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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mozart_MsOfDifficileLectu.PNG/330px-Mozart_MsOfDifficileLectu.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mozart_MsOfDifficileLectu.PNG/440px-Mozart_MsOfDifficileLectu.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of the original manuscript of Mozart's canon "<a href="/wiki/Difficile_lectu" title="Difficile lectu">Difficile lectu</a>". The words "lectu mihi mars" were intended to be heard as "<a href="/wiki/Swabian_salute" title="Swabian salute">Leck du mich im Arsch</a>" ("lick my arse"), a phrase commonly used in Mozart's family circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Buch2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buch2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> displayed <a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">scatological humour</a> in his letters and multiple recreational compositions. This material has long been a puzzle for Mozart scholarship. Some scholars try to understand it in terms of its role in Mozart's family, his society and his times; others attempt to understand it as a result of an "impressive list"<sup id="cite_ref-Kammer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of psychiatric conditions from which Mozart is claimed to have suffered. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG/170px-MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG/255px-MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG/340px-MariaAnnaTheklaMozart.PNG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Self-portrait in pencil of Maria Anna Thekla Mozart, from 1777 or 1778</figcaption></figure> <p>A letter dated 5 November 1777<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Mozart's cousin (and probable love-interest) <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart</a> is an example of Mozart's use of scatology. The German original<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in rhymed verse. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Well, I wish you good night, but first, <br /> Shit in your bed and make it burst.<br /> Sleep soundly, my love<br /> Into your mouth your arse you'll shove.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> "<a href="/wiki/Leck_mich_im_Arsch" title="Leck mich im Arsch">Leck mich im Arsch</a>" <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue" title="Köchel catalogue">K.</a> 231 (K<sup>6</sup> 382c) includes the lyrics: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leck mich im A[rsch] g'schwindi, g'schwindi!</i></span></p></blockquote> <p>This would be translated into English as "lick me in the arse, quickly, quickly!" </p><p>"Leck mich im Arsch" is a standard vulgarism in German, euphemistically called the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_salute" title="Swabian salute">Swabian salute</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">schwäbischer Gruß</i>). Although contemporary German would rather say "Leck mich am Arsch."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest English counterpart is "Kiss my arse". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musicologist David Schroeder writes: </p> <blockquote><p>The passage of time has created an almost unbridgeable gulf between ourselves and Mozart's time, forcing us to misread his scatological letters even more drastically than his other letters. Very simply, these letters embarrass us, and we have tried to suppress them, trivialize them, or explain them out of the epistolary canon with pathological excuses.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For example, when <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was apprised of Mozart's scatology during a visit to the theatre to see <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaffer" title="Peter Shaffer">Peter Shaffer</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_(play)" title="Amadeus (play)">Amadeus</a></i>, director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)" title="Peter Hall (director)">Peter Hall</a> relates: </p> <blockquote><p>She was not pleased. In her best headmistress style, she gave me a severe wigging for putting on a play that depicted Mozart as a scatological <a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">imp</a> with a love of <a href="/wiki/Four-letter_word" title="Four-letter word">four-letter words</a>. It was inconceivable, she said, that a man who wrote such exquisite and elegant music could be so foul-mouthed. I said that Mozart's letters proved he was just that: he had an extraordinarily infantile sense of humour ... "I don't think you heard what I said", replied the Prime Minister. "He couldn't have been like that". I offered (and sent) a copy of Mozart's letters to <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">Number Ten</a> the next day; I was even thanked by the appropriate Private Secretary. But it was useless: the Prime Minister said I was wrong, so wrong I was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetershaffersama00shaf_0pagen13mode2up_xii]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetershaffersama00shaf_0pagen13mode2up_xii]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benjamin Simkin, an <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinologist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Byways_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byways-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates that 39 of Mozart's letters include scatological passages. Almost all of these are directed to Mozart's own family, specifically his father <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold</a>, his mother <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart" title="Anna Maria Mozart">Anna Maria</a>, his sister <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Mozart">Nannerl</a>, and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart</a>. According to Simkin, Leopold, Anna Maria and Nannerl also included scatological humour in their own letters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Anna Maria wrote to her husband (26 September 1777; original is in rhyme): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Addio, ben mio. Keep well, my love.<br /> Into your mouth your arse you'll shove.<br /> I wish you good night, my dear,<br /> But first, shit in your bed and make it burst.