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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_union_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Habsburg Monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bourbon_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourbon_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Bourbon Monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Spanish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Spanish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 First Spanish Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Spanish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Spanish_Republic_and_dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Spanish_Republic_and_dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Second Spanish Republic and dictatorship of Francisco Franco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Spanish_Republic_and_dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-establishment_of_the_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-establishment_of_the_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Re-establishment of the Monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-establishment_of_the_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown,_constitution,_and_royal_prerogatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown,_constitution,_and_royal_prerogatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Crown, constitution, and royal prerogatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crown,_constitution,_and_royal_prerogatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crown, constitution, and royal prerogatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crown,_constitution,_and_royal_prerogatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles,_titles,_and_the_fount_of_Honour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles,_titles,_and_the_fount_of_Honour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Styles, titles, and the fount of Honour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles,_titles,_and_the_fount_of_Honour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inviolability_and_lèse-majesté" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inviolability_and_lèse-majesté"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Inviolability and lèse-majesté </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inviolability_and_lèse-majesté-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_and_regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_and_regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Succession and regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_and_regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King,_the_government,_and_the_Cortes_Generales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King,_the_government,_and_the_Cortes_Generales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 King, the government, and the Cortes Generales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King,_the_government,_and_the_Cortes_Generales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_assent,_judiciary,_and_promulgation_of_the_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_assent,_judiciary,_and_promulgation_of_the_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Royal assent, judiciary, and promulgation of the laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_assent,_judiciary,_and_promulgation_of_the_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_and_international_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_and_international_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 King and international diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_and_international_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_as_Commander-in-Chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_as_Commander-in-Chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 King as Commander-in-Chief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_as_Commander-in-Chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Contemporary monarchy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_monarchy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary monarchy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popularity_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Popularity and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charitable,_cultural,_and_religious_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charitable,_cultural,_and_religious_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Charitable, cultural, and religious patronage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charitable,_cultural,_and_religious_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_of_the_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_of_the_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Household of the king </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Household_of_the_king-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Household of the king subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Household_of_the_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residences_and_royal_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences_and_royal_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Residences and royal sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences_and_royal_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_budget_and_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_budget_and_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Annual budget and taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_budget_and_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Monarchy of Spain</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الملكية في إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملكية في إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiya_kan_Espanya" title="Monarkiya kan Espanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Monarkiya kan Espanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_monarchie" title="Španělská monarchie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělská monarchie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Monarchie" title="Spanische Monarchie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Monarchie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_kuningas" title="Hispaania kuningas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania kuningas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μοναρχία της Ισπανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναρχία της Ισπανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Monarquía Española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monarquía Española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkio_de_Hispanio" title="Monarkio de Hispanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monarkio de Hispanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پادشاهی اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchie_espagnole" title="Monarchie espagnole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monarchie espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Monarquía española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monarquía española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B5%AD%EC%99%95" title="스페인 국왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 국왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Spanyol" title="Kerajaan Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_spagnola" title="Monarchia spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monarchia spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלוכה הספרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלוכה הספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_Hispanica" title="Monarchia Hispanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monarchia Hispanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_Sepanyol" title="Monarki Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monarki Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_Espanhola" title="Monarquia Espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monarquia Espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monarchy of Spain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Шпанска монархија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпанска монархија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_hallitsija" title="Espanjan hallitsija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan hallitsija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiya_ng_Espanya" title="Monarkiya ng Espanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Monarkiya ng Espanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="พระมหากษัตริย์สเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระมหากษัตริย์สเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya_monar%C5%9Fisi" title="İspanya monarşisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanya monarşisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іспанська монархія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанська монархія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ہسپانیہ کی فرماں روائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانیہ کی فرماں روائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crown of Spain" redirects here. For the heraldic crown or physical regalia, see <a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Regalia of Spain</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"King of Spain" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="King of Spain (disambiguation)">King of Spain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spanish Monarchy" redirects here. For the historiographical term, see <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Monarchy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hispanic Monarchy (disambiguation)">Hispanic Monarchy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of Spanish monarchs</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of Spain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Rey de España</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="952" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_King_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of the King of Spain">Coat of arms of the King of Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/200px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/300px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/400px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3264" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> since 19 June 2014</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:21.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/80px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Constitutional_Court_(Spain)" title="President of the Constitutional Court (Spain)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Conde-Pumpido" title="Cándido Conde-Pumpido">Cándido Conde-Pumpido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President <ul><li>Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spain" title="Law of Spain">Law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Nationality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Spain" title="Capital punishment in Spain">Capital punishment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Spain" title="Life imprisonment in Spain">Life imprisonment</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Monarch</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Heir presumptive</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="List of heirs to the Spanish throne">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Succession to the Spanish throne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of the Nation</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero" title="María Jesús Montero">María Jesús Montero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">first</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_D%C3%ADaz" title="Yolanda Díaz">Yolanda Díaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ribera" title="Teresa Ribera">Teresa Ribera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">third</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_III_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez III Government">Sánchez III Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_(Spain)" title="Government Delegation (Spain)">Government Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegated_Committees" title="Government Delegated Committees">Government Delegated Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interministerial_Committees" title="Interministerial Committees">Interministerial Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prime-ministerial_transition" title="Spanish prime-ministerial transition">Spanish prime-ministerial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_in_Spain" title="List of agencies in Spain">List of agencies in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Spain)" title="Economic and Social Council (Spain)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> (<a href="/wiki/15th_Cortes_Generales" title="15th Cortes Generales">15th Cortes Generales</a>)</div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/15th_Senate_of_Spain" title="15th Senate of Spain">15th Senate</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Spanish Senate">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Roll%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Rollán">Pedro Rollán</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a> (<a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_Deputies" title="15th Congress of Deputies">15th Congress</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francina_Armengol" title="Francina Armengol">Francina Armengol</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group_(Spain)" title="Parliamentary group (Spain)">Parliamentary groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Deputation" title="Permanent Deputation">Permanent Deputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaus_of_the_Cortes_Generales" title="Bureaus of the Cortes Generales">Bureaus of the Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Spokespersons" title="Board of Spokespersons">Board of Spokespersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombudsman of Spain">People's Defender (ombudsman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_Spain" title="Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain">Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Supreme Court of Spain">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Supreme Court of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Perell%C3%B3" title="Isabel Perelló">Isabel Perelló</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_(Spain)" title="Vice President of the Supreme Court (Spain)">Vice President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mar%C3%ADn_Cast%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Marín Castán">Francisco Marín Castán</a> (acting)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_justice_(Spain)" title="High courts of justice (Spain)">High courts of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(Spain)" title="Court of Auditors (Spain)">Court of Auditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_Ministry" title="Prosecution Ministry">Prosecution Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Spain" title="Governor of the Bank of Spain">Governor of the Bank of Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Cos" title="Pablo Hernández de Cos">Pablo Hernández de Cos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain <ul><li>Margarita Delgado Tejero</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Mint of Spain">Royal Mint of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Spain" title="Political divisions of Spain">Administrative subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish regional governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_the_autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="List of current presidents of the autonomous communities of Spain">Presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">General</a>: <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Apr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Nov)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Regional</a>: <a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2015 Spanish regional elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2019 Spanish regional elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Spain (European Parliament constituency)">European</a>: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2019 European Parliament election in Spain">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2024 European Parliament election in Spain">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">1978</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic missions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions of Spain">of Spain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions in Spain">in Spain</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a>: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Francisco Franco">Dictatorship of Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Liberalism and radicalism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisms_and_regionalisms_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain">Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis">Spanish constitutional crisis of 2017–18</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Republicanism in Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Monarquía Española) is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> form of government of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It consists of a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarch</a> who reigns as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, being the highest office of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> The current King is <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> since 19 June 2014, after the abdication of his father, King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>. The Spanish monarchy is constitutionally referred to as The Crown (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: La Corona), and it comprises the reigning <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">monarch</a>, his or her royal family, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household</a>, which supports and facilitates the sovereign in the exercise of his duties and prerogatives.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Royal Family</a> is currently represented by <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">King Felipe VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Letizia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Letizia">Queen Letizia</a>, their daughters <a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Sof%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Sofía">Infanta Sofía</a>, and the king's parents, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Queen Sofía</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> re-established<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> as the form of government for Spain after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Francisco Franco">dictatorship of Francisco Franco</a> and the restoration of democracy in <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">1977</a>. The 1978 constitution affirmed the role of the King of Spain as the living personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation and a symbol of Spain's enduring unity and permanence and is also invested as the "arbitrator and the moderator" of Spanish institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> Constitutionally, the sovereign is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> The constitution <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codifies</a> the use of royal styles and titulary, <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">hereditary succession to the crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">compensation</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a>-guardianship contingency in cases of the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minority</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">incapacitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> According to the Constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting relations with the "nations of its historical community".<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> The monarch serves as honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>, representing over 700,000,000 people in twenty-four member nations worldwide. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbol-borbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arbol-borbon.gif/125px-Arbol-borbon.gif" decoding="async" width="125" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arbol-borbon.gif/188px-Arbol-borbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arbol-borbon.gif/250px-Arbol-borbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="3783" /></a><figcaption>Dynastic line from the first <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> kings to Felipe VI</figcaption></figure> The monarchy in Spain has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> and its Christian <a href="/wiki/Successor_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor states">successor states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Leon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, which fought the Reconquista or Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a> in the 8th century. One of the earliest influential dynasties was the <a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a> which united much of Christian Iberia under its leadership in the 11th century. From <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho III of Navarre">Sancho III of Navarre</a> (r. 1000–1035) until <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca of León and Castile</a> (r. 1106–1125), members of the Jiménez family claimed the historic Visigothic title Imperator totius Hispaniae or <a href="/wiki/Imperator_totius_Hispaniae" title="Imperator totius Hispaniae">Emperor of All Spain</a>. The Jiménez rulers sought to bring their kingdoms into the European mainstream and often engaged in cross-<a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> alliances and marriages, and became patrons to <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms" title="Cluniac Reforms">Cluniac Reforms</a> (c. 950–c. 1130). Urraca's son and heir <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII of León and Castile</a>, the first of the Spanish branch of the <a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">Burgundy Family</a>, was the last to claim the imperial title of Spain, but divided his empire among his sons. The <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a> (1366 to 1369) ended with the death of <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">King Peter</a> (r. 1334–1369) at the hands of his illegitimate half-brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry, 1st Count of Trastámara</a> who ruled as Henry II (r. 1369–1379). Henry II became the first of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> to rule over a Spanish kingdom. King Peter's heiress, his granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine of Lancaster</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a>, reuniting the dynasties in the person of their son, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">King John II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marital_union_of_the_Catholic_Monarchs">Marital union of the Catholic Monarchs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marital union of the Catholic Monarchs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></div> In the 15th century, the marriage between <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, united two important kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Each kingdom retained its basic structure. The last <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> of the crown of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas Palaiologos</a>, who styled himself as "Emperor of Constantinople", bestowed his imperial title to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in his last testament,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> dated 7 April 1502,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> although the Spanish monarchs have never used the title. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs conquered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Granada">Kingdom of Granada</a> in southern Spain, the last Muslim territory in the Iberian peninsula. The unification of Spain is marked from this date, though the Spanish kingdoms continued past that date. The territories of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish empire</a> overseas were dependencies of the Crown of Castile, and Castile had an outsized influence there.