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Duff]] | elevation_m = 441 | country_admin_divisions_title = [[Overseas collectivity]] | country_admin_divisions = [[French Polynesia]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[French Polynesia#Administrative divisions|Administrative subdivision]] | country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Îles Tuamotu-Gambier]] | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = [[Communes of France|Commune]] | country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Gambier (commune)|Gambier]] | country_capital_city = | country_largest_city = [[Rikitea]] | country_largest_city_population = | country_leader_title = | country_leader_name = | population = 1,239<ref>{{cite web|title=Population|url=http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2012/Donnees_detaillees.aspx|website=Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française|access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2012 | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} '''Mangareva''' is the central and largest island of the [[Gambier Islands]] in [[French Polynesia]]. It is surrounded by smaller islands: [[Taravai]] in the southwest, [[Aukena]] and [[Akamaru (Island)|Akamaru]] in the southeast, and islands in the north. Mangareva has a permanent population of 1,239 (2012) and the largest village on the island, [[Rikitea]], is the chief town of the Gambier Islands. The island is approximately {{convert|8|km|mi|0|spell=in}} long and, at {{convert|15.4|km2|sqmi|frac=16|abbr=on}}, it comprises about 56% of the land area of the whole Gambier group. Mangareva has a high central ridge which runs the length of the island. The highest point in the Gambiers is [[Mount Duff]], on Mangareva, rising to {{convert|441|m}} along the island's south coast. The island has a large lagoon {{convert|24|km|mi}} in diameter containing reefs whose fish and shellfish helped ancient islanders survive much more successfully than on nearby islands with no reefs. ==History== Mangareva was first settled by [[Polynesians]] in the first millennium CE. While [[carbon dating]] has so far only dated settlements to 1160–1220,<ref name=Anderson2003>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume112/jps_v116_no2_2003/1%20Cultural%20chronology%20in%20Mangareva.pdf |title=Cultural chronology in Mangareva (Gambier Islands), French Polynesia: Evidence from recent radiocarbon dating |last1=Anderson |first1=Atholl |last2=Conte |first2=Eric |last3=Kirch |first3=Patrick V. |last4=Weisler |first4=Marshall |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=112 |issue=2 |year=2003 |page=137 |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> there is evidence from the [[Pitcairn Islands]] of trade with Mangareva from 1000 CE, and it is likely settlement dates to around 800 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105443.pdf |title=The Mangarevan Sequence and Dating of the Geographic Expansion into Southeast Polynesia |last1=Green |first1=Robert C. |last2=Weisler |first2=Marshall I. |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=2002 |page=233 |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> The island was once heavily forested and supported a large population that traded with other islands via canoes. However, excessive logging by the islanders between the 10th and 15th centuries resulted in [[deforestation]] of the island, with disastrous results for both its environment and its economy (see [[Gambier Islands]] for more details).<ref>{{cite book |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive |author=Jared Diamond |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |year=2005 |page=132 }}</ref> The first European to visit Mangareva was a British captain, [[James Wilson (Captain)|James Wilson]], who arrived in 1797 on the ship ''[[Duff (1794 ship)|Duff]]''.<ref name=Smith1918>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_27_1918/Volume_27%2C_No._107/Notes_on_the_Mangareva%2C_or_Gambier_group_of_islands%2C_eastern_Polynesia%2C_by_S._Percy_Smith%2C_p_115-131/p1 |title= Notes on the Mangareva, or Gambier group of islands, eastern Polynesia |author=S. Percy Smith |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=27 |issue=107 |page=115 |year=1918 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Wilson named the island group in honour of [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Admiral James Gambier]], who had helped him to equip his vessel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucExpl-t1-body-d15.html |title=Explorers of the Pacific: European and American Discoveries in Polynesia |author=Te Rangi Hiroa |publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum |location=Honolulu |year=1953 |page=47 |access-date=25 October 2022 |via=NZETC}}</ref> Mangareva and its dependencies in the [[Gambier Islands]] were ruled by a [[List