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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Gaizki" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Gaizki" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Gaizki" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_psikologian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_psikologian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Gaizkia psikologian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_psikologian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_etikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_etikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gaizkia etikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_etikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_soziologian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_soziologian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gaizkia soziologian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_soziologian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_filosofian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_filosofian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gaizkia filosofian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gaizkia_filosofian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Gaizkia filosofian azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_filosofian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filosofoen_definizioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofoen_definizioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Filosofoen definizioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofoen_definizioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_antropologian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_antropologian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gaizkia antropologian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_antropologian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_politikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_politikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gaizkia politikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_politikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaizkia_erlijioan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaizkia_erlijioan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gaizkia erlijioan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaizkia_erlijioan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaizki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 70 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="شر – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal" title="Mal – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91anqha" title="Ñanqha – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ñanqha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99r" title="Şər – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Яуызлыҡ – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яуызлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraot" title="Maraot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Maraot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зло – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD" title="অশুভ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অশুভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zlo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldat" title="Maldat – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maldat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%95" title="خراپە – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خراپە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Усал – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Усал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondskab" title="Ondskab – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ondskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_B%C3%B6se" title="Das Böse – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Das Böse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Κακό – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κακό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil" title="Evil – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Evil" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problemo_de_la_malbono" title="Problemo de la malbono – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Problemo de la malbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal" title="Mal – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuri" title="Kuri – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="شر – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahuus" title="Pahuus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pahuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal" title="Mal – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Mal (filosofía) – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mal (filosofía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91a%C3%B1a" title="Ñaña – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñaña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2" title="רוע – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_(adjektif)" title="Mal (adjektif) – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mal (adjektif)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonosz" title="Gonosz – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gonosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Չարիք – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keburukan" title="Keburukan – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keburukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajo" title="Malajo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Malajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illska" title="Illska – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Illska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male" title="Male – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Male" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA" title="悪 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85" title="악 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_(ethica)" title="Malum (ethica) – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malum (ethica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogis" title="Blogis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Blogis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratsy" title="Ratsy – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ratsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зло – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хорон сэтгэл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хорон сэтгэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaadaardigheid" title="Kwaadaardigheid – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwaadaardigheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondskap" title="Vondskap – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vondskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondskap" title="Ondskap – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ondskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau" title="Mau – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਬੁਰਾਈ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਰਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau" title="Mau – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mau" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82o" title="Zło – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal" title="Mal – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83u" title="Rău – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rău" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зло – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Куһаҕан – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Куһаҕан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zlo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil" title="Evil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Evil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo" title="Zlo – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvi" title="Uvi – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uvi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar" title="Shar – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_keqja" title="E keqja – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E keqja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зло – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondska" title="Ondska – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ondska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ความชั่วร้าย – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความชั่วร้าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer" title="Şer – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зло – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81c" title="Ác – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%B6" title="恶 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="უბადობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უბადობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%A1" title="שלעכטס – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שלעכטס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A1" title="惡 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="惡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A1" title="惡 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="惡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gaizki" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Gaizki&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gaizki"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Gaizki" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Gaizki" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&oldid=9870185" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Gaizki&id=9870185&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGaizki"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGaizki"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Gaizki"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gaizki&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Evil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15292" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-2-Ikusgela" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Bideo honek Ikusgela proiektuko bideo bat barneratzen du"><img alt="Bideo honek Ikusgela proiektuko bideo bat barneratzen du" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png/20px-Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png/30px-Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png/40px-Ikusgela-logoa_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_(B_376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_%28B_376%29.jpg/220px-Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_%28B_376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_%28B_376%29.jpg/330px-Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_%28B_376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_%28B_376%29.jpg/440px-Le_Bien_et_le_Mal_-_Victor_Orsel_%28B_376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ongia eta gaizkia.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">Filosofian</a>, <b>gaizki</b> edo <b>gaitza</b> munduko gertaerak eta ekintzak kategorizatzeko erabilitako hitza da. Definizio anitz eta eztabaidatsua duen kontzeptua da: sentikorra den izaki bizidun bati kaltea eta mina eragiten diona izan daiteke, baina baita ere bizitzeko aukerak murriztu edo kentzea, <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moralaz</a> onartzen ez dena eta <a href="/wiki/Ongi" title="Ongi">ongiaren</a> absentzia edo eza.