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Following the Spanish explorations and settlement in the Caribbean, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a>, the crown established high courts ("Audiencias") and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalties">viceroyalties</a> in important regions (<a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a>, 1535; <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, 1538, which was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a>, 1542). The viceroy (vice-king) and the Audiencias were the effective administrators of royal policy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habsburg_Monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habsburg Monarchy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></div> In 1505, the Spanish monarchy passed to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> in the person of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> as Charles V), son of Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a> in English). With the death of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> in 1516 the Aragonese lands were added to Charles and Joanna's territories. With his mother and co-monarch Joanna confined in <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a>, claimed to be mad, Charles I was the sole ruler, but the legal situation remained slightly ambiguous until her death in 1555 left Charles the undoubted sole monarch, though as Holy Roman Emperor it was not his principal title. Only in the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> from 1556 did "King of Spain" become the usual way to refer to the monarch, in Spain and the rest of Europe. Philip's reign marked the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a> (1492–1659), a period of great <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">colonial expansion</a> and trade. The Hispanic Crown retained control over and profited from all operations in overseas colonies (by and large royal assets under a monopoly on trade), including <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, developed under the purview of the regalía late-medieval system.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The death in 1700 of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a>, last of the Spanish Habsburgs, triggered the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Spanish succession">War of the Spanish succession</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourbon_Monarchy">Bourbon Monarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bourbon Monarchy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment in Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></div> With the death of the childless Charles II, the succession to the throne was disputed. Charles II had designated his sister <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa</a>'s grandson, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Anjou">Duke of Anjou</a>, as his heir. The possible unification of Spain with France, the two big European powers at the time, sparked the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish War of Succession">Spanish War of Succession</a> in the 18th century, culminating in the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1713)">Utrecht (1713)</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Congress_of_Rastatt" class="mw-redirect" title="First Congress of Rastatt">Rastatt (1714)</a>, which preserved the European <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> was the first member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#Bourbons_of_Spain_and_Italy" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (Spanish: Borbón) to rule Spain. That dynasty still rules today under Felipe (Philip) VI. In the mid-eighteenth century, particularly under <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>, the Spanish Crown embarked on an ambitious and far-reaching project to implement major reforms in the administration of Spain and the Spanish empire. These changes, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>, attempted to rationalize administration and produce more revenue from the overseas empire.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> forced <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abdicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicate">abdicate</a> in 1808, and the Bourbons became a focus of popular resistance against French rule. However, Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a>, as well as his ministerial appointments, particularly the exclusion of liberals, gradually eroded popular support for the Spanish monarchy. With the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1830">Pragmatic Sanction of 1830</a>, Ferdinand set aside the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, introduced by Philip V, that prohibited women from becoming sovereigns of Spain. Thereby, as had been customary before the arrival of the Bourbons, Ferdinand VII's eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella</a> became his <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life of Isabella II of Spain">heiress presumptive</a>. Opponents of the Pragmatic Sanction argued that it was never officially promulgated, claiming Ferdinand VII's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Prince Carlos</a>, the rightful heir to the crown according to the Salic Law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Spanish_Republic">First Spanish Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Spanish Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a></div> In September 1873, the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> was founded. A <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> restored the Bourbon dynasty to the throne in 1874. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Spanish_Republic_and_dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco">Second Spanish Republic and dictatorship of Francisco Franco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Spanish Republic and dictatorship of Francisco Franco">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/220px-S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/330px-S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/440px-S%C3%ADmbolos_de_la_Monarqu%C3%ADa_Espa%C3%B1ola.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Spanish Royal Crown and Scepter</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Francisco Franco">Dictatorship of Francisco Franco</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">1931 Spanish local elections</a> produced victories (particularly in urban areas) for candidates favoring an end to the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. Faced with unrest in the cities, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII</a> went into exile, but did not abdicate. The ensuing provisional government evolved into the relatively short-lived <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> began in 1936 and ended on 1 April 1939 with the victory of General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and his coalition of allied organizations commonly referred to as the Nationalists. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany aided Franco in the Spanish Civil War. The Soviet Union backed the Republican Government as did Mexico under the government of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>. After sixteen years without monarchy or kingdom, in 1947, Spain was made a Kingdom again by General Franco, who claimed to rule Spain as Head of state of the Kingdom of Spain through the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Succession_to_the_Headship_of_the_State" title="Law of Succession to the Headship of the State">Law of Succession</a>. However, without a king on the throne, he ruled through a coalition of allied organizations from the Spanish Civil War including, but not limited to, the <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> political party, the supporters of the Bourbon royal family, and the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>, until his death in 1975. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-establishment_of_the_Monarchy">Re-establishment of the Monarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Re-establishment of the Monarchy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Juan Carlos I of Spain">Reign of Juan Carlos I of Spain</a></div> Despite Franco's alliance with the Carlists, Franco appointed <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I de Borbón</a> as his successor, who is credited with presiding over <a href="/wiki/Spain%27s_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain's transition to democracy">Spain's transition from dictatorship to democracy</a> by fully endorsing political reforms. Impatient with the pace of democratic reforms, the new king, known for his formidable personality, dismissed <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a> and appointed the reformer <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a> as President of the Government in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-From_Dictatorship_to_Democracy-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70-12">[11]</a> The next year the king signed into law the new liberal democratic <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Constitution of Spain</a>, which was approved by 88% of voters. Juan Carlos' "quick wit and steady nerve" cut short the <a href="/wiki/23-F" class="mw-redirect" title="23-F">attempted military coup in 1981</a> when the king used a specially designed command communications center in the Zarzuela Palace to denounce the coup and command the military's eleven captains general to stand down.<a href="#cite_note-An_Engaging_Monarchy-13">[12]</a> Following the events of 1981, Juan Carlos led a less eventful life, according to author John Hooper.<a href="#cite_note-An_Engaging_Monarchy-13">[12]</a> Juan Carlos did not preside over ceremonies such as the opening of hospitals and bridges as often as monarchs in other nations. Instead, he worked towards establishing reliable political customs when transitioning one government administration to another, emphasizing constitutional law and protocol, and representing the Spanish State domestically and internationally, all the while aiming to maintain a professionally non-partisan yet independent monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_rebrands_for_recession-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-An_Engaging_Monarchy-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown,_constitution,_and_royal_prerogatives">Crown, constitution, and royal prerogatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crown, constitution, and royal prerogatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:21.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/80px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Constitutional_Court_(Spain)" title="President of the Constitutional Court (Spain)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Conde-Pumpido" title="Cándido Conde-Pumpido">Cándido Conde-Pumpido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President <ul><li>Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spain" title="Law of Spain">Law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Nationality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Spain" title="Capital punishment in Spain">Capital punishment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Spain" title="Life imprisonment in Spain">Life imprisonment</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Monarch</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Heir presumptive</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="List of heirs to the Spanish throne">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Succession to the Spanish throne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of the Nation</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero" title="María Jesús Montero">María Jesús Montero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">first</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_D%C3%ADaz" title="Yolanda Díaz">Yolanda Díaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ribera" title="Teresa Ribera">Teresa Ribera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">third</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_III_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez III Government">Sánchez III Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_(Spain)" title="Government Delegation (Spain)">Government Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegated_Committees" title="Government Delegated Committees">Government Delegated Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interministerial_Committees" title="Interministerial Committees">Interministerial Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prime-ministerial_transition" title="Spanish prime-ministerial transition">Spanish prime-ministerial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_in_Spain" title="List of agencies in Spain">List of agencies in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Spain)" title="Economic and Social Council (Spain)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> (<a href="/wiki/15th_Cortes_Generales" title="15th Cortes Generales">15th Cortes Generales</a>)</div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/15th_Senate_of_Spain" title="15th Senate of Spain">15th Senate</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Spanish Senate">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Roll%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Rollán">Pedro Rollán</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a> (<a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_Deputies" title="15th Congress of Deputies">15th Congress</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francina_Armengol" title="Francina Armengol">Francina Armengol</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group_(Spain)" title="Parliamentary group (Spain)">Parliamentary groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Deputation" title="Permanent Deputation">Permanent Deputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaus_of_the_Cortes_Generales" title="Bureaus of the Cortes Generales">Bureaus of the Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Spokespersons" title="Board of Spokespersons">Board of Spokespersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombudsman of Spain">People's Defender (ombudsman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_Spain" title="Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain">Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Supreme Court of Spain">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Supreme Court of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Perell%C3%B3" title="Isabel Perelló">Isabel Perelló</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_(Spain)" title="Vice President of the Supreme Court (Spain)">Vice President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mar%C3%ADn_Cast%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Marín Castán">Francisco Marín Castán</a> (acting)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_justice_(Spain)" title="High courts of justice (Spain)">High courts of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(Spain)" title="Court of Auditors (Spain)">Court of Auditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_Ministry" title="Prosecution Ministry">Prosecution Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Spain" title="Governor of the Bank of Spain">Governor of the Bank of Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Cos" title="Pablo Hernández de Cos">Pablo Hernández de Cos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain <ul><li>Margarita Delgado Tejero</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Mint of Spain">Royal Mint of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Spain" title="Political divisions of Spain">Administrative subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish regional governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_the_autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="List of current presidents of the autonomous communities of Spain">Presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">General</a>: <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Apr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Nov)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Regional</a>: <a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2015 Spanish regional elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2019 Spanish regional elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Spain (European Parliament constituency)">European</a>: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2019 European Parliament election in Spain">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2024 European Parliament election in Spain">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">1978</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic missions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions of Spain">of Spain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions in Spain">in Spain</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a>: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Francisco Franco">Dictatorship of Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Liberalism and radicalism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisms_and_regionalisms_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain">Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis">Spanish constitutional crisis of 2017–18</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Republicanism in Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Crown of Spain (la Corona de España), with its roots in the Visigothic kingdom from the 5th century and subsequent successor states, is recognized in Title II The Crown, Articles 56 through 65 of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> Constitutionally the monarch embodies and personifies the "indissoluble" unity and permanence of the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish State</a>, and represents the <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> of the State and by extension fulfills the role of "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>". As a unifying figure for the nation, in 2010 King Juan Carlos worked towards "bridging the gap" between Spain's rival polarized political parties to develop a unified strategy in response to the country's on-going <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Spanish financial crisis">late-2000s economic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_rebrands_for_recession-14">[13]</a> According to the Spanish Constitution voted in <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">referendum</a>, the sovereign power emanates from the people, so it is the very same people who give the king the power to reign:<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">National sovereignty belongs to the Spanish people, from whom all State powers emanate.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 2(2) of the Spanish Constitution of 1978<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The monarch "<a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions</a>" and assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> The monarch exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the constitution and the laws.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The King is Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II the Crown, Article 56, the Spanish Constitution of 1978<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 2]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Upon accession to the crown and being proclaimed before the Cortes Generales, the king swears an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath</a> to faithfully carry out his constitutional duties and to abide by the constitution and laws of the state. Additionally, the constitution gives the king the added responsibility to ensure that the constitution is obeyed. Lastly, the king swears to respect the rights of Spanish citizens and of the self-governing communities. The Prince of Asturias, upon reaching the age of majority, in addition to any regent(s) upon assuming the office, swears the same oath as that of the king along with a further oath of loyalty to the monarch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>The King, on being proclaimed before the Cortes Generales, will swear to faithfully carry out his duties, to obey the Constitution and the laws and ensure that they are obeyed, and to respect the rights of the citizens and the Self-governing Communities.</li> <li>The Crown Prince, on coming of age, and the Regent or Regents, on assuming office, will swear the same oath as well as that of loyalty to the King.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II The Crown, Article 61, the Spanish Constitution of 1978</cite></div></li></ol></blockquote> The oath reads as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I swear faithfully to discharge my functions, to sustain and see to it that the Constitution and the Laws are sustained, and to respect the rights of the citizens and of the autonomous communities.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Oath of the king of Spain</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg/500px-Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg/750px-Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg/1000px-Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Felipe of Bourbon and Greece takes the oath before the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> during the proclamation ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_las_Cortes,_Madrid" title="Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid">Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid</a> the 19th of June, 2014.</figcaption></figure> The 1978 Constitution, Title II The Crown, Article 62, delineates the powers of the king, while Title IV Government and Administration, Article 99, defines the king's role in the appointment of the prime minister and the formation of the council of ministers/government.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> Title VI Judicial Power, Article 117, Articles 122 through 124, outlines the king's role in the country's <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of the judiciary">independent judiciary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Judicary-19">[17]</a> However, by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> established by Juan Carlos I, the king exercises his prerogatives having solicited government advice while maintaining a politically <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">non-partisan</a> and independent monarchy. Receiving government advice does not necessarily bind the monarch into executing the advice, except where prescribed by the constitution. His acts shall always be countersigned in the manner established in section 64. Without such countersignature they shall not be valid, except as provided under section 65(2).<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_78-20">[18]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> It is incumbent upon the King: <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>To sanction and promulgate the laws</li><li>To summon and dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> and to call for elections under the terms provided for in the Constitution.</li><li>To call for a referendum in the cases provided for in the Constitution.</li><li>To propose a candidate for President of the Government and, as the case may be, appoint him or her or remove him or her from office, as provided in the Constitution.</li><li>To appoint and dismiss members of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">President of the Government</a>'s proposal.</li><li>To issue the decrees approved in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Spain">Council of Ministers</a>, to confer civil and military offices, honours and distinctions in conformity with the law.</li><li>To be informed of the affairs of State and, for this purpose, to preside over the meetings of the Council of Ministers whenever, he sees fit, at the President of the Government's request.</li><li>To exercise supreme command of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li><li>To exercise the right of clemency in accordance with the law, which may not authorize general pardons.</li><li>To exercise the High Patronage of the Royal Academies.</li></ol></div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II The Crown, Article 62, the Spanish Constitution of 1978<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles,_titles,_and_the_fount_of_Honour">Styles, titles, and the fount of Honour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Styles, titles, and the fount of Honour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Spanish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown">List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations#Spain" title="List of military decorations">List of military decorations § Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/220px-Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/330px-Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/440px-Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Royal Standard</figcaption></figure> The 1978 constitution confirms the title of the monarch is the King of Spain, but that he may also use other titles historically associated with the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Majesty-22">[note 3]</a> According to Royal Decree 1368/1987, regulating the titles, treatments and honours of the royal family and the regents, the king and his wife, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>, will formally be addressed as "His Majesty and Her Majesty" (Their Majesties, Spanish: Su Majestad, Su represents His or Her) rather than the traditional "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Majesty">Catholic Majesty</a>" (Su Católica Majestad). A <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">prince consort</a>, the husband of a <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a>, will have the style "His Royal Highness" (Su Alteza Real).