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Even the relatively straitlaced Leopold used a scatological expression in one letter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of Mozart's scatological letters were written to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart</a>, his cousin (and probable love interest, according to the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Solomon" title="Maynard Solomon">Maynard Solomon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often called the "Bäsle letters", after the German word <i>Bäsle</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> form meaning "little cousin". In these letters, written after Mozart had spent a pleasant two weeks with his cousin in her native <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scatology is combined with word play and sexual references. American academic Robert Spaethling's rendered translation of part of a letter Mozart sent from <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> 5 November 1777: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Dearest cozz buzz! </p><p> I have received reprieved your highly esteemed writing biting, and I have noted doted thy my uncle Garfuncle, my aunt Slant, and you too, are all well mell. We, too thank God, are in good fettle kettle ... You write further, indeed you let it all out, you expose yourself, you let yourself be heard, you give me notice, you declare yourself, you indicate to me, you bring me the news, you announce unto me, you state in broad daylight, you demand, you desire, you wish, you want, you like, you command that I, too, should could send you my Portrait. Eh bien, I shall mail fail it for sure. Oui, by the love of my skin, I shit on your nose, so it runs down your chin...<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One of the letters Mozart wrote to his father while visiting Augsburg reports an encounter Mozart and his cousin had with a priest named Father Emilian: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[He was] an arrogant ass and a simple-minded little wit of his profession ... finally when he was a little drunk, which happened soon, he started on about music. He sang a canon, and said: I have never in my life heard anything more beautiful ... He started. I took the third voice, but I slipped in an entirely different text: 'P[ater] E: o du schwanz, leck mich im arsch' ["Father Emilian, oh you prick, lick me in the arse"]. <i><a href="/wiki/Sotto_voce" title="Sotto voce">Sotto voce</a></i>, to my cousin. Then we laughed together for another half hour.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Mozart's scatological music was most likely recreational and shared among a closed group of inebriated friends. All of it takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canons</a> (rounds), in which each voice enters with the same words and music following a delay after the previous voice. Musicologist <a href="/wiki/David_J._Buch" title="David J. Buch">David J. Buch</a> writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It may seem strange that Mozart made fair copies, entered these items into his personal works catalogue (in which he tended to omit ephemeral works) and allowed them to be copied. The reason he favored these small and crude pieces in ways similar to his more serious and important works remains a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuch2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuch2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_of_family_and_friends">Reactions of family and friends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reactions of family and friends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Lucy Coatman argues that <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla</a> and Mozart likely had a shared sense of humour, something which she believes has been "discounted throughout much of the historiography on this set of correspondence".<sup id="cite_ref-Coatman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coatman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> While scholars are not aware of her replies to her cousin, it can be assumed from what is known of their relationship and his continued correspondence that she was likely not offended by Mozart's vulgar references. </p><p>In 1798, Constanze sent her late husband's Bäsle letters to the publishers <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>, who at the time were gathering material in hopes of preparing a Mozart biography.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the accompanying letter she wrote "Although in dubious taste, the letters to his cousin are full of wit and deserve mentioning, although they cannot of course be published in their entirety."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K.A. Aterman suggests that this ambivalence is a result of the "change in the taste and the 'refinement' spreading to, and in, the rising middle class" in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_18th_century">In the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg/170px-Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg/255px-Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg/340px-Gottfried_Prehauser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Gottfried Prehauser, an actor of 18th-century Vienna, playing Hanswurst</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999)</a> suggests that in the 18th century scatological humour was far more public and "mainstream". The German-language popular theatre of Mozart's time was influenced by the Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a></i> and emphasized the stock character of <a href="/wiki/Hanswurst" title="Hanswurst">Hanswurst</a>, a coarse and robust character who would entertain his audience by pretending to eat large and unlikely objects (for instance, a whole calf), then defecating them.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schroeder suggests a political underlay to the scatology in popular theatre: its viewers lived under a system of hereditary aristocracy that excluded them from political participation. The vulgarity of scatological popular theatre was a counterpoint to the refined culture imposed from above.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Mozart's own letters describes aristocrats in scatological terms; he identified the aristocrats present at a concert in Augsburg (1777) as "the Duchess Smackarse, the Countess Pleasurepisser, the Princess Stinkmess, and the two Princes Potbelly von Pigdick".