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<li id="toc-Wax_strip_recorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wax_strip_recorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Wax strip recorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wax_strip_recorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celluloid_strip_recorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celluloid_strip_recorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Celluloid strip recorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celluloid_strip_recorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photoelectric_paper_tape_recorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photoelectric_paper_tape_recorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Photoelectric paper tape recorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photoelectric_paper_tape_recorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Magnetic recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wire_recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire_recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Wire recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire_recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_steel_tape_recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_steel_tape_recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Early steel tape recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_steel_tape_recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_tape_recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_tape_recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Modern tape recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_tape_recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Commercialization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercialization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercialization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>American developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_recording_at_the_BBC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_recording_at_the_BBC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tape recording at the BBC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_recording_at_the_BBC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardized_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardized_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Standardized products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardized_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electrical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Electrical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_recorder_variety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_recorder_variety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tape recorder variety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_recorder_variety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tape speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tape formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tape recorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandopnemer" title="Bandopnemer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bandopnemer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="مسجل الشريط الصوتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسجل الشريط الصوتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Магнітафон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магнітафон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Магнетофон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнетофон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet%C3%B2fon" title="Magnetòfon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnetòfon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5ndoptager" title="Båndoptager – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Båndoptager" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbandger%C3%A4t" title="Tonbandgerät – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tonbandgerät" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet%C3%B3fono" title="Magnetófono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnetófono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofono" title="Magnetofono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magnetofono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofono" title="Magnetofono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magnetofono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ضبط صوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضبط صوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tophone" title="Magnétophone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnétophone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ipthaifead%C3%A1n" title="Téipthaifeadán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Téipthaifeadán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84_%EB%A0%88%EC%BD%94%EB%8D%94" title="테이프 레코더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테이프 레코더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մագնիտոֆոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնիտոֆոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perekam_kaset" title="Perekam kaset – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perekam kaset" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetophono" title="Magnetophono – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Magnetophono" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registratore_a_nastro" title="Registratore a nastro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Registratore a nastro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="רשמקול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשמקול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parekam_kas%C3%A8t" title="Parekam kasèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parekam kasèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Магнитофон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магнитофон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Магнитофон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магнитофон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofons" title="Magnetofons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magnetofons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofonas" title="Magnetofonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnetofonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BC" title="ടേപ്പ് റെക്കോർഡർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടേപ്പ് റെക്കോർഡർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakam_pita" title="Perakam pita – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perakam pita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandrecorder" title="Bandrecorder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bandrecorder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="テープレコーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テープレコーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5ndopptaker" title="Båndopptaker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Båndopptaker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandopptakar" title="Bandopptakar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bandopptakar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinta_ruqyay_yuyana" title="Sinta ruqyay yuyana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinta ruqyay yuyana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Магнитофон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнитофон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofoni" title="Magnetofoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magnetofoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetof%C3%B3n" title="Magnetofón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Magnetofón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Магнетофон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнетофон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofon" title="Magnetofon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnetofon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauhuri" title="Nauhuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nauhuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandspelare" title="Bandspelare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bandspelare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Tape" title="Audio Tape – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Audio Tape" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B" title="เครื่องบันทึกเทป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องบันทึกเทป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyp" title="Teyp – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teyp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine for recording sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about machines used for audio (sound) recording. For video recording, see <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorder</a>. For the tape systems used for computer data, see <a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drive</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg/260px-Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg/390px-Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg/520px-Akai_GX_635D_-_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel tape recorder</a> from <a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a>, c. 