<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a> The widows and widowers of monarchs are to retain these styles until they remarry.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a> The heir from birth shall hold the title of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> and the other titles historically associated with the heir apparent.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a> These additional titles include <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Viana" title="Prince of Viana">Prince of Viana</a>, historically associated with the heir apparent to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>; with the titles <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Prince of Girona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montblanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Montblanc">Duke of Montblanc</a> historically associated with the heir apparent for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, among others. Other children of the monarch, and the children of the heir apparent, shall have the title and rank of <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">Infanta</a> (prince or princess), and styled His or Her Royal Highness (Su Alteza Real).<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a> Children of an Infante or Infanta of Spain "shall have the consideration of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">Grandees</a>", and the address of "Your Excellency".<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a> The royal decree further limits the ability of any regent to use or create titles during the minority or incapacitation of a monarch.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">[19]</a> No further constitutional language prescribes titles or forms of address to the fourth generation, or great grandchildren, of a reigning monarch. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_(Spain).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%28Spain%29.png/150px-Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%28Spain%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%28Spain%29.png/225px-Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%28Spain%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%28Spain%29.png/300px-Knight%27s_Insignia_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_%28Spain%29.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Knight's insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece</figcaption></figure> Following his abdication in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I</a> and his wife Sofía retain <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesy titles">courtesy titles</a> of King and Queen of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Decree_470/2014-25">[22]</a> The monarch's position as the <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a> within Spain is codified in Article 62 (f); It is incumbent upon the monarch to "confer civil and military positions and award honors and distinctions in conformity of the law".<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">[23]</a> According to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Justice (Spain)">Ministry of Justice</a>, nobility and grandee titles are <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">created</a> by the "sovereign grace of the king", and may be passed on to the recipient's heirs, who may not sell the title.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">[23]</a> Titles may revert to the Crown when their vacancy is observed.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">[23]</a> Succession of titles may follow one of several courses listed on the Title of Concession when the title is created.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">[23]</a> As a general rule, most titles are now inherited by absolute Cognatic Primogeniture (as of 2006), in which the first born inherits all titles regardless of gender. However, a title holder may designate his successor, Succession by Assignment, or disperse his titles among his children – with the eldest getting the highest-ranking title, Succession by Distribution.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">[23]</a> During his reign between 1975 and 2014, King Juan Carlos awarded peerages to two of his former prime ministers who had retired from active politics: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a>, who was created 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Duke of Suárez">Duke of Suárez</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo-Sotelo,_1st_Marquess_of_la_R%C3%ADa_de_Ribadeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, 1st Marquess of la Ría de Ribadeo">Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo</a> who was created 1st <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquess_of_la_R%C3%ADa_de_Ribadeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquess of la Ría de Ribadeo (page does not exist)">Marquess of la Ría de Ribadeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> All successive politicians remain active within politics. The king grants not only military and civil orders, but also grants awards of distinction, customarily on the advice of government. The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, one of the oldest surviving orders of chivalry, is the highest honor the king of Spain can bestow. The second in order the king may award is the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> to "citizens who, with their effort, initiative and work, have brought a distinguished and extraordinary service to the Nation".<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laureate_Cross_of_Saint_Ferdinand" title="Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand">Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand</a> is Spain's highest military award for gallantry. Other <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Spain" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain">orders, decorations, and medals</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Alfonso_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Alfonso X (page does not exist)">Order of Alfonso X</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Military_Order_of_Saint_Hermenegild" title="Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild">Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Raimundo_de_Penafort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Saint Raimundo de Penafort (page does not exist)">Order of Saint Raimundo de Penafort</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Military Merit (Spain)">Order of Military Merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Naval_Merit_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Naval Merit (Spain)">Order of Naval Merit</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Aerial_Merit_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Aerial Merit (Spain) (page does not exist)">Order of Aerial Merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Civil Merit (Spain)">Order of Civil Merit</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Cultral_Merit_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Cultral Merit (Spain) (page does not exist)">Order of Cultural Merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Santiago">Order of the Knights of Santiago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sant_Jordi_d%27Alfama" title="Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama">Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Order of Alcántara</a>, among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inviolability_and_lèse-majesté">Inviolability and lèse-majesté</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inviolability and lèse-majesté">edit</a>]</div> The Spanish monarch is personally immune from prosecution for acts committed by government ministers in the king's name.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> Although he is nominally chief executive, he is not responsible for exercising his powers. His acts are only valid if countersigned by a minister, who then assumes political and legal responsibility for the act in question. This legal convention mirrors the concept of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> which evolved in similar constitutional monarchies. The legal concept of sovereign immunity evolved into other aspects of immunity law in similar <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democracies">liberal democracies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_immunity" title="Judicial immunity">judicial immunity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> in the United States. As the reigning monarch the king of Spain has absolute sovereign immunity, he cannot be charged in any court of law in the Spanish state. This immunity applies to both civil and criminal cases. Sovereign immunity is reserved exclusively for the current holder of the Office of King. It does not apply to any other member of the royal family. When Juan Carlos I abdicated the throne to his successor Felipe VI he automatically forfeited his constitutional sovereign immunity and can be charged in a court of law. However, special legislation was passed by parliament prior to his abdication that states he may only be tried by Spain's Supreme Court and no other. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Person of the King of Spain is inviolable and shall not be held accountable. His acts shall always be countersigned in the manner established in section 64. Without such countersignature they shall not be valid, except as provided under section 65(2).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II The Crown, Article 56, the Spanish Constitution of 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[note 4]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The concept of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a> (lesa-majestad) exists in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, which is the crime or offense violating the dignity of the <a href="/wiki/Head-of-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-of-state">head-of-state</a> or the State itself. According to Article 56 of the 1978 Constitution the monarch and the dignity of the Spanish State are one and the same: "The King is Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence".<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> Breaching Spain's lèse-majesté laws may carry fines and up to two years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_Juan_Carlos_defends_monarchy-34">[30]</a> The concept is within the same legal sphere as legislation prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">flag desecration</a> in other democratic countries. Additionally, lèse-majesté extends to any foreign heads-of-state visiting Spain, and other members of the royal family, and to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">President of the Government</a> as the king's appointed officer. The Spanish satirical magazine <a href="/wiki/El_Jueves" title="El Jueves">El Jueves</a> was fined for violation of Spain's lèse-majesté laws after publishing an issue with a caricature of the <a href="/wiki/Felipe,_Prince_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe, Prince of Asturias">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letizia,_Princess_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia, Princess of Asturias">Princess of Asturias</a> engaging in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> on their cover in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Spain_royal_sex_cartoonists_fined-35">[31]</a> In 2008, 400 Catalonia separatists burned images of the king and queen in Madrid,<a href="#cite_note-King_under_fire_1-36">[32]</a> and in 2009 two Galician separatists were fined for burning effigies of the king.<a href="#cite_note-Galician_separatists-37">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_regency">Succession and regency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Succession and regency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg/220px-Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg/330px-Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg/440px-Do%C3%B1a_Urraca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Queen Urraca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parque_del_Buen_Retiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parque del Buen Retiro">Parque del Buen Retiro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. Urraca succeeded as queen in 1108.</figcaption></figure> According to Article 57 the Crown of Spain is inherited by the successors of King Juan Carlos I de Borbón through male preference <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> While drafting the new constitution, lawyer and liberal congressman <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Satr%C3%BAstegui" title="Joaquín Satrústegui">Joaquín Satrústegui</a> (1909–1992) insisted that the phrase "the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty" be included in the text to underscore that the monarchy was a historic institution predating the constitution or the prior regime.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Crown of Spain shall be inherited by the successors of HM Juan Carlos I de Borbón, the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty. Succession to the throne shall follow the regular order of primogeniture and representation, the first line having preference over subsequent lines; and within the same line the closer grade over the more remote; and within the same grade the male over female, and in the same sex, the elder over the younger.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II the Crown, Article 57 (1), the Spanish Constitution of 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[note 5]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Male-preference_cognatic_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-preference cognatic primogeniture">Male-preference cognatic primogeniture</a> has been practiced in Spain since the 11th century in the various Visigothic successor states and codified in the <a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a>, with women able to inherit in certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-Visigothic_Women-39">[34]</a> However, with the succession of Philip V in 1700, the first of the Spanish Bourbons, women were barred from succession until <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a> reintroduced the right and designated his elder daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life of Isabella II of Spain">heir presumptive</a> by 1833. The debate on amending the Crown's succession law came to the forefront on 31 October 2005, when <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Leonor" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Leonor">Infanta Leonor</a> was born to the current King and Queen of Spain. Amending the law to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute primogeniture">absolute primogeniture</a> would allow the first-born to inherit the throne, whether the heir be male or female. The Zapatero administration of the day proclaimed its intention to amend the succession law; however, with the birth of the king's second daughter the issue was postponed. Paving the way, in 2006 King Juan Carlos issued a decree reforming the succession to noble titles from male preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">[23]</a> Since the order of succession to the Crown is codified in the Constitution, its reform mandates a complicated process that involves a dissolution of parliament, a constitutional election, and a referendum. If all lines designated by law become extinct, the constitution reserves the right for the Cortes Generales to provide for the succession "in the manner most suitable for Spain".<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> The 1978 constitution disinherits members of the royal family (as well as their descendants) from succession if they marry against the expressed prohibition of the monarch and the Cortes Generales.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> Lastly, Article 57 further provides that "Abdications and renunciations and any doubt in fact or in law that may arise in connection with the succession to the Crown shall be settled by an organic act".<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a> Constitutionally, the current heirs of Felipe VI are:<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">The Princess of Asturias</a>, elder daughter of the King</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Infanta Sofía of Spain">The Infanta Sofía</a>, younger daughter of the King</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Elena_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Elena of Spain">The Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo</a>, elder daughter of King Juan Carlos I.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Juan_Froil%C3%A1n_de_Marichalar_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y de Borbón">Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y de Borbón</a>, son of Infanta Elena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Federica_de_Marichalar_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Federica de Marichalar y de Borbón">Victoria Federica de Marichalar y de Borbón</a>, daughter of Infanta Elena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Cristina_of_Spain" title="Infanta Cristina of Spain">The Infanta Cristina</a>, younger daughter of King Juan Carlos I.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Valent%C3%ADn_Urdangar%C3%ADn_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Valentín Urdangarín y de Borbón">Juan Urdangarín y de Borbón</a>, eldest son of Infanta Cristina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Nicol%C3%A1s_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Urdangarin_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Pablo Nicolás Sebastián Urdangarin y de Borbón">Pablo Urdangarín y de Borbón</a>, middle son of Infanta Cristina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Urdangar%C3%ADn_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Urdangarín y de Borbón">Miguel Urdangarín y de Borbón</a>, youngest son of Infanta Cristina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Urdangar%C3%ADn_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Urdangarín y de Borbón">Irene Urdangarín y de Borbón</a>, daughter of Infanta Cristina.</li></ol> The constitution outlines the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> of the monarchy and guardianship of the person of the monarch in the event of his minority or incapacitation.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> The office of Regent(s) and the Guardianship of the monarch (whether the monarch is in his minority or incapacitated) may not necessarily be the same person. In the event of the minority of the monarch, the surviving mother or father, or oldest relative of legal age who is nearest in line to the throne, would immediately assume the office of Regent, who in any case must be Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> If a monarch becomes incapacitated, and that incapacitation is recognized by the Cortes Generales, then the Prince of Asturias (the heir apparent), shall immediately become Regent, if he is of age. If the Prince of Asturias is himself a minor, then the Cortes Generales shall appoint a Regency which may be composed of one, three, or five persons.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> The person of the king in his minority shall fall under the guardianship of the person designated in the will of the deceased monarch, provided that he or she be of age and of Spanish nationality.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> If no guardian has been appointed in the will, then the father or mother will then assume the guardianship, as long as they remain widowed. Otherwise, the Cortes Generales shall appoint both the Regent(s) and the guardian, who in this case may not be held by the same person, except by the father or mother of direct relation of the king.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_BOE-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King,_the_government,_and_the_Cortes_Generales">King, the government, and the Cortes Generales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: King, the government, and the Cortes Generales">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG/250px-Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG/375px-Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG/500px-Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the Spanish Constitution, signed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">King Juan Carlos</a>, is held at the Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Congress">Cortes</a>.</figcaption></figure> The constitution defines the government's responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> The government consists of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Spain">President of the Government and ministers of state</a>. The government conducts domestic and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">foreign policy</a>, civil and military administration, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">defense of the nation</a> all in the name of the king. Additionally, the government exercises executive authority and statutory regulations.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> The most direct prerogative the monarch exercises in the formation of Spanish governments is in the nomination and appointment process of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">President of the Government</a> (Presidente del Gobierno de España).<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[note 6]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">General Election</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> (Cortes), and other circumstances provided for in the constitution, the king meets with and interviews the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">political party leaders</a> represented in the Cortes, and then consults with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Speaker of the Congress</a> (who, in this instance, represents the whole of the Cortes Generales). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>After each renewal of the Congress and the other cases provided for under the Constitution, the King shall, after consultation with the representatives appointed by the political groups with parliamentary representation, and through the Speaker of the Congress, nominate for the Presidency of the Government.</li><li>The candidate nominated in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing subsection shall submit to the Congress the political program of the Government he or she intends to form and shall seek the confidence of the House.</li></ol></div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II Government and Administration, Article 99 (1) & (2), the Spanish Constitution of 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[note 7]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg/220px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg/330px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg/440px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>King Felipe VI addressing Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_Spain" title="Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain">opening session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Cortes_Generales" title="14th Cortes Generales">14th Cortes Generales</a> </figcaption></figure> Constitutionally, the monarch may nominate anyone he sees fit as is his prerogative. However, it remains pragmatic for him to nominate the person most likely to enjoy the confidence of the Cortes and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">form a government</a>, usually the political leader whose party commands the most seats in the Cortes.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> For the Crown to nominate the political leader whose party controls the Cortes can be seen as a royal endorsement of the democratic process, a fundamental concept enshrined in the 1978 constitution. By <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">political custom</a>, the king's nominees have all been from parties who hold the most seats in the Cortes. The king is normally able to announce his nominee the day following a General Election. The king's nominee is presented before the Cortes by the Speaker where the nominee and his political agenda are debated and submitted for a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_Confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of Confidence">Vote of Confidence</a> (Cuestión de confianza) by the Cortes.