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class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Istoric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Răspândire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Răspândire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Răspândire </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Răspândire subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-În_Sistemul_Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_Sistemul_Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 În Sistemul Solar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Sistemul_Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pe_Pământ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pe_Pământ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pe Pământ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pe_Pământ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Proprietăți </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proprietăți subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fizice_și_chimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizice_și_chimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Fizice și chimice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizice_și_chimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Lithium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Francium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nucleare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tendințe_periodice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendințe_periodice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tendințe periodice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tendințe_periodice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tendințe periodice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tendințe_periodice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raze_atomice_și_ionice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raze_atomice_și_ionice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Raze atomice și ionice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raze_atomice_și_ionice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prima_energie_de_ionizare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prima_energie_de_ionizare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prima energie de ionizare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prima_energie_de_ionizare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactivitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactivitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Reactivitate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactivitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronegativitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronegativitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Electronegativitate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronegativitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puncte_de_topire_și_fierbere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puncte_de_topire_și_fierbere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Puncte de topire și fierbere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puncte_de_topire_și_fierbere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Densitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Densitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Densitate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Densitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuși" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuși"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Compuși </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compuși-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compuși subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compuși-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hidroxizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidroxizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hidroxizi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidroxizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuși_intermetalici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuși_intermetalici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Compuși intermetalici </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compuși_intermetalici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuși_cu_elementele_grupei_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuși_cu_elementele_grupei_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Compuși cu elementele grupei 13 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compuși_cu_elementele_grupei_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuși_cu_elementele_grupei_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuși_cu_elementele_grupei_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Compuși cu elementele grupei 14 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compuși_cu_elementele_grupei_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrizi_și_pnictizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrizi_și_pnictizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Nitrizi și pnictizi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrizi_și_pnictizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxizi_și_calcogenizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxizi_și_calcogenizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Oxizi și calcogenizi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxizi_și_calcogenizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halide,_hidride_și_pseudohalide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halide,_hidride_și_pseudohalide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Halide, hidride și pseudohalide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halide,_hidride_și_pseudohalide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complexe_de_coordonare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complexe_de_coordonare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Complexe de coordonare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complexe_de_coordonare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soluții_de_amoniu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soluții_de_amoniu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Soluții de amoniu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soluții_de_amoniu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometalicitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometalicitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Organometalicitate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometalicitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organolitiu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organolitiu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10.1 Organolitiu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organolitiu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metale_alcaline_grele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metale_alcaline_grele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10.2 Metale alcaline grele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metale_alcaline_grele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reacții_reprezentative_ale_metalelor_alcaline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reacții_reprezentative_ale_metalelor_alcaline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reacții reprezentative ale metalelor alcaline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reacții_reprezentative_ale_metalelor_alcaline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Extensii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudometale_alcaline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudometale_alcaline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Pseudometale alcaline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pseudometale_alcaline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pseudometale alcaline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pseudometale_alcaline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hidrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Hidrogen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amoniul_și_derivatele_sale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amoniul_și_derivatele_sale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Amoniul și derivatele sale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amoniul_și_derivatele_sale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cobaltogeni_și_derivatele_sale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cobaltogeni_și_derivatele_sale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cobaltogeni și derivatele sale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cobaltogeni_și_derivatele_sale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taliul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taliul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Taliul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taliul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cupru,_argint_și_aur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cupru,_argint_și_aur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cupru, argint și aur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cupru,_argint_și_aur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producere_și_izolare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producere_și_izolare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Producere și izolare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producere_și_izolare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicații" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicații"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Aplicații </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicații-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Aspecte de sănătate și securitate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aspecte de sănătate și securitate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aspecte_de_sănătate_și_securitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Metale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Ioni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Note </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Referințe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Comută cuprinsul </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Metal alcalin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 112 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 limbi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alkalimetaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alcal%C3%ADn" title="Metal alcalín – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metal alcalín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="فلز قلوي – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلز قلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%ADn" title="Alcalín – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alcalín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99l%C9%99vi_metallar" title="Qələvi metallar – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qələvi metallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Logam alkali" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Шчолачныя металы – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шчолачныя металы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Лужныя