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zentzu zabalean, desiragarriak ez diren ondorioak eragiten dituen hura da, eta hala gaitz naturalak, zabartasunaren ondorio ez direnean, istripu edo hondamen naturalen kasuan esaterako; eta gaitz moralak, agente moralen onginahirik gabeko eta maltzurkeriazko jokabideek zuzenean eragiten dutena.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Platonismo" title="Platonismo">Platonismoren</a> ikuspuntutik Gaizkia ez da <a href="/wiki/Ongi" title="Ongi">Ongia</a> ideiaren parte. <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonen</a> ustez ideiak perfektoak eta positiboak dira, beraz, txarra den guztia mundu sentiberaren partea da.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_psikologian">Gaizkia psikologian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia psikologian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia psikologian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Danimarkako eta Alemaniako psikologoek parte hartu duten eta 2500 inkesta<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> egin dituen ikerketa batek "nortasunaren faktore iluna" edo "d faktorea" deitu duten bederatzi ezaugarritan laburbildu du giza gaiztakeriaren izaera. Ezaugarri horiek "interes indibiduala maximizatzen dute" kontzienteki ", beste pertsona bati edo batzuei eragin diezaiekeen kaltea eta alferrikakotasuna kontuan hartu gabe". "Bederatzi ezaugarri ilun" honako hauek dira: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Egoismo" title="Egoismo">Egoismoa</a>, "Besteen eta komunitatearen kontura norberaren onurarako gehiegizko kezka" gisa definitua.</li> <li>Makiavelismoa: "Besteekiko jarrera manipulatzailea eta sentiberatasunik gabea, helburuak bitartekoak justifikatzen dituelako uste osoarekin batera".</li> <li>Deskonexio morala: "Prozesamendu kognitiboaren estiloa, modu amoralean jokatzeko aukera ematen duena, inolako damurik sentitu gabe".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nartzisismo" title="Nartzisismo">Nartzisismoa</a>: "Gehiegizko auto-mirespena, nagusitasun-sentimenduarekin eta besteen arreta etengabe erakartzeko premia larriarekin batera".</li> <li>"Norbera besteak baino hobea dela eta, beraz, hobeto tratatzea merezi duela dioen sinesmen iraunkorra: zuzenbide psikologikoa deitzen zaio".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikopatia" title="Psikopatia">Psikopatia</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Enpatia" title="Enpatia">Enpatiarik</a> eta autokontrolik eza, eta jokabide oldarkorra".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadismo" title="Sadismo">Sadismoa</a>: "Besteei <a href="/wiki/Atsegin" title="Atsegin">plazerez</a> kalte egiteko nahia" edo <a href="/wiki/Indarkeria" title="Indarkeria">indarkeria</a> "mentala edo fisikoa".</li> <li>Norberaren interesa: "Norberaren <a href="/wiki/Gizarte_estatus" title="Gizarte estatus">estatus soziala</a> sustatzeko eta nabarmentzeko nahia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorroto" title="Gorroto">Gorrotoa</a>: "Suntsikortasuna eta besteei indarkeria edo kaltea eragiteko jarrera, baita bere buruari kalte egitearen kontura ere".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_etikan">Gaizkia etikan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia etikan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia etikan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etikari dagokionez, gizakiari esleitutako baldintza negatiboa da, eta ingurunearekiko eta bertan agertzen diren zerizanekiko <a href="/wiki/Printzipio" title="Printzipio">printzipio moral</a>ik, <a href="/wiki/Ongi" title="Ongi">ontasunik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karitate_(ongintza)" title="Karitate (ongintza)">karitaterik</a> edo afektu naturalik eza adierazten du. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_soziologian">Gaizkia soziologian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia soziologian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia soziologian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaiztakeriaz jokatzeak berekin dakar, halaber, gizarte-talde batean ofizialki zuzenak edo <a href="/wiki/Ortodoxia" title="Ortodoxia">ortodoxoak</a> diren portaera-, moral- edo portaera-kodeak nahita urratzea, <a href="/wiki/Anomia" title="Anomia">anomiaren</a> kontzeptu soziologikora hurbilduz. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a>k 2007an iradoki zuen jendearen ekintza gaiztoak nortasun kolektiboaren emaitza direla, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_espetxeko_esperimentua" title="Stanford espetxeko esperimentua">Stanford espetxeko esperimentua</a>ren aurreko esperientzian oinarrituta, zeina <i>The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil</i> liburuan argitaratu baitzen<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_filosofian">Gaizkia filosofian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia filosofian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia filosofian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filosofiaren historiaren ikuspegitik gaizkiaren arazoaren azken azalpena Rüdiger Safranskik egin du <i>Das Böse oder Das Drama der Freiheit/Gaizkia edo askatasunaren drama</i> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lanean. Gaitzaren izaerari buruzko auzi filosofikoa moraltasuna absolutua, erlatiboa edo ilusiozkoa den araberakoa da. Horren arabera adigai eta pentsamendu-eskola ezberdinak kontrajartzen dira: absolutismo moralarentzat ongia eta gaizkia jainko edo jainkoren batek, naturak, moralak, zentzuak edo beste iturriren batek baldintzatu