title="Mancenans-Lizerne">Mancenans-Lizerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeure" title="Mandeure">Mandeure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchaux-Chaudefontaine" title="Marchaux-Chaudefontaine">Marchaux-Chaudefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvelise" title="Marvelise">Marvelise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathay" title="Mathay">Mathay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazerolles-le-Salin" title="Mazerolles-le-Salin">Mazerolles-le-Salin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9di%C3%A8re" title="Médière">Médière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9mont" title="Le Mémont">Le Mémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercey-le-Grand" title="Mercey-le-Grand">Mercey-le-Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rey-Vieilley" title="Mérey-Vieilley">Mérey-Vieilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sandans" title="Mésandans">Mésandans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesli%C3%A8res" title="Meslières">Meslières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesmay" title="Mesmay">Mesmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tabief" title="Métabief">Métabief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miserey-Salines" title="Miserey-Salines">Miserey-Salines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncey,_Doubs" title="Moncey, Doubs">Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncley" title="Moncley">Moncley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondon" title="Mondon">Mondon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagney-Servigney" title="Montagney-Servigney">Montagney-Servigney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montancy" title="Montancy">Montancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montandon" title="Montandon">Montandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liardot" title="Montbéliardot">Montbéliardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Laval" title="Mont-de-Laval">Mont-de-Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Vougney" title="Mont-de-Vougney">Mont-de-Vougney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9cheroux" title="Montécheroux">Montécheroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenois" title="Montenois">Montenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfaucon,_Doubs" title="Montfaucon, Doubs">Montfaucon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montferrand-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Montferrand-le-Château">Montferrand-le-Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgesoye" title="Montgesoye">Montgesoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montivernage" title="Montivernage">Montivernage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montjoie-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Montjoie-le-Château">Montjoie-le-Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montlebon" title="Montlebon">Montlebon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmahoux" title="Montmahoux">Montmahoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montperreux" title="Montperreux">Montperreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrond-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Montrond-le-Château">Montrond-le-Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Monts-Ronds" title="Les Monts-Ronds">Les Monts-Ronds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montussaint" title="Montussaint">Montussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morre" title="Morre">Morre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morteau" title="Morteau">Morteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthe" title="Mouthe">Mouthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moutherot" title="Le Moutherot">Le Moutherot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthier-Haute-Pierre" title="Mouthier-Haute-Pierre">Mouthier-Haute-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myon,_Doubs" title="Myon, Doubs">Myon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naisey-les-Granges" title="Naisey-les-Granges">Naisey-les-Granges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancray" title="Nancray">Nancray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nans,_Doubs" title="Nans, Doubs">Nans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne" title="Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne">Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbief" title="Narbief">Narbief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel-Urti%C3%A8re" title="Neuchâtel-Urtière">Neuchâtel-Urtière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl-Cerneux" title="Noël-Cerneux">Noël-Cerneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noirefontaine" title="Noirefontaine">Noirefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noironte" title="Noironte">Noironte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommay" title="Nommay">Nommay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novillars" title="Novillars">Novillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollans" title="Ollans">Ollans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onans" title="Onans">Onans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchamps-Vennes" title="Orchamps-Vennes">Orchamps-Vennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgeans-Blanchefontaine" title="Orgeans-Blanchefontaine">Orgeans-Blanchefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornans" title="Ornans">Ornans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsans,_Doubs" title="Orsans, Doubs">Orsans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orve" title="Orve">Orve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osse,_Doubs" title="Osse, Doubs">Osse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osselle-Routelle" title="Osselle-Routelle">Osselle-Routelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ougney-Douvot" title="Ougney-Douvot">Ougney-Douvot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouhans" title="Ouhans">Ouhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouvans" title="Ouvans">Ouvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oye-et-Pallet" title="Oye-et-Pallet">Oye-et-Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palantine" title="Palantine">Palantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palise" title="Palise">Palise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroy,_Doubs" title="Paroy, Doubs">Paroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passavant,_Doubs" title="Passavant, Doubs">Passavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passonfontaine" title="Passonfontaine">Passonfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays-de-Clerval" title="Pays-de-Clerval">Pays-de-Clerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays-de-Montbeno%C3%AEt" title="Pays-de-Montbenoît">Pays-de-Montbenoît</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelousey" title="Pelousey">Pelousey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9seux" title="Péseux">Péseux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessans" title="Pessans">Pessans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite-Chaux" title="Petite-Chaux">Petite-Chaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrefontaine-l%C3%A8s-Blamont" title="Pierrefontaine-lès-Blamont">Pierrefontaine-lès-Blamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrefontaine-les-Varans" title="Pierrefontaine-les-Varans">Pierrefontaine-les-Varans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirey" title="Pirey">Pirey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placey" title="Placey">Placey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaimbois-du-Miroir" title="Plaimbois-du-Miroir">Plaimbois-du-Miroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaimbois-Vennes" title="Plaimbois-Vennes">Plaimbois-Vennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plains-et-Grands-Essarts" title="Les