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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Petroleum product</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about naphthas derived from crude oil. For the hydrocarbon mixture derived from a number of natural sources, see <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.</div> <p><b>Petroleum naphtha</b> is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes" title="Petroleum refining processes">refining</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leffler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS</a>-no 64742-48-9.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most usually <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">desulfurized</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">catalytically reformed</a>, which rearranges or restructures the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-<a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane</a> component of <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a>). </p><p>There are hundreds of different petroleum crude oil sources worldwide and each crude oil has its own unique composition or <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil_assay" title="Crude oil assay">assay</a>. There are also hundreds of petroleum refineries worldwide and each of them is designed to process either a specific crude oil or specific types of crude oils. Naphtha is a general term as each refinery produces its own naphthas with their own unique initial and final boiling points and other physical and compositional characteristics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">Naphthas</a> may also be produced from other material such as <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> deposits, <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">tar sands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive distillation</a> of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source">Source</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first unit operation (after being desalinated) in a petroleum refinery is the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes#The_crude_oil_distillation_unit" title="Petroleum refining processes">crude oil distillation unit</a>. The overhead liquid distillate from that unit is called <i>virgin</i> or <i>straight-run</i> naphtha and that distillate is the largest source of naphtha in most petroleum refineries. The naphtha is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds. It has an initial <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> (IBP) of about 35 °C and a final boiling point (FBP) of about 200 °C, and it contains <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">paraffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphthene" class="mw-redirect" title="Naphthene">naphthenes</a> (cyclic paraffins) and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a> ranging from those containing 4 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> to those containing about 10 or 11 carbon atoms. </p><p>The virgin naphtha is often further <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">distilled</a> into two streams:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a virgin <i>light</i> naphtha with an IBP of about 30 °C and a FBP of about 145 °C containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with six or fewer carbon atoms</li> <li>a virgin <i>heavy</i> naphtha containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with more than six carbon atoms. The heavy naphtha has an IBP of about 140 °C and a FBP of about 205 °C.</li></ul> <p>The virgin heavy naphtha is usually processed in a catalytic reformer, because the light naphtha has molecules with six or fewer carbon atoms—which, when reformed, tend to crack into butane and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons that are not useful as high-octane gasoline blending components. Also, the molecules with six carbon atoms tend to form aromatics, which is undesirable because the environmental regulations of a number of countries limit the amount of aromatics (most particularly <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>) in gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_virgin_naphthas">Types of virgin naphthas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of virgin naphthas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below lists some typical virgin heavy naphthas, available for catalytic reforming, derived from various crude oils. It can be seen that they differ significantly in their content of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Typical heavy naphthas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Crude oil name <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }"></span><br />Location <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }"></span> </th> <th>Barrow Island<br />Australia<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Mutineer-Exeter<br />Australia<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>CPC Blend<br />Kazakhstan<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Draugen<br />North Sea<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Initial boiling point, °C</td> <td align="center">150</td> <td align="center">140</td> <td align="center">149</td> <td align="center">150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Final boiling point, °C</td> <td align="center">200</td> <td align="center">190</td> <td align="center">204</td> <td align="center">180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraffins, liquid volume %</td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">62</td> <td align="center">57</td> <td align="center">38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naphthenes, liquid volume %</td> <td align="center">42</td> <td align="center">32</td> <td align="center">27</td> <td align="center">45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aromatics, liquid volume %</td> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td align="center">16</td> <td align="center">17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cracked_naphthas">Cracked naphthas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cracked naphthas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Special:EditPage/Petroleum naphtha">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some