мэталы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лужныя мэталы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкален метал – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкален метал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="एल्कली धातु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एल्कली धातु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ক্ষার ধাতু – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্ষার ধাতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བུལ་ཅན་ལྕགས་རིགས།བུལ་ཏོག་ལྕགས་རིགས། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བུལ་ཅན་ལྕགས་རིགས།བུལ་ཏོག་ལྕགས་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalni_metali" title="Alkalni metali – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alkalni metali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall_alcal%C3%AD" title="Metall alcalí – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metall alcalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C4%95ng-g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Giĕng-gĭng-sṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giĕng-gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalick%C3%A9_kovy" title="Alkalické kovy – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alkalické kovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Сĕлтĕлле металл – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕлтĕлле металл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metel_alcal%C3%AFaidd" title="Metel alcalïaidd – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metel alcalïaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetal" title="Alkalimetal – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkalimetal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkalimetalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Αλκάλια – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκάλια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alkali metal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkala_metalo" title="Alkala metalo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkala metalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcalino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leelismetallid" title="Leelismetallid – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leelismetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alkalino" title="Metal alkalino – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal alkalino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فلزهای قلیایی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلزهای قلیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetalli" title="Alkalimetalli – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkalimetalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_alcalin" title="Métal alcalin – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métal alcalin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaalimetal" title="Alkaalimetal – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alkaalimetal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalymetaal" title="Alkalymetaal – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alkalymetaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal_alcaile" title="Miotal alcaile – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotal alcaile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="鹼金屬 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鹼金屬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatailt_alcalaidh" title="Meatailt alcalaidh – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meatailt alcalaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcalino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meain_alkalaih" title="Meain alkalaih – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Meain alkalaih" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1n-k%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Kán-kîm-su̍k – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kán-kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מתכת אלקלית – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת אלקלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="क्षार धातु – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षार धातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_dhaatu" title="Alkali dhaatu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alkali dhaatu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalijski_metali" title="Alkalijski metali – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkalijski metali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alkalen" title="Metal alkalen – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metal alkalen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%A1lif%C3%A9mek" title="Alkálifémek – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkálifémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալկալիական մետաղներ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալկալիական մետաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallos_alcalin" title="Metallos alcalin – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metallos alcalin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam alkali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliatra_metalo" title="Alkaliatra metalo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alkaliatra metalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkal%C3%ADm%C3%A1lmur" title="Alkalímálmur – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alkalímálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalli_alcalini" title="Metalli alcalini – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metalli alcalini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="アルカリ金属 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルカリ金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Logam alkali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტუტე ლითონები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუტე ლითონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сілтілік металдар – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сілтілік металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 금속 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알칼리 금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Alkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalla_alcalica" title="Metalla alcalica – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metalla alcalica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alkalimetaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall_alcalin" title="Metall alcalin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metall alcalin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arminiai_metalai" title="Šarminiai metalai – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šarminiai metalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81rmu_met%C4%81li" title="Sārmu metāli – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sārmu metāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкален метал – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алкален метал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ക്ഷാരലോഹങ്ങൾ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ഷാരലോഹങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Шүлтийн металл – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шүлтийн металл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अल्क धातू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्क धातू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logam alkali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="အယ်လ်ကာလီ သတ္တု – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ကာလီ သတ္တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="एल्कालाइ धातु – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एल्कालाइ धातु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alkalimetaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alcalin" title="Metal alcalin – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metal alcalin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila_alkaalii" title="Sibiila alkaalii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila alkaalii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81" title="କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ଧାତୁ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଷାରୀୟ ଧାତୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Фæныкдон згъæртæ – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæныкдон згъæртæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਖ਼ਾਰੀ ਧਾਤ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਰੀ ਧਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litowce" title="Litowce – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Litowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="القلي فلزات – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="القلي فلزات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alcalino" title="Metal alcalino – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal alcalino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_q%27illay" title="Alkali q'illay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alkali q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Щелочные металлы – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Щелочные металлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Алкалны металы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алкалны металы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Солох метал – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Солох метал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alkali metal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalni_metali" title="Alkalni metali – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkalni metali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84" title="ක්‍ෂාර ලෝහ – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂාර ලෝහ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alkali metal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalick%C3%BD_kov" title="Alkalický kov – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alkalický kov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalijska_kovina" title="Alkalijska kovina – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkalijska kovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdin_Alkaliini_ah" title="Macdin Alkaliini ah – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macdin Alkaliini ah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalet_alkaline" title="Metalet alkaline – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalet alkaline" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкални метал – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкални метал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logam alkali" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkalimetall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metali_alikali" title="Metali alikali – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metali alikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கார உலோகம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார உலோகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="క్షార లోహము – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్షార లోహము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5" title="โลหะแอลคาไล – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลหะแอลคาไล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alkali metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Селтеле металлар – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Селтеле металлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Лужні метали – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лужні метали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishqoriy_metallar" title="Ishqoriy metallar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishqoriy metallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%81m" title="Kim loại kiềm – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim loại kiềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_alkali" title="Metal alkali – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metal alkali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碱金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אלקאלי מעטאל – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלקאלי מעטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li 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A </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perioadele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadele tabelului periodic">Perioadă</a> </th> <td>       </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 1 — pagină inexistentă">1</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;">1 <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 2 — pagină inexistentă">2</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;">3 <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Li</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 3 — pagină inexistentă">3</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;">11 <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Na</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 4 — pagină inexistentă">4</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;">19 <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 5 — pagină inexistentă">5</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;">37 <a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 6 — pagină inexistentă">6</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;">55 <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Element_din_perioada_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Element din perioada 7 — pagină inexistentă">7</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">87 <a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Fr</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Nu confundați cu <a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalino-p%C4%83m%C3%A2ntos" title="Metal alcalino-pământos">Metal alcalino-pământos</a>.</div> Metalele alcaline reprezintă grupa constituită din <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">litiu</a> (Li), <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">sodiu</a> (Na), <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">potasiu</a> (K),<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">rubidiu</a> (Rb), <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">cesiu</a> (Cs),<a href="#cite_note-5">[note 2]</a> și <a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">franciu</a> (Fr). Împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogenul</a> acestea constitute <a href="/wiki/Grup%C4%83_(tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor)#Denumirea_grupelor" title="Grupă (tabelul periodic al elementelor)">grupa 1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-group-numbering-7">[note 3]</a> aflată în blocul-s al tabelului periodic. Toate metalele alcaline au electronul de pe ultimul strat în orbitalul-s: această configurație comună a electronilor rezultă în proprietăți foarte similare.<a href="#cite_note-8">[note 4]</a> Metalele alcaline sunt un exemplu concret al tendințelor unei grupe, elementele prezentând caracteristici omoloage. Această familie de elemente este cunoscută și ca familia litiului, datorită elementului din vârf. Toate metalele alcaline prezintă luciu, sunt moi, extrem de reactive în condiții standard de temperatură și presiune, având abilitatea de cedare electronică ce formează cationi încărcați +1. Pot fi tăiate ușor cu un cuțit datorită durității mici, suprafața expusă fiind oxidată rapid de umiditatea atmosferică și oxigen (iar în cazul litiului, azotul realizează acest proces). Datorită reactivității înalte, acestea trebuie depozitate în ulei pentru a preveni reacțiile cu aerul, sunt răspândite în natură doar sub formă de săruri și niciodată în stare nativă. Cesiul este cel mai reactiv dintre metalele alcaline; toate alcalinele reacționează cu apa, reacția devenind mai violentă odată cu creșterea masei atomice. Toate metalele alcaline sunt răspândite în natură sub formă de compuși: în ordinea abundenței elementelor chimice, sodiul este cel mai abundent, urmat de potasiu, litiu, rubidiu, cesiu și, în cele din urmă, franciu (care este extrem de rar datorită radioactivității sale mari; franciul este stabil în natură sub formă izotopică ca și măsură intermediară în anumite ramuri obscure ale lanțului natural de dezintegrare. S-a încercat, la nivel experimental, sinteza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ununeniu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ununeniu — pagină inexistentă">ununeniului</a> (Uue), care se presupune a fi următorul membru al grupei, însă fără rezultate. Cu toate acestea, ununeniul e posibil să nu fie un metal alcalin datorită efectului relativistic, predicându-se a avea un efect major asupra proprietăților chimice ale elementelor supergrele; chiar dacă s-ar dovedi că nu este un metal alcalin, ar fi posibil să existe diferențe ale proprietîților fizice și chimice, comparativ cu omologii mai ușori. Aplicațiile tehnologie ale metalelor alcaline sunt diverse, cea mai cunoscută utilizare fiind ale atomilor de rubidiu și cesiu în ceasurile atomice, cesiul fiind și elementul pe care s-a bazat măsura de <a href="/wiki/Secund%C4%83" title="Secundă">secundă</a>. O aplicație comună ai compușilor sodiului este lampa pe bază de vapori de sodiu, ce oferă lumină optimă. Sarea de bucătărie, sau clorura de sodiu, a fost utilizată încă din Antichitate. Litiul a fost utilizat atât în tratamentele psihiatrice, cât și ca anod în bateriile de litiu. Sodiul și potasiul sunt de asemenea elemente esențiale, având un rol biologic major ca și electroliți; deși celelalte metale alcaline nu prezintă același caracter esențial, prezintă diverse efecte variate asupra organismelor (atât benefice, cât și toxice). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div style="clear:left;"></div> Contents <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Petalite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sample of petalite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Petalite.jpg/220px-Petalite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Petalite.jpg/330px-Petalite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Petalite.jpg/440px-Petalite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalit — pagină inexistentă">Petalit</a>, mineralul folosit în izolarea litiului</figcaption></figure> Compușii sodiului au fost cunoscuți încă din Antichitate; clorura de sodiu a fost un element important al activității umane, termenul de salariu având etimologia din plata soldaților romani cu sare, ulterior permițându-le să primească o sumă de bani pentru alte achiziții<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a>. Deși <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potasiu" title="Carbonat de potasiu">potasa</a> era utilizată din Antichitate, aceasta nu a fost înțeleasă ca o substanță diferită de sărurile minerale de sodiu. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> obținuse dovezi experimentale ale diferenței dintre sodiu și potasiu în 1702,<a href="#cite_note-1702Suspect-10">[6]</a> iar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri-Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau — pagină inexistentă">Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau</a> a dovedit această diferență în 1736.<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">Compoziția chimică</a> exactă a compușilor de sodiu și potasiu, precum și statutul de element chimic al sodiului și potasiului nu erau cunoscute la vremea respectivă, nefiind astfel incluse de <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> în lista sa ale elementelor chimice din 1789.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-disco-13">[9]</a> Potasiul pur a fost izolat prima dată în 1807 în Anglia, de către <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>, ca produs al electrolizei cu pila voltaică a topiturii de <a href="/wiki/Hidroxid_de_potasiu" title="Hidroxid de potasiu">potasă caustică</a> (KOH, hidroxid de potasiu); alte încercări anterioare s-au dovedit fără succes, datorită reactivității înalte a potasiului.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:68 Potasiul a fost primul metal izolat prin electroliză.<a href="#cite_note-Enghag2004-15">[11]</a> Mai târziu în același an, Davy raportase extracția sodiului folosindu-se de aceeași tehnică aplicată pe <a href="/wiki/Hidroxid_de_sodiu" title="Hidroxid de sodiu">soda caustică</a> (NaOH, leșie), demonstrând astfel că elementele și sărurile lor sunt diferite.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-disco-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davy1807-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-200disco-17">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg/170px-Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg/255px-Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg/340px-Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner — pagină inexistentă">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> was among the first to notice similarities between what are now known as the alkali metals.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalit — pagină inexistentă">Petalitul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Li</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Al</a> <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Si</a>4<a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">O</a>10) a fost descoperit în anul 1800 de către chimistul brazilian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada — pagină inexistentă">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a> într-o mină de pe insula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ut%C3%B6,_Suedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utö, Suedia — pagină inexistentă">Utö, Suedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mindat-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-discovery-20">[16]</a> Cu toate acestea, abia în 1817 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_August_Arfwedson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan August Arfwedson — pagină inexistentă">Johan August Arfwedson</a>, lucrând în laboratorul lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius — pagină inexistentă">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descoperirea_elementelor_chimice" class="mw-redirect" title="Descoperirea elementelor chimice">detectase</a> prezența unui nou element în timpul analizei minereului de petalit.<a href="#cite_note-uwis-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-22">[18]</a> TAcest element nou a fost consemnat ca formând compuși similari cu cei ai sodiului și potasiului, deși carbonații de litiu și hidroxizii de litiu erau mai puțin solubili în apă și având un caracter bazic mai pronunțat decât celelalte metale alcaline<a href="#cite_note-compounds-23">[19]</a> Berzelius numise materialul necunoscut "lithion/lithina", din grecescul λιθoς (lithos, însemnând "piatră"), pentru a ilustra descoperirea acestuia într-un material solid (spre deosebire de potasiu, care a fost descoperit în cenușa algelor, precum și sodiul descoperit în sângele animalelor); ulterior, va oferi numele elementului "litiu".