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<span>The press</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_press-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The press subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_networked_Fourth_Estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_networked_Fourth_Estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The networked Fourth Estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_networked_Fourth_Estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative meanings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_meanings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative meanings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lawyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lawyers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_proletariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_proletariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The proletariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_proletariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_queens_consort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_queens_consort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>British queens consort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_queens_consort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Department_of_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>U.S. Department of Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Department_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="السلطة الرابعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلطة الرابعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quart_poder" title="Quart poder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quart poder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%C3%A7" title="Тăваттăмĕш влаç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăваттăмĕш влаç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierte_Gewalt" title="Vierte Gewalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vierte Gewalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τέταρτη εξουσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέταρτη εξουσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarto_poder" title="Cuarto poder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuarto poder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رکن چهارم مشروطیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رکن چهارم مشروطیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_pouvoir" title="Quatrième pouvoir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatrième pouvoir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C4%EA%B6%8C%EB%A0%A5" title="제4권력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제4권력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չորրորդ իշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չորրորդ իշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetvrta_sila" title="Četvrta sila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Četvrta sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_kuasa_keempat" title="Hak kuasa keempat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak kuasa keempat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B3r%C3%B0a_valdi%C3%B0" title="Fjórða valdið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjórða valdið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_potere_(sociologia)" title="Quarto potere (sociologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quarto potere (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეოთხე ხელისუფლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეოთხე ხელისუფლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Төртінші билік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Төртінші билік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дөрөв дэх засаглал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дөрөв дэх засаглал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierde_macht" title="Vierde macht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vierde macht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B" title="第四の権力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第四の権力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fjerde_statsmakt" title="Den fjerde statsmakt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den fjerde statsmakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czwarta_w%C5%82adza" title="Czwarta władza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czwarta władza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_poder" title="Quarto poder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quarto poder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Четвёртая власть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четвёртая власть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetvrta_vlast" title="Četvrta vlast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Četvrta vlast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelj%C3%A4s_valtiomahti" title="Neljäs valtiomahti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neljäs valtiomahti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_statsmakten" title="Tredje statsmakten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tredje statsmakten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="ฐานันดรที่สี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฐานันดรที่สี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Четверта влада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Четверта влада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_t%E1%BB%A9_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Đệ tứ quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đệ tứ quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="第四階級 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics and standards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_desert" title="News desert">News desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <b>Fourth Estate</b> or <b>fourth power</b> refers to the press and <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> in their explicit capacity, beyond the reporting of news, of wielding influence in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The derivation of the term arises from the traditional European concept of the three <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a>: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. </p><p>The equivalent term "fourth power" is somewhat uncommon in English, but it is used in many European languages, including German (<i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierte_Gewalt" class="extiw" title="de:Vierte Gewalt">Vierte Gewalt</a></i>), Italian (<i><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/quarto_potere_(sociologia)" class="extiw" title="it:quarto potere (sociologia)">quarto potere</a></i>), Spanish (<i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarto_poder" class="extiw" title="es:Cuarto poder">Cuarto poder</a></i>), French (<i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_pouvoir" class="extiw" title="fr:Quatrième pouvoir">Quatrième pouvoir</a></i>), Swedish (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tredje_statsmakten" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tredje statsmakten">tredje statsmakten</a> [Third Estate]</i>), Polish (<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czwarta_w%C5%82adza" class="extiw" title="pl:Czwarta władza">Czwarta Władza</a>), and Russian (<i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Четвёртая власть">четвёртая власть</a></i>) to refer to a government's <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> into <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> branches. </p><p>The expression has also been applied to lawyers, to the British <a href="/wiki/Queen_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Consort">Queen Consort</a> (acting as a free agent independent of her husband), and to the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. But, generally, the term "Fourth Estate" refers to the press and media, emphasizing its role in monitoring and influencing the other branches of government and society. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a>, while not recognized in the same way as the first four, includes bloggers, social media influencers, and other online platforms that can influence public discourse and politics independently of traditional media.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> attributes, ("without confirmation") the origin of the term to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, who may have used it in a British parliamentary debate of 19–20 February 1771, on the opening up of press reporting of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons of Great Britain</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> reported the phrase in his account of the night's proceedings, published in 1840, attributing it to Burke.<sup id="cite_ref-OED7b_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED7b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlyle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlyle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_press">The press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_(alt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Since 1803 in the British House of Commons places in the public gallery (top left) have been reserved for journalists<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>In modern use, the term is applied to the press,<sup id="cite_ref-OED7b_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED7b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the earliest use in this sense described by Thomas Carlyle in his book <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship_and_the_Heroic_in_History" class="extiw" title="wikisource:On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History">On Heroes and Hero Worship</a></i> (1840): "Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all." (The three estates of the parliament of Britain were: the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a> and the Commons.)<sup id="cite_ref-Carlyle_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlyle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilding_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilding-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED7b_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED7b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Burke made the statement Carlyle associates with him, Carlyle may have had the remark in mind when he wrote in his <i>French Revolution</i> (1837) that "A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies, irrepressible, incalculable."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France the three estates of the <a href="/wiki/French_States-General" class="mw-redirect" title="French States-General">French States-General</a> were: the church, the nobility and enfranchised townsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carlyle, however, may have mistaken his attribution: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Macknight" title="Thomas Macknight">Thomas Macknight</a>, writing in 1858, observes that Burke was merely a <a href="/wiki/Teller_(elections)" title="Teller (elections)">teller</a> at the "illustrious nativity of the Fourth Estate".<sup id="cite_ref-MacK_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Burke is excluded, other candidates for coining the term are <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a> speaking in Parliament in 1823 or 1824<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Macaulay">Thomas Macaulay</a> in an essay of 1828 reviewing <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallam" title="Henry Hallam">Hallam's Constitutional History</a></i>: "The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">William Hazlitt</a> applied the term to an individual journalist, <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>, and the phrase soon became well established.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In old days men had the rack. Now they have the Press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralizing. Somebody — was it Burke? — called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In United States English, the phrase "fourth estate" is contrasted with the "<a href="/wiki/Fourth_branch_of_government" title="Fourth branch of government">fourth branch of government</a>", a term that originated because no direct equivalents to the estates of the realm exist in the United States. The "fourth estate" is used to emphasize the independence of the press, while the "fourth branch" suggests that the press is not independent of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_networked_Fourth_Estate">The networked Fourth Estate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The networked Fourth Estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a>, author of the 2006 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Networks" title="The Wealth of Networks">The Wealth of Networks</a></i>, described the "Networked Fourth Estate" in a May 2011 paper published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights%E2%80%93Civil_Liberties_Law_Review" title="Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review">Harvard Civil Liberties Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explains the growth of non-traditional journalistic media on the Internet and how it affects the traditional press using <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> as an example. When Benkler was asked to testify in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bradley_Manning" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Bradley Manning"><i>United States vs. PFC Bradley E. Manning</i></a> trial, in his statement to the morning 10 July 2013 session of the trial he described the Networked Fourth Estate as the set of practices, organizing models, and technologies that are associated with the free press and provide a public check on the branches of government.