eta ezarritako kontzeptuak dira. <a href="/wiki/Erlatibismo_moral" title="Erlatibismo moral">Erlatibismo moralerako</a>, ongiaren eta gaizkiaren arauak tokiko kultura, ohitura edo <a href="/wiki/Aurreiritzi" title="Aurreiritzi">aurreiritzi</a> jakin baten aldagaiak eta produktuak dira. Amoraltasunarentzat ongiak eta gaizkiak ez dute zentzurik, ez baitago osagai moralik naturan, eta orokortasun moralak moralaren zentzu absolutuaren eta ikuspuntu erlatibistaren arteko konpromisoa bilatzen du, moraltasuna neurri bateraino malgua baino ez dela baieztatuz, eta benetan ona edo txarra dena gizaki guztien artean gaizkitzat jotzen dena aztertuz erabaki daitekeela baieztatuz. </p><p>Gaizkiaren existentziak denbora guztietan planteatu dituen arazoen artean, bat bereziki garrantzitsua da: gaizkia edo gaiztakeria zer den eta zergatik existitzen den, eta bere kontzeptu antagonikoa, ongia edo ontasuna. <a href="/wiki/Manikeismo" title="Manikeismo">Manikeismoa</a> bezalako eskola filosofiko dualistek bi printzipio antagoniko horien existentzia planteatzen dute. <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokratesek</a>, intelektualismo moralaren teorian, gaitza ezjakintasunarekin identifikatzen du. <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonen</a> dizipuluarentzat gaizkia da ongiaren ideiak inola ere parte hartzen ez duena, eta ulertzen duena <a href="/wiki/Ideia" title="Ideia">ideiak</a> perfektuak eta positiboak direnez, txarra den guztia inperfektua eta sentimenezko munduaren esklusiboa dela, eta idatzi zuen ongia egiteko modu nahiko gutxi daudela, eta aitzitik, gaizkia egiteko modu asko eta asko, eta eragin handiagoa izan dezaketela gure bizitzetan eta sufritzeko gai diren beste izaki batzuen bizitzetan<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Plotino" title="Plotino">Plotinon</a>, materia gaizkia eta ulergarritasun mota ororen gabezia bezala identifikatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Berpizkundean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo">Makiavelorentzat</a>, gizakiak gaiztoak dira bakarrik beren irrika propioak asetzeko duten joera geldiezinak aurkakotasunik aurkitzen ez duenean besteen gaitza eraginez, eta horrek legea eta Estatua beharrezko bihurtzen ditu; beraz, gizakiak gaiztoak dira guztien ongiaren irizpidearen arabera epaitzen direnean bakarrik<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Thomas Hobbesentzat, Rousseaurentzat alderantziz, gizakia gaiztoa da berez eta oinarrizko berekoikeriagatik eta guztion aurkako gerran bizirauteko lehen instintu batengatik, "Gizakia otsoa da gizakiarentzat"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinozak</a> dio ona guretzat onuragarria den guztia dela, eta gaitza, berriz, "Ona den guztia edukitzea eragozten diguna". Gainera, "Gaizkiaren ezagutza ezagutza desegokia" dela dio<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibnizek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Teodizea" title="Teodizea">Teodicea</a>ren Saiakeran</i> baieztatzen du. <i>Jainkoaren ontasunari, gizakiaren askatasunari eta gaizkiaren jatorriari buruz</i> (1710), ongia munduan gaizkia baino ugariagoa dela, "Mundu posiblerik onenean" bizi garelako. <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Humek</a>, <i>Erlijio naturalari buruzko Elkarrizketak</i> (1755) lanean, arazoa berriz ere azaltzen du <a href="/wiki/Epikuro" title="Epikuro">Epikuro</a> greziarrak formulatu zuen terminoetan: </p> <table style="background-color:#e0e0e0;border-collapse:collapse;border-radius: 6px;border-style:none;margin: .5em 2.75em; padding: 20px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">« </td> <td align="left" style="padding:10px; padding-bottom:10px; font-size: 90%;">Jainkoak gaiztakeriari aurrea hartu nahi al dio, baina ez al da gai? Orduan ez litzateke ahalguztiduna izango. Gai zara, baina ez duzu egin nahi? Orduan gaiztoa litzateke. Gai zara eta egin nahi duzu? Nondik sortzen da orduan gaiztakeria? Ez al da gai eta ez al du egin nahi? Orduan, zergatik deitzen diozu Jainko? </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">» </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> XVIII. mendeko <a href="/wiki/Argien_Garaia" title="Argien Garaia">ilustrazioak</a> berriro planteatu zuen gaia. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseauk</a> zioenez, "Gizakia berez ona da" eta gizarteak usteltzen du; era berean, "Ongia ez egitea oso gaitz handia da"; <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltairek</a>, aldiz, ez ditu bereizten naturaren gaitza edo fisikoa eta moral txarra edo gaiztakeria, eta jatorrizko bekatuaren doktrina arbuiatzen du, baina, hala ere, oinazearen existentzia eta gizakiarengan duen kontzientzia eta itxaropenaren onura aldarrikatzen ditu<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burkek</a> dioenez, "Gaizkia gailentzeko, nahikoa da gizon zintzoek ezer ez egitea. " <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kanten</a>, gizakiak gaizkirako joera izango luke, nahiz eta ongirako jatorrizko jarrera izan. Onberaren zeregina, beraz, bere inperatibo kategorikoaren arabera, <a href="/wiki/Heroi" title="Heroi">heroi</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Martiri" title="Martiri">martiri</a> gisa eredu izatea litzateke. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/220px-seek%3D313-Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="440" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.360p.webm#t=00:04:52,00:06:10" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=ha&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ha" label="Hausa ‪(ha)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero."><img alt="Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/40px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/60px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/80px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Bideo hau Ikusgela proiektuaren parte da. Bideoak dituzten artikulu guztiak ikus ditzakezu hemen klik eginez gero.