of monarchs of Mangareva|line of kings – and, later, regents]] – until the French formally annexed the islands. King [[Maputeoa]] requested a French protectorate on 16 February 1844, but the French government never ratified it. On 4 February 1870, the Mangarevan government and its prince regent, [[Arone Teikatoara]], formally withdrew the protectorate request and asked the French not to intervene in the kingdom's affairs. However, after Father [[Honoré Laval]] was removed to Tahiti, the native government changed its stance: On 30 November 1871, Prince Regent Arone and the French colonial authority in Tahiti signed an agreement reaffirming the islands’ protectorate status. The Gambier Islands were finally annexed on 21 February 1881 under Prince Regent [[Bernardo Putairi]], and the annexation was approved by the [[Jules Grévy|President of France]] on 30 January 1882.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Gonschor |first=Lorenz Rudolf |title=Law as a Tool of Oppression and Liberation: Institutional Histories and Perspectives on Political Independence in Hawaiʻi, Tahiti Nui/French Polynesia and Rapa Nui |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |date=August 2008 |hdl=10125/20375|pages=56–59|type=Thesis}}</ref> In the 20th century, in July 1966, the Mangareviens were exposed to radioactive fallout due to the French military's nuclear tests at [[Moruroa]] and [[Fangataufa]]. Military officials were aware of the doses received by the island and their effects, but kept them secret.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/155129/leaked-french-documents-show-impact-of-nuclear-blasts-on-mangareva |title=Leaked French documents show impact of nuclear blasts on Mangareva |publisher=[[RNZ]] |date=18 May 2005 |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> The information was made public in 1998 by journalist Vincent Jauvert,<ref>{{cite news |author=Vincent Jauvert |title=Essais nucléaires. Les archives interdites de l'armée |work=Le Nouvel Observateur |language=fr |page=10 |date=5 February 1998}}</ref> and acknowledged by the French government in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/french-admit-nuclear-test-fallout-hit-islands/S7NZWUZ6SXMFKBN4E7DEBOM7Z4/ |title=French admit nuclear test fallout hit islands |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> ==Geography== ===Climate=== Mangareva has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Af''). The average annual temperature in Mangareva is {{cvt|23.5|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|1913.5|mm}} with November the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in March, at around {{cvt|26.0|C}}, and lowest in August, at around {{convert|21.3|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in Mangareva was {{cvt|31.4|C}} on 6 March 2016; the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|13.2|C}} on 27 August 1992. {{Weather box |location= Mangareva (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1980–present) |metric first= Y |single line= Y |Jan record high C = 31.2 |Feb record high C = 30.8 |Mar record high C = 31.4 |Apr record high C = 30.9 |May record high C = 29.6 |Jun record high C = 27.5 |Jul record high C = 26.9 |Aug record high C = 28.1 |Sep record high C = 27.7 |Oct record high C = 28.5 |Nov record high C = 29.1 |Dec record high C = 30.1 |year record high C = 31.4 |Jan high C = 28.0 |Feb high C = 28.3 |Mar high C = 28.4 |Apr high C = 27.0 |May high C = 25.4 |Jun high C = 24.1 |Jul high C = 23.4 |Aug high C = 23.5 |Sep high C = 23.8 |Oct high C = 24.6 |Nov high C = 25.8 |Dec high C = 27.0 |year high C = 25.8 |Jan mean C = 25.5 |Feb mean C = 25.8 |Mar mean C = 26.0 |Apr mean C = 24.9 |May mean C = 23.4 |Jun mean C = 22.2 |Jul mean C = 21.4 |Aug mean C = 21.3 |Sep mean C = 21.5 |Oct mean C = 22.3 |Nov mean C = 23.5 |Dec mean C = 24.7 |year mean C = 23.5 |Jan low C = 23.1 |Feb low C = 23.4 |Mar low C = 23.6 |Apr low C = 22.7 |May low C = 21.4 |Jun low C = 20.3 |Jul low C = 19.5 |Aug low C = 19.1 |Sep low C = 19.3 |Oct low C = 20.1 |Nov low C = 21.2 |Dec low C = 22.3 |year low C = 21.3 |Jan record low C = 18.5 |Feb record low C = 19.3 |Mar record low C = 18.3 |Apr record low C = 17.8 |May record low C = 16.0 |Jun record low C = 15.6 |Jul record low C = 13.9 |Aug record low C = 13.2 |Sep record low C = 14.6 |Oct record low C = 14.4 |Nov record low C = 16.6 |Dec record low C = 15.7 |year record low C = 13.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 187.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 175.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 167.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 164.8 |May precipitation mm = 174.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 155.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 127.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 135.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 119.