refinery naphthas also contain some <a href="/wiki/Olefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefin">olefinic</a> hydrocarbons, such as naphthas derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking" title="Fluid catalytic cracking">fluid catalytic cracking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visbreaker" title="Visbreaker">visbreakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">coking</a> processes used in many refineries. Those olefin-containing naphthas are often referred to as <i>cracked</i> naphthas. </p><p>In some (but not all) petroleum refineries, the cracked naphthas are desulfurized and catalytically reformed (as are the virgin naphthas) to produce additional high-octane gasoline components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Special:EditPage/Petroleum naphtha">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some petroleum refineries also produce small amounts of specialty naphthas for use as solvents, cleaning fluids and dry-cleaning agents, paint and varnish diluents, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> diluents, rubber industry solvents, recycling products, and <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">cigarette-lighter</a>, portable-camping-stove and lantern fuels. Those specialty naphthas are subjected to various purification processes which adjusts chemical characteristics to suit specific needs. </p><p>Specialty naphtha comes in many varieties and each are referred to by separate names such as <i>petroleum ether</i>, <i>petroleum spirits</i>, <i>mineral spirits</i>, <i>paraffin</i>, <i>benzine</i>, <i>hexane</i>, <i>ligroin</i>, <i>white oil</i> or <i>white gas</i>, <i>painters naphtha</i>, <i>refined solvent naphtha</i> and <i>Varnish makers' & painters' naphtha (VM&P)</i>. The best way to determine the boiling point and other compositional characteristics of any of the specialty naphtha is to read the <a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety Data Sheet</a> (SDS) for the specific naphtha of interest. Safety Data Sheets can be found on a chemical suppliers websites or by contacting the supplier directly. </p><p>On a much larger scale, petroleum naphtha is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a> industry as feedstock to <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reformers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_cracking" title="Steam cracking">steam crackers</a> for the production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (which may be and is converted into <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> for fertilizers), <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, and other olefins. Natural gas is also used as feedstock to steam reformers and steam crackers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People can be exposed to petroleum naphtha in the workplace by breathing it, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for petroleum naphtha exposure in the workplace as 500 ppm (2000 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 350 mg/m<sup>3</sup> over an 8-hour workday and 1800 mg/m<sup>3</sup> over 15 minutes. At levels of 1100 ppm, 10% of the lower explosive limit, petroleum naphtha is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>This article incorporates material from the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" class="extiw" title="citizendium:Petroleum naphtha">Petroleum naphtha</a>", which is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Handwerk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handwerk_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaryHandwerk1993" class="citation book cs1">Gary, James H.; Handwerk, Glenn E. (1993). <i>Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics</i> (Second ed.). Marcel Dekker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-7150-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-7150-8"><bdi>0-8247-7150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Refining+Technology+and+Economics&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8247-7150-8&rft.aulast=Gary&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Handwerk%2C+Glenn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leffler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leffler_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffler1985" class="citation book cs1">Leffler, William L. (1985). <i>Petroleum Refining for the Nontechnical Person</i> (Second ed.). PennWell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87814-280-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87814-280-0"><bdi>0-87814-280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Refining+for+the+Nontechnical+Person&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=PennWell+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87814-280-0&rft.aulast=Leffler&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeight2006" class="citation book cs1">Speight, James G. (2006). <i>The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum</i> (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-9067-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-9067-2"><bdi>0-8493-9067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Petroleum&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8493-9067-2&rft.aulast=Speight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.059.210">"Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naphtha+%28petroleum%29%2C+hydrotreated+heavy&rft.pub=European+Chemicals+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecha.europa.eu%2Fsubstance-information%2F-%2Fsubstanceinfo%2F100.059.210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sasol.investoreports.com/sasol_ar_2006/review/downloads/segmented/sasol_ar_2006_business_model.pdf">Exploiting the Benefits of Fischer-Tropsch Technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816134733/http://sasol.investoreports.com/sasol_ar_2006/review/downloads/segmented/sasol_ar_2006_business_model.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Sasol’s integrated business model)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok1975" class="citation report cs1">Beychok, Milton R. (May 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/91017KXP.