<a href="#cite_note-krebs-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-22">[18]</a> Litiul, sodiul și potasiul au făcut parte din descoperirea periodicității tabelului periodic, fiind aflate într-o serie de triade elementare ale aceleași grupe periodice, notate de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner — pagină inexistentă">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> în 1850 ca având proprietăți similare.<a href="#cite_note-meta-synthesis2-25">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Lepidolite-76774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sample of lepidolite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lepidolite-76774.jpg/170px-Lepidolite-76774.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lepidolite-76774.jpg/255px-Lepidolite-76774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lepidolite-76774.jpg/340px-Lepidolite-76774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidolite — pagină inexistentă">Lepidolite</a>, the rubidium mineral from which rubidium was first isolated</figcaption></figure> Rubidiul și cesiul au fost primele elemente descoperite cu ajutorul unui <a href="/wiki/Spectroscop" title="Spectroscop">spectroscope</a>, inventat în 1859 de către <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> și <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caesium-26">[22]</a> În anul următor, aceștia descoperiseră cesiul în apa minerală din <a href="/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrkheim" title="Bad Dürkheim">Bad Dürkheim</a>, Germania. Descoperirea rubidiului a fost facută in 1861 în <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, Germania, ca și component al mineralului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidolit — pagină inexistentă">lepidolite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BuKi1861-27">[23]</a> Numele de rubidiu si cesiu provin din liniile spectrale cele mai proeminente ale spectrului de emisie: o linie roșie pentru rubidiu (din latinescul rubidus, ce însemna roșu intens) și o linie azurie pentru cesiu (derivat din latinescul caesius).<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> În jurul anului 1865, <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander Reina Newlands">John Newlands</a> a realizat o serie de articole unde listase elementele în ordinea creșterii masei atomice și în funcție de proprietățile fizico-chimice care se repetau la un interval de opt elemente; această periodicitate a fost echivalată cu octavele muzicale, unde notele distanțate de o octavă au aceeași funcție muzicală.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> Versiunea sa grupase metalele alcaline cunoscute la vremea respectiva (de la litiu la cesiu), precum și cuprul, argintul și taliul (ce prezentau numărul de oxidare +1 caracteristic metalelor alcaline), în aceeși grupă periodică. Tabelul său plasase hidrogenul cu halogenii.<a href="#cite_note-meta-synthesis2-25">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png/390px-Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png/585px-Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Mendelejevs_periodiska_system_1871.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>'s periodic system proposed in 1871 showing hydrogen and the alkali metals as part of his group I, along with copper, silver, and gold</figcaption></figure> După anul 1869, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> propunea versiunea sa a tabelului periodic, plasând litiul la începutul unei grupe, alături de sodiu, potasiu, rubidiu, cesiu și taliu.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> Doi ani mai târziu, Mendeleev a revizuit tabelul, plasând hidrogenul în grupa 1 deasupra litiului și mutând taliul în grupa borului. Versiunea din 1871 conținea elementele cupru, argint și aur ca fiind clasate de două ori, o dată ca și componente ale grupei IB și o dată ca fiind în grupa VIII.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[note 5]</a> După introducerea coloanei a 18-a în tabel, grupa IB a fost mutată în poziția lor actuală, în blocul-d, în timp ce metalele alcaline au rămas în grupa IA. Ulterior, numele grupului a fost schimbat in Grupa 1 ÎN ANUL 1988.<a href="#cite_note-fluck-6">[4]</a> Denumirea trivială de "metale alcaline" provine de la faptul că hidroxizii elementelor din grupa 1 sunt alcalii puternice atunci când sunt dizolvate în apă.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> Au fost cel puțín patru descoperiri greșite și incomplete<a href="#cite_note-fontani-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-Fr-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> înainte ca <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a> de la Institutul Curie din Paris, Franța să descopere franciul în 1939 prin purificarea unei mostre de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium-227&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium-227 — pagină inexistentă">actiniu-227</a>, a cărui energie de dezintegrare ar fi fost raportată ca fiind de 220 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">keV</a>. Totuși, Perey observase că particulele se dezintegrau la un nivel energetic sub 80 keV. Perey credea că activitatea de dezintegrare ar fi putut fi cauzată de un produs neidentificat al dezintegrării, ce s-a separat în timpul purificării, dar reapăruse în actiniul-227 pur. Diverse teste au eliminat posibilitatea ca elementul necunoscut să fie toriul, radiul, plumbul, bismutul sau taliul. Produsul nou indica proprietăți chimice specifice metalelor alcaline (cum ar fi co-precipitarea cu sărurile de cesiu), ceea ce a dterminat-o pe Perey să creadă că era vorba de elementul 87, cauzat de dezintegrarea alfa al actiniului-227.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-40">[35]</a> Perey a încercat să determine proporția de dezintegrare beta la dezintegrare alfa a actiniului-227ș primul ei test indică raminificarea alfa la 0,6%, valuare ce va fi revizuita de către ea la 1%.<a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-41">[36]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{227}_{89}Ac}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Ac</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>89</mn> <mn>227</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{227}_{89}Ac}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0eeb3568a7b90717d42f44ab2333b2095d427a16" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.416ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{227}_{89}Ac}}}"> α (1.38%)→21.77 y <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{223}_{87}Fr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Fr</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>87</mn> <mn>223</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{223}_{87}Fr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9112958a3fe4067b3e4b7be6626283a98aa97379" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.07ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{223}_{87}Fr}}}">β−→22 min <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{223}_{88}Ra}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Ra</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>88</mn> <mn>223</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{223}_{88}Ra}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8035eeed06cd1cb88143608f215acf470596c9cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.513ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{223}_{88}Ra}}}"> α→11.4 d <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{219}_{86}Rn}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Rn</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>86</mn> <mn>219</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{219}_{86}Rn}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d983a73f4c6ec1ad82568f6c884e95d78b9bc8a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.643ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{219}_{86}Rn}}}"></dd></dl> Următorul element clasat sub franciu (eka-franciu) în tabelul periodic ar fi <a href="/wiki/Ununennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununennium">ununennium</a> (Uue), elementul119.<a href="#cite_note-Uue-42">[37]</a>:1729–1730 Sinteza ununeniului a fost încercată în 1985 prin bombardarea unui atom de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Einsteinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einsteinium — pagină inexistentă">einsteinium</a>-254 cu ioni de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium — pagină inexistentă">calcium</a>-48 în cadrul acceleratorului superHILAC din Berkeley, California. Nici un atom nu a fost identificat, generând o producție limitată de 300<a href="/w/index.php?title=Barn_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barn (unit) — pagină inexistentă">nb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-link-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-uue-44">[39]</a> 254 99Es +48 20Ca →<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{302}_{119}Uue*}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Uue</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>119</mn> <mn>302</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{302}_{119}Uue*}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5355db4d3b8b84b465f76eb61e38b6c10e1abe86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.355ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{302}_{119}Uue*}}}">→nici un atom<a href="#cite_note-45">[note 6]</a> Este puțin probabil<a href="#cite_note-link-43">[38]</a> ca această reacție să poată crea orice atom de unuenium în viitorul apropiat, având în vedere sarcina dificilă de a genera suficient einsteinium-254, preferat în producția elementelor ultragrele datorită masei sale mari, timpul de înjumătățire relativ lung de 270 de zile și disponibilitatea în cantități de cîteva micrograme <a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> pentru a avea o țintă suficient de mare pentru a crește sensibilitatea experimentului la nivelul dorit; einsteniul nu a fost întâlnit în natură și a fost produs doar în laboratoare, iar cantitățile disponibile sunt mai scăzute decât necesarul pentru o sinteză eficientă a elementelor supergrele. Cu toate acestea, datorită faptului că ununeniul este primul din elementele perioadei 8 a tabelului periodic extins, ar putea fi descoperit în viitorul apropiat prin alte reacții, o încercare de sinteză fiind deja în curs în Japonia.<a href="#cite_note-Enyo-47">[41]</a> În prezent, niciunul din elementele perioadei 8 nu au fost descoperite încă, fiind posibil, datorită <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleon_drip_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleon drip line — pagină inexistentă">drip instabilities</a>, ca doar elementele de la baza perioadei 8, până în jurul elementului 128, ar fi posibile din punct de vedere fizic.<a href="#cite_note-EB-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-emsley-49">[43]</a> Nici o încercare de sinteză a elementelor alcaline grele nu a fost făcută: datorită numărului lor atomic extrem de mare, acestea ar necesita metode și tehnologii noi și mult mai puternice.<a href="#cite_note-Uue-42">[37]</a>:1737–1739 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Răspândire">Răspândire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Răspândire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Răspândire">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_Sistemul_Solar">În Sistemul Solar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Sistemul Solar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: În Sistemul Solar">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SolarSystemAbundances.