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> A simple majority confirms the nominee and his program.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> After the nominee is deemed confirmed by the Speaker of the Congress of Deputies, the king appoints him as the new President of the Government in a ceremony performed at the Salón de Audiencias in the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Zarzuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacio de la Zarzuela">la Zarzuela Palace</a>, the official residence of the king.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> During the inauguration ceremony, the President of the Government takes an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> over an open Constitution next to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The oath as taken by President Zapatero on his second term in office on 17 April 2004 was:<a href="#cite_note-zapatero_sworn-44">[37]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I swear, under my conscience and honor, to faithfully execute the duties of the office of President of the Government with loyalty to the King, obey and enforce the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a> as the main law of the State, and preserve in secret the deliberations of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Spain">Council of Ministers</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Oath of office of President <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodríguez Zapatero">Rodríguez Zapatero</a>, given before the king 17 April 2004, La Zarzuela.<a href="#cite_note-45">[note 8]</a></cite></div></blockquote> However, if no overall majority was obtained on the first vote of confidence, then the same nominee and program is resubmitted for a second vote within forty-eight hours.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> Following the second vote, if confidence by the Cortes is still unreached, then the monarch again meets with political leaders and the Speaker, and submits a new nominee for a vote of confidence.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> If, within two months, no candidate has won the confidence of the Cortes then the king dissolves the Cortes and calls for a new General Election.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> The king's royal decree is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">[16]</a> In the political life of Spain, the king would already be familiar with the various political leaders in a professional capacity, and perhaps less formally in a more social capacity, facilitating their meeting following a General Election. Conversely, nominating the party leader whose party maintains a plurality and who are already familiar with their party <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> facilitates a smoother nomination process. In the event of <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalitions</a>, the political leaders would customarily have met beforehand to hammer out a coalition agreements before their meeting with the king. Once appointed, the President of the Government forms an administration whose ministers are appointed and removed by the king on the president's advice. No minister may take up his appointment until after they give their oath of office to obey the constitution with loyalty to the king.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> As early as 1975, Juan Carlos expressed his view that his role in the government of a "crowned democracy" would be for him to counsel and orient an administration's "thrust in action", but for the government to take the initiative without the need for it to involve the king unnecessarily in its decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> Therefore, Juan Carlos abstained from presiding over cabinet meetings except under special occasions or circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> Generally, the king presides over cabinet meetings once or twice a year (more regularly if needed) to be directly informed by ministers of non-partisan national and international concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> However, the king does meet weekly, usually on Tuesday mornings, with the President of the Government.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[note 9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Spanish financial crisis">late-2000s economic recession</a> which gripped the nation, the king discreetly used his influence to facilitate a bi-partisan response to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_rebrands_for_recession-14">[13]</a> Governments and the Cortes sit for a term no longer than four years when the president tenders his resignation to the king and advises the king to dissolve the Cortes, prompting a General Election. It remains within the king's prerogative to dissolve the Cortes if, at the conclusion of the four years, the president has not asked for its dissolution, according to Title II Article 56.<a href="#cite_note-47">[note 10]</a> The president may call for earlier elections, but no sooner than a year after the prior General Election. Additionally, if the Government loses the confidence of the Cortes, then it must resign. In the event that a president dies or becomes incapacitated while in office, then the government as a whole resigns and the process of royal nomination and appointment takes place. The vice president would take over the day-to-day operations in the meantime, even while vice president himself may be nominated by the king. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_assent,_judiciary,_and_promulgation_of_the_laws">Royal assent, judiciary, and promulgation of the laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Royal assent, judiciary, and promulgation of the laws">edit</a>]</div> The constitution vests the sanction (<a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>) and promulgation (publication) of the laws with the king, while Title III The Cortes Generals, Chapter 2 Drafting of Bills outlines the method with which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days that a bill has been passed by the Cortes Generales, the king shall give his assent and <a href="/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado" title="Boletín Oficial del Estado">publish</a> the new law. Article 92 invests the king with the right to call for referendum on the advice of the president and the previous authorization of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a> No provision within the constitution invests the king with the ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the king from withholding royal assent, effectively a veto. When the media asked King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos">Juan Carlos</a> if he would endorse the 2005 bill legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Spain" title="Same-sex marriage in Spain">gay marriages</a> (the implication being that he may not endorse the bill), he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain, not of Belgium") – a reference to King <a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin of Belgium</a> who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> According to Title VI of the constitution, Justice in Spain "emanates from the people and is administered on behalf of the King by judges and magistrates members of the Judicial Power".<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Judicary-19">[17]</a> It remains a royal prerogative for the king to appoint the twenty members to the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judicial_Power_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain">General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain</a> (Spain's Supreme Court), and then appoint the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_(Spain)" title="President of the Supreme Court (Spain)">President of the Supreme Court</a> nominated by the General Council, according to Article 122, Subsection 3, of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-King_and_Judicary-19">[17]</a> However, by convention the king's nominations have been with the advice of the government of the day. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The General Council of the Judicial Power shall consist of the President of the Supreme Court, who shall preside over it, and of twenty members appointed by the King for a five-year period, of which twelve shall be judges and magistrates of all the judicial categories, under the terms provided for by the organic act; four nominated by the Congress and four by the Senate, elected in both cases by three-fifths of their members amongst lawyers and other jurists of acknowledged competence with more than fifteen years of professional practice.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title VI Judicial Power, Article 122 (3).<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[note 11]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Additionally, the king appoints the State Public <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a> on the advice of the government, according to Article 124.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Judicary-19">[17]</a> The king may grant clemency in accordance with the law; however, the king may not authorize a general pardon of government ministers who have been found criminally liable or guilty of treason by the Criminal Article of the Supreme Court, according to Articles 62 and 102.<a href="#cite_note-King_and_Judicary-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_and_international_diplomacy">King and international diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: King and international diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OEI_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OEI_map.svg/300px-OEI_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OEI_map.svg/450px-OEI_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OEI_map.svg/600px-OEI_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Organization of Ibero-American States. King Felipe VI serves as president.</figcaption></figure> Constitutionally the king accredits Spanish ambassadors to international states and governments, and foreign representatives to Spain are accredited before him. However, the government of the day manages diplomatic policy on behalf of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> Additionally, it remains the responsibility for the monarch to express the state's assent to international commitments and treaties, which must be in conformity with the Spanish constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> During his reign, Juan Carlos followed a foreign policy during the first decade of his kingship coined Reencounter and Reconciliation, which greatly improved Spain's standing on the world stage.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> The king reconciled long standing historic tensions with the Netherlands and cultivated relationships with France and Germany which led directly to Spain's entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> and into NATO.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> Following the tensions between Franco and the Papacy over the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, Juan Carlos' personal relations with successive popes greatly improved diplomatic relations between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and Spain, and with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> blessing Juan Carlos' democratic reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[note 12]</a> According to historian Charles Powell, it was the king's goal to win Spain's full acceptance by other European powers.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> The king, a self-described <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Europeanist</a>, was awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlemagne Award">Charlemagne Award</a> in 1982 for his steadfast work towards democracy and for supporting European unity.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> The constitution gives the monarch special responsibility in promoting Spanish relations with members of its historic community, the nations formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and also relations with Portugal and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Title_II-5">[4]</a> Fulfilling this responsibility, the king of Spain serves as president of the twenty-three member <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_States_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-American States Organization">Ibero-American States Organization</a>. With his support of democracy, various elements within Ibero-America political society have sought the king's advice on how to transition from a dictatorship to a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a> For his efforts, by 2008 the king was voted the most popular leader in all of the <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-American</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-most_popular_leader_in_Ibero-America-51">[39]</a> The monarch is assisted in his diplomatic missions by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)">Foreign Ministry</a>, and high-ranking members of the Foreign Ministry are made available to the king when he is abroad representing Spain.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-52">[40]</a> The royal household coordinates with the Foreign Ministry to ensure successful diplomatic engagements. Additionally, other members of the royal family, most notably the Prince of Asturias, may represent the Spanish State internationally. Though the Spanish monarchy is independent of the government, it is important that royal speeches are compatible with government foreign policy to project a unified diplomatic effort. To achieve balance, royal household <a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">speechwriters</a> confer with the Foreign Ministry to ensure that the official speeches strike the desired diplomatic tone between the king's views and government policy.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[note 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[41]</a> When necessary and appropriate, the king and his government may focus on two different aspects in a diplomatic engagement. The king may emphasize one aspect, such as the promotion of democracy and historic relations; while the government focuses on the details of strategic planning and bilateral coordination. The king and members of the royal family have represented Spain in Europe, Latin America, in the United States and in Canada, nations in the Middle East and North Africa, in China, Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Australia, New Zealand and many countries in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Sahara_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Sahara Africa">sub-Sahara Africa</a>. The king and Prince of Asturias have addressed many international organizations which include the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>. Since 2000, Felipe has represented Spain in half of all diplomatic engagements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_as_Commander-in-Chief">King as Commander-in-Chief</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: King as Commander-in-Chief">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg/255px-Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg/340px-Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of Spanish Armed Forces</figcaption></figure> The role of the Crown in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a> is rooted in tradition and patriotism as demonstrated in the symbols and the history of the military. The role of the Spanish monarch in the chain of command of the forces is established by the constitution of 1978, and other statutory law – Acts of Parliament, Royal Decrees etc.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is incumbent upon the King ... to exercise Supreme Command of the Armed Forces.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title II The Crown, Article 62 (H), the Spanish Constitution of 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The King exercises Supreme Command of the Armed Forces and other powers regarding national defense that are provided for in the constitution and other laws.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Title 1 the Crown, Article 3, National Defense Act, November 17, 2005<a href="#cite_note-55">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>]</cite></div></blockquote> However, Title IV of the constitution vests the administration of the armed forces and formulation of national defense policy with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Government_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Government of Spain">President of the Government</a>, a civil officer who is nominated and appointed by the king, confirmed by the elected Congress of Deputies and, as such, is representative of the Spanish people. Royal Decree 1310 of 5 October 2007<a href="#cite_note-56">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] requires the National Defence Council to report to the monarch, and that the king is to be the Chairman of the Council when he attends its sessions. The National Defence Council is Spain's highest advisory body on security and defense matters and performs the same basic function as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a>. King Juan Carlos chaired the first full meeting of the council on 10 November 2007, at which the newly proposed National Defence Directive was reviewed along with the ongoing war missions in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia and Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-57">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRJE15_(22010401483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TRJE15_%2822010401483%29.jpg/310px-TRJE15_%2822010401483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TRJE15_%2822010401483%29.jpg/465px-TRJE15_%2822010401483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TRJE15_%2822010401483%29.jpg/620px-TRJE15_%2822010401483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>King Felipe VI attends a NATO exercise in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, the king holds the highest-ranking office in the military chain of command. The king's ranks include Captain General of the Army, the Navy and the Air and Space Force.<a href="#cite_note-58">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] The king is the only officer in the military to hold this 5-star General rank. The king takes a keen interest in all aspects of military policy as evidenced by "his direct participation in the life of the Spanish Armed Forces".<a href="#cite_note-59">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] The king's participation in Spanish military life stems from his constitutional duty to "arbitrate and moderate" the regular working of state institutions. Serving in the armed forces is considered an expectation of the heir apparent, Juan Carlos and Felipe VI served in the various branches of the armed forces before they became kings. The monarch has made his desire for a strong rapport with the armed forces clear in speeches to his officer corps: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I do not feel a stranger in your company, and my functions are not limited to being your king and to holding the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces. I am also your companion ... I feel one more among you ... because my youth has been formed, as yours and with many of you, in military academies where virtues are praised and qualities infused which are not modified by time or by the changes that may occur in society ... In my heart, in all my being, side by side with my love for the country, palpitates military spirit, and I feel always identified with my companions in the army, with your concerns, your sorrows, your satisfactions and your hopes. So when I see you joyful, I am joyful. When I feel You sad, I am sad. And all, absolutely all of your worries, all absolutely all of your problems gravitate on your king and Captain General-your companion-with the same intensity that is felt by you.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">This quote needs a citation</a>]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Juan Carlos Easter Military Address, 1980[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>]</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_monarchy">Contemporary monarchy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contemporary monarchy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity_and_criticism">Popularity and criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Popularity and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Monarchy of Spain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monarchy+of+Spain%22">"Monarchy of Spain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monarchy+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monarchy+of+Spain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monarchy+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monarchy+of+Spain%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monarchy+of+Spain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2012 Spanish financial crisis">Spanish financial crisis</a> from 2008, the monarchy traditionally enjoyed wide support and popularity by Spanish citizens since its constitutional restoration in 1978, according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Villespin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Villespin (page does not exist)">Fernando Villespin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[47]</a> president of the <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" title="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas</a> (CIS, English: Sociological Research Center) in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-King_plays_valuable_role-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[50]</a> According to Villespin, the king's traditional approval rating of over 70% through the years consistently out-performed those of elected political leaders, with a similar percentage of respondents considering that the king played an important role in maintaining Spanish democracy.<a href="#cite_note-King_plays_valuable_role-61">[48]</a> Public trust in Juan Carlos' kingship "comes only behind that of the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">National Ombudsman</a>", Villespin continued.<a href="#cite_note-King_plays_valuable_role-61">[48]</a> Members of the royal family were routinely voted among the most respected public figures in Spain,<a href="#cite_note-A_royal_pain_for_the_Spanish_monarchy-64">[51]</a> and in 2010 as many as 75% of Spanish citizens ranked the monarchy as "above any other public institution in the country", according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_D%C3%ADez-Nicol%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Díez-Nicolás (page does not exist)">Juan Díez-Nicolás</a>, a former president of the CIS and founder of the private consulting firm ASEP (Análisis Sociológicos Económicos y Políticos).<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_rebrands_for_recession-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[note 14]</a> The CIS, a non-partisan government funded independent research institution, has been researching public opinion of the monarchy since 1984 and tracks three basic lines of inquiry; what is public confidence in the monarchy, what is the role of the monarchy in a democratic system, and to what degree has the king contributed to the democratic process.<a href="#cite_note-King_plays_valuable_role-61">[48]</a> The king was routinely considered one of the top ten most popular figures in Spain,<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_rebrands_for_recession-14">[13]</a> with as many as 80% of Spanish believing Spain's transition to democracy would not have been made possible without the king's personal intervention.<a href="#cite_note-King_plays_valuable_role-61">[48]</a> Historian and royal biographer Charles Powell told <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> in 2008 that "There's a deep-rooted feeling of gratitude for the king's role in the transition to democracy [and] Polls show that he is the individual to whom democratisation is most closely attributed, and the sense of gratitude cuts across class and ideological lines."<a href="#cite_note-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70-12">[11]</a> Prior to the economic crisis, part of the monarchy's appeal may lay in the personal characteristics of Juan Carlos, whose philosophy on his family, on personal <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a>, and on a selfless <a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">work ethic</a> were revealed in intimate private letters of fatherly advice to his son Felipe, Prince of Asturias, between 1984 and 1985, when Felipe was then attending university in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters-66">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters_2-67">[53]</a> According to Juan Carlos a monarch must not take his position for granted but work for the people's welfare, be kind, attentive and helpful, and "appear animated even when you are tired; kind even when you don't feel like it; attentive even when you are not interested; helpful even when it takes an effort [...] You need to appear natural, but not vulgar; cultivated and aware of problems, but not <a href="/wiki/Pedantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedantic">pedantic</a> or conceited".