<sup id="cite_ref-BManning071013PM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BManning071013PM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BManning071013AM_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BManning071013AM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–29">: 28–29 </span></sup> </p><p>It differs from the traditional press and the traditional fourth estate in that it has a diverse set of actors instead of a small number of major presses. These actors include small for-profit media organizations, non-profit media organizations, academic centers, and distributed networks of individuals participating in the media process with the larger traditional organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-BManning071013PM_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BManning071013PM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99–100">: 99–100 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_meanings">Alternative meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternative meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyers">Lawyers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lawyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1580 <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a> proposed that governments should hold in check a <i>fourth estate</i> of lawyers selling justice to the rich and denying it to rightful litigants who do not bribe their way to a verdict: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> What is more barbarous than to see a nation [...] where justice is lawfully denied him, that hath not wherewithall to pay for it; and that this merchandize hath so great credit, that in a politicall government there should be set up a fourth estate [tr. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">quatriesme estat (old orthography), quatrième état (modern)</i>] of Lawyers, breathsellers and pettifoggers [...].</p></blockquote> <p>Michel de Montaigne, in the translation by <a href="/wiki/John_Florio" title="John Florio">John Florio</a>, 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_proletariat">The proletariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The proletariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early citation for this is <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Covent_Garden_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Covent Garden Journal">The Covent Garden Journal</a></i> (1752): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>None of our political writers ... take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons ... passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form the fourth estate in this community ... The Mob.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarto_Stato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/220px-Quarto_Stato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/330px-Quarto_Stato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quarto_Stato.jpg/440px-Quarto_Stato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6897" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Estate_(picture)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourth Estate (picture)">Il quarto stato</a></i></span> (1901): a march of strikers in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure><p>This sense has prevailed in other countries: In Italy, for example, striking workers in 1890s Turin were depicted as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Estate_(picture)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourth Estate (picture)">Il quarto stato</a></i></span>—The Fourth Estate—in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pellizza_da_Volpedo" title="Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo">Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A political journal of the left, <i><a href="/wiki/Quarto_Stato" title="Quarto Stato">Quarto Stato</a></i>, published in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, in 1926, also reflected this meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to violence against a textile worker demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Fourmies,_Nord" title="Fourmies, Nord">Fourmies</a>, France on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> 1891, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> said in a speech to the Chamber of Deputies:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take care! The dead are strong persuaders. One must pay attention to the dead...I tell you that the primary fact of politics today is the inevitable revolution which is preparing...The Fourth Estate is rising and reaching for the conquest of power. One must take sides. Either you meet the Fourth Estate with violence or you welcome it with open arms. The moment has come to choose.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Traditionalist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> saw the Fourth Estate as the final point of his historical cycle theory, the regression of the castes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here are four stages: in the first stage, the elite has a purely spiritual character, embodying what may be generally called "divine right." This elite expresses an ideal of immaterial virility. In the second stage, the elite has the character of warrior nobility; at the third stage we find the advent of oligarchies of a plutocratic and capitalistic nature, such as they arise in democracies; the fourth and last elite is that of the collectivist and revolutionary leaders of the Fourth Estate.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Julius Evola, <i>Men Among The Ruins</i>, p. 164</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_queens_consort">British queens consort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British queens consort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a parliamentary debate of 1789 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Powys,_1st_Baron_Lilford" title="Thomas Powys, 1st Baron Lilford">Thomas Powys, 1st Baron Lilford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a>, demanded of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a> that he should not allow powers of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> to "a fourth estate: the queen".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reported by Burke, who, as noted above, went on to use the phrase with the meaning of "press". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Department_of_Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. Department of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States government's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, the "fourth estate" (also called the "back office") refers to 28 agencies that do not fall under the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Technology_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Technology Security Administration">Defense Technology Security Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Technical_Information_Center" title="Defense Technical Information Center">Defense Technical Information Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Information Systems Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiction">Fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Estate_(novel)" title="The Fourth Estate (novel)"><i>The Fourth Estate</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer" title="Jeffrey Archer">Jeffrey Archer</a> wrote: "In May 1789, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the '<a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates General</a>'. The First Estate consisted of three hundred clergy. The Second Estate, three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, commoners." The book is fiction based on the lives of two real-life <a href="/wiki/Press_Baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Baron">press barons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell" title="Robert Maxwell">Robert Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fourth_estate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fourth