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German_culture">In German culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In German culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The folklorist and cultural anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Alan Dundes</a> suggested that interest in or tolerance for scatological matters is a specific trait of German national culture, one which is retained to this day:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In German folklore, one finds an inordinate number of texts concerned with anality. Scheiße (shit), Dreck (dirt), Mist (manure), Arsch (ass), and other locutions are commonplace. Folksongs, folktales, proverbs, folk speech—all attest to the Germans' longstanding special interest in this area of human activity. I am not claiming that other peoples of the world do not express a healthy concern for this area, but rather that the Germans appear to be preoccupied with such themes. It is thus not so much a matter of difference as it is of degree.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984)</a> provides ample coverage of scatological humor in Mozart, but also cites scatological texts from <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, and others who helped shape German culture. <a href="#CITEREFKarhausen1993">Karhausen (1993)</a> asserts that "scatology was common in Mitteleuropa [central Europe]", noting for instance that Mozart's Salzburg colleague <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">Michael Haydn</a> also wrote a scatological canon.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the phrases used by Mozart in his scatological material were not original with him but were part of the folklore and culture of his day: professor of German <a href="#CITEREFMieder2003">Mieder (2003)</a> describes the Bäsle letters as involving "Mozart's intentional play with what is for the most part preformulated folk speech".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example given by Robert Spaethling is the folkloric origin of a phrase seen above, "Gute Nacht, scheiß ins Bett dass' Kracht", claimed by Spaethling to be a "children's rhyme that is still current in south German language areas today".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, when Mozart sang to <a href="/wiki/Aloysia_Weber" title="Aloysia Weber">Aloysia Weber</a> the words "Leck mich das Mensch im Arsch, das mich nicht will" ("Whoever doesn't want me can lick my arse") on the occasion of being romantically rejected by her, he was evidently singing an existing folk tune, not a song of his own invention.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_accounts">Medical accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coatman, who supports a social and philological explanation of Mozart's scatology, has suggested that any retrospective diagnoses reveal a problem with the perusal of letters as a genre. Following ethicist Osamu Muramoto,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she states that "retrospective diagnosis can be challenged not only on an epistemic level but also on the ontological and ethical ones".<sup id="cite_ref-Coatman_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coatman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> She notes that by projecting modern sensibilities back onto the letters, scholars from a range of fields have "failed to understand the historical context, language usage of eighteenth-century Salzburg, and indeed, the personality of Mozart".<sup id="cite_ref-Coatman_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coatman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scatological_materials">Scatological materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scatological materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_letters">In letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6lzlschiessen" title="Bölzlschiessen">Bölzlschiessen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart</a></div> <p>Benjamin Simkin's compilation lists scatological letters by Mozart to the following individuals:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkin19921563–1567_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkin19921563–1567-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>his father, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a>: twenty letters</li> <li>his wife, <a href="/wiki/Constanze_Mozart" title="Constanze Mozart">Constanze Mozart</a>: six letters</li> <li>his cousin <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart</a>: six letters</li> <li>his sister <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Mozart">Maria Anna Mozart</a> (Nannerl): four letters</li> <li>his mother <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart" title="Anna Maria Mozart">Anna Maria Mozart</a>: one letter</li> <li>his mother and sister jointly: one letter</li> <li>his Salzburg friend Abbé Joseph Bullinger: one letter</li> <li>his friend, the choirmaster Anton Stoll, for whom he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_verum_corpus_(Mozart)" title="Ave verum corpus (Mozart)">Ave verum corpus</a></i>: one letter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_arias,_songs_and_canons_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of concert arias, songs and canons by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">List of concert arias, songs and canons by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></div> <p>The canons were first published after Mozart's death with <a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">bowdlerized</a> lyrics;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for instance, "Leck mir den Arsch fein rein" ("Lick me in the arse nice and clean") became "Nichts labt mich mehr als Wein" ("Nothing refreshes me more than wine"). In some cases, only the first line of the original scatological lyrics is preserved. The following list is ordered by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Köchel catalog">Köchel catalog</a> number. Voices and conjectured dates are from <a href="#CITEREFZaslawCowdery1990">Zaslaw & Cowdery (1990</a>:101–105); and links marked "score" lead to the online edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Mozart-Ausgabe" title="Neue Mozart-Ausgabe">Neue Mozart-Ausgabe</a></i>. </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Leck_mich_im_Arsch" title="Leck mich im Arsch">Leck mich im Arsch</a>" ("Lick me in the arse"), <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue" title="Köchel catalogue">K.