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SolarSystemAbundances.svg/550px-SolarSystemAbundances.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SolarSystemAbundances.svg/825px-SolarSystemAbundances.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SolarSystemAbundances.svg/1100px-SolarSystemAbundances.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar system. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. The next three elements (lithium, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beryllium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beryllium — pagină inexistentă">beryllium</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron — pagină inexistentă">boron</a>) are rare because they are poorly synthesised in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers, and (2) a general decrease in abundance, as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae.<a href="#cite_note-lodders-50">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> Regula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oddo%E2%80%93Harkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oddo–Harkins — pagină inexistentă">Oddo–Harkins</a> susține că elementele chimice cu număr atomic par sunt mult mai comune decât cele cu număr impar, cu excepția hidrogenului. Această regulă argumentează faptul că elementele cu număr atomic par au un proton liber și sunt mult mai predispuși să captureze un altul, crescându-și astfel numărul atomic. Elementele pare prezintă protoni împerecheați, fiecare proton setând rotirea celuilalt, sporind stabilitatea.<a href="#cite_note-oddo-51">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-harkins-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-53">[47]</a> Toate metalele alcaline au un număr atomic par și nu sunt la fel de comune, precum elementele cu număr par adiacente lor (gazele nobile și metalele alcalino-pământoase) în Sistemul Solar. Metalele alcaline mai grele sunt de asemenea mai puțin răspândite decât cele ușoare, deoarece alcalinele (pornind cu rubidiul) pot fi generate doar in supernove si nu in nucleosinteze stelare. Litiul este de asemenea mai putin abundent decat sodiul si potasiul, fiind putin sintetizat in timpul nucleosintezei Big Bang-ului si al stelelor: Big Bang-ul a putut produce cantitati infime de litiu, beriliu si bor, datorita unui nucler stabil cu 5 sau 8 nucleoni, iar nucleosinteza stelara putea depasi acest prag prin proces triplu-alfa, fuzionand trei nuclei de heliu pentru a forma carbon, si sa depaseasca aceste 3 elemente.<a href="#cite_note-lodders-50">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pe_Pământ">Pe Pământ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Pe Pământ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Pe Pământ">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg/170px-Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg/255px-Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg/340px-Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spodumene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spodumene — pagină inexistentă">Spodumene</a>, an important lithium mineral</figcaption></figure> Pământul s-a format din același nor gazos ce a dat naștere Soarelui, însă planetele au dobândit compoziții diferite în timpul formării și evoluției Sistemului Solar. În consecință, istoria naturală a Pamântului indică părți planetare ce prezintă diverse concentrații ale elementelor. Masa terestră este de aproximativ 5.98×1024 kg. Compoziția acesteia constă în <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a> (32.1%), oxigen (30.1%), siliciu (15.1%), magneziu (13.9%), sulf (2.9%), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nickel — pagină inexistentă">nichel</a> (1.8%), calciu (1.5%), si aluminiu (1.4%); restul elementelor sunt prezente in restul de 1.2%. Datorită acestei diferențe planterare, nucleul este considerat a fi compus din fier (88.8%), cantități mai mici de nichel (5.8%), sulf (4.5%) și mai puțin de 1% din restul elementelor.<a href="#cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-54">[48]</a> Metalele alcaline nu apar în stare nativă datorită reactivității lor mari. Acestea sunt litofile, fiind aproape de suprafața terestră din cauza reactivității cu oxigenul, fiind asociate astfel cu silica, permițând formarea unor minerale de densitate joasă ce nu paătrund în nucleul Pamântului. Potasiul, rubidiul și cesiul sunt de asemenea elemente incompatibile datorită razelor ionice mari.<a href="#cite_note-albarede-55">[49]</a> Sodiul și potasiul sunt foarte abundente în scoarța terestră, clasându-se printre cele mai întâlnite elemente;<a href="#cite_note-webelements-occurrence-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-IsraelScience&Technology-57">[51]</a> sodiul constituie aproximativ 2.6% din scoața terestră ca și greutate, făcându-l al șaselea cel mai abundent element<a href="#cite_note-RubberBible86th-58">[52]</a>, precum și cel mai abundent metal alcalin. Potasiul constituie aproximativ 1.5% din scoarța terestră, fiind al șaptelea cel mai abundent element.<a href="#cite_note-RubberBible86th-58">[52]</a> Sodiul este întâlnit în diverse minerale,dintre care cel mai comun este clorura de sodiu, întâlnită în cantități mari în apa de mare. Alte depozitări solide includ halitul, criolitul, nitratinul și zeolitul.<a href="#cite_note-RubberBible86th-58">[52]</a> Multe dintre aceste depozitări au aparăut ca rezultat al evaporării unor bazine marine, proces care încă mai apare în locuri precum <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> și Marea Moartă.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:69 Deși sunt aproape la fel de abundente în scoarța terestră, sodiul este mult mai comun decât potasiul în ocean, datorită mărimii potasiului ce fac ca sărurile lui să fie mai puțin solubile și deoarece potasiul este legat de silicați în sol, iar potasiul este mult mai bine absorbit de plante decât sodiul.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:69 În ciuda similarității chimice, litiul nu are tipic alături de sodiu și potasiu, datorită mărimii sale.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:69 Datorită reactivității mici, poate fi găsit în apa marină în cantități mării, estimându-se că apa mării conține aproximativ 0.14 - 0.25 parti per million (ppm)<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-enc-60">[54]</a> sau 25 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micromolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micromolar — pagină inexistentă">micromolari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> Plasarea apropiată de magneziu permite înlocuirea acestuia în mineralele feromegneziene, unde concentrația scoarței este de 18 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parts_per_million&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parts per million — pagină inexistentă">ppm</a>, comparativ cu galiul și niobiul. La nivel comercial, lcel mai important mineral de litiu este spodumenul, care apare în depozitări mari la nivel mondial.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:69 Rubidiul este aproape la fel de abundent ca și zincul, precum și mult mai abundent decât cuprul. Apare în stare nativă în mineralele leucit, polucit, carnalit, zinnwaldit și lepidolit <a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a>, deși nici unul din aceste minerale ar conține doar rubidiu și nici un alt metal alcalin.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:70 Cesiul este mult mai abundent decât majoritatea elementelor cunoscute, precum antimoniul, cadmiul, staniul și wolframul, insa este mai puțin abundent decât rubidiul.<a href="#cite_note-pubs.usgs-63">[57]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francium-223&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francium-223 — pagină inexistentă">Francium-223</a>, singurul izotop natural al franciului,<a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2007-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2009-65">[59]</a> este produsul dezintegrării alfa al izotopului de actiniu-227, fiind întâlnit în cantități mici în mineralele uranice<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-66">[60]</a> O mostră de uraniu, prin estimare, ar conține un singur atom de franciu pentru fiecare 1018 atomi de uraniu.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-elemental-68">[62]</a> A fost estimat faptul că la orice moment, în scoarța terestră pot exista cel mult 30 de grame de franciu, datorită timpului de înjumătățire de 22 minute.<a href="#cite_note-Winter-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-itselemental-70">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietăți">Proprietăți</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fizice_și_chimice">Fizice și chimice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fizice și chimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Fizice și chimice">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Proprietățile fizico-chimice ale metalelor alcaline pot fi explicate ușor prin valența configurației lor electronice ns1, rezultând într-o legătură metalică slabă ce determină un caracter redus al durității, densității<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">punctului de topire</a><a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> și al <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">punctului de fierbere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> precum și al <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83ldur%C4%83_de_sublimare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Căldură de sublimare — pagină inexistentă">căldurii de sublimare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83ldur%C4%83_de_vapozizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Căldură de vapozizare — pagină inexistentă">vaporizării</a> și al disocierii.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:74 Toate metalele alcaline cristalizeaza într-un sistem central cubic,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:73 și prezintă identificări distinctive prin culoare în prezența flamei, datorită excitării rapide al electronului distinctiv.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75 Configurația ns1 determină metalele alcaline să aibă raze atomice și ionice mari, precum și o conductivitate termică și electrică înaltă.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75 Natura lor chimică este dominată de cedarea singurului electron de valență pentru a forma numărul de oxidare +1, datorită ușurinței de ionizare al acestui electron și datorită energiei secunde de ionizare foarte mari.