<a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters-66">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters_2-67">[53]</a> Juan Carlos continued; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Those whom God has chosen to be kings and to be at the head of the destiny of a country do not have any other choice than to start to understand the importance and the special characteristics of the position, because one can say that they start to become adults long before other boys of their age. If in this life it is as important to form and strengthen character enough to permit us to lead, it is not any less to know how to obey. In spite of the high positions that we hold in life, it will always be vital to know we also have duties to perform and obedience always involves real honour [...] We have to build a closely united family, without fissures or contradictions, we must not forget that on all and on each one of us are fixed the eyes of Spaniards whom we should serve with body and soul. I do not want to prolong my first letter any more in order not to tire you, but I would hope that this as well as the succeeding ones I send you leave a profound impression on you and are read calmly and thought about seriously.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>King Juan Carlos I to Felipe, Prince of Asturias, 1984.<a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters-66">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters_2-67">[53]</a></cite></div></blockquote> "I have had to stand snubs and contempt, incomprehension and annoyances that you, thank God, have not known", reminded the king to his son in one letter.<a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters-66">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters_2-67">[53]</a> The private letters from father to son remain within the royal household, but were copied and released into the public domain without any approval or foreknowledge, according to a Zarzuela palace official who confirmed the letter's authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters-66">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-private_royal_letters_2-67">[53]</a> However, the monarchy became the focus of acute criticism from part of the left and right of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">political spectrum</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain#The_nationality_debate" title="Politics of Spain">regional separatists</a>. As many as 22% of Spanish citizens feel that a republic would be the better form of government for Spain, while separatists and independence supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> routinely protest the monarchy as the living symbol of a united Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-King_under_fire_1-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galician_separatists-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-King_jeered-68">[54]</a> Part of the left criticize the institution of monarchy as <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a>, while the far right criticize King Juan Carlos personally because he has given his royal assent and tacit approval to what they perceive to be a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_society_after_the_democratic_transition" title="Spanish society after the democratic transition">liberal agenda in Spain</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spanish life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_so_happy_birthday_for_Spain's_king-69">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[note 15]</a> The monarchy became subject to sharpened criticism during the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2012 Spanish financial crisis">financial crisis</a>, particularly 2012 which became a kind of "<a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis" title="Annus horribilis">annus horribilis</a>" for the monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> as members of the royal family became increasingly seen as out-of-step with the Spanish mainstream or drawn into scandal.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal-72">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">[58]</a> Queen Sofía was criticized in 2008 for inarticulately disclosing her private opinions on gay marriage in a biography publicly released that year. In 2011 the king's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Urdangarin,_Duke_of_Palma_de_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Iñaki Urdangarin, Duke of Palma de Mallorca">Iñaki Urdangarin, Duke of Palma de Mallorca</a>, was accused of <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and impropriety for using his connection to the royal family for personal financial gain.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal-72">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[63]</a> In April 2012 the king's grandson, 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Juan_Froil%C3%A1n_de_Marichalar_y_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y Borbón">Froilán</a>, shot himself in the foot during target practice at his father's estate, echoing a similar but far more serious gun accident involving the king in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">[58]</a> According to historians, the then 18-year-old Juan Carlos was cleaning a revolver when he accidentally shot to death his 14-year-old brother <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alfonso of Spain">Alfonso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">[58]</a> Also in 2012, the monarchy was seen as out-of-touch during the financial crisis as the king went on a <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> <a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">safari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> while Spanish citizens suffered crippling unemployment and <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a> at home.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">[58]</a> Furthermore, sporting a hunting vest and rifle the king was photographed over a dead <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> propped against a tree.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">[58]</a> Despite public knowledge of the king's interest in hunting,<a href="#cite_note-79">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[68]</a> the image this time contrasted sharply with his patronage of the Spanish branch of the conservation group <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>. Though elephant hunting is legal on the game preserve in Botswana, the World Wildlife Fund lists elephants as an endangered species, and the public outcry led to the WWF to strip the king of his honorary patronage in July, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency-85">[70]</a> With the perceived disconnect public support of the monarchy has dropped to a new low of only 49%, according to a December 2011 Metroscopia survey.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal-72">[57]</a> The king took measures to restore public confidence in the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politica.elpais.com-86">[71]</a> In the wake of the scandal surrounding the Duke of Palma de Mallorca, the king spoke in his 2011 Christmas Eve National Speech that no-one is above the law.<a href="#cite_note-Politica.elpais.com-86">[71]</a> Additionally, the king addressed the perennial critique of the monarchy by publishing the budget spent on the monarchy and royal household.<a href="#cite_note-Politica.elpais.com-86">[71]</a> In 2012, the king and Prince of Asturias volunteered an additional 7% pay-cut in solidarity with government officials, bringing the king's taxable income for 2012 at about 270,000 euros, and that of the prince at 131,000 euros.<a href="#cite_note-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency-85">[70]</a> Of the events surrounding the safari, the contrite king issued a rare apology and said "I am very sorry. I made a mistake. It will not happen again."<a href="#cite_note-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency-85">[70]</a> Furthermore, the king and the Prince of Asturias stepped up public engagements, particularly those of a business nature, in an effort to promote "Brand Spain", as the king put it as he answered written questions.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> The king's mantra for Spanish business; "Export, export, export!"<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> Spanish business magnates rallied to the king's cause; "From a corporate point of view, <a href="/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="King Juan Carlos">King Juan Carlos</a> is Spain's No. 1 ambassador," said <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Alierta" title="César Alierta">César Alierta</a>, chairman of the Spanish telecommunications giant <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> The king is also credited with brokering a deal worth $9.9 billion for a Spanish consortium in Saudi Arabia <a href="/wiki/Haramain_High_Speed_Rail_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain High Speed Rail Project">to construct</a> a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> line by leveraging his personal relationship with Saudi <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> and outmaneuvering a French bid.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Shoula-Led_Group_Wins_Saudi_Contract_for_Haramain_Railway-87">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi_railway_to_be_built_by_Spanish-led_consortium-88">[73]</a> "Without the king, this contract would not have gone ahead," according to former Spanish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Moratinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Angel Moratinos">Miguel Angel Moratinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> The king's role as a "business diplomat and deal maker" for his country's interest was brought to light during the safari scandal, as the safari was paid for by Mohamed Eyad Kayali, a Syrian construction magnate and longtime friend of the king. The two worked together on the deal which awarded the <a href="/wiki/Haramain_High_Speed_Rail_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain High Speed Rail Project">Haramain High Speed Rail Project</a> to the Spanish consortium.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> For supporters of the monarchy the king is an "irreplaceable resource" with unrivaled relationships with other world leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> Observers credit the king with easing tensions between Spain's former government of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zapatero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Zapatero">José Zapatero</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>, while also helping to resolve disputes in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> Opinion polls released in April 2012 revealed that the Spanish public generally forgave the king over the recent scandals, but wished for greater transparency of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">[56]</a> However, criticism grew increasingly strident towards many senior members of the royal family as investigations continued to dominate headlines throughout 2013. In an act to preserve Spanish constitutional stability Juan Carlos I abdicated the throne on 19 June 2014, in favor of his popular son, now reigning as King Felipe VI.<a href="#cite_note-89">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time-abdication-90">[75]</a> At the time of his abdication La Razon found that more than 77 per cent of respondents rated the leadership of King Juan Carlos as "good" or "very good". Seventy-two per cent thought the monarchy was an important factor for political stability.<a href="#cite_note-Polls_show_Spanish_happy_with_monarchy-91">[76]</a> The Spanish public also gave a broadly positive opinion not only of the abdication but of his reign as a whole. According to a poll taken by El Mundo, believed the king's reign was either good or very good, up from 41.3 per cent. Overall, 55.7 per cent of those polled in the 3–5 June survey by Sigma Dos supported the institution of the monarchy in Spain, up from 49.9 per cent when the same question was posed six months earlier. 57.5 per cent believed the Felipe VI could restore the royal family's lost prestige. An overwhelming majority of Spaniards believe Felipe VI would make a good monarch and more than three-quarters believe Juan Carlos was right to hand over the throne to his son.<a href="#cite_note-92">[77]</a> In recent years, however, public opinion on the form of organization of the Head of State has become increasingly divided, with polls confirming a technical tie between monarchists and republicans since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a> Despite being hailed for his role in Spain's transition to democracy, King Juan Carlos I and the monarchy's reputation began to suffer after controversies surrounding his family arose, exacerbated by the public controversy centering on an elephant-hunting trip he undertook during a time of financial crisis in Spain. Since August 2020, Juan Carlos has lived in self-exile from Spain over allegedly improper ties to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain#2020_Saudi_rail_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">business deals in Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[82]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic in Spain</a>, it became known on 2 March 2021 that the two sisters of King Felipe, the Infantas <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Cristina_of_Spain" title="Infanta Cristina of Spain">Cristina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Elena,_Duchess_of_Lugo" title="Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo">Elena</a>, had travelled to the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> in order to receive the vaccine and avoid the waiting of the Spanish protocol.<a href="#cite_note-98">[83]</a> According to a poll made in 2020, 35 per cent of Spaniards would vote for the monarchy in a referendum, while 41 per cent would choose the republic. Right-wing supporters are the most monarchist, and left-wing supporters the most republican.<a href="#cite_note-99">[84]</a> Other poll made in 2021, showed a different result: 58 per cent would choose the monarchy, while 37 rejects it.<a href="#cite_note-100">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charitable,_cultural,_and_religious_patronage">Charitable, cultural, and religious patronage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Charitable, cultural, and religious patronage">edit</a>]</div> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Royal Family">royal family</a> are often invited by <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Charities" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities">charitable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a>, or religious organizations within Spain or internationally to become their <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a>, a role the Spanish constitution recognizes.<a href="#cite_note-101">[86]</a> Royal patronage conveys a sense of official credibility as the organization is vetted for suitability. A royal presence often greatly raises the profile of the organization and attracts public interest and media coverage that the organization may not have otherwise garnered, aiding in the charitable cause or cultural event. Royals use their considerable <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> to assist the organization to raise funds or to affect or promote government policy. Members of the royal family also pursue charitable and cultural causes of special interest to themselves. As prince, King Felipe chaired the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Foundation">Prince of Asturias Foundation</a> (Fundación Príncipe de Asturias), which aims to promote "scientific, cultural and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic values</a> that form part of mankind's universal heritage."<a href="#cite_note-Prince_of_Asturias_Foundation-102">[87]</a> The Prince of Asturias Foundation holds annual <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">awards</a> ceremonies acknowledging the contributions of individuals, entities, and organizations which make notable achievements in the sciences, humanities, or public affairs. Felipe serves as president of the Codespa Foundation, which finances specific economic and social development activities in Ibero-America and other countries, and serves as president of the Spanish branch of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_European_Journalists" title="Association of European Journalists">Association of European Journalists</a>, which is composed of achieving communications professionals.<a href="#cite_note-103">[note 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[88]</a> Felipe also serves as honorary chair of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Culture (Spain)">Ministry of Culture</a> National Awards Ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-105">[89]</a> Queen Sofía devotes much of her time to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queen Sofía Foundation (page does not exist)">Queen Sofía Foundation</a> (Fundación Reina Sofía).<a href="#cite_note-QSF-106">[90]</a> Established in 1977 out of the queen's private funds, the non-profit aims to assist, promote, and develop the spiritual and physical needs of men and women from diverse backgrounds, with a particular focus on progress, welfare, and justice.<a href="#cite_note-QSF-106">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Elena,_Duchess_of_Lugo" title="Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo">Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo</a>, the king's eldest daughter, is the Director of Cultural and Social Projects of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapfre_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mapfre Foundation (page does not exist)">Mapfre Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[91]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Cristina,_Duchess_of_Palma_de_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca">Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca</a>, the king's youngest daughter, served as the <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Ambassador" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodwill Ambassador">Goodwill Ambassador</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> for the 2nd World Assembly on Ageing, and is a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dal%C3%AD_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalí Foundation (page does not exist)">Dalí Foundation</a> Board of Trustees, president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Disabled_Sailing" class="mw-redirect" title="International Foundation for Disabled Sailing">International Foundation for Disabled Sailing</a>, and Director of Social Welfare at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Caixa_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Caixa Foundation (page does not exist)">La Caixa Foundation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> where she lives with her family.<a href="#cite_note-108">[92]</a> The king, queen, and Infanta Cristina are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a>, an informal <a href="/wiki/Think-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tank">think-tank</a> centered on United States and European relations, and other world issues.<a href="#cite_note-109">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-prweb97-110">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[95]</a> King Juan Carlos built a tradition of presenting annual <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_National_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Eve National Speech">Christmas Eve National Speeches</a> entitled "Mensaje de S.M. Juan Carlos I", personal messages from himself as king to the nation which are broadcast by radio and television through various media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-112">[96]</a> King Juan Carlos usually referred to social or economic challenges facing the nation as well as positive messages of charity, good will, and religious faith. In 2004, the speech was highly related to the <a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a>; in 2006 he talked about the need to become a united nation against terrorism (in implicit support of Zapatero's anti-terrorist policies), and he mentioned the increasing force of immigrants in Spain and appreciated their contribution to the economy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Household_of_the_king">Household of the king</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Household of the king">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG/220px-Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG/330px-Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG/440px-Espa%C3%B1a_-_Madrid_-_Campo_del_Moro_-_Entrada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>Royal Palace of Madrid</figcaption></figure> The royal household organization, constitutionally La Casa de Su Majestad el Rey,<a href="#cite_note-113">[note 17]</a> supports and facilitates the monarch and members of the royal family in fulfilling their constitutionally hereditary responsibilities and obligations.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The royal household is funded through yearly budgets drafted by the government of the day in consultation with the monarch, and brought before the Cortes for approval, and then paid directly to the monarch. The royal household coordinates with various government administration ministries, and receives their advice and support where needed, though in no way does the royal household form part of the government administration.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> Royal household staff serve at the pleasure of the monarch, and does not resign when the Spanish government resigns during election cycles. The royal household is managed by the Head of the Household who inspects and supervises all household operations through various bureaus or offices of the General Secretariat. The Head of the Household is assisted by a Secretary General.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The General Secretariat is divided into various departments which includes the secretariat (bureau) of King Juan Carlos (since 2014); planning and coordination; the secretariat (bureau) of H.M. the Queen; security services; communication; protocol; and administration, infrastructure and services.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> Before his father's abdication, Felipe VI had his own secretariat as Prince of Asturias. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a> are represented by the Head of the Military Chamber, who does not advise the king on matters of national defense, which is the portfolio of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Spain)">Minister of Defence</a> and President of the Government to advise the king. Rather, the Head of the Military Chamber coordinates royal military operations and ceremonies, and prepares the royal family for any military activities.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The Military Chamber is directed by a commander who must be an active lieutenant-general or a general within the Spanish military, and is under the direct orders of the king.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The commander maintains an office with a military legal advisor, an auditor, and section heads for staffing, protocol, operations and logistics.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The king is assigned personal <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Aide-de-Camp">aides-de-camp</a> for his assistance, and by extension to his wife the queen and to Princess Sofía.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> Aides-de-camp are drawn from all of the services, from the Army, from the Navy, from the Air and Space Force, and from the Civil Guard.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The Princess of Asturias is entitled to, in future, personal aides-de-camp, drawn from the Army, the Navy, and the Air and Space Force.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The Head of the Household, Secretary General, and Head of the Military Chamber are considered senior management staff and are compensated at the level of senior government administration officials.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> In 2004, the royal household employed 100 staff members. The royal household's public relations department manages and maintains an official website on behalf of the royal family known as Casa de S.M. El Rey. The website lists biographical information on members of the immediate royal family, charts their activities, records speeches given at events, and publishes their expected diary of upcoming events, among other information. Additionally, the public relations department publishes the king's diary of his private meetings and the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_minutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting minutes">meeting minutes</a>, so long as the other party agrees.