</a> 231 (K<sup>6</sup> 382c), for six voices. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=11">Score</a>). Composed some time in the 1780s. First published as "Lass froh uns sein" ("Let us be joyful").</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leck_mir_den_Arsch_fein_recht_sch%C3%B6n_sauber" title="Leck mir den Arsch fein recht schön sauber">Leck mir den Arsch fein recht schön sauber</a>" ("Lick my arse right well and clean"), K. 233 (K<sup>6</sup> 382d). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=17">Score</a>). First published as "Nichts labt mich mehr als Wein" ("Nothing pleases me more than wine"). The music of this canon was once thought to be by Mozart but was shown in 1988 by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Plath" title="Wolfgang Plath">Wolfgang Plath</a> to be by <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Trnka" title="Wenzel Trnka">Wenzel Trnka</a>, originally to the Italian words "Tu sei gelosa, è vero".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the editors of the <i>Neue Mozart-Ausgabe</i> note, the work almost certainly should be considered a work of Mozart's, but as the author of the lyrics rather than as the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bei_der_Hitz_im_Sommer_e%C3%9F_ich" title="Bei der Hitz im Sommer eß ich">Bei der Hitz im Sommer eß ich</a>" ("In the heat of summer I eat"), K. 234 (K<sup>6</sup> 382e). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=20">Score</a>). As with K. 233, the music is not by Mozart; originally it was the canon "So che vanti un cor ingrato" by Wenzel Trnka.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"Gehn wir im <a href="/wiki/Wurstelprater" title="Wurstelprater">Prater</a>, gehn wir in d' Hetz", K. 558, for four voices. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=43">Score</a>). 1788 or earlier.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Difficile_lectu" title="Difficile lectu">Difficile lectu mihi Mars</a></i>, K. 559, for three voices. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=47">Score</a>). C. 1786–1787.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_du_eselhafter_Peierl" title="O du eselhafter Peierl">O du eselhafter Peierl</a></i>, ("Oh, you asinine Peierl") for four voices, K. 560a. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=49">Score</a>). C. 1786–1787. A slightly revised version, "O du eselhafter Martin", is catalogued as K. 560b.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bona_nox" title="Bona nox">Bona nox</a>" ("Good night") K. 561, for four voices. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=93&gen=edition&l=1&p1=62">Score</a>). 1788 or earlier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatolinguistics" title="Scatolinguistics">Scatolinguistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Buch2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buch2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuch2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Buch" title="David J. Buch">Buch, David J.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/912678">"Mozart's Bawdy Canons, Vulgarity and Debauchery at the Wiednertheater"</a>. <i>Eighteenth Century Music</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 283–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1478570616000087">10.1017/S1478570616000087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-5706">1478-5706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163849057">163849057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth+Century+Music&rft.atitle=Mozart%27s+Bawdy+Canons%2C+Vulgarity+and+Debauchery+at+the+Wiednertheater&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-308&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163849057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-5706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1478570616000087&rft.aulast=Buch&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F912678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kammer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kammer_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kammer, Thomas (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-ulm.de/~tkammer/pdf/Kammer_2007_Mozart_preprint.pdf">"Mozart in the Neurological Department – Who Has the Tic?"</a>. In J. Bogousslavsky and Hennerici M. G. (eds.), <i>Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists – Part 2</i>. Frontiers in Neurology and Neurosciences, vol. 22. Basel: Karger, pp. 184–192. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145220/http://www.uni-ulm.de/~tkammer/pdf/Kammer_2007_Mozart_preprint.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mozarts Bäsle-Briefe</i>, <a href="/wiki/File:Baesle_Briefe_109.jpg" title="File:Baesle Briefe 109.jpg">p. 109</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Baesle_Briefe_110.jpg" title="File:Baesle Briefe 110.jpg">p. 110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"lezt wünsch ich eine gute nacht/scheissen sie ins bett dass es kracht/schlafens gesund/reckens den arsch zum mund"; <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984</a>:66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text and translation from <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984</a>:66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984</a>:42–48)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999</a>:133)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetershaffersama00shaf_0pagen13mode2up_xii]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetershaffersama00shaf_0pagen13mode2up_xii]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2001">Shaffer 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petershaffersama00shaf_0/page/n13/mode/2up">xii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byways-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byways_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Simkin2001" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Simkin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901100203/http://www.danielpublishing.com/books/suppl/simkin.html"><i>Did Mozart Have Tourette Syndrome?</i></a>. Fithian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56474-349-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56474-349-7"><bdi>1-56474-349-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielpublishing.com/books/suppl/simkin.