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=Prior+to+1976&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C70thru75%5CTxt%5C00000019%5C91017KXP.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL#">Process and Environmental Technology for Producing SNG and Liquid Fuels</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>. EPA-660/2-75-011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Process+and+Environmental+Technology+for+Producing+SNG+and+Liquid+Fuels&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1975-05&rft.aulast=Beychok&rft.aufirst=Milton+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepis.epa.gov%2FExe%2FZyNET.exe%2F91017KXP.TXT%3FZyActionD%3DZyDocument%26Client%3DEPA%26Index%3DPrior%2Bto%2B1976%26Docs%3D%26Query%3D%26Time%3D%26EndTime%3D%26SearchMethod%3D1%26TocRestrict%3Dn%26Toc%3D%26TocEntry%3D%26QField%3D%26QFieldYear%3D%26QFieldMonth%3D%26QFieldDay%3D%26IntQFieldOp%3D0%26ExtQFieldOp%3D0%26XmlQuery%3D%26File%3DD%253A%255Czyfiles%255CIndex%2520Data%255C70thru75%255CTxt%255C00000019%255C91017KXP.txt%26User%3DANONYMOUS%26Password%3Danonymous%26SortMethod%3Dh%257C-%26MaximumDocuments%3D1%26FuzzyDegree%3D0%26ImageQuality%3Dr75g8%2Fr75g8%2Fx150y150g16%2Fi425%26Display%3Dhpfr%26DefSeekPage%3Dx%26SearchBack%3DZyActionL%26Back%3DZyActionS%26BackDesc%3DResults%2520page%26MaximumPages%3D1%26ZyEntry%3D1%26SeekPage%3Dx%26ZyPURL%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci/chem-faq/part6/section-1.html">Fuel Chemistry</a> (scroll down to "What is naphtha")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/regulations/detailReg.cfm?intReg=1">Canadian regulations on benzene in gasoline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041012052626/http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/regulations/detailReg.cfm?intReg=1">Archived</a> 2004-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukpia.com/Portals/0/Repository/documents/Benzene%20in%20petrol.pdf">Briefing on Benzene in Petrol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730053050/http://www.ukpia.com/Portals/0/Repository/documents/Benzene%20in%20petrol.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From website of <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_Petroleum_Industry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association (page does not exist)">United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association</a> (UKPIA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilperin2006" class="citation news cs1">Eilperin, Juliet (March 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/01/AR2006030102113.html">"EPA Seeks Less Benzene in Gasoline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=EPA+Seeks+Less+Benzene+in+Gasoline&rft.date=2006-03-02&rft.aulast=Eilperin&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F03%2F01%2FAR2006030102113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130002914/http://www.santos.com/library/barrow_crude.pdf">"Barrow Island - Summary of Major Cuts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Santos_Limited" title="Santos Limited">Santos</a>. October 10, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santos.com/library/barrow_crude.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barrow+Island+-+Summary+of+Major+Cuts&rft.pub=Santos&rft.date=2001-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santos.com%2Flibrary%2Fbarrow_crude.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129213355/http://www.santos.com/library/refining_characteristics.pdf">"Mutineer-Exeter Crude Oil Production Assay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Santos_Limited" title="Santos Limited">Santos</a>. September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santos.com/library/refining_characteristics.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutineer-Exeter+Crude+Oil+Production+Assay&rft.pub=Santos&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santos.com%2Flibrary%2Frefining_characteristics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722000149/http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/assay/cpc_summary.pdf">"Tengiz Assay CPC Blend Assay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chevron Crude Marketing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tengizchevroil" title="Tengizchevroil">Tengizchevroil</a>. February 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/overview.asp?cpc">the original</a> on July 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chevron+Crude+Marketing&rft.atitle=Tengiz+Assay+CPC+Blend+Assay&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrudemarketing.chevron.com%2Foverview.asp%3Fcpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719234708/http://www.statoil.com/en/OurOperations/TradingProducts/CrudeOil/Crudeoilassays/Downloads/Draugen%202002%2011.pdf">"Crude Oil Assay: Draugen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Statoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoil">Statoil</a>. January 21, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoil.com/en/OurOperations/TradingProducts/CrudeOil/Crudeoilassays/Downloads/Draugen%202002%2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crude+Oil+Assay%3A+Draugen&rft.pub=Statoil&rft.date=2003-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoil.com%2Fen%2FOurOperations%2FTradingProducts%2FCrudeOil%2FCrudeoilassays%2FDownloads%2FDraugen%25202002%252011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0492.html">"Petroleum distillates (naptha)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petroleum+distillates+%28naptha%29&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0492.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+naphtha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0492.html">CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Petroleum distillates (naptha)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&oldid=1134080665">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_naphtha&oldid=1134080665</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_products" title="Category:Petroleum products">Petroleum products</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2018">Articles needing additional references from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_Citizendium" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 22:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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