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>audio tape recorder</b>, also known as a <b>tape deck</b>, <b>tape player</b> or <b>tape machine</b> or simply a <b>tape recorder</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">sound recording and reproduction</a> device that records and plays back sounds usually using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> for storage. In its present-day form, it records a fluctuating <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a> by moving the tape across a <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape head</a> that polarizes the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_domains" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic domains">magnetic domains</a> in the tape in proportion to the audio signal. Tape-recording devices include the <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape deck">reel-to-reel tape deck</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">cassette deck</a>, which uses a <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape">cassette</a> for storage. </p><p>The use of magnetic tape for sound recording originated around 1930 in Germany as paper tape with oxide lacquered to it. Prior to the development of magnetic tape, magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">wire recorders</a> had successfully demonstrated the concept of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">magnetic recording</a>, but they never offered audio quality comparable to the other recording and broadcast standards of the time. This German invention was the start of a long string of innovations that have led to present-day magnetic tape recordings. </p><p>Magnetic tape revolutionized both the radio broadcast and music recording industries. It gave artists and producers the power to record and re-record audio with minimal loss in quality as well as edit and rearrange recordings with ease. The alternative recording technologies of the era, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription disc">transcription discs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wire_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire recorder">wire recorders</a>, could not provide anywhere near this level of quality and functionality. </p><p>Since some early refinements improved the fidelity of the reproduced sound, magnetic tape has been the highest quality <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog recording</a> medium available. As of the first decade of the 21st century, analog magnetic tape has been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> technologies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Timeline of audio formats</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Early tape recorders</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An early experimental non-magnetic tape recorder patented in 1886 by Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory."><img alt="An early experimental non-magnetic tape recorder patented in 1886 by Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg/108px-Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg/163px-Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg/217px-Early_experimental_non-magnetic_Tape_Recorder_invented_by_the_Volta_Associates_-Bell_%26_Tainter_-i013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early experimental <b>non-magnetic tape recorder</b> patented in 1886 by Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tape_Recorder_1909.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 analog tape recorder of Franklin C. Goodale. This machine had 15 Tracks"><img alt="1909 analog tape recorder of Franklin C. Goodale. This machine had 15 Tracks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tape_Recorder_1909.tif/lossy-page1-147px-Tape_Recorder_1909.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tape_Recorder_1909.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tape_Recorder_1909.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tape_Recorder_1909.tif/lossy-page1-293px-Tape_Recorder_1909.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 analog tape recorder of Franklin C. Goodale. This machine had 15 Tracks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Franklin C. Goodale built the first working tape recorder in 1909 and got the patent for this invention"><img alt="Franklin C. Goodale built the first working tape recorder in 1909 and got the patent for this invention" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf/page1-139px-Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf/page1-209px-Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf/page1-278px-Tape_Recorder_1909.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Franklin C. Goodale built the first working tape recorder in 1909 and got the patent for this invention</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prototype of the Goodale tape recorder. The patent is based on this machine."><img alt="Prototype of the Goodale tape recorder. The patent is based on this machine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg/149px-Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg/224px-Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg/299px-Prototype_of_the_Goodale_Tape_Recorder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prototype of the Goodale tape recorder. The patent is based on this machine.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wax_strip_recorder">Wax strip recorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wax strip recorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known audio tape recorder was a <a href="/wiki/Non-magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-magnetic">non-magnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">non-electric</a> version invented by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Laboratory">Volta Laboratory</a> and patented in 1886 (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US341214">U.S. patent 341,214</a></span>). It employed a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>-inch-wide (4.8 mm) strip of wax-covered paper that was coated by dipping it in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a> and then had one side scraped clean, with the other side allowed to harden. The machine was of sturdy wood and metal construction and hand-powered by means of a knob fastened to a <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a>. The wax strip passed from one eight-inch reel around the periphery of a pulley (with guide flanges) mounted above the V-pulleys on the main vertical shaft, where it came in contact with either its recording or playback <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>. The tape was then taken up on the other reel. The sharp recording stylus, actuated by a vibrating mica diaphragm, cut the wax from the strip. In playback mode, a dull, loosely mounted stylus, attached to a rubber diaphragm, carried the reproduced sounds through an ear tube to its listener. Both recording and playback styluses, mounted alternately on the same two posts, could be adjusted vertically so that several recordings could be cut on the same <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>-inch-wide (4.8 mm) strip.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the machine was never developed commercially, it somewhat resembled the modern magnetic tape recorder in its design. The tapes and machine created by Bell's associates, examined at one of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s museums, became brittle, and the heavy paper reels warped. The machine's playback head was also missing. Otherwise, with some reconditioning, they could be placed into working condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The waxed tape recording medium was later refined by Edison's <a href="/wiki/Wax_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax cylinder">wax cylinder</a>, and became the first widespread sound recording technology, used for both entertainment and office dictation. However, recordings on wax cylinders were unable to be easily duplicated, making them both costly and time consuming for large-scale production. Wax cylinders were also unable to record more than 2 minutes of audio, a problem solved by <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">gramophone discs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celluloid_strip_recorder">Celluloid strip recorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Celluloid strip recorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg/220px-Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg/330px-Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg/440px-Franklin_C._Goodale_Tape_Recorder_D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>This tape recorder of Dr. Goodale is exhibited in the private Phonograph Museum in Mariazell, Austria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Franklin C. Goodale adapted movie film for analog audio recording. He received a patent for his invention in 1909. The celluloid film was inscribed and played back with a stylus, in a manner similar to the wax cylinders of Edison's gramophone. The patent description states that the machine could store six records on the same strip of film, side by side, and it was possible to switch between them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, a similar process was used for the Hiller <a href="/wiki/Talking_clock" title="Talking clock">talking clock</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Mentioned without citation at talking clock. Search confirms it exists but does not identify a WP:RS. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photoelectric_paper_tape_recorder">Photoelectric paper tape recorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Photoelectric paper tape recorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, after six years of developmental work, including a patent application in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merle Duston, a <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> radio engineer, created a tape recorder capable of recording both sounds and voice that used a low-cost chemically treated paper tape. During the recording process, the tape moved through a pair of electrodes which immediately imprinted the modulated sound signals as visible black stripes into the paper tape's surface. The <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> could be immediately replayed from the same recorder unit, which also contained photoelectric sensors, somewhat similar to the various <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> technologies of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Onosko_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onosko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_recording">Magnetic recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magnetic recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">Magnetic recording</a> was conceived as early as 1878 by the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Smith" title="Oberlin Smith">Oberlin Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demonstrated in practice in 1898 by Danish engineer <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagra_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagra-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analog magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">wire recording</a>, and its successor, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> recording, involve the use of a magnetizable medium which moves with a constant speed past a recording head. An electrical signal, which is analogous to the sound that is to be recorded, is fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal to be <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplified</a> and played back through a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wire_recorders">Wire recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wire recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegrafon_8154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Telegrafon_8154.jpg/220px-Telegrafon_8154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Telegrafon_8154.jpg/330px-Telegrafon_8154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Telegrafon_8154.jpg/440px-Telegrafon_8154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic wire recorder, invented by <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a>, 1898. It is exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Brede_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Brede works">Brede works</a> Industrial Museum, Lyngby, Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first wire recorder was the Telegraphone invented by Valdemar Poulsen in the late 1890s. Wire recorders for law and office dictation and telephone recording were made almost continuously by various companies (mainly the American Telegraphone Company) through the 1920s and 1930s. These devices were mostly sold as consumer technologies after World War II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Accurately summarizes content in Wire recording and Valdemar Poulsen but citations are lacking in both. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Widespread use of wire recording occurred within the decades spanning from 1940 until 1960, following the development of inexpensive designs licensed internationally by the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio and the Armour Research Foundation of the Armour Institute of Technology (later <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>). These two organizations licensed dozens of manufacturers in the U.S., Japan, and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wire was also used as a recording medium in <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">black box</a> voice recorders for aviation in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumer wire recorders were marketed for home entertainment or as an inexpensive substitute for commercial office dictation recorders, but the development of consumer magnetic tape recorders starting in 1946, with the BK 401 Soundmirror, using paper-based tape,<sup id="cite_ref-CLEVE02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLEVE02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gradually drove wire recorders from the market, being "pretty much out of the picture" by 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_steel_tape_recorders">Early steel tape recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early steel tape recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg/220px-Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg/330px-Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg/440px-Blattnerphone_recorder_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Marconi-Stille steel tape recorder at BBC studios, London, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1924 a German engineer, Kurt Stille, developed the Poulsen wire recorder as a dictating machine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year a fellow German, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blattner" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Blattner">Louis Blattner</a>, working in Britain, licensed Stille's device and started work on a machine which would instead record on a magnetic steel tape, which he called the Blattnerphone.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tape was 6 mm wide and 0.08 mm thick, traveling at 5 feet per second; the recording time was 20 minutes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> installed a Blattnerphone at Avenue House in September 1930 for tests, and used it to record <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a>'s speech at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">India Round Table Conference</a> on 12 November 1930. Though not considered suitable for music the machine continued in use and was moved to <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a> in March 1932, a second machine also being installed. In September 1932, a new model was installed, using 3 mm tape with a recording time of 32 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale_Studios" title="Maida Vale Studios">Maida Vale Studios</a> in March 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality and reliability were slightly improved, though it still tended to be obvious that one was listening to a recording. A reservoir system containing a loop of tape helped to stabilize the speed. The tape was 3 mm wide and traveled at 1.5  meters/second.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagra_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagra-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were not easy to handle. The reels were heavy and expensive and the steel tape has been described as being like a traveling razor blade. The tape was liable to snap, particularly at joints, which at 1.5  meters/second could rapidly cover the floor with loops of the sharp-edged tape. Rewinding was done at twice the speed of the recording.