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_King_rebrands_for_recession-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences_and_royal_sites">Residences and royal sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Residences and royal sites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_sites" title="Spanish royal sites">Spanish royal sites</a></div> The king and queen preside over many official functions at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Oriente Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_royal_sites-115">[98]</a> However, King Felipe and Queen Letizia and their family reside at the Pavilion, a modest home on the El Pardo estate, near his parents' residence at La Zarzuela.<a href="#cite_note-An_Engaging_Monarchy-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Su_casa-116">[99]</a> King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía have spent the majority of their time at the La <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarzuela Palace">Zarzuela Palace</a>, a former hunting lodge on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_El_Pardo" title="Royal Palace of El Pardo">El Pardo</a> estate on the outskirts of Madrid. The El Pardo Palace itself has served as the "guest house" for visiting heads of state since the 1980s. The Oriente Palace and the palaces of the El Pardo estate form part of the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_sites" title="Spanish royal sites">Spanish royal sites</a>", a collective term used to denote the set of palaces, monasteries, and convents built under royal patronage throughout history. Royal sites are owned by the state and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Patrimonio_Nacional" title="Patrimonio Nacional">Patrimonio Nacional</a> (National Heritage) on behalf of the government of the day, and made available for the king as the head of state. Whenever a member of the royal family is not in residence, the royal site is made available for public visitations. The royal household coordinates directly with the National Heritage Council and relevant government ministries or other interests in their planning and staging of state events, with royal sites often providing the setting. Juan Carlos began a tradition of taking his family on annual holidays to the island of <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, staying at the <a href="/wiki/Marivent_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marivent Palace">Marivent Palace</a> there since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-An_Engaging_Monarchy-13">[12]</a> Juan Carlos, known as a keen yachtsman, was presented with a yacht by the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and a consortium of local business leaders in 2001 as part of an effort to further associate the royal family with the islands, and to promote the islands as a tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-Fortuna-117">[100]</a> The yacht, known as the Fortuna, is also owned by the State and administered by the Patrimonio Nacional.<a href="#cite_note-Fortuna-117">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_budget_and_taxation">Annual budget and taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Annual budget and taxation">edit</a>]</div> Constitutionally the monarch is entitled to compensation from the annual state budget for the maintenance of his family and household administration, and freely distributes these funds in accordance with the laws.<a href="#cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> According to the Royal Household, "[T]he purpose of these resources is to ensure that the Head of State may carry out his tasks with the independence which is inherent to his constitutional functions, as well as with due effectiveness and dignity".<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The annual budget pays the remunerations for senior management staff, management staff and career civil servants, other minor staffing positions, and for general office expenses.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The Head of Household, Secretary General, and other management staff salaries must be comparable to other administration ministers within the government, though in no way do they form part of the government or administration.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> As such, the management staff experience increases, decreases, or freezes to their pay in accordance with the fluctuations of government minister salaries.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> Additionally, the annual budget pays for the maintenance and expenses of senior members of the royal family who undertake royal duties; which includes grocery, clothing, and toiletries allotments.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The budget approved by the Cortes for 2010 was just under 7.4 million euros, a budget only slightly larger than that spent on the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> In 2011 the king addressed the perennial critique of the monarchy; that of how the annual budget awarded to the monarchy and royal household is spent.<a href="#cite_note-Politica.elpais.com-86">[71]</a> The report revealed that only 9.6% of the 8.4 million euros budgeted that year for the monarchy are paid to royal family members as 'salaries and representative duties', with the difference marked for royal household operational expenses such as household staff salaries, various insurance premiums and liabilities, services, and 'supplementals' such as overhead.<a href="#cite_note-Politica.elpais.com-86">[71]</a> In 2012, the monarchy volunteered an additional 7% pay-cut in solidarity with government officials.<a href="#cite_note-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency-85">[70]</a> Not included in the annual budget is the maintenance and upkeep of Spanish royal sites, which are owned by the state and made available to the king as the head-of-state, but administered by Patrimonio Nacional on behalf of the government of the day. Spanish royal sites are open to the public when members of the royal family are not in residence. Maintenance and upkeep includes <a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">groundskeeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic staffing</a> and catering.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> The budget is administered with professional Public Administration accounting procedures, and is audited by government auditors.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> All members of the royal family are subject to taxation and annually submit Income Tax and Wealth Tax returns and effect the relevant payments.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Household-114">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of Spanish monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish consorts">List of Spanish consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the Spanish throne">Line of succession to the Spanish throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45_Grupo_de_Fuerzas_A%C3%A9reas" title="45 Grupo de Fuerzas Aéreas">45 Grupo de Fuerzas Aéreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Republicanism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary history of Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Powell_(historian)" title="Charles Powell (historian)">Charles Powell</a>, the term reestablished, rather than restored, was a conscious choice to find a middle ground acceptable by monarchists, who viewed the 1975 monarchy as a restoration, and Franconists who took the view that General Franco had essentially established a new monarchy apart from the prior historic office. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: El Rey es el Jefe del Estado, símbolo de su unidad y permanencia, arbitra y modera el funcionamiento regular de las instituciones, asume la más alta representación del Estado español en las relaciones internacionales, especialmente con las naciones de su comunidad histórica, y ejerce las funciones que le atribuyen expresamente la Constitución y las leyes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Majesty-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Majesty_22-0">^</a> The King of Spain may also use the formal address of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Majesty">His Catholic Majesty</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a> page 336 (2000). However, according to Royal Decree published in 1987, the formal addressed used is His <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: La persona del Rey de España es inviolable y no está sujeta a responsabilidad. Sus actos estarán siempre refrendados en la forma establecida en el artículo 64, careciendo de validez sin dicho refrendo, salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo 65,2. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: La Corona de España es hereditaria en los sucesores de S. M. Don Juan Carlos I de Borbón, legítimo heredero de la dinastía histórica. La sucesión en el trono seguirá el orden regular de primogenitura y representación, siendo preferida siempre la línea anterior a las posteriores; en la misma línea, el grado más próximo al más remoto; en el mismo grado, el varón a la mujer, y en el mismo sexo, la persona de más edad a la de menos. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The President of the Government is usually known as the prime minister in many English language publications as the title president, outside of academic and business circles, has a republican connotation absent in the Spanish presidente. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <div lang="es">Artículo 99. # Después de cada renovación del Congreso de los Diputados, y en los demás supuestos constitucionales en que así proceda, el Rey, previa consulta con los representantes designados por los grupos políticos con representación parlamentaria, y a través del Presidente del Congreso, propondrá un candidato a la Presidencia del Gobierno. # El candidato propuesto conforme a lo previsto en el apartado anterior expondrá ante el Congreso de los Diputados el programa político del Gobierno que pretenda formar y solicitará la confianza de la Cámara.</div> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Juro/Prometo, por mi conciencia y honor, cumplir fielmente las obligaciones del cargo de Presidente del Gobierno con lealtad al Rey, guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución como norma fundamental del Estado, así como mantener el secreto de las deliberaciones del Consejo de Ministros. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> An exception to these weekly meetings is in August, while the king is on holiday in Majorca. Then the President or the Vice President travels to Majorica to meet with the king. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Title II Article 56 the monarch is the "arbitrator and moderator of the regular functioning of the institutions" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: arbitra y modera el funcionamiento regular de las instituciones) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Consejo General del Poder Judicial estará integrado por el Presidente del Tribunal Supremo, que lo presidirá, y por veinte miembros nombrados por el Rey por un periodo de cinco años. De estos, doce entre Jueces y Magistrados de todas las categorías judiciales, en los términos que establezca la ley orgánica; cuatro a propuesta del Congreso de los Diputados, y cuatro a propuesta del Senado, elegidos en ambos casos por mayoría de tres quintos de sus miembros, entre abogados y otros juristas, todos ellos de reconocida competencia y con más de quince años de ejercicio en su profesión. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Juan Carlos' had a special relationship with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> whose death greatly affected the king. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The king's speeches are generally reflective of the king's views and reviewed by the king before an event. When confirming with the Foreign Ministry, the speeches are reviewed so that they are largely general in nature and politically neutral in terms of specific policies followed by the government. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Juan Díez Nicolás, is a Professor of Sociology since 1971 and co-founder (1963–69) and last Director General (1976–77) of the former Instituto de la Opinión Pública, as well as the first Director General (1977–1979) of the present Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), both within the public administration. During the political transition to democracy (1973–1982) he occupied several high public offices, he has been President of the Spanish Federation of Sociology (1995–98), President of the Forum for the Social Integration of Immigrants (1999–2002) and Vice-President of Members and Finances of the International Sociological Association (ISA). Currently he is Elected Member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, member of the High-Level Advisory Group on Dialogue between Peoples and Cultures of the Mediterranean (personally appointed by the President of the European Commission), member of the Executive Committee of the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> Association, and member of different scientific and advisory committees. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Conservative radio talk show host <a href="/wiki/Federico_Jimenez_Losantos" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Jimenez Losantos">Federico Jimenez Losantos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cadena_COPE" title="Cadena COPE">Cadena COPE</a> radio network, owned and operated by Spain's Roman Catholic Church, called for Juan Carlos to abdicate for his tacit approval of a perceived liberal agenda. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Felipe's interest in print journalism was revealed when he told an <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> journalist that had he not been born a prince that he would have liked to be a print journalist, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(journalist)" title="John Hooper (journalist)">John Hooper</a> in The New Spaniards. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> A literal translation is "House of H.M. the King", often translated into English as "royal house" or "royal household". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Self_Made_Monarch-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Self_Made_Monarch_1-16">q</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Powell_(historian)" title="Charles Powell (historian)">Powell, Charles</a>. Juan Carlos of Spain; Self Made Monarch. St. Martin's Press, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Carlos+of+Spain%3B+Self+Made+Monarch&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiki_Source_Spa_Constitution_78_2-36">ak</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978:_04">"Título II. De la Corona, Wikisource"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021557/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%3A_04">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%ADtulo+II.+De+la+Corona%2C+Wikisource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstituci%25C3%25B3n_espa%25C3%25B1ola_de_1978%3A_04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution of Spain</a> 1978, Title II, Article 56, Subsection 2 and amended by Royal Decree 1368/1987, dated 6 November. </li> <li id="cite_note-Title_II-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_II_5-6">g</a> Title II, Article 56, Subsection 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 19. P.K. Enepekides, `Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7 April 1502', Akten des XI Internationalen Byzantinisten Kongresses, München 1958, ed. F. Dölger and H.G. Beck (Munich, 1960) 138–43, esp. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Norwich, John Julius, Byzantium – The Decline and Fall, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoBzwABlZEC&dq=Early%20Latin%20America.%20New%20York%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201983&pg=PA19">Early Latin America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045158/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoBzwABlZEC&dq=Early%20Latin%20America.%20New%20York:%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201983&pg=PA19">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergasa_Perdomo2018" class="citation book cs1">Bergasa Perdomo, Oscar (2018). "La esclavitud en los imperios coloniales americanos: tráfico y mercados". In Luxán Meléndez, Santiago de; Figueirôa-Rêgo, João (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/cidehus/6404?lang=es">El tabaco y la esclavitud en la rearticulación imperial ibérica (s. XV-XX)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.cidehus.5987">10.4000/books.cidehus.5987</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791036531132" title="Special:BookSources/9791036531132"><bdi>9791036531132</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204612/https://books.openedition.org/cidehus/6404?lang=es">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+esclavitud+en+los+imperios+coloniales+americanos%3A+tr%C3%A1fico+y+mercados&rft.btitle=El+tabaco+y+la+esclavitud+en+la+rearticulaci%C3%B3n+imperial+ib%C3%A9rica+%28s.+XV-XX%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.cidehus.5987&rft.isbn=9791036531132&rft.aulast=Bergasa+Perdomo&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fcidehus%2F6404%3Flang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 346–52, 359–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Dictatorship_to_Democracy-11"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Dictatorship_to_Democracy_11-0">^</a> John Hooper, The New Spaniards, 2001, From Dictatorship to Democracy </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7171971.stm">"Spain's fast-living king turns 70"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106025042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7171971.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2010. 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Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Constitution+of+1978&rft.pub=Boletin+Oficial+del+Estado+%28BOE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Flegislacion%2Fdocumentos%2FConstitucionINGLES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Spanish Constitution of 1978 (in English): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904170406/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978/Preliminary_Title">"Spanish Constitution of 1978/Preliminary Title - Wikisource"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978/Preliminary_Title">the original</a> on 4 September 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Constitution+of+1978%2FPreliminary+Title+-+Wikisource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSpanish_Constitution_of_1978%2FPreliminary_Title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_and_Prime_Minister-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Prime_Minister_18-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978:_06">"Part IV Government and Administration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120033049/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%3A_06">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+IV+Government+and+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstituci%25C3%25B3n_espa%25C3%25B1ola_de_1978%3A_06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_and_Judicary-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Judicary_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Judicary_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Judicary_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Judicary_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_and_Judicary_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978:_08">"Título VI. Del Poder Judicial"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106162142/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%3A_08">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%ADtulo+VI.+Del+Poder+Judicial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstituci%25C3%25B3n_espa%25C3%25B1ola_de_1978%3A_08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_Constitution_78-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Constitution_78_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Hist_Normas/Norm/const_espa_texto_ingles_0.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119090314/http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Hist_Normas/Norm/const_espa_texto_ingles_0.pdf">Archived</a> 19 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Section 56.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Decree_1368/1987-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_1368/1987_21-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1987-25284">Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813120048/http://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1987-25284">Archived</a> 13 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Boletin Oficial del Estado (BOE) no. 271, 12 November 1987, p. 33717. (Reference: BOE-A-1987-25284) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanMullenLevs2014" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Al; Mullen, Jethro; Levs, Josh (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/02/world/europe/spain-king-abdication/index.html?hpt=hp_t2">"Spain's King Juan Carlos I to abdicate"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126211727/https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/02/world/europe/spain-king-abdication/index.html?hpt=hp_t2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+King+Juan+Carlos+I+to+abdicate&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Al&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Jethro&rft.au=Levs%2C+Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F06%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspain-king-abdication%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10898873/Spain-will-have-two-kings-and-two-queens.html">"Spain will have two kings and two queens"</a>. 13 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10898873/Spain-will-have-two-kings-and-two-queens.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain+will+have+two+kings+and+two+queens&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fspain%2F10898873%2FSpain-will-have-two-kings-and-two-queens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Decree_470/2014-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Decree_470/2014_25-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-6477">Real Decreto 470/2014, de 13 de junio, por el que se modifica el Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003333/https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-6477">Archived</a> 14 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Boletin Oficial del Estado (BOE) no. 149, 19 June 2014, p. 46399–46400. (Reference: BOE-A-2014-6477) </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Nobility_and_Grandee_Titles_26-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803062402/http://esede.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite/en/1215197183446/Tramite_C/1215326462418/Detalle.html">"Nobility and Grandee Titles"</a>. Spanish Ministry of Justice. 4 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esede.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite/en/1215197183446/Tramite_C/1215326462418/Detalle.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobility+and+Grandee+Titles&rft.pub=Spanish+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesede.mjusticia.es%2Fcs%2FSatellite%2Fen%2F1215197183446%2FTramite_C%2F1215326462418%2FDetalle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162318/http://www.es.amnesty.org/com/2001/com_30ene01b.shtm">"No deben tolerarse las recompensas a torturadores (They should not tolerate rewards to torturers)"</a>. Amnesty International. 30 January 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.es.amnesty.org/com/2001/com_30ene01b.shtm">the original</a> on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+deben+tolerarse+las+recompensas+a+torturadores+%28They+should+not+tolerate+rewards+to+torturers%29&rft.date=2001-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.es.amnesty.org%2Fcom%2F2001%2Fcom_30ene01b.