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Mozart+Have+Tourette+Syndrome%3F&rft.pub=Fithian+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56474-349-7&rft.au=Benjamin+Simkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielpublishing.com%2Fbooks%2Fsuppl%2Fsimkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimkin1992">Simkin (1992</a>:1563) lists one letter containing scatological humor from each of Leopold and Nannerl; and from Anna Maria, one, and another which appears in <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1938">Anderson (1938</a>:425).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation from <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1938">Anderson (1938</a>:404). The German original reads: "adio ben mio, leb gesund / Reck den arsch zum mund. / Ich winsch ein guete nacht / Scheiss ins beth das Kracht."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was "to shit oranges", meaning approximately "to get upset", using in a letter written from Italy in 1770; <a href="#CITEREFMieder2003">Mieder (2003</a>:45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of the evidence that Mozart and his cousin were in love, see <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1996">Solomon (1996</a>:161–166).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999</a>:87–89)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpaethling2000">Spaethling (2000</a>:87). The original reads "Ich habe dero mir so werthes schreiben richtig erhalten falten, und daraus ersehen drehen, daß der H: vetter retter, die fr: baaß has, und sie wie, recht wohl auf sind hind; wir sind auch gott lob und danck recht gesund hund. ... sie schreiben noch ferners, ja, sie lassen sich heraus, sie geben sich blos, sie lassen sich verlauten, sie machen mir zu wissen, sie erklären sich, sie deüten mir an, sie benachrichtigen mir, sie machen mir kund, sie geben deütlich am tage, sie verlangen, sie begehren, sie wünschen, sie wollen, sie mögen, sie befehlen, daß ich ihnen auch mein Portrait schicken soll schroll. Eh bien, ich werde es ihnen gewis schicken schlicken. Oui, par ma la foi, ich scheiss dir auf d'nasen, so, rinds dir auf d'koi."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation from <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999</a>:135)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuch2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuch2016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuch2016">Buch 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coatman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coatman_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coatman_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coatman_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatman" class="citation web cs1">Coatman, Lucy S. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49337710">"Editorial Introduction to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 'Bäsle Briefe'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Editorial+Introduction+to+Wolfgang+Amadeus+Mozart%27s+%27B%C3%A4sle+Briefe%27&rft.aulast=Coatman&rft.aufirst=Lucy+S.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49337710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1996">Solomon (1996</a>:500)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbert2008">Abert (2008</a>:1360)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAterman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Aterman, K.A. (1993). "Should Mozart have been psychoanalyzed? Some comments on Mozart's language in his letters". <i>Dalhousie Review</i>. <b>73</b>: 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalhousie+Review&rft.atitle=Should+Mozart+have+been+psychoanalyzed%3F+Some+comments+on+Mozart%27s+language+in+his+letters&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=178&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Aterman&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999</a>:128)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999</a>:127–130)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English rendering from <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1999">Schroeder (1999</a>:135)). The original German reads "Ducheße arschbömerl, die gräfin brunzgern, die fürstin richzumtreck, und die 2 Princzen Mußbauch von Sauschwanz".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mozart's nationality was, strictly speaking, that of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg">Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg</a>. His letters indicate he felt his nationality to be German (see e.g. his letter to his father of 17 August 1782; Mersman (1972:204)); this was natural in a time when the territory comprising modern Austria and Germany was a patchwork of mostly small nation-states.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984</a>:9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarhausen1993">Karhausen (1993)</a>. Haydn's canon was entitled "Scheiß nieder, armer Sünder", which Karhausen renders as "Shit fast, poor sinner".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMieder2003">Mieder (2003</a>:50)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpaethling2000">Spaethling (2000</a>:18). As Spaethling notes, the rhyme also appears in Mozart's canon "<a href="/wiki/Bona_nox" title="Bona nox">Bona nox</a>", and in an Italian translation ("cacate nel letto che egli fà fracasso") is found a 1770 letter to his mother and sister written in Italy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1996">Solomon (1996</a>:169, 552), citing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Karl_Bl%C3%BCmml&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Karl Blümml (page does not exist)">Blümml</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Karl_Bl%C3%BCmml" class="extiw" title="de:Emil Karl Blümml">de</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuramoto2014" class="citation journal cs1">Muramoto, Osamu (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049481">"Retrospective diagnosis of a famous historical figure: ontological, epistemic, and ethical considerations"</a>. <i>Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine</i>. <b>9</b> (10): 2–3 (1–15). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1747-5341-9-10">10.1186/1747-5341-9-10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049481">4049481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24884777">24884777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy%2C+Ethics%2C+and+Humanities+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Retrospective+diagnosis+of+a+famous+historical+figure%3A+ontological%2C+epistemic%2C+and+ethical+considerations&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2-3+%281-15%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4049481%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24884777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1747-5341-9-10&rft.aulast=Muramoto&rft.aufirst=Osamu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4049481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkin19921563–1567-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkin19921563–1567_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimkin1992">Simkin 1992</a>, pp. 1563–1567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLink2006">Link (2006</a>:133)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkeRehm2007">Berke & Rehm (2007</a>:69)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbert2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Abert" title="Hermann Abert">Abert, Hermann</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Cliff Eisen</a> (ed.). <i>W. A. Mozart</i>. Translated by Stewart Spencer. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+A.+Mozart&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Abert&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Anderson" title="Emily Anderson">Anderson, Emily</a> (1938). <i>The Letters of Mozart and his Family</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Mozart+and+his+Family&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBerkeRehm2007"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Berke" title="Dietrich Berke">Berke, Dietrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rehm" title="Wolfgang Rehm">Wolfgang Rehm</a> (with collaboration of Miriam Pfadt) (2007) <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Mozart-Ausgabe" title="Neue Mozart-Ausgabe">Neue Mozart-Ausgabe</a>: Texte – Bilder – Chronik, 1955–2007</i>. Kassel: Bärenreiter. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070722083646/https://www.baerenreiter.com/html/download/pdfs/Endbericht-NMA.pdf">online</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Dundes, Alan</a> (1984). <i>Life is like a Chicken Coop Ladder: Studies of German National Character through Folklore</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+is+like+a+Chicken+Coop+Ladder%3A+Studies+of+German+National+Character+through+Folklore&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2006" class="citation book cs1">Link, Dorothea (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'È la fede degli amanti' and the Viennese operatic canon". In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Keefe">Simon Keefe</a> (ed.). <i>Mozart Studies</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27%C3%88+la+fede+degli+amanti%27+and+the+Viennese+operatic+canon&rft.btitle=Mozart+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMieder2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mieder" title="Wolfgang Mieder">Mieder, Wolfgang</a> (January–April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_folklore_research/v040/40.1mieder.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Now I Sit Like a Rabbit in the Pepper': Proverbial Language in the Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Folklore_Research" title="Journal of Folklore Research">Journal of Folklore Research</a></i>. <b>40</b> (1): 33–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjfr.2003.0007">10.1353/jfr.2003.0007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162264979">162264979</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=%27Now+I+Sit+Like+a+Rabbit+in+the+Pepper%27%3A+Proverbial+Language+in+the+Letters+of+Wolfgang+Amadeus+Mozart&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-70&rft.date=2003-01%2F2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjfr.2003.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162264979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mieder&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_folklore_research%2Fv040%2F40.1mieder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaffer" title="Peter Shaffer">Shaffer, Peter</a> (2001) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_(play)" title="Amadeus (play)">Amadeus</a></i>. Harper-Collins (Perennial). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093549-9"><bdi>0-06-093549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amadeus&rft.pub=Harper-Collins+%28Perennial%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-093549-9&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1999" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, David P. (1999). <i>Mozart in Revolt: Strategies of Resistance, Mischief, and Deception</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07542-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07542-1"><bdi>0-300-07542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart+in+Revolt%3A+Strategies+of+Resistance%2C+Mischief%2C+and+Deception&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-300-07542-1&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Solomon" title="Maynard Solomon">Solomon, Maynard</a> (1996). <i>Mozart: A Life</i>. New York: Harper Perennial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaethling2000" class="citation book cs1">Spaethling, Robert (2000). <i>Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life: Selected Letters</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04719-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04719-9"><bdi>0-393-04719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart%27s+Letters%2C+Mozart%27s+Life%3A+Selected+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-393-04719-9&rft.aulast=Spaethling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaslawCowdery1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Zaslaw" title="Neal Zaslaw">Zaslaw, Neal</a>; Cowdery, William (1990). <i>The Compleat Mozart: A Guide to the Musical Works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393028867" title="Special:BookSources/9780393028867"><bdi>9780393028867</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21043098">21043098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Compleat+Mozart%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Musical+Works+of+Wolfgang+Amadeus+Mozart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21043098&rft.isbn=9780393028867&rft.aulast=Zaslaw&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft.au=Cowdery%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourette_syndrome_hypothesis">Tourette