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gaizkiaren_hutsalkeria" title="Gaizkiaren hutsalkeria">gaizkiaren hutsalkeria</a></i> kontzeptua azaltzen duen bideoa.</figcaption></figure> <p>XIX. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzschek</a> etika berriro definitzen saiatu zen bere <a href="/wiki/Ongia_eta_gaizkiaz_haratago" title="Ongia eta gaizkiaz haratago"><i>Ongia eta gaizkiaz haratago</i></a> (1886) lanean, non moral judeokristaua gainditu behar dela baieztatzen den, eta etorkizuneko filosofoek beren balioak eraldatu behar dituzte, botere-nahimenean, bitalismo dionisiakoan, irudimenean eta autobaieztapenean oinarrituriko beste batzuk sortuz, moral unibertsal bat ukatuz, eta, beraz, gizaki guztiek gaitz bakar bat. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <i>Eichmann Jerusalemen. Gaizkiaren hutsalkeriari buruzko azterlan bat</i> liburuan <a href="/wiki/Inperatibo_kategoriko" title="Inperatibo kategoriko">inperatibo kategoriko</a> kantiarraren gaiari heltzen dio berriro, politizatuz. <a href="/wiki/Gaizkiaren_hutsalkeria" title="Gaizkiaren hutsalkeria">Gaizkiaren hutsalkeria</a> kontzeptua lantzen du hor. Aztertu gaitza gizarte-taldeetara edo Estatura mugatzen denean. Egilearen arabera, gaitza ez da kategoria ontologiko bat, ez da naturala, ezta metafisikoa ere. Politikoa eta historikoa da: gizakiek ekoizten dute eta horretarako espazio instituzional eta estrukturala aurkitzen duenean bakarrik agertzen da, hautu politiko baten ondorioz. Indarkeriaren hutsalkeriari dagokio, Arendtentzat, pentsamenduaren hutsunea, non gaizkiaren hutsaltasuna finkatzen den. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofoen_definizioak">Filosofoen definizioak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofoen definizioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofoen definizioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Akinokoa" title="Tomas Akinokoa">Tomas Akinokoa</a>: "Izaki oro, horrelakoa den heinean, ona denez, eta gaitza, existitzen den neurrian, ez-izateari dagokio. "</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suarez</a>: "[...] Gaitza ezin da positiboa izan, bere izaeragatik eta bere baitan erabat txarra dena; gauza bati txarra deitzen dion gaitza ez da gauza edo forma positiboa, ezta ukapen hutsa ere, baizik eta bere izateari zor zaion perfekziorik eza. "</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>: "[...] Filosofiaren arabera, gaitza ez da ezer erreala, gabezia hutsa baizik. "</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Malebranche">Malebranche</a>: "Gaizkia hiru eratara har daiteke: ongiaren gabezia bezala, min bezala, edo ongia gabetzea edo mina eragiten duen gauza bezala.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>: "Gaitza metafisikoa, fisikoa eta morala izan daiteke; gaitz metafisikoa inperfekzio soilean datza, gaitz fisikoa pairamenean, eta gaitz morala bekatuan. "</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a>: "Gaizkia gizaki zintzoak bere askatasunaren aurrean duen beldurretik sortutako bestea da, proiekzioa eta katarsia da [...] izatea ez den bestea, ongia ez den bestea, norbera ez den bestea. "</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_antropologian">Gaizkia antropologian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia antropologian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia antropologian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Becker (sortu gabe)">Ernest Becker</a> antropologo estatubatuarrak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Keen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Keen (sortu gabe)">Sam Keen</a> filosofoaren arabera "gaizkiaren zientzia" baten garapenean aitzindaria denak<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, honako hau dio: "Gaizkiaren dinamika izaki izaera ukatzearen ondorio da", hau da, "Izaeraren armadurak" (pertsonak hiltzera doan gertaera erreprimitzeko garatua) huts egiten duenean bere burua babesten duen autoilusio bat sortzen du, eta orduan, gizabanakoak, izuikara bat sortzen dio. Jada ez da gizaki "normala", neurosia "heriotzaren ukaziotik" datorrena eta egokitutako bizitza bat bizitzeko gai diren sinbolo eta kontzeptu multzo batek moteltzen duena. Ez: orain maskararik gabe dago bizitzaren aurrean. Mundua etsaitasunezko giro gisa agertzen zaio, eta, ondorioz, hura aldatzen saiatu behar du, istripuak eta segurtasunik eza ezabatzeko, funtsean Lurreko bizitzari datxezkion alderdiak baino ez baitira. Beckerren ustez, jatorrizko transferentzia gaurkotzea lortzen ez denez, hau da, segurtasun psikikoaren beharra izaki transzendental batean uzten ez denez, gizabanakoa bere izaki izaera ukatzen hasten da, eta, beraz, baita bere hurkoena ere, zeinak orduan ezabatuak izan baitaitezke mundua leku seguruagoa eta hortik gaitza egiteko prozesuan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_politikan">Gaizkia politikan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia politikan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia politikan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berpizkundeko <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> politikoei aurre eginez, <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo">Makiavelok</a> aurresuposatzen du giza gaiztakeria saihestezina dela eta ezin dela desagerrarazi: egin daitekeen gauza bakarra, <a href="/wiki/Estatu_arrazoi" title="Estatu arrazoi">estatu-arrazoia</a> deritzonaren bidez gaitz txikiagoaren politika ausarta ahalbidetuko duen bertute bat lantzea da. Hurrengo mendeetako eskandalurako geratzen da, noski, horrek ez badu esan nahi giza izaeraren gauzarik ederrena, ongia eta utopia desira nahi