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadenaser.com/articulo/espana/Aznar/pago/dinero/publico/lobby/Washington/conseguir/medalla/Congreso/EEUU/csrcsrpor/20040722csrcsrnac_6/Tes/">Aznar pagó con dinero público a un 'lobby' de Washington para conseguir la medalla del Congreso de EEUU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125083934/http://www.cadenaser.com/articulo/espana/Aznar/pago/dinero/publico/lobby/Washington/conseguir/medalla/Congreso/EEUU/csrcsrpor/20040722csrcsrnac_6/Tes/">Archived</a> 25 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (Cadena SER) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eitb24.com/portal/eitb24/noticia/en/politics/former-spanish-president-aznar-ldquomuslims-should-apologize-for-?itemId=B24_11616&cl=%2Feitb24%2Fpolitica&idioma=en">"Aznar: 'Muslims should apologize for occupying Spain for 800 years'"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523032705/http://www.eitb24.com/portal/eitb24/noticia/en/politics/former-spanish-president-aznar-ldquomuslims-should-apologize-for-?itemId=B24_11616&cl=/eitb24/politica&idioma=en">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aznar%3A+%27Muslims+should+apologize+for+occupying+Spain+for+800+years%27&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eitb24.com%2Fportal%2Feitb24%2Fnoticia%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2Fformer-spanish-president-aznar-ldquomuslims-should-apologize-for-%3FitemId%3DB24_11616%26cl%3D%252Feitb24%252Fpolitica%26idioma%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/22/internacional/1158945858.html">"Aznar se pregunta por qué los musulmanes no se disculpan 'por haber ocupado España ocho siglos'"</a>. El Mundo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107002238/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/22/internacional/1158945858.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Aznar+se+pregunta+por+qu%C3%A9+los+musulmanes+no+se+disculpan+%27por+haber+ocupado+Espa%C3%B1a+ocho+siglos%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2006%2F09%2F22%2Finternacional%2F1158945858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2002-19803">Royal Decree 1051/2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030130502/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2002-19803">Archived</a> 30 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 11 October, by which the Regulation of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III is passed. Boletin Oficial del Estado (BOE) no. 245, 12 October 2002, pg. 36085–36094. (Reference: BOE-A-2002-19803) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/o080500-mp.html">(Spanish) Order of 8 May 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018183854/http://www.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/o080500-mp.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by which the Regulation of the Royal and Very Distinguished Order of Carlos III is adapted to the current circumstances and conditions. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_King_Juan_Carlos_defends_monarchy-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_King_Juan_Carlos_defends_monarchy_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovan2007" class="citation news cs1">Govan, Fiona (4 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565021/Spanish-King-Juan-Carlos-defends-monarchy.html">"Spanish King Juan Carlos defends monarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565021/Spanish-King-Juan-Carlos-defends-monarchy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Spanish+King+Juan+Carlos+defends+monarchy&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.aulast=Govan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1565021%2FSpanish-King-Juan-Carlos-defends-monarchy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain_royal_sex_cartoonists_fined-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Spain_royal_sex_cartoonists_fined_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7092866.stm">"Spain royal sex cartoonists fined"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 13 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324124855/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7092866.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spain+royal+sex+cartoonists+fined&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7092866.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_under_fire_1-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_under_fire_1_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_under_fire_1_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108113342/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1355696.php">"Protesters burn pictures of King Juan Carlos in Spain"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa News (page does not exist)">Europa News</a>. 14 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1355696.php">the original</a> on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa+News&rft.atitle=Protesters+burn+pictures+of+King+Juan+Carlos+in+Spain&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstersandcritics.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2Fnews%2Farticle_1355696.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galician_separatists-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galician_separatists_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galician_separatists_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715133145/http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/Two-fined-for-torching-effigy-of-Spanish-king_49575.html">"Two fined for torching effigy of Spanish king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Expatica" title="Expatica">Expatica</a>. 1 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/Two-fined-for-torching-effigy-of-Spanish-king_49575.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expatica&rft.atitle=Two+fined+for+torching+effigy+of+Spanish+king&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fes%2Fnews%2Fspanish-news%2FTwo-fined-for-torching-effigy-of-Spanish-king_49575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visigothic_Women-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Visigothic_Women_39-0">^</a> Klapisch-Zuber, Christine (1992). A History of Women: Book II: "Silences of the Middle Ages". Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, "Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple, p. 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (over the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages over the age of twenty. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Title II the Crown, Article 57 (1), the Spanish Constitution of 1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.poderjudicial.es/secp10-11/Documentaci%C3%B3n%20Ingl%C3%A9s/FILES%20AND%20LINKS/Plain%20language/style%20guide%20european%20commission.pdf">"The English Style Guide (Fifth edition: 2005 Revised: March 2009)"</a> (PDF). European Commission Directorate-General for Translation. 1 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024140735/http://www5.poderjudicial.es/secp10-11/Documentaci%C3%B3n">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+English+Style+Guide+%28Fifth+edition%3A+2005+Revised%3A+March+2009%29&rft.pub=European+Commission+Directorate-General+for+Translation&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.poderjudicial.es%2Fsecp10-11%2FDocumentaci%25C3%25B3n%2520Ingl%25C3%25A9s%2FFILES%2520AND%2520LINKS%2FPlain%2520language%2Fstyle%2520guide%2520european%2520commission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zapatero_sworn-44"><a href="#cite_ref-zapatero_sworn_44-0">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dM3AZ47GZ0w">Rodríguez Zapatero is sworn into his second term</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (<a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">RTVE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/24_Horas_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)">Canal 24H</a>, 12 April 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/12/espana/1115917538.html">"Don Juan Carlos, sobre el matrimonio gay: 'Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica'"</a>. El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218170102/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/12/espana/1115917538.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Don+Juan+Carlos%2C+sobre+el+matrimonio+gay%3A+%27Soy+el+Rey+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+no+el+de+B%C3%A9lgica%27&rft.date=2006-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2005%2F05%2F12%2Fespana%2F1115917538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-most_popular_leader_in_Ibero-America-51"><a href="#cite_ref-most_popular_leader_in_Ibero-America_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/07/09/internacional/1215635605.html">"Uribe is the Ibero-American leader best valued by the citizens of his country"</a> [Uribe is the Ibero-American leader best valued by the citizens of his country]. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a> (in Spanish). 7 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213023652/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/07/09/internacional/1215635605.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Uribe+is+the+Ibero-American+leader+best+valued+by+the+citizens+of+his+country&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2008%2F07%2F09%2Finternacional%2F1215635605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> The Spanish monarchy has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> founded after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>. Then, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a> in the 8th century. A dynastic marriage between <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>") united <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the 15th century. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> became one of the first <a href="/wiki/Global_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Global power">global powers</a> as Isabella and Ferdinand funded <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s exploratory voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. The sea route he established paved the way for the Spanish conquest of much of the Americas. As of 2023, the official budget for the Spanish monarchy is 8.4 million euros, one of the lowest public expenditures for the institution of monarchy in Europe.<ref><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRTVE.es2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">RTVE.es (6 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20221006/gobierno-congela-presupuesto-casa-real-2023/2405221.shtml">"La Casa Real mantiene congelado su presupuesto para 2023"</a>. RTVE.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTVE.es&rft.atitle=La+Casa+Real+mantiene+congelado+su+presupuesto+para+2023&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft.au=RTVE.es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtve.es%2Fnoticias%2F20221006%2Fgobierno-congela-presupuesto-casa-real-2023%2F2405221.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec.europa.eu-52"><a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130213042448/http://www.maec.es/en/MenuPpal/Ministerio/Paginas/postingTXT(17-2)Ministerio.aspx">"Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation"</a>. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. 27 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maec.es/en/MenuPpal/Ministerio/Paginas/postingTXT(17-2)Ministerio.aspx">the original</a> on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Cooperation&rft.pub=Spanish+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Cooperation&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maec.es%2Fen%2FMenuPpal%2FMinisterio%2FPaginas%2FpostingTXT%2817-2%29Ministerio.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64dUYeK08Aw">King Juan Carlos calls for an immediate cease fire in Gaza</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933">"BOE.es Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional"</a>. pp. 37717–37723. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215063450/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOE.es+Ley+Org%C3%A1nica+5%2F2005%2C+de+17+de+noviembre%2C+de+la+Defensa+Nacional.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37717-%3C%2Fspan%3E37723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2005-18933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17490">BOE.es Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210082054/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17490">Archived</a> 10 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agence_France-Prese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence France-Prese (page does not exist)">AFP</a>, 10 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-19880">Ley 39/2007, de 19 de noviembre, de la carrera militar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214203742/https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-19880">Archived</a> 14 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, article 2(1) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> National Defense Directive 1/2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Vallesp%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Fernando Vallespín">Spanish Wikipedia article on Villespin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_plays_valuable_role-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_plays_valuable_role_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_plays_valuable_role_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_plays_valuable_role_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_plays_valuable_role_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_plays_valuable_role_61-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322030703/http://news.notiemail.com/noticia.asp?nt=11858901&cty=200">"Spaniards say King Juan Carlos plays valuable role"</a>. World News. 1 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.notiemail.com/noticia.asp?nt=11858901&cty=200">the original</a> on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+News&rft.atitle=Spaniards+say+King+Juan+Carlos+plays+valuable+role&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.notiemail.com%2Fnoticia.asp%3Fnt%3D11858901%26cty%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/EN/index.html">Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601145950/http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/EN/index.html">Archived</a> 1 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official website </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">Spanish Wikipedia article on the CIS</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_royal_pain_for_the_Spanish_monarchy-64"><a href="#cite_ref-A_royal_pain_for_the_Spanish_monarchy_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2008" class="citation news cs1">Burnett, Victoria (17 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/europe/17iht-sofia.4.17905851.html">"Spaniards A royal pain for the Spanish monarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215031509/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/world/europe/17iht-sofia.4.17905851.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spaniards+A+royal+pain+for+the+Spanish+monarchy&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F17iht-sofia.4.17905851.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-private_royal_letters-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_66-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovan2008" class="citation news cs1">Govan, Fiona (29 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583174/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.html">"King Juan Carlos of Spain gives heir a correspondence course in ruling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216055536/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583174/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=King+Juan+Carlos+of+Spain+gives+heir+a+correspondence+course+in+ruling&rft.date=2008-03-29&rft.aulast=Govan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1583174%2FKing-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-private_royal_letters_2-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_2_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_2_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_2_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_2_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-private_royal_letters_2_67-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovan2008" class="citation news cs1">Govan, Fiona (29 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421084814/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583175/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.html">"King Juan Carlos of Spain's letters to his son"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583175/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=King+Juan+Carlos+of+Spain%27s+letters+to+his+son&rft.date=2008-03-29&rft.aulast=Govan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1583175%2FKing-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_jeered-68"><a href="#cite_ref-King_jeered_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706091852/http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/Spanish-TV-head-fired-for-cutting-jeering-king-footage_52648.html">"Spanish TV head fired for cutting jeering king footage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Expatica" title="Expatica">Expatica</a>. 15 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/Spanish-TV-head-fired-for-cutting-jeering-king-footage_52648.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expatica&rft.atitle=Spanish+TV+head+fired+for+cutting+jeering+king+footage&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fes%2Fnews%2Fspanish-news%2FSpanish-TV-head-fired-for-cutting-jeering-king-footage_52648.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Not_so_happy_birthday_for_Spain's_king-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Not_so_happy_birthday_for_Spain's_king_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2008" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Al (4 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/01/04/spain.juancarlos/index.html">"Not so happy birthday for Spain's king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161033/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/01/04/spain.juancarlos/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Not+so+happy+birthday+for+Spain%27s+king&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F01%2F04%2Fspain.juancarlos%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chastened_King_Seeks_Redemption,_for_Spain_and_His_Monarchy_71-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvajalMinder2012" class="citation news cs1">Carvajal, Doreen; Minder, Raphael (29 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/world/europe/juan-carlos-i-seeks-redemption-for-spain-and-monarchy.html?pagewanted=all">""Chastened King Seeks Redemption, for Spain and His Monarchy""</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213165956/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/world/europe/juan-carlos-i-seeks-redemption-for-spain-and-monarchy.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%22Chastened+King+Seeks+Redemption%2C+for+Spain+and+His+Monarchy%22&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft.aulast=Carvajal&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Minder%2C+Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F29%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fjuan-carlos-i-seeks-redemption-for-spain-and-monarchy.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_family_hit_by_fraud_scandal_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2011" class="citation news cs1">Tremlett, Giles (11 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/08/spanish-royal-family-hit-fraud-scandal">"Spanish royal family hit by fraud scandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215063450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/08/spanish-royal-family-hit-fraud-scandal">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spanish+royal+family+hit+by+fraud+scandal&rft.date=2011-12-11&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fdec%2F08%2Fspanish-royal-family-hit-fraud-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_s_under_fire_73-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkin2012" class="citation news cs1">Elkin, Mike (16 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/16/spanish-monarchy-scandal.html">"Spanish royals under fire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101456/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/16/spanish-monarchy-scandal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Spanish+royals+under+fire&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft.aulast=Elkin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F04%2F16%2Fspanish-monarchy-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320835105_840729.html">Iñaki Urdangarin is involved in the 'Palma Arena' case</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052353/https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320835105_840729.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> (in Spanish)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Anticorrupcion/registra/fundacion/Inaki/Urdangarin/elpepiesp/20111108elpepinac_16/Tes">Anticorrupción registra la fundación de Iñaki Urdangarin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109072515/https://elpais.com/diario/2011/11/08/espana/1320706816_850215.html">Archived</a> 9 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> (in Spanish)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320868088_382205.html">http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320868088_382205.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142108/https://elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320868088_382205.html">Archived</a> 22 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/20111210/espana/abcp-gestores-noos-facturaron-instituto-20111210.html">Los gestores de Nóos facturaron al Instituto 1.700.000 euros cuando ya no funcionaba </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411063305/https://www.abc.es/20111210/espana/abcp-gestores-noos-facturaron-instituto-20111210.html">Archived</a> 11 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/12/12/espana/1323686462.html">"El Rey aparta a Urdangarin por su comportamiento 'no ejemplar'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918090433/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/12/12/espana/1323686462.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Rey+aparta+a+Urdangarin+por+su+comportamiento+%27no+ejemplar%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2011%2F12%2F12%2Fespana%2F1323686462.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwf.es/wwf_adena/historia_y_logros/">"Desde nuestros comienzos hasta hoy"</a>. WWF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125233618/http://www.wwf.es/wwf_adena/historia_y_logros/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desde+nuestros+comienzos+hasta+hoy&rft.pub=WWF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwf.es%2Fwwf_adena%2Fhistoria_y_logros%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWWF" class="citation web cs1">WWF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418152635/http://www.publico.es/ciencias/238318/cazador-blanco-sangre-azul">"Cazador blanco, sangre azul"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publico.es/ciencias/238318/cazador-blanco-sangre-azul">the original</a> on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cazador+blanco%2C+sangre+azul&rft.au=WWF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.es%2Fciencias%2F238318%2Fcazador-blanco-sangre-azul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/01/23729b67-d43a-4711-89aa-afef9326c53c.html">Romania: Elite Hunting Spree Sparks Calls For Better Animal Protection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616062051/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/01/23729b67-d43a-4711-89aa-afef9326c53c.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>, 27 January 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6070656.stm">"Royal row over Russian bear fate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903034921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6070656.stm">Archived</a> 3 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 20 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWWF2004" class="citation news cs1">WWF (24 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/mar/24/conservationandendangeredspecies.internationalnews">"King's bison shoot stirs anger of conservation groups"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827235741/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/mar/24/conservationandendangeredspecies.internationalnews">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=King%27s+bison+shoot+stirs+anger+of+conservation+groups&rft.date=2004-03-24&rft.au=WWF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2004%2Fmar%2F24%2Fconservationandendangeredspecies.internationalnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2012/WWFPresitem27728.html">"WWF asks to speak to king"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622083209/http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2012/WWFPresitem27728.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWF+asks+to+speak+to+king&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fwho%2Fmedia%2Fpress%2F2012%2FWWFPresitem27728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JuanCarlosOustedfrompresidency_85-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Martin (21 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/9417840/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-ousted-from-WWF-presidency-after-row-over-hunting-trip.html">"King no longer president"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/9417840/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-ousted-from-WWF-presidency-after-row-over-hunting-trip.