syndrome hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourette syndrome hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following articles have advanced the theory that Mozart had Tourette syndrome: </p> <ul><li>Gunne, L.M. (1991) Hade Mozart Tourettes syndrom? <i>Läkartidningen</i> 88: 4325–4326. [cited in Kammer 1983]</li> <li>Fog, R. (1995) Mozart's bizarre verbal behavior: a case of Tourette syndrome? <i>Maledicta</i> 11:59–62. [cited in Kammer 1983]</li> <li>Fog, R. and L. Regeur (1983) Did W.A. Mozart suffer from Tourette's syndrome? World Congress of Psychiatry, Vienna. [cited in Kammer 1983]</li> <li>Schaub, S. (1994) Mozart und das Tourette-Syndrom. <i>Acta Mozartiana</i> 41: 15–20. [cited in Kammer 1983]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Simkin, Benjamin (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/305/6868/1563.full.pdf">"Mozart's scatological disorder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>. <b>305</b> (6868): 1563–1567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1563">10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884718">1884718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1286388">1286388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mozart%27s+scatological+disorder&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=6868&rft.pages=1563-1567&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1286388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1563&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2Fbmj%2F305%2F6868%2F1563.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>The following articles direct criticism at the hypothesis: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshooriJankovic2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ashoori, A; Jankovic, J (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130801115856/http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2117611">"Mozart's movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette's syndrome?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Neurology,_Neurosurgery,_and_Psychiatry" title="Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry">Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>78</b> (11): 1171–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.2007.114520">10.1136/jnnp.2007.114520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117611">2117611</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17940168">17940168</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2117611">the original</a> on 2013-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Mozart%27s+movements+and+behaviour%3A+a+case+of+Tourette%27s+syndrome%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1171-5&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2117611%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17940168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.2007.114520&rft.aulast=Ashoori&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Jankovic%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2117611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davies, Peter J. (1993) Letter to the Editor. <i>BMJ</i> 306: 521–522. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/306/6876/521-c.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Kammer, Thomas (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145220/http://www.uni-ulm.de/~tkammer/pdf/Kammer_2007_Mozart_preprint.pdf">"Mozart in the Neurological Department – Who Has the Tic?"</a>. In J. Bogousslavsky and Hennerici M. G. (eds.), <i>Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists – Part 2</i>. Frontiers in Neurology and Neurosciences, vol. 22. Basel: Karger, pp. 184–192.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarhausen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Karhausen, L. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1676810">"Letter to the Editor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>. <b>306</b> (6876): 522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.306.6876.522">10.1136/bmj.306.6876.522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1676810">1676810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8448496">8448496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=6876&rft.pages=522&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1676810%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8448496&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.306.6876.522&rft.aulast=Karhausen&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1676810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarhausen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Karhausen, L. R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296923">"Weeding Mozart's medical history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</a></i>. <b>91</b> (10): 546–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689809101019">10.1177/014107689809101019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296923">1296923</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10070384">10070384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Weeding+Mozart%27s+medical+history&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=546-550&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1296923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10070384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107689809101019&rft.aulast=Karhausen&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1296923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Sacks, Oliver</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884721">"Tourette's syndrome and creativity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>. <b>305</b> (6868): 1515–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1515">10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1515</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884721">1884721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1286364">1286364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Tourette%27s+syndrome+and+creativity&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=6868&rft.pages=1515-6&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1286364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.305.6868.1515&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1884721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMozart+and+scatology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_Syndrome_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette Syndrome Association">Tourette Syndrome Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020814021030/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/Mozart.html">Did Mozart really have TS?