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:76 Manoritatea reacțiilor chimice au fost observate doar pentru primii cinci membri ai grupului, chimia franciului nefiind bine stabilită datorită caracterului extrem de radioactiv,<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> așadar prezentarea proprietăților acestuia fiind limitată. Puținele informații cunoscute despre franciu arată că are un caracter apropiat de cesiu, iar proprietățile sale fizice sunt și mai obscure deoarece elementul brut nu a fost niciodată observat, majoritatea informațiilor din literatura de specialitate fiind extrapolări speculative. <a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th-71">[65]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Propertățile metalelor alcaline<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75<a href="#cite_note-generalchemistry-72">[66]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Litiu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Sodiu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">Potasiu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rubidiu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cesiu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Franciu</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">Număr atomic</a> </td> <td>3</td> <td>11</td> <td>19</td> <td>37</td> <td>55</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Masă atomică standard (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_atomic_mass_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified atomic mass unit — pagină inexistentă">u</a>)<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2007-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2009-65">[59]</a> </td> <td>6.94(1)<a href="#cite_note-75">[note 8]</a></td> <td>22.98976928(2)</td> <td>39.0983(1)</td> <td>85.4678(3)</td> <td>132.9054519(2)</td> <td>[223]<a href="#cite_note-76">[note 9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_configuration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron configuration — pagină inexistentă">Configurație electronică</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helium — pagină inexistentă">He</a>] 2s1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 4s1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 5s1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Punct de topire (°C) </td> <td>180.54</td> <td>97.72</td> <td>63.38</td> <td>39.31</td> <td>28.44</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> (°C) </td> <td>1342</td> <td>883</td> <td>759</td> <td>688</td> <td>671</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> (g/cm3) </td> <td>0.534</td> <td>0.968</td> <td>0.89</td> <td>1.532</td> <td>1.93</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Căldură latentă de topire (kJ/mol) </td> <td>3.00</td> <td>2.60</td> <td>2.321</td> <td>2.19</td> <td>2.09</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83ldur%C4%83_de_vaporizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Căldură de vaporizare — pagină inexistentă">Căldură de vaporizare</a> (kJ/mol) </td> <td>136</td> <td>97.42</td> <td>79.1</td> <td>69</td> <td>66.1</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Căldura de formare a <a href="/wiki/Gaz_monoatomic" title="Gaz monoatomic">gazului monoatomic</a> (kJ/mol) </td> <td>162</td> <td>108</td> <td>89.6</td> <td>82.0</td> <td>78.2</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rezistivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Rezistivitate electrică">Rezistivitate electrică</a> la 25 °C (nΩ·cm) </td> <td>94.7</td> <td>48.8</td> <td>73.9</td> <td>131</td> <td>208</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic radius — pagină inexistentă">Rază atomică</a> (pm) </td> <td>152</td> <td>186</td> <td>227</td> <td>248</td> <td>265</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_ionic%C4%83" title="Rază ionică">Rază ionică</a> a ionului hexacoordonat M+ (pm) </td> <td>76</td> <td>102</td> <td>138</td> <td>152</td> <td>167</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Prima energie de ionizare (kJ/mol) </td> <td>520.2</td> <td>495.8</td> <td>418.8</td> <td>403.0</td> <td>375.7</td> <td>392.8<a href="#cite_note-andreev-77">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Afinitate electronică (kJ/mol) </td> <td>59.62</td> <td>52.87</td> <td>48.38</td> <td>46.89</td> <td>45.51</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entalpie_de_disociere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entalpie de disociere — pagină inexistentă">Entalpie de disociere</a> a M2 (kJ/mol) </td> <td>106.5</td> <td>73.6</td> <td>57.3</td> <td>45.6</td> <td>44.77</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Electronegativitatea Pauling </td> <td>0.98</td> <td>0.93</td> <td>0.82</td> <td>0.82</td> <td>0.79</td> <td>?<a href="#cite_note-Fr-electronegativity-80">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Electronegativitatea Allen </td> <td>0.91 </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td>0.73 </td> <td>0.71 </td> <td>0.66 </td> <td>0.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poten%C8%9Bial_de_electrod_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potențial de electrod standard — pagină inexistentă">Potențial de electrod standard</a> (E°(M+→M0); <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>)<a href="#cite_note-van92-81">[71]</a> </td> <td>−3.04</td> <td>−2.71</td> <td>−2.93</td> <td>−2.98</td> <td>−3.03</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culoarea_fl%C4%83c%C4%83rii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culoarea flăcării — pagină inexistentă">Culoarea flăcării</a> Principala emisie/lungimea de undă absorbită (nm) </td> <td>Purpuriu 670.8</td> <td>Galben 589.2</td> <td>Violet 766.5</td> <td>Roșu-violet 780.0</td> <td>Albastru 455.5</td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #000f1e!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#310402!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #070101!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #261500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #544004!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #1e0a28!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Translation_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="De tradus"><img alt="De tradus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;">Acest articol este scris parțial sau integral în limba <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a>. Puteți contribui la Wikipedia prin <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cum_traduc_un_articol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cum traduc un articol">traducerea</a> lui sau chiar și a <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_care_au_nevoie_de_traducere" title="Categorie:Articole care au nevoie de traducere">altora</a> care v-ar putea interesa. <div class="hide-when-compact"><hr /> Părțile scrise în alte limbi pot fi șterse dacă în termen de 7 zile nu se înregistrează progrese notabile în procesul de traducere. Pagina <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&diff=cur">a fost modificată ultima oară</a> de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilizator:Nucleus_hydro_elemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilizator:Nucleus hydro elemon — pagină inexistentă">Nucleus hydro elemon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:Contribu%C8%9Bii/Nucleus_hydro_elemon" title="Special:Contribuții/Nucleus hydro elemon">Contribuții</a> • <a href="/wiki/Special:Jurnal/Nucleus_hydro_elemon" title="Special:Jurnal/Nucleus hydro elemon">Jurnal</a>) <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=purge">acum 21 de zile</a>.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Metalele alcaline sunt mult mai similare între ele decât sunt elementele din orice altă grupă.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> Similaritatea lor este atât de mare, încât este dificil să separi potasiul, rubidiul și cesiul datorită razelor ionice similare; litiul și sodiul prezintă un caracter mai distinct.. Parcurgerea tabelului periodic indică creșterea razei atomice<a href="#cite_note-chemguide-82">[72]</a> scăderea electronegativității,<a href="#cite_note-chemguide-82">[72]</a> creșterea reactivității ,<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> și scăderea punctelor de fierbere și topire,<a href="#cite_note-chemguide-82">[72]</a> precum și ale căldurilor de fuzionare și vaporizare.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75 In general, their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Density&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Density — pagină inexistentă">densities</a> increase when moving down the table, with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium.<a href="#cite_note-chemguide-82">[72]</a> One of the very few properties of the alkali metals that does not display a very smooth trend is their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduction_potential&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reduction potential — pagină inexistentă">reduction potentials</a>: lithium's value is anomalous, being more negative than the others.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75 This is because the Li+ ion has a very high <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydration_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydration energy — pagină inexistentă">hydration energy</a> in the gas phase: though the lithium ion disrupts the structure of water significantly, causing a higher change in entropy, this high hydration energy is enough to make the reduction potentials indicate it as being the most electropositive alkali metal, despite the difficulty of ionising it in the gas phase.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75 The stable alkali metals are all silver-coloured metals except for caesium, which has a pale golden tint:<a href="#cite_note-theodoregray-caesium-83">[73]</a> it is one of only three metals that are clearly coloured (the other two being copper and gold).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:74 Additionally, the heavy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkaline_earth_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkaline earth metal — pagină inexistentă">alkaline earth metals</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium — pagină inexistentă">calcium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium — pagină inexistentă">strontium</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium — pagină inexistentă">barium</a>, as well as the divalent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanide — pagină inexistentă">lanthanides</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium — pagină inexistentă">europium</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium — pagină inexistentă">ytterbium</a>, are pale yellow, though the colour is much less prominent than it is for caesium.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:74 Their lustre tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> They all crystallise in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Body-centered_cubic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Body-centered cubic — pagină inexistentă">body-centered cubic</a> crystal structure,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:73 and have distinctive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flame test — pagină inexistentă">flame colours</a> because their outer s electron is very easily excited. Indeed, these flame test colours are the most common way of identifying them since all their salts with common ions are soluble.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:75 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/220px--Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Potassium reacts violently with water at room temperature</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/220px--Cesium_water.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Cesium_water.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cesium_water.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Caesium reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures</figcaption></figure> All the alkali metals are highly reactive and are never found in elemental forms in nature.<a href="#cite_note-krebs-24">[20]</a> Because of this, they are usually stored in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral oil — pagină inexistentă">mineral oil</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerosene — pagină inexistentă">kerosene</a> (paraffin oil).