Plains-et-Grands-Essarts">Les Plains-et-Grands-Essarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plan%C3%A9e" title="La Planée">La Planée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompierre-sur-Doubs" title="Pompierre-sur-Doubs">Pompierre-sur-Doubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontarlier" title="Pontarlier">Pontarlier</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-de-Roide-Vermondans" title="Pont-de-Roide-Vermondans">Pont-de-Roide-Vermondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Pontets" title="Les Pontets">Les Pontets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-les-Moulins" title="Pont-les-Moulins">Pont-les-Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouilley-Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Pouilley-Français">Pouilley-Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouilley-les-Vignes" title="Pouilley-les-Vignes">Pouilley-les-Vignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouligney-Lusans" title="Pouligney-Lusans">Pouligney-Lusans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Premiers-Sapins" title="Les Premiers-Sapins">Les Premiers-Sapins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sentevillers" title="Présentevillers">Présentevillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pr%C3%A9ti%C3%A8re" title="La Prétière">La Prétière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provench%C3%A8re,_Doubs" title="Provenchère, Doubs">Provenchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puessans" title="Puessans">Puessans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugey" title="Pugey">Pugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy,_Doubs" title="Le Puy, Doubs">Le Puy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingey" title="Quingey">Quingey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahon,_Doubs" title="Rahon, Doubs">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancenay" title="Rancenay">Rancenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randevillers" title="Randevillers">Randevillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rang,_Doubs" title="Rang, Doubs">Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynans" title="Raynans">Raynans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recologne,_Doubs" title="Recologne, Doubs">Recologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reculfoz" title="Reculfoz">Reculfoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mondans-Vaivre" title="Rémondans-Vaivre">Rémondans-Vaivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoray-Boujeons" title="Remoray-Boujeons">Remoray-Boujeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9dale" title="Renédale">Renédale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes-sur-Loue" title="Rennes-sur-Loue">Rennes-sur-Loue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reugney" title="Reugney">Reugney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigney,_Doubs" title="Rigney, Doubs">Rigney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rignosot" title="Rignosot">Rignosot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillans" title="Rillans">Rillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rivi%C3%A8re-Drugeon" title="La Rivière-Drugeon">La Rivière-Drugeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochejean" title="Rochejean">Rochejean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-l%C3%A8s-Clerval" title="Roche-lès-Clerval">Roche-lès-Clerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-lez-Beaupr%C3%A9" title="Roche-lez-Beaupré">Roche-lez-Beaupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roches-l%C3%A8s-Blamont" title="Roches-lès-Blamont">Roches-lès-Blamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognon,_Doubs" title="Rognon, Doubs">Rognon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain,_Doubs" title="Romain, Doubs">Romain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronchaux" title="Ronchaux">Ronchaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondefontaine" title="Rondefontaine">Rondefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roset-Fluans" title="Roset-Fluans">Roset-Fluans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosi%C3%A8res-sur-Barb%C3%A8che" title="Rosières-sur-Barbèche">Rosières-sur-Barbèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosureux" title="Rosureux">Rosureux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougemont,_Doubs" title="Rougemont, Doubs">Rougemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougemontot" title="Rougemontot">Rougemontot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouhe" title="Rouhe">Rouhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulans" title="Roulans">Roulans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffey-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Ruffey-le-Château">Ruffey-le-Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurey" title="Rurey">Rurey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Russey" title="Le Russey">Le Russey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Antoine,_Doubs" title="Saint-Antoine, Doubs">Saint-Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne,_Doubs" title="Sainte-Anne, Doubs">Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Colombe,_Doubs" title="Sainte-Colombe, Doubs">Sainte-Colombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie,_Doubs" title="Sainte-Marie, Doubs">Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Suzanne,_Doubs" title="Sainte-Suzanne, Doubs">Sainte-Suzanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Georges-Armont" title="Saint-Georges-Armont">Saint-Georges-Armont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gorgon-Main" title="Saint-Gorgon-Main">Saint-Gorgon-Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Hilaire,_Doubs" title="Saint-Hilaire, Doubs">Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Hippolyte,_Doubs" title="Saint-Hippolyte, Doubs">Saint-Hippolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Juan" title="Saint-Juan">Saint-Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-l%C3%A8s-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Saint-Julien-lès-Montbéliard">Saint-Julien-lès-Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-l%C3%A8s-Russey" title="Saint-Julien-lès-Russey">Saint-Julien-lès-Russey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice-Colombier" title="Saint-Maurice-Colombier">Saint-Maurice-Colombier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Point-Lac" title="Saint-Point-Lac">Saint-Point-Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vit" title="Saint-Vit">Saint-Vit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson,_Doubs" title="Samson, Doubs">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancey" title="Sancey">Sancey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne,_Doubs" title="Saône, Doubs">Saône</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrageois" title="Sarrageois">Sarrageois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saules,_Doubs" title="Saules, Doubs">Saules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvagney" title="Sauvagney">Sauvagney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scey-Maisi%C3%A8res" title="Scey-Maisières">Scey-Maisières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9chin" title="Séchin">Séchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seloncourt" title="Seloncourt">Seloncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semondans" title="Semondans">Semondans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septfontaines,_Doubs" title="Septfontaines, Doubs">Septfontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serre-les-Sapins" title="Serre-les-Sapins">Serre-les-Sapins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servin" title="Servin">Servin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silley-Amancey" title="Silley-Amancey">Silley-Amancey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silley-Bl%C3%A9fond" title="Silley-Bléfond">Silley-Bléfond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochaux" title="Sochaux">Sochaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemont" title="Solemont">Solemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sommette" title="La Sommette">La Sommette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulce-Cernay" title="Soulce-Cernay">Soulce-Cernay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourans" title="Sourans">Sourans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soye,_Doubs" title="Soye, Doubs">Soye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmont" title="Surmont">Surmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taillecourt" title="Taillecourt">Taillecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallans" title="Tallans">Tallans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallenay" title="Tallenay">Tallenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarcenay-Foucherans" title="Tarcenay-Foucherans">Tarcenay-Foucherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Terres-de-Chaux" title="Les Terres-de-Chaux">Les Terres-de-Chaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A9bouhans" title="Thiébouhans">Thiébouhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thise" title="Thise">Thise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoraise" title="Thoraise">Thoraise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulay" title="Thulay">Thulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurey-le-Mont" title="Thurey-le-Mont">Thurey-le-Mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpes,_Doubs" title="Torpes, Doubs">Torpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touillon-et-Loutelet" title="Touillon-et-Loutelet">Touillon-et-Loutelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Tour-de-S%C3%A7ay" title="La Tour-de-Sçay">La Tour-de-Sçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournans" title="Tournans">Tournans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9pot" title="Trépot">Trépot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tressandans" title="Tressandans">Tressandans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9villers" title="Trévillers">Trévillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouvans" title="Trouvans">Trouvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urti%C3%A8re" title="Urtière">Urtière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzelle" title="Uzelle">Uzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaire" title="Vaire">Vaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Val,_Doubs" title="Le Val, Doubs">Le Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdahon" title="Valdahon">Valdahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Roulans" title="Val-de-Roulans">Val-de-Roulans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Usiers" title="Val-d'Usiers">Val-d'Usiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentigney" title="Valentigney">Valentigney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valleroy,_Doubs" title="Valleroy, Doubs">Valleroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valonne" title="Valonne">Valonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valoreille" title="Valoreille">Valoreille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandoncourt" title="Vandoncourt">Vandoncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaucluse,_Doubs" title="Vaucluse, Doubs">Vaucluse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauclusotte" title="Vauclusotte">Vauclusotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudrivillers" title="Vaudrivillers">Vaudrivillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaufrey" title="Vaufrey">Vaufrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux-et-Chantegrue" title="Vaux-et-Chantegrue">Vaux-et-Chantegrue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velesmes-Essarts" title="Velesmes-Essarts">Velesmes-Essarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellerot-l%C3%A8s-Belvoir" title="Vellerot-lès-Belvoir">Vellerot-lès-Belvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellerot-l%C3%A8s-Vercel" title="Vellerot-lès-Vercel">Vellerot-lès-Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellevans" title="Vellevans">Vellevans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venise,_Doubs" title="Venise, Doubs">Venise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennans" title="Vennans">Vennans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennes" title="Vennes">Vennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel-Villedieu-le-Camp" title="Vercel-Villedieu-le-Camp">Vercel-Villedieu-le-Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergranne" title="Vergranne">Vergranne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verne,_Doubs" title="Verne, Doubs">Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernierfontaine" title="Vernierfontaine">Vernierfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernois-l%C3%A8s-Belvoir" title="Vernois-lès-Belvoir">Vernois-lès-Belvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Vernoy" title="Le Vernoy">Le Vernoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verri%C3%A8res-de-Joux" title="Verrières-de-Joux">Verrières-de-Joux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_V%C3%A8ze" title="La Vèze">La Vèze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieilley" title="Vieilley">Vieilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%A9thorey" title="Viéthorey">Viéthorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux-Charmont" title="Vieux-Charmont">Vieux-Charmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villars-l%C3%A8s-Blamont" title="Villars-lès-Blamont">Villars-lès-Blamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villars-Saint-Georges" title="Villars-Saint-Georges">Villars-Saint-Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villars-sous-Dampjoux" title="Villars-sous-Dampjoux">Villars-sous-Dampjoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villars-sous-%C3%89cot" title="Villars-sous-Écot">Villars-sous-Écot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Villedieu" title="Les Villedieu">Les Villedieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeneuve-d%27Amont" title="Villeneuve-d'Amont">Villeneuve-d'Amont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Buzon" title="Villers-Buzon">Villers-Buzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Chief" title="Villers-Chief">Villers-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Gr%C3%A9lot" title="Villers-Grélot">Villers-Grélot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-la-Combe" title="Villers-la-Combe">Villers-la-Combe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-le-Lac" title="Villers-le-Lac">Villers-le-Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Saint-Martin" title="Villers-Saint-Martin">Villers-Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-sous-Chalamont" title="Villers-sous-Chalamont">Villers-sous-Chalamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voillans" title="Voillans">Voillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voires" title="Voires">Voires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorges-les-Pins" title="Vorges-les-Pins">Vorges-les-Pins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voujeaucourt" title="Voujeaucourt">Voujeaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuillafans" title="Vuillafans">Vuillafans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuillecin" title="Vuillecin">Vuillecin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyt-l%C3%A8s-Belvoir" title="Vyt-lès-Belvoir">Vyt-lès-Belvoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>pref</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a></li> <li><sup>subpr</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">subprefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_departments_of_France193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Template:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Template talk:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_departments_of_France193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefectures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourg-en-Bresse" title="Bourg-en-Bresse">Bourg-en-Bresse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulins,_Allier" title="Moulins, Allier">Moulins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digne-les-Bains" title="Digne-les-Bains">Digne-les-Bains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap,_Hautes-Alpes" title="Gap, Hautes-Alpes">Gap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Alpes" title="Hautes-Alpes">Hautes-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privas" title="Privas">Privas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodez" title="Rodez">Rodez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurillac" title="Aurillac">Aurillac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle" title="Tulle">Tulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Corse-du-Sud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Corse" title="Haute-Corse">Haute-Corse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ret" title="Guéret">Guéret</a> (<a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Périgueux">Périgueux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Besançon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence (city)">Valence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auch" title="Auch">Auch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Châteauroux">Châteauroux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saunier" title="Lons-le-Saunier">Lons-le-Saunier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Marsan" title="Mont-de-Marsan">Mont-de-Marsan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agen" title="Agen">Agen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende,_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Mende, Lozère">Mende</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaumont,_Haute-Marne" title="Chaumont, Haute-Marne">Chaumont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne" title="Laval, Mayenne">Laval</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)" title="Rhône (department)">Rhône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesoul" title="Vesoul">Vesoul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niort" title="Niort">Niort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-sur-Yon" title="La Roche-sur-Yon">La Roche-sur-Yon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry-Courcouronnes" title="Évry-Courcouronnes">Évry-Courcouronnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Créteil">Créteil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cergy" title="Cergy">Cergy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Overseas_departments30"><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas departments</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_regions_of_France292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Template:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Template talk:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_regions_of_France292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefectures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaret-sur-Mer" title="Camaret-sur-Mer">Camaret-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Dauphin" title="Mont-Dauphin">Mont-Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Louis" title="Mont-Louis">Mont-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuf-Brisach" title="Neuf-Brisach">Neuf-Brisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-R%C3%A9" title="Saint-Martin-de-Ré">Saint-Martin-de-Ré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue" title="Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue">Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tatihou" title="Tatihou">Tatihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villefranche-de-Conflent" title="Villefranche-de-Conflent">Villefranche-de-Conflent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3475" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3475" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126658519">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244516284">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206085/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4cWK7gtDmtFtwhpkCcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005972-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091187">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon (Doubs, France)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15252282f">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862410t">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon (Doubs, France)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119333857">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon (Doubs, France)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15252282f">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862410t">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon (Doubs, France)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119333857">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge426843&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456977">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550347305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/98383cf1-f1e4-43b2-b6d9-0a6b254d984b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026361000">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besançon (Doubs)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027250342">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007029">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besançon&oldid=1274262590">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besançon&oldid=1274262590</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Besan%C3%A7on" title="Category:Besançon">Besançon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:58_BC" title="Category:58 BC">58 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_France" title="Category:Cities in France">Cities in France</a></li><li><a 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