estate">fourth estate</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Fourth Estate</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fourth+Estate">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fourth+Estate&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_branch_of_government" title="Fourth branch of government">Fourth branch of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_journalism" title="Glossary of journalism">Glossary of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_Journalism" title="Government by Journalism">Government by Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States" title="List of newspapers in the United States">List of newspapers in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Estate_(2018_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourth Estate (2018 TV series)">The Fourth Estate (2018 TV series)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Estate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/fourth-estate">"fourth estate"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com Unabridged</i>. Random House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft.atitle=fourth+estate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ffourth-estate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castells, Manuel. <i>The Rise of the Network Society.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirky, Clay. <i>Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations.</i> Penguin Books, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruns, Axel. <i>Gatewatching and News Curation: Collected Essays on Journalism and Digital Communication.</i> Peter Lang Publishing, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED7b-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED7b_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED7b_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED7b_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-estate_7b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=estate+7b">"estate 7b"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=estate+7b&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Destate%2B7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlyle-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlyle_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlyle_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1840" class="citation book cs1">Carlyle, Thomas (19 May 1840). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sartor_Resartus_and_On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship_and_the_Heroic_in_History_(Macmillan)/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship_and_the_Heroic_in_History/Lecture_5">"Lecture V: The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns"</a>. <i>On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History. Six Lectures. Reported with emendations and additions</i> (Macmillan, 1901 ed.). London: James Fraser. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2158602">2158602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lecture+V%3A+The+Hero+as+Man+of+Letters.+Johnson%2C+Rousseau%2C+Burns&rft.btitle=On+Heroes%2C+Hero-Worship%2C+%26+the+Heroic+in+History.+Six+Lectures.+Reported+with+emendations+and+additions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=392&rft.edition=Macmillan%2C+1901&rft.pub=James+Fraser&rft.date=1840-05-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2158602&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSartor_Resartus_and_On_Heroes%2C_Hero-Worship_and_the_Heroic_in_History_%28Macmillan%29%2FOn_Heroes%2C_Hero-Worship_and_the_Heroic_in_History%2FLecture_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacK_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacK_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacknight1858" class="citation book cs1">Macknight, Thomas (1858). "For the Liberty of the Press". <i>History of the life and times of Edmund Burke</i>. Vol. 1. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3565018">3565018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+the+Liberty+of+the+Press&rft.btitle=History+of+the+life+and+times+of+Edmund+Burke&rft.place=London&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3565018&rft.aulast=Macknight&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgallery.org.uk/2015/03/06/origins/">"Origins – The Parliamentary Press Gallery"</a>. Parliamentary Press Gallery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+%E2%80%93+The+Parliamentary+Press+Gallery&rft.pub=Parliamentary+Press+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgallery.org.uk%2F2015%2F03%2F06%2Forigins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilding-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilding_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildingLaundy1958" class="citation book cs1">Wilding, Norman; Laundy, Philip (1958). "Estates of the Realm". <i>An Encyclopædia of Parliament</i> (1968 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell</a>. p. 251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estates+of+the+Realm&rft.btitle=An+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Parliament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=251&rft.edition=1968&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Wilding&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Laundy%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle" class="citation book cs1">Carlyle, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000122041013/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/european/TheFrenchRevolution/chap39.html">"Chapter V. The Fourth Estate"</a>. <i>The French Revolution</i>. Vol. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/european/TheFrenchRevolution/chap39.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V.+The+Fourth+Estate&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwideschool.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Fhst%2Feuropean%2FTheFrenchRevolution%2Fchap39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esmein (1911)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1855" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Charles (9 June 1855). 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London: <a href="/wiki/William_Thoms" title="William Thoms">William Thoms</a>: 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Replies+to+Minor+Queries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=294&rft.pages=452&rft.date=1855-06-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span> Ross (October 1800–6 December 1884) was chief parliamentary reporter for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1828" class="citation journal cs1">Macaulay, Thomas (September 1828). "Hallam's constitutional history". <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">The Edinburgh Review</a></i>. <b>48</b>. London: Longmans: 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Review&rft.atitle=Hallam%27s+constitutional+history&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=165&rft.date=1828-09&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlitt1835" class="citation book cs1">Hazlitt, William (1835). <i>Character of W. Cobbett M. P</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+Foundation%3A+Transcripts+from+Bradley+Manning%27s+Trial&rft.atitle=US+vs+Bradley+Manning%2C+Volume+17+July+10%2C+2013+Morning+Session&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressfreedomfoundation.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F07-10-13-AM-session.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Montaigne1603" class="citation book cs1">de Montaigne, Michel (1603). <a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (ed.). <i>The Essays of Montaigne done into English</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Florio" title="John Florio">Florio, John</a> (1892 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/David_Nutt_(publisher)" title="David Nutt (publisher)">David Nutt</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5339117">5339117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essays+of+Montaigne+done+into+English&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115&rft.edition=1892&rft.pub=David+Nutt&rft.date=1603&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5339117&rft.aulast=de+Montaigne&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a more recent translation, see Hazlitt's edition of 1842: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Hazlitt1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt_(registrar)" title="William Hazlitt (registrar)">William Hazlitt</a>, ed. (1842). <i>The works of Montaigne</i>. Vol. 1. London: John Templeman. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951110840">951110840</a>. <q>What can be more outrageous than to see a nation where, by lawful custom, the office of a Judge is to be bought and sold, where judgments are paid for with ready money, and where justice may be legally denied him that has not the wherewithal to pay...a fourth estate of wrangling lawyers to add to the three ancient ones of the church, nobility and people, which fourth estate, having the laws in their hands, and sovereign power over men's lives and fortunes, make a body separate from the nobility?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Montaigne&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=John+Templeman&rft.date=1842&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951110840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding1752" class="citation journal cs1">Fielding, Henry (13 June 1752). "O ye wicked rascallions". <i>Covent Garden Journal</i> (47). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Covent+Garden+Journal&rft.atitle=O+ye+wicked+rascallions&rft.issue=47&rft.date=1752-06-13&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span>, Quoted in OED "estate, n, 7b".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulicelli2001" class="citation book cs1">Paulicelli, Eugenia (2001). Barański, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55982-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55982-9"><bdi>978-0-521-55982-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+modern+Italian+culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55982-9&rft.aulast=Paulicelli&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span> For his painting, Pellizza transferred the action to his home village of <a href="/wiki/Volpedo" title="Volpedo">Volpedo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugliese1999" class="citation book cs1">Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlorossellisoc00pugl/page/67"><i>Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlorossellisoc00pugl/page/67">67–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00053-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlo+Rosselli%3A+Socialist+Heretic+and+Antifascist+Exile&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00053-7&rft.aulast=Pugliese&rft.aufirst=Stanislao+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarlorossellisoc00pugl%2Fpage%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1962" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara (1962). <i>The Proud Tower</i>. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proud+Tower&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Burke1792" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, ed. (1792). <i>Dodsley's Annual Register for 1789</i>. Vol. 31. London: J Dodsley. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dodsley%27s+Annual+Register+for+1789&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=J+Dodsley&rft.date=1792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span> The <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a> in parliament supported the transfer of power to the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Regent</a>, rather than the sick king's <a href="/wiki/Queen_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Consort">consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Charlotte</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://federalnewsnetwork.com/defense/2018/04/congress-wants-to-get-rid-of-disa-and-six-other-agencies-to-save-money-in-dod/">"House proposal would eliminate DISA, 6 other agencies to save money in DoD"</a>. <i>Federal News Network</i>. 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+News+Network&rft.atitle=House+proposal+would+eliminate+DISA%2C+6+other+agencies+to+save+money+in+DoD&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffederalnewsnetwork.com%2Fdefense%2F2018%2F04%2Fcongress-wants-to-get-rid-of-disa-and-six-other-agencies-to-save-money-in-dod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2018" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Joe (26 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2018/07/25/the-fate-of-disa-and-other-org-chart-changes-in-the-new-defense-policy-bill/">"The fate of DISA, and other org chart changes in the new defense policy bill"</a>. <i>Defense News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+News&rft.atitle=The+fate+of+DISA%2C+and+other+org+chart+changes+in+the+new+defense+policy+bill&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Fcongress%2F2018%2F07%2F25%2Fthe-fate-of-disa-and-other-org-chart-changes-in-the-new-defense-policy-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyngdoh2009" class="citation news cs1">Lyngdoh, Andrew (17 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/component/content/article/23-2009/may27/155-the-changing-face-of-the-fourth-estate">"The changing face of the Fourth Estate"</a>. <i>Eastern Panorama</i>. Shillong, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Panorama&rft.atitle=The+changing+face+of+the+Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2009-05-17&rft.aulast=Lyngdoh&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternpanorama.in%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F23-2009%2Fmay27%2F155-the-changing-face-of-the-fourth-estate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsmein1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adh%C3%A9mar_Esmein" title="Adhémar Esmein">Esmein, Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/States-General" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/States-General">States-General</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">803–</span>805.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=States-General&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E805&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Esmein&rft.aufirst=Jean+Paul+Hippolyte+Emmanuel+Adh%C3%A9mar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Estate" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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