<a href="#cite_note-OU-84">[74]</a> They react aggressively with the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> to form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkali_metal_halide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkali metal halide — pagină inexistentă">alkali metal halides</a>, which are white <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionic_crystal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionic crystal — pagină inexistentă">ionic crystalline</a> compounds that are all <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solubility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solubility — pagină inexistentă">soluble</a> in water except <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium fluoride — pagină inexistentă">lithium fluoride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Li</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorine — pagină inexistentă">F</a>).<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> The alkali metals also react with water to form strongly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkali — pagină inexistentă">alkaline</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydroxide — pagină inexistentă">hydroxides</a> and thus should be handled with great care. The heavier alkali metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones; for example, when dropped into water, caesium produces a larger explosion than potassium if the same number of moles of each metal is used.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-alkalibangs-85">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pubs.usgs-63">[57]</a> The alkali metals have the lowest first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionization_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionization energy — pagină inexistentă">ionisation energies</a> in their respective periods of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table — pagină inexistentă">periodic table</a><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th-71">[65]</a> because of their low <a href="/w/index.php?title=Effective_nuclear_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effective nuclear charge — pagină inexistentă">effective nuclear charge</a><a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> and the ability to attain a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noble gas — pagină inexistentă">noble gas</a> configuration by losing just one <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> Not only do the alkali metals react with water, but also with proton donors like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol (chemistry) — pagină inexistentă">alcohols</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenols — pagină inexistentă">phenols</a>, gaseous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonia — pagină inexistentă">ammonia</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkyne — pagină inexistentă">alkynes</a>, the last demonstrating the phenomenal degree of their reactivity. Their great power as reducing agents makes them very useful in liberating other metals from their oxides or halides.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:76 The second ionisation energy of all of the alkali metals is very high<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-RubberBible84th-71">[65]</a> as it is in a full shell that is also closer to the nucleus;<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> thus, they almost always lose a single electron, forming cations.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:28 The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkalide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkalide — pagină inexistentă">alkalides</a> are an exception: they are unstable compounds which contain alkali metals in a −1 oxidation state, which is very unusual as before the discovery of the alkalides, the alkali metals were not expected to be able to form <a href="/wiki/Anion" title="Anion">anions</a> and were thought to be able to appear in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt (chemistry) — pagină inexistentă">salts</a> only as cations. The alkalide anions have filled <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-orbital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-orbital — pagină inexistentă">s-subshells</a>, which gives them enough stability to exist. All the stable alkali metals except lithium are known to be able to form alkalides,<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> and the alkalides have much theoretical interest due to their unusual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoichiometry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoichiometry — pagină inexistentă">stoichiometry</a> and low <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionization_potential&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionization potential — pagină inexistentă">ionisation potentials</a>. Alkalides are chemically similar to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electride — pagină inexistentă">electrides</a>, which are salts with trapped <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> acting as anions.<a href="#cite_note-Redko-89">[79]</a> A particularly striking example of an alkalide is "inverse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hydride — pagină inexistentă">sodium hydride</a>", H+Na− (both ions being <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coordination complex — pagină inexistentă">complexed</a>), as opposed to the usual sodium hydride, Na+H−:<a href="#cite_note-HNa-90">[80]</a> it is unstable in isolation, due to its high energy resulting from the displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium, although several derivatives are predicted to be <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastability — pagină inexistentă">metastable</a> or stable.<a href="#cite_note-HNa-90">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-HNa-theory-91">[81]</a> In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal ions in aqueous solution — pagină inexistentă">aqua ions</a> of the formula [M(H2O)n]+, where n is the solvation number. Their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coordination number — pagină inexistentă">coordination numbers</a> and shapes agree well with those expected from their ionic radii. In aqueous solution the water molecules directly attached to the metal ion are said to belong to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_coordination_sphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First coordination sphere — pagină inexistentă">first coordination sphere</a>, also known as the first, or primary, solvation shell. The bond between a water molecule and the metal ion is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dative_covalent_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dative covalent bond — pagină inexistentă">dative covalent bond</a>, with the oxygen atom donating both electrons to the bond. Each coordinated water molecule may be attached by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen bond — pagină inexistentă">hydrogen bonds</a> to other water molecules. The latter are said to reside in the second coordination sphere. However, for the alkali metal cations, the second coordination sphere is not well-defined as the +1 charge on the cation is not high enough to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarizability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarizability — pagină inexistentă">polarise</a> the water molecules in the primary solvation shell enough for them to form strong hydrogen bonds with those in the second coordination sphere, producing a more stable entity.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richens-93">[83]</a>:25 The solvation number for Li+ has been experimentally determined to be 4, forming the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahedron — pagină inexistentă">tetrahedral</a> [Li(H2O)4]+: while solvation numbers of 3 to 6 have been found for lithium aqua ions, solvation numbers less than 4 may be the result of the formation of contact <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_pair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion pair — pagină inexistentă">ion pairs</a>, and the higher solvation numbers may be interpreted in terms of water molecules that approach [Li(H2O)4]+ through a face of the tetrahedron, though molecular dynamic simulations may indicate the existence of an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octahedron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octahedron — pagină inexistentă">octahedral</a> hexaaqua ion. There are also probably six water molecules in the primary solvation sphere of the sodium ion, forming the octahedral [Na(H2O)6]+ ion.<a href="#cite_note-generalchemistry-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richens-93">[83]</a>:126–127 While it was previously thought that the heavier alkali metals also formed octahedral hexaaqua ions, it has since been found that potassium and rubidium probably form the [K(H2O)8]+ and [Rb(H2O)8]+ ions, which have the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Square_antiprism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Square antiprism — pagină inexistentă">square antiprismatic</a> structure, and that caesium forms the 12-coordinate [Cs(H2O)12]+ ion.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithium">Lithium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lithium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Lithium">modificare sursă</a>]</div> The chemistry of lithium shows several differences from that of the rest of the group as the small Li+ cation <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_polarity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical polarity — pagină inexistentă">polarises</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" title="Anion">anions</a> and gives its compounds a more <a href="/w/index.php?title=Covalent_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covalent bond — pagină inexistentă">covalent</a> character.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> Lithium and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium — pagină inexistentă">magnesium</a> have a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagonal_relationship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagonal relationship — pagină inexistentă">diagonal relationship</a> due to their similar atomic radii,<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> so that they show some similarities. For example, lithium forms a stable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitride — pagină inexistentă">nitride</a>, a property common among all the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkaline_earth_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkaline earth metal — pagină inexistentă">alkaline earth metals</a> (magnesium's group) but unique among the alkali metals.<a href="#cite_note-alkalireact-95">[85]</a> In addition, among their respective groups, only lithium and magnesium form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organometallic_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organometallic compound — pagină inexistentă">organometallic compounds</a> with significant covalent character (e.g. Li<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl group — pagină inexistentă">Me</a> and MgMe2).