</a> Retrieved on 14 August 2002</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozart_and_scatology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mersmann" title="Hans Mersmann">Mersmann, Hans</a>, ed. (1972) <i>Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</i>. Dover Publications.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Template:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Template talk:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Mozart" title="Biographies of Mozart">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_birthplace" title="Mozart's birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_family_grand_tour" title="Mozart family grand tour">Grand tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_name" title="Mozart's name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Nationality of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarthaus_Vienna" title="Mozarthaus Vienna">Residence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_smallpox" title="Mozart and smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_in_Italy" title="Mozart in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_Berlin_journey" title="Mozart's Berlin journey">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_Prague" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appearance_and_character_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Appearance and character of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Appearance and character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_starling" title="Mozart's starling">Pet starling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_arias,_songs_and_canons_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of concert arias, songs and canons by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Concert arias, songs, canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_dance" title="Mozart and dance">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Concertos_(Mozart)" title="Horn Concertos (Mozart)">Horn concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_masses_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of masses by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Masses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_concertos_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Piano concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_piano_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of solo piano compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Works for solo piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sonatas_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Sonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Symphonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mozart_violin_concertos" title="Template:Mozart violin concertos">Violin concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_compositional_method" title="Mozart's compositional method">Compositional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_G_minor" title="Mozart and G minor">Relationship with G minor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Editions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:tan;">Editions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue" title="Köchel catalogue">Köchel catalogue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alte_Mozart-Ausgabe" title="Alte Mozart-Ausgabe">Alte Mozart-Ausgabe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Mozart-Ausgabe" title="Neue Mozart-Ausgabe">Neue Mozart-Ausgabe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mozart_family" title="Mozart family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart" title="Anna Maria Mozart">Anna Maria Mozart</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Mozart">Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl)</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constanze_Mozart" title="Constanze Mozart">Constanze Mozart</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle)</a> (first cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Wolfgang_Mozart" title="Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart">Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Thomas_Mozart" title="Karl Thomas Mozart">Karl Thomas Mozart</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Mozart" title="Johann Georg Mozart">Johann Georg Mozart</a> (paternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mozart" title="Franz Mozart">Franz Mozart</a> (paternal great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lange" title="Joseph Lange">Joseph Lange</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A4cilia_Weber" title="Cäcilia Weber">Cäcilia Weber</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josepha_Weber" title="Josepha Weber">Josepha Weber</a> (sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_Weber" title="Aloysia Weber">Aloysia Weber</a> (sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Weber" title="Sophie Weber">Sophie Weber</a> (sister-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_and_Mozart" title="Beethoven and Mozart">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_Freemasonry" title="Mozart and Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydn_and_Mozart" title="Haydn and Mozart">Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Salieri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Nikolaus_von_Nissen" title="Georg Nikolaus von Nissen">Georg Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_in_popular_culture" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in popular culture">Mozart in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%E2%80%93Haydn%E2%80%93Mozart_Memorial" title="Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial">Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_Monument,_Vienna" title="Mozart Monument, Vienna">Mozart Monument, Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:tan;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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