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these drawbacks, the ability to make replayable recordings proved useful, and even with subsequent methods coming into use (direct-cut discs<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Philips-Miller optical film<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Marconi-Stilles remained in use until the late 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_tape_recorders">Modern tape recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern tape recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ton_S.b,_tape_unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ton_S.b%2C_tape_unit.jpg/220px-Ton_S.b%2C_tape_unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ton_S.b%2C_tape_unit.jpg/330px-Ton_S.b%2C_tape_unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ton_S.b%2C_tape_unit.jpg/440px-Ton_S.b%2C_tape_unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Magnetophon from a German radio station in World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnetic tape recording as we know it today was developed in Germany during the 1930s at <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> (then part of the chemical giant <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>) and <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a> in cooperation with the state radio <a href="/wiki/Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft" title="Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft">RRG</a>. This was based on <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pfleumer" title="Fritz Pfleumer">Fritz Pfleumer</a>'s 1928 invention of paper tape with oxide powder lacquered onto it. The first practical tape recorder from <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Magnetophon_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetophon K1">Magnetophon K1</a>, demonstrated in Berlin, Germany in 1935. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Sch%C3%BCller_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Schüller (engineer) (page does not exist)">Eduard Schüller</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sch%C3%BCller_(engineer)" class="extiw" title="de:Eduard Schüller (engineer)">de</a>]</span> of AEG built the recorders and developed a ring-shaped recording and playback head. It replaced the needle-shaped head which tended to shred the tape. Friedrich Matthias of IG Farben/BASF developed the recording tape, including the oxide, the binder, and the backing material. Walter Weber, working for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Joachim_von_Braunm%C3%BChl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Joachim von Braunmühl (page does not exist)">Hans Joachim von Braunmühl</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Joachim_von_Braunm%C3%BChl" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Joachim von Braunmühl">de</a>]</span> at the RRG, discovered the <a href="/wiki/AC_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="AC bias">AC biasing</a> technique, which radically improved sound quality.<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> noticed that certain German officials were making radio broadcasts from multiple time zones almost simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysts such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Ranger" title="Richard H. Ranger">Richard H. Ranger</a> believed that the broadcasts had to be transcriptions, but their audio quality was indistinguishable from that of a live broadcast<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their duration was far longer than was possible even with 16 rpm transcription discs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final stages of the war in Europe, the Allies' capture of a number of German <a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> recorders from <a href="/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg#World_War_II" title="Radio Luxembourg">Radio Luxembourg</a> aroused great interest. These recorders incorporated all the key technological features of modern analog magnetic recording and were the basis for future developments in the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commercialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_developments">American developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of magnetic tape recorders in the late 1940s and early 1950s is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Brush_Development_Company" title="Brush Development Company">Brush Development Company</a> and its licensee, <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>. The equally important development of the magnetic tape medium itself was led by <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Mining_and_Manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing">Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing</a> (3M) corporation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Semi_Joseph_Begun" title="Semi Joseph Begun">S.J. Begun</a> left Germany and joined the Brush Development Company in the United States, where work continued but attracted little attention until the late 1940s when the company released the very first consumer tape recorder in 1946: the Soundmirror BK 401.<sup id="cite_ref-CLEVE02_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLEVE02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other models were quickly released in the following years. Tapes were initially made of paper coated with <a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">magnetite powder</a>. In 1947/48 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (<a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>) replaced the paper backing with <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, and coated it first with black oxide, and later, to improve signal-to-noise ratio and improve overall superior quality, with red oxide (<a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide#Gamma_phase" title="Iron(III) oxide">gamma ferric oxide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Current citation only affirms the use of gamma ferric oxide in manufacture of cassette tapes, and does not reference 3M being involved in the manufacturing process at all. As of now there is no citation providing evidence for the 3M related content in the preceding sentence. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>American audio engineer <a href="/wiki/John_T._Mullin" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Mullin">John T. Mullin</a> and entertainer <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> were key players in the commercial development of magnetic tape. Mullin served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and was posted to Paris in the final months of WWII. His unit was assigned to find out everything they could about German radio and electronics, including the investigation of claims that the Germans had been experimenting with high-energy directed radio beams as a means of disabling the electrical systems of aircraft. Mullin's unit soon amassed a collection of hundreds of low-quality magnetic dictating machines, but it was a chance visit to a studio at <a href="/wiki/Bad_Nauheim" title="Bad Nauheim">Bad Nauheim</a> near Frankfurt while investigating radio beam rumors, that yielded the real prize.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mullin was given two suitcase-sized AEG 'Magnetophon' high-fidelity recorders and fifty reels of recording tape. He had them shipped home<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over the next two years he worked on the machines constantly, modifying them and improving their performance. His major aim was to interest Hollywood studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mullin gave two public demonstrations of his machines, and they caused a sensation among American audio professionals; many listeners literally could not believe that what they heard was not a live performance. By luck, Mullin's second demonstration was held at <a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM Studios">MGM Studios</a> in Hollywood and in the audience that day was Bing Crosby's technical director, Murdo Mackenzie. He arranged for Mullin to meet Crosby and in June 1947 he gave Crosby a private demonstration of his magnetic tape recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, a top movie and singing star, was stunned by the amazing sound quality and instantly saw the huge commercial potential of the new machines. Live music was the standard for American radio at the time and the major radio networks didn't permit the use of disc recording in many programs because of their comparatively poor sound quality. Crosby disliked the regimentation of live broadcasts 39 weeks a year,<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferring the recording studio's relaxed atmosphere and ability to retain the best parts of a performance. He asked NBC to let him pre-record his 1944–45 series on <a href="/wiki/Transcription_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription disc">transcription discs</a>, but the network refused, so Crosby withdrew from live radio for a year. ABC agreed to let him use transcription discs for the 1946–47 season, but listeners complained about the sound quality.<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crosby realised that Mullin's tape recorder technology would enable him to pre-record his radio show with high sound quality and that these tapes could be replayed many times with no appreciable loss of quality. Mullin was asked to tape one show as a test and was subsequently hired as Crosby's chief engineer to pre-record the rest of the series.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Crosby's season premier on 1 October 1947 was the first magnetic tape broadcast in America.