izatea, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Sloterdijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Sloterdijk (sortu gabe)">Peter Sloterdijk</a> filosofo alemaniarrak bere <i>Arrazoi zinikoaren kritika eragingarrian</i> (1983) dioen bezala; izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>ek hauxe idatzi zuen: "Gaitz txikienaren argumentuaren ahulezia beti izan da gaitz txikiena aukeratu zutenek oso azkar ahazten dutela"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Baina makiavelismoaren ideia erlatibistak azpimarratuz, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbesek</a> honako hau dio: "Gizakiak guztiak izutuko dituen botere komun batek kontrolatu gabe bizi diren bitartean, gerra egoeran daude, gizon bakoitzak gizon bakoitzaren aurka duen gerra egoeran". Hau da, botere politiko kolektiboak gizonak beldurtzen ditu (keep them all in awe), eta «beldur erreberentzial» horri esker, beldurrari esker, gorputz politiko bat eratzen da, nagusitasunaren eta indarkeriaren bidez (hau da, gaizkiaren bidez) gerra eta etengabeko <a href="/wiki/Kaosaren_teoria" title="Kaosaren teoria">kaos</a>a geldiarazteko gai dena. Gizonen joera gaiztoak beharrezkoa egiten du, berriz ere, boterearen eta gaizkiaren beraren arteko aliantza, bizikidetzaren eta bakearen emaitza egokiak lortzeko. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">Liberalismoarentzat</a>, boterea gaitz bat da, jakina... eta beharrezko gaitz bat, baina, horrexegatik, anarkiaren aurrean sortzen duen segurtasunaz gozatu nahi badugu, kontrolatu eta mugatu egin behar dugu; izan ere, euspen hori gabe ez ditu bere funtzioak sortzen, hau da, segurtasuna, bakea eta bizikidetza; gaizkia, zeren, beharrezkoa zaigunez gero, hezi egin behar baita (gure eskubideen menpekoa, gure eskubideen menpekoa). Baina kontua da, antzinako munduan estatuaren forma gaiztoek adierazten zituzten tiranien aurrean, gizakiaren konplexutasuna definizio mugatu batera murriztuz ukatzen duten utopia modernoek, azkenean, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo">totalitarismo</a> izeneko egoera gaiztoko forma berri eta aurrekaririk gabeak mamitu dituztela: <a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">nazionalismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazionalsozialismo" title="Nazionalsozialismo">nazismoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Estalinismo" title="Estalinismo">estalinismoa</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>en arabera, sistema horrek «hutsalkeria» deitzen dion errealitatean oinarritzen direla<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela, gaitz hori pentsamendurik ezean oinarritzen da, pentsatzeko edo epaitzeko ezintasunean; harentzat azalkeria horrek, sakontasun falta horrek, hain zuzen ere, obedientziaren pasibotasun eta errutinizazioak ahalbidetzen du gaitz absolutua sortzea. Holokaustoa ezin da lotu arrazionaltasun teknologikoarekin, pentsamenduaren eta jardunaren burokratizazioarekin, norberaren iritzia saihestea ahalbidetzen duten hierarkia sozialekin, ezarritako agintariek erabakitakora joz. <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a>en ustez, "Lorezainaren pentsamoldeek" berezkoa dute, eta horientzat munduaren irudia oihan bat da, lorategi bihurtu behar dena, eraldatu eta «hezi» arte manipulatuz eta eskakizun ideologikoetara egokituz, modu absolutuan «izan behar duena» izan dadin. Bestalde, Andrzej Lobaczewski (1921-2008) psikiatrak dio gaizkiak mozorrotzeko eta boterean (patokrazia) kokatzeko joera duela bere liburu <i>Political ponerology:</i> <i>a science on the nature of evil adjusted for political purposes</i> (Grande Prairie: Red Pill Press, 2006) liburuan<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaizkia_erlijioan">Gaizkia erlijioan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaizkia erlijioan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Gaizkia erlijioan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erlijio askotan gaizkiaren kontzeptua izaki edo entitate gaizto baten pertsonifikazioan irudikatzen da, batzuetan izen desberdinekin pertsonifikatua: <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satanas</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Luzifer" title="Luzifer">Lucifer</a>, Iblis, Ahriman, Mara, Angra Mainyu, Qlifot, Kroni... </p><p>Erlijio abrahamdarrentzat (<a href="/wiki/Judaismo" title="Judaismo">judaismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun">kristautasuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islama</a>) gaizkiaren kontzepzioa <a href="/wiki/Ongi" title="Ongi">ongia</a>rekiko <a href="/wiki/Dualismo" title="Dualismo">dualismotik</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Jainko" class="mw-disambig" title="Jainko">Jainkoa</a> izeneko printzipioarekiko harremanetik dator; <a href="/wiki/Bekatu" title="Bekatu">bekatuaren</a> kontzeptura mugatzen da. Walter Wink teologo liberalarentzat eta <a href="/wiki/Askapenaren_teologia" title="Askapenaren teologia">askapenaren teologiarentzat</a>, ordea, gaitza egiturazkoa eta indarkeria mota bat ere izan daiteke. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismoak</a> gehiago sinesten du <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmaren</a> printzipioan, eta sufrimendua askapena edo <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> eragozten duten <i>klesa</i> afektuen ondorio saihestezina dela, batez ere hiru: <a href="/wiki/Ezjakintasun" title="Ezjakintasun">ezjakintasuna</a>, ezinikusia edo haserrea eta irrika edo desira (budisten artean hiru pozoiak bezala ezagutzen direnak). Izan ere, etika budistaren gaizkiaren kontzeptua kontsekuentzialista da naturan, eta ez da oinarritzen jainkotasun batekiko betebeharretan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo">Hinduismoak</a> antzeko moduan ikusten du gaizkiaren irudikapena karmaren bidez, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharmaren</a> aurka joatean, eta ezjakintasunak (<a href="/wiki/Maya_(hinduismoa)" title="Maya (hinduismoa)">maya</a>) eramatean. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">Taoismoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>ren kontrako ekintzen ondorioa litzateke gaitza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/evil-evi/">«The Evidencial Problem of Evil»</a> <i>Internet Enciclopedia of Philosophy</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concept-evil/">«The Concept of Evil»</a> <i>plato.stanford.edu</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMoshagenHilbigZettler2018-10">Moshagen, Morten; Hilbig, Benjamin E.; Zettler, Ingo.  (2018-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29999338/">«The dark core of personality»</a> <i>Psychological Review</i> 125 (5): 656–688.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Frev0000111">10.1037/rev0000111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1939-1471">1939-1471</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29999338">29999338</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZimbardo2007">Zimbardo, Philip G..  (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70839827"><i>The Lucifer effect : understanding how good people turn evil. </i></a> (1st ed. argitaraldia) Random House <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4000-6411-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4000-6411-3">978-1-4000-6411-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=70839827">70839827</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135237/http://ghiraldelli.pro.br/wp-content/uploads/Safranski-Rudiger-El-mal-o-el-drama-de-la-libertad-1997.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSafranski1997">Safranski, Rüdiger.  (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistadelibros.com/articulos/el-mal-o-el-drama-de-la-libertad-de-rudiger-safranski"><i>El Mal o el Drama de la Libertad. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCherniss1977">Cherniss, Harold F..  (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3740882"><i>Selected papers. </i></a> Brill <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/90-04-05235-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/90-04-05235-6">90-04-05235-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3740882">3740882</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGerson2018">Gerson, Lloyd.  (2018). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/plotinus/">«Plotinus»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMachiavelli2015">Machiavelli, Niccolò.  (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927845797"><i>Discursos sobre la primera década de Tito Livio. </i></a> (3ª ed. argitaraldia) Alianza <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-132-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9104-132-0">978-84-9104-132-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=927845797">927845797</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHobbes1980">Hobbes, Thomas.  (1980). <i>Leviatán. </i> Editora Nacional, 222-239 or.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSpinoza2017">Spinoza, Benedictus de.  (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055879336"><i>Ética, Parte IV. </i></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-16034-88-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-16034-88-8">978-84-16034-88-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1055879336">1055879336</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPac2004">Pac, Andrea.  (2004). [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/17566/Documento_completo.pdf-PDFA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/17566/Documento_completo.pdf-PDFA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <i>VOLTAIRE : EL POEMA SOBRE EL DESASTRE DE LISBOA</i> O EXAMEN DEL AXIOMA “TODO ESTÁ BIEN”. <i>]</i></span><i>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBecker1975">Becker, Ernest.  (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1531747"><i>Escape from evil. </i></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-02-902300-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-02-902300-9">0-02-902300-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1531747">1531747</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArendt2005">Arendt, Hannah.  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64581306"><i>Responsabilité et jugement. </i></a> Payot & Rivages <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/2-228-90004-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/2-228-90004-4">2-228-90004-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64581306">64581306</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828415044"><i>«Comment tel système ou telle institution immunise ses membres contre la réalité de ce qui est commis et contre l'inhumanité de ses codes, et les rend complices de leur oppression mutuelle». Dictionnaire des concepts philosophiques. </i></a> Larousse 2013 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2-03-585007-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2-03-585007-2">978-2-03-585007-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=828415044">828415044</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/polpon/politicalponerologyccr.htm">«The Nature of Evil - Political Ponerology»</a> <i>www.bibliotecapleyades.net</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manikeismo" title="Manikeismo">Manikeismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilismo" title="Nihilismo">Nihilismo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizki&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div 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