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 153.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 165.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 186.5 |year precipitation mm = 1913.5 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.9 |Feb precipitation days = 13.2 |Mar precipitation days = 13.1 |Apr precipitation days = 12.3 |May precipitation days = 12.3 |Jun precipitation days = 12.1 |Jul precipitation days = 12.5 |Aug precipitation days = 11.2 |Sep precipitation days = 10.7 |Oct precipitation days = 11.4 |Nov precipitation days = 11.3 |Dec precipitation days = 13.6 |year precipitation days = 148.6 |Jan sun = 216.7 |Feb sun = 194.4 |Mar sun = 203.5 |Apr sun = 155.3 |May sun = 142.5 |Jun sun = 123.4 |Jul sun = 135.7 |Aug sun = 154.8 |Sep sun = 150.7 |Oct sun = 164.7 |Nov sun = 174.1 |Dec sun = 180.5 |year sun = 1996.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_98719005.pdf |title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991–2020 et records | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = August 26, 2022}}</ref>}} ==Transportation== {{main|Totegegie Airport}} Mangareva is reached by boat from the nearby airport across the lagoon. Mangareva is an important travel link to [[Pitcairn Island]]. Practically the only way a traveler can reach Pitcairn Island is to fly to [[Tahiti]], then to Mangareva. From there, a 32-hour boat ride will take the traveler to the island. Some reach Pitcairn by commercial shipping traffic, but that is uncommon, because shipping lanes do not typically pass close to Pitcairn. ==Culture and fiction== Painter and author [[Robert Lee Eskridge]]'s book ''Manga Reva: The Forgotten Islands'' (Bobbs Merrill; 1931) offers first-hand observations of the environment, peoples, and traditions of Mangareva. It includes original illustrations and photographs by the author. In 1962, the adventure-fiction writer [[Garland Roark]] acknowledged Eskridge's work in a foreword to his novel, ''The Witch of Manga Reva''. Eskridge also wrote and illustrated a children's book about his visit to Mangareva: ''South Sea Playmates'' (Bobbs Merrill; 1933). Sailor and author W. I. B. (Bill) Crealock describes in his book ''Cloud of Islands'' a visit to Mangareva, which he considered the ideal island, on the yacht ''Arthur Rogers'', in the company of Diana and Tom Hepworth, whose lives were later recounted in the book ''Faraway'' by Lucy Irvine. ===Binary counting system=== The Mangarevan people developed a [[binary number]] system centuries ahead of Europeans.<ref name="B&B2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Andrea |last2=Beller |first2=Sieghard |date=2013 |title=Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=1322–1327 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1309160110 |pmid=24344278 |pmc=3910603|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2013, the islanders were discovered to have developed a novel binary system that allowed them to reduce the number of digits involved in binary counting: for example, representing 150 requires eight digits in binary (10010110) but only four in the Mangarevan system (VTPK, where V (''varu'') means 80, T (''tataua'') is 40, P (''paua'') is 20, and K (''takau'') is 10).<ref name="B&B2013"/> As binary counting is unknown in other Polynesian societies, it most likely developed after Mangareva was settled (which was sometime between 1060 and 1360&nbsp;AD).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rieth |first1=Timothy |last2=Cochrane |first2=Ethan |editor-last=Cochrane |editor-first=E. |editor-last2=Hunt |editor-first2=T. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2018 |pages=133–161 |chapter=The chronology of colonization in remote Oceania |isbn=978-0-199-92507-0}}</ref> Since [[Gottfried Leibniz]] would not invent the modern binary number system until 1689, the Mangarevan binary steps prefigured the European invention of binary by as many as 300 to 600 years. In 2020, Mangarevan binary counting was shown to be an extension of a traditional Polynesian method of counting.<ref name="OvermannJPS2020">{{cite journal |last= Overmann |first= Karenleigh A. |date=2020 |title= The curious idea that Māori once counted by elevens, and the insights it still holds for cross-cultural numerical research |url=https://osf.io/9ynsa/download |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=59–84 |doi=10.15286/jps.129.1.59-84 |access-date=24 July 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> Polynesian societies are known to count specific types of objects differently, and they count objects both singly (one by one) and collectively (by twos, fours, or eights). In each case, counting remains decimal (one, two, three...), though the unit counted varies (one, two, four, or eight). In Mangareva, counting collective items decimally produced productive terms for ten (''takau'' or ten singles), twenty (''paua'' or ten pairs), forty (''tataua'' or ten groups of four), and eighty (''varu'' or ten groups of eight). Given the availability of these terms and their associated numerical values, binary counting was then a simple adaptation of traditional Polynesian counting, which set aside every tenth item to mark ten of the items being counted (in New Zealand, this method was misunderstood by Europeans as [[undecimal]] or base-11 counting).