<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first major American music star to use tape to pre-record radio broadcasts, and the first to master commercial recordings on tape. The taped Crosby radio shows were painstakingly edited through tape-splicing to give them a pace and flow that was wholly unprecedented in radio.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon other radio performers were demanding the ability to pre-record their broadcasts with the high quality of tape, and the recording ban was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-fenster_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenster-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crosby invested $50,000 of his own money into the Californian electronics company <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, and the six-man concern (headed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Poniatoff" title="Alexander M. Poniatoff">Alexander M. Poniatoff</a>, whose initials became part of the company name) soon became the world leader in the development of tape recording, with its Model 200 tape deck, released in 1948 and developed from Mullin's modified Magnetophons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_recording_at_the_BBC">Tape recording at the BBC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tape recording at the BBC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg/220px-BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg/330px-BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg/440px-BTR2_1961-11-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>EMI BTR2 machines in a BBC recording room, 12 November 1961.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studer1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Studer1969.jpg/220px-Studer1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Studer1969.jpg/330px-Studer1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Studer1969.jpg/440px-Studer1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Early model Studer professional tape recorder, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> acquired some Magnetophon machines in 1946 on an experimental basis, and they were used in the early stages of the new <a href="/wiki/Third_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Programme">Third Programme</a> to record and play back performances of operas from Germany. Delivery of tape was preferred as live relays over landlines were unreliable in the immediate post-war period. These machines were used until 1952, though most of the work continued to be done using the established media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1948, a new British model became available from EMI: the BTR1. Though in many ways clumsy, its quality was good, and as it wasn't possible to obtain any more Magnetophons it was an obvious choice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1950s, the EMI BTR 2 became available; a much-improved machine and generally liked. The machines were responsive, could run up to speed quite quickly, had light-touch operating buttons, forward-facing heads (The BTR 1s had rear-facing heads which made editing difficult), and were quick and easy to do fine editing. It became the standard in recording rooms for many years and was in use until the end of the 1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> were allowed to enhance their recordings at the BBC by overdubbing. The BBC didn't have any multi-track equipment; Overdubbing was accomplished by copying onto another tape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The tape speed was eventually standardized at 15 <a href="/wiki/Inch_per_second" title="Inch per second">ips</a> for almost all work at Broadcasting House, and at 15 ips for music and 7½ ips for speech at Bush House.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Broadcasting House also used the EMI TR90 and a Philips machine which was lightweight but very easy and quick to use. Bush House used several Leevers-Rich models.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Studer range of machines had become the studio recording industry standard by the 1970s, gradually replacing the aging BTR2s in recording rooms and studios. By the mid-2000s tape was pretty well out of use and had been replaced by digital playout<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardized_products">Standardized products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Standardized products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical professional audio tape recorder of the early 1950s used <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (6 mm) wide tape on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (27 cm) reels, with a capacity of 2,400 ft (730 m). Typical speeds were initially 15 in/s (38.1 cm/s) yielding 30 minutes' recording time on a 2,400 ft (730 m) reel. Early professional machines used single-sided reels but double-sided reels soon became popular, particularly for domestic use. Tape reels were made from metal or transparent plastic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Standard tape speeds varied by factors of two: 15 and <span class="nowrap">30 in/s</span> were used for professional audio recording; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in/s (19.1 cm/s) for home audiophile prerecorded tapes; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> and <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in/s (19.1 and 9.5 cm/s) for audiophile and consumer recordings (typically on 7 in (18 cm) reels). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in/s (4.8 cm/s) and occasionally even <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in/s (2.4 cm/s) were used for voice, dictation, and applications where very long recording times were needed, such as logging police and fire department calls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a> standard, developed by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lear" title="Bill Lear">Bill Lear</a> in the mid-1960s, popularized consumer audio playback in automobiles in the USA. Eventually, this standard was replaced by the smaller and more reliable <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>, which was launched earlier in 1963. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recordr_tape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Recordr_tape.jpg/220px-Recordr_tape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Recordr_tape.jpg/330px-Recordr_tape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Recordr_tape.jpg/440px-Recordr_tape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>'s development of the Compact Cassette in 1963 and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s development of the <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to widespread consumer use of magnetic audio tape. In 1990, the Compact Cassette was the dominant format in mass-market recorded music.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Article is about the demise of vinyl. Cassette was the most popular format at the time this was written (1990) - "For every album sold last year, six compact disks and 13 recorded cassettes were sold." (November 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The development of <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby noise reduction">Dolby noise reduction</a> technology in the 1960s brought audiophile-quality recording to the Compact Cassette also contributing to its popularity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since their first introduction, analog tape recorders have experienced a long series of progressive developments resulting in increased sound quality, convenience, and versatility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Two-track and, later, multi-track heads permitted discrete recording and playback of individual sound sources, such as two channels for <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a>, or different microphones during live recording. The more versatile machines could be switched to record on some tracks while playing back others, permitting additional tracks to be recorded in synchronization with previously recorded material such as a rhythm track.</li> <li>Use of separate heads for recording and playback (three heads total, counting the erase head) enabled monitoring of the recorded signal a fraction of a second after recording. Mixing the playback signal back into the record input also created a primitive <a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">echo generator</a>. The use of separate record and play heads allowed each head to be optimized for its purpose rather than the compromise design required for a combined record/play head. The result was an improved signal-to-noise plus an extended frequency response.</li> <li>Dynamic range compression during recording and expansion during playback expanded the available dynamic range and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. <a href="/wiki/Dbx_(company)" title="Dbx (company)">dbx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> introduced add-on products in this area, originally for studio use, and later in versions for the consumer market. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby B">Dolby B</a> noise reduction became very common in all but the least expensive cassette tape recorders.