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=King+no+longer+president&rft.date=2012-07-21&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fspain%2F9417840%2FKing-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-ousted-from-WWF-presidency-after-row-over-hunting-trip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politica.elpais.com-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politica.elpais.com_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politica.elpais.com_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politica.elpais.com_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politica.elpais.com_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politica.elpais.com_86-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/12/28/actualidad/1325105881_885673.html">"El Rey cuenta su salario: 292.752 euros"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911085844/https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/12/28/actualidad/1325105881_885673.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Shoula-Led_Group_Wins_Saudi_Contract_for_Haramain_Railway-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Shoula-Led_Group_Wins_Saudi_Contract_for_Haramain_Railway_87-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111030185819/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-26/al-shoula-led-group-wins-saudi-contract-for-haramain-railway.html">"Al Shoula-Led Group Wins Saudi Contract for Haramain Railway"</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomburg">Bloomburg</a> Businessweek </li> <li id="cite_note-Saudi_railway_to_be_built_by_Spanish-led_consortium-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Saudi_railway_to_be_built_by_Spanish-led_consortium_88-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15465865">"Saudi railway to be built by Spanish-led consortium"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828014533/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15465865">Archived</a> 28 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "BBC News Business" </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinder2014" class="citation news cs1">Minder, Raphael (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/europe/king-juan-carlos-of-spain-to-abdicate-throne.html">"A King Makes a Powerful Change, for Stability"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131071556/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/world/europe/king-juan-carlos-of-spain-to-abdicate-throne.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+King+Makes+a+Powerful+Change%2C+for+Stability&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.aulast=Minder&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F06%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fking-juan-carlos-of-spain-to-abdicate-throne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-abdication-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Time-abdication_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608151210/http://time.com/2845028/spains-king-attends-last-parade-before-abdication/">"Spain's King Attends Last Parade Before Abdication"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 8 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/2845028/spains-king-attends-last-parade-before-abdication/">the original</a> on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+King+Attends+Last+Parade+Before+Abdication&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F2845028%2Fspains-king-attends-last-parade-before-abdication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polls_show_Spanish_happy_with_monarchy-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Polls_show_Spanish_happy_with_monarchy_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170016/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/Polls-show-Spanish-happy-with-monarchy-30235758.html">"Polls show Spanish happy with monarchy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/Polls-show-Spanish-happy-with-monarchy-30235758.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polls+show+Spanish+happy+with+monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fbreakingnews%2FPolls-show-Spanish-happy-with-monarchy-30235758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10886317/Spanish-royal-familys-popularity-boosted-by-King-Juan-Carloss-abdication-in-favour-of-Prince-Felipe.html">"Spanish royal family's popularity boosted by King Juan Carlos's abdication in favour of Prince Felipe"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 9 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10886317/Spanish-royal-familys-popularity-boosted-by-King-Juan-Carloss-abdication-in-favour-of-Prince-Felipe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Spanish+royal+family%27s+popularity+boosted+by+King+Juan+Carlos%27s+abdication+in+favour+of+Prince+Felipe&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fspain%2F10886317%2FSpanish-royal-familys-popularity-boosted-by-King-Juan-Carloss-abdication-in-favour-of-Prince-Felipe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/casas-reales/2019-06-19/encuesta-vanitatis-felipe-letizia-monarquia-republica-espana-cataluna_2075143/">"España sigue siendo monárquica gracias a los andaluces y a pesar de catalanes y vascos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Confidencial" title="El Confidencial">El Confidencial</a> (in Spanish). 19 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129142928/https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/casas-reales/2019-06-19/encuesta-vanitatis-felipe-letizia-monarquia-republica-espana-cataluna_2075143/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020. 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Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=Empate+t%C3%A9cnico+por+primera+vez%3A+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+ya+tiene+tanto+apoyo+como+la+Monarqu%C3%ADa&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fespana%2F20190110%2Fempate-tecnico-primera-vez-republica-apoyo-monarquia%2F367463288_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publico.es/politica/sondeo-espanoles-prefieren-republica-monarquia-mayoria-absoluta.html">"Sondeo | Los españoles prefieren república a monarquía por una mayoría absoluta"</a>. publico.es. 6 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222140640/https://www.publico.es/politica/sondeo-espanoles-prefieren-republica-monarquia-mayoria-absoluta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publico.es&rft.atitle=Sondeo+%7C+Los+espa%C3%B1oles+prefieren+rep%C3%BAblica+a+monarqu%C3%ADa+por+una+mayor%C3%ADa+absoluta&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.es%2Fpolitica%2Fsondeo-espanoles-prefieren-republica-monarquia-mayoria-absoluta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-08-04/spain-former-king-juan-carlos-leaving-country-financial-scandal">"Spain's former king to go into self-imposed exile amid corruption allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 4 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321021610/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-08-04/spain-former-king-juan-carlos-leaving-country-financial-scandal">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+former+king+to+go+into+self-imposed+exile+amid+corruption+allegations&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2020-08-04%2Fspain-former-king-juan-carlos-leaving-country-financial-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinder2020" class="citation news cs1">Minder, Raphael (3 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/03/world/europe/juan-carlos-leaves-spain.html">"Juan Carlos, Spain's Former King, Quits Country Amid Multiple Investigations"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321021610/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/03/world/europe/juan-carlos-leaves-spain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Juan+Carlos%2C+Spain%27s+Former+King%2C+Quits+Country+Amid+Multiple+Investigations&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Minder&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F08%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fjuan-carlos-leaves-spain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2021-03-02/infantas-elena-cristina-vacunaron-coronavirus-emiratos-aprovechando-visita-juan-carlos-i_2974843/">"Las infantas Elena y Cristina se vacunaron en Emiratos aprovechando una visita a Juan Carlos I"</a>. elconfidencial.com (in Spanish). 2 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302195043/https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2021-03-02/infantas-elena-cristina-vacunaron-coronavirus-emiratos-aprovechando-visita-juan-carlos-i_2974843/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elconfidencial.com&rft.atitle=Las+infantas+Elena+y+Cristina+se+vacunaron+en+Emiratos+aprovechando+una+visita+a+Juan+Carlos+I&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elconfidencial.com%2Fespana%2F2021-03-02%2Finfantas-elena-cristina-vacunaron-coronavirus-emiratos-aprovechando-visita-juan-carlos-i_2974843%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrade, Mónica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctxt.es/es/20201001/Politica/33726/referendum-reformas-encuesta-monarquia-constitucion-republica-monica-andrade.htm">"Si hubiera un referéndum: república, 40,9%, monarquía 34,9%, con un 12,9% de indecisos"</a>. ctxt.es | Contexto y Acción (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504172107/https://ctxt.es/es/20201001/Politica/33726/referendum-reformas-encuesta-monarquia-constitucion-republica-monica-andrade.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctxt.es+%7C+Contexto+y+Acci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Si+hubiera+un+refer%C3%A9ndum%3A+rep%C3%BAblica%2C+40%2C9%25%2C+monarqu%C3%ADa+34%2C9%25%2C+con+un+12%2C9%25+de+indecisos&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B3nica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctxt.es%2Fes%2F20201001%2FPolitica%2F33726%2Freferendum-reformas-encuesta-monarquia-constitucion-republica-monica-andrade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiaño2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riaño, Miguel (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/01/07/felipe-vi-dispara-el-apoyo-a-la-monarquia-en-las-encuestas-pese-a-las-polemicas-de-su-padre/">"Felipe VI dispara el apoyo a la Monarquía en las encuestas pese a las polémicas de su padre"</a>. El Independiente (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514124544/https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/01/07/felipe-vi-dispara-el-apoyo-a-la-monarquia-en-las-encuestas-pese-a-las-polemicas-de-su-padre/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Independiente&rft.atitle=Felipe+VI+dispara+el+apoyo+a+la+Monarqu%C3%ADa+en+las+encuestas+pese+a+las+pol%C3%A9micas+de+su+padre&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Ria%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elindependiente.com%2Fespana%2F2021%2F01%2F07%2Ffelipe-vi-dispara-el-apoyo-a-la-monarquia-en-las-encuestas-pese-a-las-polemicas-de-su-padre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978:_04">"Constitución española de 1978 Título II. De la Corona"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021557/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%3A_04">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+de+1978+T%C3%ADtulo+II.+De+la+Corona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstituci%25C3%25B3n_espa%25C3%25B1ola_de_1978%3A_04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince_of_Asturias_Foundation-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Prince_of_Asturias_Foundation_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825184808/http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/">"Prince of Asturias Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/">the original</a> on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+of+Asturias+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codespa.org/epages/Codespa.sf">Codespa Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504004412/http://www.codespa.org/epages/Codespa.sf/">Archived</a> 4 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.casareal.es/index-iden-idweb.html&ei=Vp9HSuHsB4KGtgft3ayXCw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DSpanish%2Bmonarchy%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLL_en">"Delivery of the National Awards of the Ministry of Culture 2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017015844/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casareal.es%2Findex-iden-idweb.html&ei=Vp9HSuHsB4KGtgft3ayXCw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DSpanish+monarchy&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft%3A%2A%3AIE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7GGLL_en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delivery+of+the+National+Awards+of+the+Ministry+of+Culture+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Des%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.casareal.es%2Findex-iden-idweb.html%26ei%3DVp9HSuHsB4KGtgft3ayXCw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dtranslate%26resnum%3D3%26ct%3Dresult%26prev%3D%2Fsearch%253Fq%253DSpanish%252Bmonarchy%2526hl%253Den%2526rls%253Dcom.microsoft%3A%2A%3AIE-SearchBox%2526rlz%253D1I7GGLL_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QSF-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QSF_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QSF_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundacionreinasofia.es/">"Queen Sofía Foundation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514021426/http://www.fundacionreinasofia.es/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+Sof%C3%ADa+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundacionreinasofia.es%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casareal.es/sar_elena/index-iden-idweb.html">"Infanta Elena"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909185508/http://www.casareal.es/sar_elena/index-iden-idweb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infanta+Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casareal.es%2Fsar_elena%2Findex-iden-idweb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casareal.es/sar_cristina/index-iden-idweb.html">"Infanta Cristina"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905020406/http://www.casareal.es/sar_cristina/index-iden-idweb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infanta+Cristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casareal.es%2Fsar_cristina%2Findex-iden-idweb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2004" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Mark (4 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/04/netnotes.markoliver">"The Bilderberg group"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427080524/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/04/netnotes.markoliver">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Bilderberg+group&rft.date=2004-06-04&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fjun%2F04%2Fnetnotes.markoliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prweb97-110"><a href="#cite_ref-prweb97_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430211149/http://www.prnewswire.de/cgi/release?id=42594">"Bilderberg Meeting of 1997 Assembles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. 13 June 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.de/cgi/release?id=42594">the original</a> on 30 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilderberg+Meeting+of+1997+Assembles&rft.pub=PR+Newswire&rft.date=1997-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.de%2Fcgi%2Frelease%3Fid%3D42594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=200905140722dowjonesdjonline000365&title=bilderberg-group-meets-in-athens-amid-tight-security">"Bilderberg Group Meets in Athens Amid Tight Security"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321133501/https://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=200905140722dowjonesdjonline000365&title=bilderberg-group-meets-in-athens-amid-tight-security">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bilderberg+Group+Meets+in+Athens+Amid+Tight+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasdaq.com%2Faspx%2Fstock-market-news-story.aspx%3Fstoryid%3D200905140722dowjonesdjonline000365%26title%3Dbilderberg-group-meets-in-athens-amid-tight-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMfUzCTJLYQ">Mensaje de S.M. Juan Carlos I – 2008</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Household-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Household_114-20">u</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casareal.es/laCasa/laCasa-iden-idweb.html">Royal Household</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903033831/http://www.casareal.es/laCasa/laCasa-iden-idweb.html">Archived</a> 3 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Household of H.M. the King website </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_royal_sites-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_royal_sites_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimonionacional.es/">"National Heritage Official Website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919132113/http://www.patrimonionacional.es/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Heritage+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimonionacional.es%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Su_casa-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Su_casa_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-13-11-2007/abc/Nacional/zarzuela-anuncia-el-cese-temporal-de-la-convivencia-matrimonial-de-los-duques-de-lugo_1641343084090.html">"Su casa: Aquí vivirán después de casarse"</a> [Your Home: They will live here after their wedding]. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a> (in Spanish). 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402115728/https://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-13-11-2007/abc/Nacional/zarzuela-anuncia-el-cese-temporal-de-la-convivencia-matrimonial-de-los-duques-de-lugo_1641343084090.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Su+casa%3A+Aqu%C3%AD+vivir%C3%A1n+despu%C3%A9s+de+casarse&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fhemeroteca%2Fhistorico-13-11-2007%2Fabc%2FNacional%2Fzarzuela-anuncia-el-cese-temporal-de-la-convivencia-matrimonial-de-los-duques-de-lugo_1641343084090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortuna-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortuna_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortuna_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202858/http://www.elsiglodeuropa.es/siglo/historico/temapor2000/417">"El yate del Rey sale más caro"</a>. El Siglo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsiglodeuropa.es/siglo/historico/temapor2000/417%20temaportada.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+yate+del+Rey+sale+m%C3%A1s+caro&rft.pub=El+Siglo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsiglodeuropa.es%2Fsiglo%2Fhistorico%2Ftemapor2000%2F417%2520temaportada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(journalist)" title="John Hooper (journalist)">Hooper, John</a> (2006). The New Spaniards. London, England; New York, NY: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101609-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101609-2"><bdi>978-0-14-101609-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Spaniards&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101609-2&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Powell_(historian)" title="Charles Powell (historian)">Powell, Charles</a> (1996). Juan Carlos of Spain; Self Made Monarch. London, England: Macmillan Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-54726-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-54726-8"><bdi>0-333-54726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Carlos+of+Spain%3B+Self+Made+Monarch&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-333-54726-8&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/juancarlossteeri00pres">Juan Carlos; Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy</a>. New York, NY; London, England: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05804-2"><bdi>0-393-05804-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Carlos%3B+Steering+Spain+from+Dictatorship+to+Democracy&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%3B+London%2C+England&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-393-05804-2&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjuancarlossteeri00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Spanish government websites</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casareal.es/index-iden-idweb.html">The Royal Household of His Majesty the King</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707232050/http://www.casareal.es/index-iden-idweb.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/EN/index.html">Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601145950/http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/EN/index.html">Archived</a> 1 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimonionacional.es/">National Heritage official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919132113/http://www.patrimonionacional.es/">Archived</a> 19 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>News articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706091852/http://www.expatica.com/es/news/spanish-news/Spanish-TV-head-fired-for-cutting-jeering-king-footage_52648.html">Expatica.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108113342/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1355696.php">Monsters and Critics news</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322030703/http://news.notiemail.com/noticia.asp?nt=11858901&cty=200">Notiemail News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224228/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583174/King-Juan-Carlos-of-Spain-gives-heir-a-correspondence-course-in-ruling.htmlThe">Telegraph</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978:_04">Título II. De la Corona, Wikisource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021557/https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%3A_04">Archived</a> 12 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundacionreinasofia.es/">Queen Sofía Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514021426/http://www.fundacionreinasofia.es/">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825184808/http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/">Prince of Asturias Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504004412/http://www.codespa.org/epages/Codespa.sf/">Codespa Foundation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Spain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/EN/index.html">Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimonionacional.es/">National Heritage official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Spain174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Spain174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain">Monarchs of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of monarchs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain family tree">Monarchs' family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escudo de armas del monarca de España"><img alt="Escudo de armas del monarca de España" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/66px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="952" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Spain" title="Rail transport in Spain">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull">Toro de Osborne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa145" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members   and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members   and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" title="Template:Heads of state of the European Union member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" title="Template talk:Heads of state of the European Union member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of the European Union member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Van der Bellen</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Radev</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Milanović</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Christodoulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Pavel</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" 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href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Higgins</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Mattarella</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Rinkēvičs</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Nausėda</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Spiteri Debono</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Duda</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Rebelo de Sousa</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Bolojan" title="Ilie Bolojan">Bolojan</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Pellegrini</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Pirc Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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