<ref name="OvermannJPS2020"/> In the traditional method, the pile of set-asides would then be counted the same way, with every tenth item marking a hundred (second round), thousand (third round), ten thousand items (fourth round), and so on.<ref>{{cite book |last=Overmann |first=Karenleigh A. |title=The Materiality of Numbers: Emergence and Elaboration from Prehistory to Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009361248 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/materiality-of-numbers/0225B896107A5E4BCC6657473ACD1FE8}}</ref><ref name="OvermannOA2020">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Overmann |first=Karenleigh A. |title=Oceanian counting algorithms: Analytical data for EU project 785793 |publisher=Unpublished |date=2020 |url=https://osf.io/z9ux5/ |access-date=March 21, 2022}}</ref> In Mangarevan binary, in the first round items were counted as before, but in the second round and thereafter they were grouped into eights (''varu'') and then fours (''tataua''), twos (''paua''), and singles (''takau'').<ref name="OvermannOA2020"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Overmann |first=Karenleigh A. |date=2021 |title=Counting by 'elevens' and why ''nine and two'' make ''twenty'': The material roots of Polynesian numbers |url=https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/jbr9g/ |journal=Journal of Mathematics and Culture |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1–32 |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Once counting had shifted to binary units in the second and subsequent rounds, the method was no longer decimal, suggesting an explanation for the upper limit of 800 (for items counted singly) observed for the counting system.<ref name="OvermannJPS2020"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hiroa |first=Te Rangi |date=1938 |title=Ethnology of Mangareva |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum |page=417 |oclc=715560748}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Janeau |first=Vincent-Ferrier |date=1908 |title=Essai de grammaire de la langue des îles Gambier, ou Mangaréva |language=fr |trans-title=Essay on the grammar of the language of the Gambier Islands, or Mangareva |location=Braine-le-Comte, Belgium |publisher=Zech et Fils |page=20 |oclc=558858398}}</ref> ===Mythology=== Mangarevan mythology includes deities and gods commonly found across the [[Polynesian triangle]]. For instance, traditionally, in Mangareva, the most important god was named Tu, whereas in [[Māori mythology|New Zealand]] and [[Hawaiian religion|Hawai'i]], the god of war was similarly named [[Kū]].<ref name=":1" /> Other commonalities amongst the islands of the Polynesian triangle include the goddess [[Haumea (mythology)|Haumea]], who is said to have been responsible for the creation of the world, and the demi-god [[Māui (mythology)|Māui]], who is said to have fished up the islands from the bottom of the sea.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://apo.org.au/system/files/110416/apo-nid110416-440051.pdf|title=Mangarevan – A Shifting Language|last=Manuireva|first=Ena|date=2014|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> ==Gallery== [[File:Mangareva.2006.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Mangareva Island, view from the Motu Totegegie]] {{clear left}} <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Mangareva Island.jpg|Map of Mangareva dated from 1938 File:Gambier9.png|Location within the Gambier Islands File:Mangareva Mountains AKK 1784.jpg|Mt. Duff, {{Convert|1200|ft|m|-1|abbr=on|order=flip}}, the only volcanic remnant of all the original volcanoes which made up the Tuamotu archipelago File:Cathédrale Saint-Michel de Rikitea.2014.jpg|[[St. Michael's Cathedral, Rikitea|St Michael's Cathedral]] on Mangareva island File:Mangareva Vue aérienne.JPG|Aerial view File:Mangareva.jpg|Coastal view </gallery> ==See also== * [[List of volcanoes in French Polynesia]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikivoyage}} {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232600/http://www.janeresture.com/tahiti_mangareva/ Mangareva, Tahiti – Death of a People] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jwgk9RpTFnw Mangareva] {{Tuamotus}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mangareva| ]] [[Category:Islands of the Gambier Islands]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a 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