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenReel-GMS204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/OpenReel-GMS204.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>Solidyne GMS200 tape recorder with computer self-adjustment. Argentina 1980–1990</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Computer-controlled analog tape recorders were introduced by Oscar Bonello in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanical transport used three DC motors and introduced two new advances: automated microprocessor transport control and automatic adjustment of bias and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>. In 30 seconds the recorder adjusted its bias for minimum <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">THD</a> and best frequency response to match the brand and batch of magnetic tape used. The microprocessor control of transport allowed fast location to any point on the tape.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical">Electrical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electrical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> flowing in the coils of the tape head creates a fluctuating magnetic field. This causes the magnetic material on the tape, which is moving past and in contact with the head, to align in a manner proportional to the original signal. The signal can be reproduced by running the tape back across the tape head, where the reverse process occurs – the magnetic imprint on the tape <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">induces</a> a small current in the read head which approximates the original signal and is then amplified for playback. Many tape recorders are capable of recording and playing back simultaneously by means of separate record and playback heads.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/TG1000.ogv/220px--TG1000.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="TG1000.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:TG1000.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/TG1000.ogv/TG1000.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="852" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/TG1000.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="938" data-height="528" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/TG1000.ogv/TG1000.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/TG1000.ogv/TG1000.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/TG1000.ogv/TG1000.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Tape deck in operation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern professional recorders usually use a three-motor scheme. One motor with a constant rotational speed drives the <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(tape_recorder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capstan (tape recorder)">capstan</a>. Usually combined with a rubber pinch roller, it ensures that the tape speed does not fluctuate. The other two motors, which are called torque motors, apply equal and opposite torques to the supply and take-up reels during recording and playback functions and maintain the tape's tension. During fast winding operations, the pinch roller is disengaged and the take-up reel motor produces more torque than the supply motor. The cheapest models use a single motor for all required functions; the motor drives the capstan directly and the supply and take-up reels are loosely coupled to the capstan motor with slipping belts, gears, or clutches. There are also variants with two motors, one motor being used for the capstan and one for driving the reels for playback, rewind, and fast forward.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg/220px-RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg/330px-RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg/440px-RadioShack-ctr-119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A typical portable desktop cassette recorder from <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The storage of an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signal</a> on tape works well but is not perfect. In particular, the granular nature of the magnetic material adds high-frequency noise to the signal, generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tape_hiss" title="Tape hiss">tape hiss</a>. Also, the magnetic characteristics of tape are not <a href="/wiki/Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linear</a>. They exhibit a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> curve, which causes unwanted <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a> of the signal. Some of this distortion is overcome by using inaudible high-frequency <a href="/wiki/AC_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="AC bias">AC bias</a> when recording. The amount of bias needs careful adjustment for best results as different tape material requires differing amounts of bias. Most recorders have a switch to select this.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, systems such as <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise_reduction_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby noise reduction system">Dolby noise reduction systems</a> have been devised to ameliorate some noise and distortion problems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Variations in tape speed cause <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a>. Flutter can be reduced by using dual capstans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The higher the flutter the more noise that can be heard causing the quality of the recording to be worse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher tape speeds used in professional recorders are prone to cause <i>head bumps</i>, which are fluctuations in low-frequency response.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tape_recorder_variety">Tape recorder variety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tape recorder variety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otari_MX-80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Otari_MX-80.JPG/220px-Otari_MX-80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Otari_MX-80.JPG/330px-Otari_MX-80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Otari_MX-80.JPG/440px-Otari_MX-80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Otari MX-80 24-track with 2-inch reels</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a wide variety of tape recorders in existence, from small hand-held devices to large <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack</a> machines. A machine with built-in speakers and audio power amplification to drive them is usually called a <i>tape recorder</i> or – if it has no record functionality – a <i>tape player</i>, while one that requires external amplification for playback is usually called a <i>tape deck</i> (regardless of whether it can record).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Multitrack technology enabled the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> and one such artist, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a>, described the tape recorder as "an automatic musical collage device."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg/220px-Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg/330px-Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg/440px-Klaudia_Wilde_WDR_Archiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Klaudia Wilde from the German <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> radio archive with a broadcast tape from 1990. This is a center hub with only a very short length of tape wound round it.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tape_editing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tape_editing.jpg/220px-Tape_editing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tape_editing.jpg/330px-Tape_editing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Tape_editing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Editing magnetic tape</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it. In August 1948, Los Angeles-based Capitol Records became the first recording company to use the new process.