<a href="#cite_note-Shriver&Atkins-96">[86]</a> Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is poorly soluble in water,<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium hydroxide — pagină inexistentă">lithium hydroxide</a> is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliquescent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deliquescent — pagină inexistentă">deliquescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rsc-35">[30]</a> Conversely, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_perchlorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium perchlorate — pagină inexistentă">lithium perchlorate</a> and other lithium salts with large anions that cannot be polarised are much more stable than the analogous compounds of the other alkali metals, probably because Li+ has a high <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solvation_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solvation energy — pagină inexistentă">solvation energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:76 This effect also means that most simple lithium salts are commonly encountered in hydrated form, because the anhydrous forms are extremely <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygroscopic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hygroscopic — pagină inexistentă">hygroscopic</a>: this allows salts like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium chloride — pagină inexistentă">lithium chloride</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium bromide — pagină inexistentă">lithium bromide</a> to be used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehumidifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehumidifier — pagină inexistentă">dehumidifiers</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air-conditioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air-conditioner — pagină inexistentă">air-conditioners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood&Earnshaw-14">[10]</a>:76 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Francium">Francium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Francium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Francium">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_weight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic weight — pagină inexistentă">atomic weight</a>, causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry — pagină inexistentă">relativistic effects</a> more prominent. In contrast to the trend of decreasing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronegativity — pagină inexistentă">electronegativities</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionisation_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionisation energy — pagină inexistentă">ionisation energies</a> of the alkali metals, francium's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted to be higher than caesium's due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s electrons; also, its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic radius — pagină inexistentă">atomic radius</a> is expected to be abnormally low. Thus, contrary to expectation, caesium is the most reactive of the alkali metals, not francium.<a href="#cite_note-andreev-77">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uue-42">[37]</a>:1729<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-97">[87]</a> All known physical properties of francium also deviate from the clear trends going from lithium to caesium, such as the first ionisation energy, electron affinity, and anion polarisability, though due to the paucity of known data about francium many sources give extrapolated values, ignoring that relativistic effects make the trend from lithium to caesium become inapplicable at francium.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-97">[87]</a> Some of the few properties of francium that have been predicted taking relativity into account are the electron affinity (47.2 kJ/mol)<a href="#cite_note-Landaualkalis-98">[88]</a> and the enthalpy of dissociation of the Fr2 molecule (42.1 kJ/mol).<a href="#cite_note-Liddle-99">[89]</a> The CsFr molecule is polarised as Cs+Fr−, showing that the 7s subshell of francium is much more strongly affected by relativistic effects than the 6s subshell of caesium.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-97">[87]</a> Additionally, francium superoxide (FrO2) is expected to have significant covalent character, unlike the other alkali metal superoxides, because of bonding contributions from the 6p electrons of francium.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-97">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleare">Nucleare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nucleare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Nucleare">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tendințe_periodice">Tendințe periodice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tendințe periodice" 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Simbolurile Na și K pentru sodiu și potasiu sunt derivate din numele lor latinesc, natriu și kaliu; aceleași origini ale numelor elementelor sunt prezente în anumite limbi, precum germana și rusa. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Caesium este recomandarea propusă de <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry — pagină inexistentă">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC).<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) utilizase forma cesium din 1921,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> following Webster's Third New International Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-group-numbering-7"><a href="#cite_ref-group-numbering_7-0">^</a> Atât vechiul IUPAC, cât și sistemul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Abstracts_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Abstracts Service — pagină inexistentă">CAS</a> clasifică grupa drept grupa IA.<a href="#cite_note-fluck-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Deși hidrogenul are această configurație electronică, nu este considerat un metal alcalin, datorită lipsei electronilor de valență in orbitalul-p al elementelor perioadei 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> In the 1869 version of Mendeleev's periodic table, copper and silver were placed in their own group, aligned with hydrogen and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (element) — pagină inexistentă">mercury</a>, while gold was tentatively placed under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium — pagină inexistentă">uranium</a> and the undiscovered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallium — pagină inexistentă">eka-aluminium</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boron_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boron group — pagină inexistentă">boron group</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> denotes an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excited_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excited state — pagină inexistentă">excited state</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The number given in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bracket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bracket — pagină inexistentă">parentheses</a> refers to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_uncertainty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard uncertainty — pagină inexistentă">measurement uncertainty</a>. This uncertainty applies to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Significant_figure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Significant figure — pagină inexistentă">least significant figure</a>(s) of the number prior to the parenthesised value (ie. counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, 7000100794000000000♠1.00794(7) stands for 7000100794000000000♠1.00794±0.00007, while 7000100794000000000♠1.00794(72) stands for 7000100794000000000♠1.00794±0.00072.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The value listed is the conventional value suitable for trade and commerce; the actual value may range from 6.938 to 6.997 depending on the isotopic composition of the sample.<a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2009-65">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> The element does not have any stable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclide — pagină inexistentă">nuclides</a>, and a value in brackets indicates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass number — pagină inexistentă">mass number</a> of the longest-lived <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotope — pagină inexistentă">isotope</a> of the element.<a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2007-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-atomicweights2009-65">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fr-electronegativity-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Fr-electronegativity_80-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauling_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pauling scale — pagină inexistentă">Pauling scale</a>, the same as caesium;<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79, although there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> Francium has a slightly higher ionisation energy than caesium,<a href="#cite_note-andreev-77">[68]</a> 392.811(4) kJ/mol as opposed to 375.7041(2) kJ/mol for caesium, as would be expected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry — pagină inexistentă">relativistic effects</a>, and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe">Referințe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_alcalin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; 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Phys. 115 (6): 2389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JChPh.115.2389L">2001JChPh.115.2389L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1386413">10.1063/1.1386413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Benchmark+calculations+of+electron+affinities+of+the+alkali+atoms+sodium+to+eka-francium+%28element+119%29&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2389&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1386413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JChPh.115.2389L&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Eliav%2C+E.&rft.au=Ishikawa%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kaldor%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20466410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+alcalin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddle-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Liddle_99-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jones, Cameron; Mountford, Philip; Stasch, Andreas; Blake, Matthew P. 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John Wiley and Sons. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-527-33541-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-527-33541-1">978-3-527-33541-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=s-block+Metal-Metal+Bonds&rft.btitle=Molecular+Metal-Metal+Bonds%3A+Compounds%2C+Synthesis%2C+Properties&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft.isbn=978-3-527-33541-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft.au=Mountford%2C+Philip&rft.au=Stasch%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Blake%2C+Matthew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+alcalin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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