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder, the Ampex 200 model, launched in 1948, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording" title="History of multitrack recording">invention of the first multitrack tape recorder</a>, brought about another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the <a href="/wiki/Musique_Concr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique Concrète">Musique Concrète</a> school and avant-garde composers like <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, which in turn led to the innovative <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">studio-as-an-instrument</a> recordings of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>. Philips advertised their reel-to-reel recorders as an audial family album and pushed families to purchase these recorders to capture and relive memories forever. But the use for recording music slowly but steadily rose as the main function for the tape recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tape enabled the radio industry for the first time to pre-record many sections of program content such as advertising, which formerly had to be presented live, and it also enabled the creation and duplication of complex, high-fidelity, long-duration recordings of entire programs. It also, for the first time, allowed broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties to undertake comprehensive logging of radio broadcasts for legislative and commercial purposes, leading to the growth of the modern <a href="/wiki/Media_monitoring" title="Media monitoring">media monitoring</a> industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Innovations, like <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tape_echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape echo">tape echo</a>, enabled radio programs and advertisements to be pre-produced to a level of complexity and sophistication that was previously unattainable and tape also led to significant changes to the pacing of program content, thanks to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Endless_tape_cartridge" title="Endless tape cartridge">endless tape cartridge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While they are primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, tape machines were also important for data storage before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, and are still used today, although primarily to provide <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tape_speeds">Tape speeds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tape speeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional decks will use higher tape speeds, with 15 and 30 inches per second being most common, while lower tape speeds are usually used for smaller recorders and cassette players, in order to save space where fidelity is not as critical as in professional recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By providing a range of tape speeds, users can trade-off recording time against recording quality with higher tape speeds providing greater frequency response.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many tape speeds in use in all sorts of tape recorders. Speed may be expressed in centimeters per <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> (cm/s) or in <a href="/wiki/Inches_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Inches per second">inches per second</a> (in/s).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common tape speeds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><span class="nowrap">cm/s</span> </th> <th><span class="nowrap">in/s</span> </th> <th>Usage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.2 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Found on some Microcassette pocket dictaphones </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.4 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> </td> <td>Microcassette standard speed; Cassettes issued by the National Library Service For The Blind And Physically Handicapped </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.75 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> </td> <td>Standard for Cassette tape. Common on portable reel-to-reel machines </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td>Lower speed, common on full-size reel-to-reel and some portable machines </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>Common on full-size reel-to-reel machines </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Higher end of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:prosumer">prosumer</a> machines, lower end of professional machines </td></tr> <tr> <td>76 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>Highest end of professional reel-to-reel machines </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tape_formats">Tape formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tape formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8track_inside.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/8track_inside.JPG" decoding="async" width="198" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compact_audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact audio cassette">Compact audio cassette</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_A,_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg/220px-Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg/220px-Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg/330px-Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg/440px-Digital_Compact_Cassette_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG/220px-Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG/330px-Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG/440px-Philips_Digital_Compact_Cassette_open.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg/220px-CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg/330px-CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg/440px-CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (DAT)</td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dat_cartridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dat_cartridge.jpg/220px-Dat_cartridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dat_cartridge.jpg/330px-Dat_cartridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dat_cartridge.jpg/440px-Dat_cartridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg/220px-Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg/330px-Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg/440px-Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of Elcaset (left) with standard Compact Cassette</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magtape1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/220px-Magtape1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/330px-Magtape1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Magtape1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png/220px-RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png/330px-RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png/440px-RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of RCA tape cartridge (right) with the more common Compact Cassette</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recorders">Recorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg/220px-TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg/330px-TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg/440px-TeacTopCassetteDeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">Helical scan</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_head_drum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/VHS_head_drum_2.jpg/220px-VHS_head_drum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/VHS_head_drum_2.jpg/330px-VHS_head_drum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/VHS_head_drum_2.jpg/440px-VHS_head_drum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg/220px-D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg/330px-D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg/440px-D_Reichhalter_1951_W102_Geraet_offen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications" title="Audio tape specifications">Audio tape specifications</a> – Details of different audio tape formats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">Dictation machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording#Magnetic_recording" title="History of sound recording">History of sound recording § Magnetic recording</a> – Magnetic tape in the context of the history of sound recording</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a> – Advanced usage of sophisticated tape recorders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_magnetic_audiotape" title="Preservation of magnetic audiotape">Preservation of magnetic audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a> – Details of using old-style recorders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a> – For film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">Video tape recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Sound_recording_and_phonograph_development" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau § Sound recording and phonograph development</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Allies were aware of the existence of the pre-war Magnetophon recorders, but not of the introduction of high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Tape_bias" title="Tape bias">bias</a> and PVC-backed tape.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin claims to have been the first to use <a href="/wiki/Canned_laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned laughter">canned laughter</a>; at the insistence of Crosby's head writer, Bill Morrow, he inserted a segment of raucous laughter from an earlier show into a joke in a later show that hadn't worked well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a cassette recorder, bias settings are selected automatically based on cutouts in the cassette shell.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_recorder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Newville-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newville, Leslie J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30112/30112-h/30112-h.htm">Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory</a>, United States National Museum Bulletin, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Museum">United States National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_History_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of History and Technology">Museum of History and Technology</a>, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/"><i>History of the Cylinder Phonograph</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span></cite><span 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00661619&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect2%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D0661619.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F661619%2526RS%3DPN%2F661619&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">the original</a> on 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office+Patent+Images&rft.atitle=Method+of+recording+and+reproducing+sounds+or+signals&rft.date=1900-11-13&rft.aulast=Poulsen&rft.aufirst=Valdemar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfpiw.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FDocid%3D00661619%26homeurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetacgi%252Fnph-Parser%253FSect2%253DPTO1%252526Sect2%253DHITOFF%252526p%253D1%252526u%253D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsearch-bool.html%252526r%253D1%252526f%253DG%252526l%253D50%252526d%253DPALL%252526S1%253D0661619.PN.%252526OS%253DPN%252F661619%252526RS%253DPN%252F661619%26PageNum%3D%26Rtype%3D%26SectionNum%3D%26idkey%3DNONE%26Input%3DView%2Bfirst%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATape+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagra-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagra_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagra_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagra_Company" class="citation web cs1">Nagra Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/HIST_REC_NAGRA.html">"Magnetic Recording Timeline"</a>. <i>ACMI</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanradiohistory.com&rft.atitle=Radio+News%2C+%27Radio+-+On+a+Flying+Fortress%27&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1944-01&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Radio-News%2F40s%2FRadio-News-1944-01-R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATape+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLEVE02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CLEVE02_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CLEVE02_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=BDC">"BRUSH DEVELOPMENT CORP"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</i>. 29 May 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BRUSH+DEVELOPMENT+CORP&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.date=2002-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fech.case.edu%2Fcgi%2Farticle.pl%3Fid%3DBDC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATape+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mooney, Mark Jr. "The History of Magnetic Recording." Hi-Fi Tape Recording 5:3 (February 1958), 37. This detailed, illustrated 17-page article is a fundamental source for early history of magnetic (wire/tape) recording: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Audio/Archive-Tape-Recording/50s/Tape-Recording-1958-02.pdf">https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Audio/Archive-Tape-Recording/50s/Tape-Recording-1958-02.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309113138/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Audio/Archive-Tape-Recording/50s/Tape-Recording-1958-02.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/magnetic-tape-recorder-kurt-stille-marconi-s-wireless-telegraph-company/mAFj8zsPfUBqrw">"Magnetic tape recorder - Kurt Stille, Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge, Nov. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136466045" title="Special:BookSources/9781136466045">9781136466045</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BBC-Annual/BBC-Year-Book-1932.pdf">The BBC Year-Book 1932</a> p.101, British Broadcasting Corporation, London W.1, retrieved 30 September 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbem.co.uk/tapes/ms.htm"><i>Marconi-Stille recorders</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marconi-Stille+recorders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbem.co.uk%2Ftapes%2Fms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATape+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Adam2012" class="citation web cs1">Stewart Adam (18 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativeaudioworks.com/history/the-marconi-stille-magnetic-recorder-reproducer/">"The Marconi-Stille magnetic recorder-reproducer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.factmag.com&rft.atitle=Worldwide+gamma+ferric+oxide+shortage+delays+cassette+tape+production&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.aulast=Bruce-Jones&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2019%2F10%2F11%2Fgamma-ferric-oxide-shortage-delays-cassette-tape-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATape+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfwilmut.net/broadcast/recording8.html">Web page about digital playout</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information in this section from 'BBC Engineering 1922-1972' by Edward Pawley, p387ff and 488ff plus personal experience.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/sonyhistory-e.html#tps-l2">First Sony Walkman introduced</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DF123AF932A35757C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Recording Enters a New Era, And You Can't Find It on LP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A new tape transport system with digital control", Oscar Bonello, Journal of Audio Engineering Society, Vol 31 # 12, December 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Grabador Magnético profesional controlado por microprocesador", Rev Telegráfica Electrónica, Julio-Agosto de 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtig" class="citation book cs1">Hurtig, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByJG1iwUHBAC&pg=PA7"><i>Multi-Track Recording for Musicians</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RX+Reels&rft.atitle=Ultimate+Guide+for+Reel+to+Reel+Tape+Players&rft.aulast=Reels&rft.aufirst=R.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frxreels.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fh1-ultimate-guide-for-reel-to-real-tape-players-h1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATape+recorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301195718/http://www.martelelectronics.com/taperecorderterms.htm">"Martel Electronics. <i>Terms commonly used for Tape Recorder. Tape Recorder Speed.</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martelelectronics.com/taperecorderterms.htm">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tape_recorders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tape recorders">Tape recorders</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museumofmagneticsoundrecording.org">Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording</a></li> <li>A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3224936">History of Magnetic Recording</a> BBC/H2G2</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardhess.com/tape/history/Engel_Hammar--Magnetic_Tape_History.pdf"><i>A Selected History of Magnetic Recording</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardhess.com/tape/history/Engel--Walter_Weber_2006.pdf"><i>Walter Weber's Technical Innovation at the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html#tape">Timeline from U of San Diego's Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2010-03-12)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603152849/http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_recording.htm">History of Recording Technology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2004-06-03)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603153341/http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_tape.htm">History of Magnetic Tape</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2004-06-03)</li> <li>Description of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/tape.html">recording process</a> with diagrams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/tape2.html">pg. 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/tape3.html">pg. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/tape4.html">pg. 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/tape5.html">pg. 5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfwilmut.net/broadcast/recording.html">Recording at the BBC</a> – a brief history of various sound recording methods used by the BBC.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a 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