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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Taoismoaren_oinarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoismoaren_oinarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Taoismoaren oinarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoismoaren_oinarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Bibliografia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taoismoaren_interpretazio_liburu_herrikoiak,_akademikoak_ez_direnak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoismoaren_interpretazio_liburu_herrikoiak,_akademikoak_ez_direnak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Taoismoaren interpretazio liburu herrikoiak, akademikoak ez direnak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoismoaren_interpretazio_liburu_herrikoiak,_akademikoak_ez_direnak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Taoismo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 152 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taoïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoismus" title="Daoismus – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Daoismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%ADsmo" title="Taoísmo – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Taoísmo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ताओ धर्म – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ताओ धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاوية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاوية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طاوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="طاويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طاويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%ADsmu" title="Taoísmu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taoísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daosizm" title="Daosizm – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daosizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تائوئیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تائوئیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Tao" title="Agama Tao – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Tao" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C4%97zmos" title="Taoėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Taoėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даасізм – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даасізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даасізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Даасізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Даоизъм – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Даоизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="তাওবাদ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাওবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏོའོ་ཅོའོ་ཆོས་ལུགས། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏོའོ་ཅོའོ་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoegezh" title="Daoegezh – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Daoegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizam" title="Taoizam – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Taoizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бомбын шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бомбын шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4%CC%A4-g%C3%A1u" title="Dô̤-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dô̤-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="تاویزم – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاویزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismus" title="Taoismus – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taoismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoaeth" title="Taoaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taoaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoismus" title="Daoismus – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Daoismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizm" title="Taoizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Taoizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ταοϊσμός – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταοϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%ADsmo" title="Taoísmo – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taoísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تائوئیسم – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تائوئیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taolaisuus" title="Taolaisuus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisma" title="Taoisma – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Taoisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taoïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B4ismo" title="Taôismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Taôismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoismus" title="Daoismus – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Daoismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisim" title="Taoisim – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Taoisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taoïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taochas" title="Taochas – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="道教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsm" title="Taoïsm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Taoïsm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%ADsmo" title="Taoísmo – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Taoísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1o_mbo%27e" title="Táo mbo'e – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Táo mbo'e" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%93_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="તાઓ ધર્મ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાઓ ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho-kau" title="Tho-kau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tho-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דאואיזם – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאואיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ताओ धर्म – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताओ धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizam" title="Taoizam – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Taoizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizmus" title="Taoizmus – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Taoizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դաոսականություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դաոսականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpukpe_Tao" title="Okpukpe Tao – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okpukpe Tao" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoismi" title="Daoismi – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Daoismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="道教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowizim" title="Dowizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dowizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დაოსიზმი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაოსიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B_t%C9%A9naa_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Tao ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tao ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwitawo" title="Khwitawo – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwitawo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – groenlandiera" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C" title="សាសនាតាវ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាសនាតាវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಟಾವೊ ತತ್ತ್ವ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಾವೊ ತತ್ತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EA%B5%90" title="도교 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AEzm" title="Taoîzm – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Taoîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoieth" title="Taoieth – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Taoieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismus" title="Taoismus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Taoismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizmo" title="Taoizmo – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Taoizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoismus" title="Daoismus – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Daoismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauisme" title="Dauisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dauisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taoïsme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoizmas" title="Daoizmas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daoizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoisms" title="Daoisms – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daoisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B4isma" title="Taôisma – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Taôisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Таоизам – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таоизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="താവോയിസം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താവോയിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бумбын шашин – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бумбын шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ताओ धर्म – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ताओ धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%ADsmo" title="Taoísmo – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Taoísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="တာအိုဘာသာ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာအိုဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoismus" title="Daoismus – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Daoismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ताओ धर्म – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ताओ धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="ताओ धर्म – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ताओ धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taoïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taoisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Taoïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤਾਓਵਾਦ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਓਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao%C3%AFme" title="Taoïme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Taoïme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizm" title="Taoizm – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taoizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="تاؤ مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تاؤ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Таоізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таоізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Таоизм – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таоизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauismu" title="Tauismu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tauismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizam" title="Taoizam – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Taoizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taoism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizmus" title="Taoizmus – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taoizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoizem" title="Daoizem – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Daoizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utao" title="Utao – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Utao" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayoismi" title="Tayoismi – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tayoismi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismi" title="Taoismi – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taoismi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Таоизам – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таоизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Daoism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utao" title="Utao – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தாவோயியம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவோயியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="టావోయిజం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టావోయిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ลัทธิเต๋า – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิเต๋า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoizm" title="Taoizm – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taoizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Даочылык – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Даочылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="داۋجياۋ دىنى – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="داۋجياۋ دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Даосизм – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Даосизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="تاؤ مت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاؤ مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daosizm" title="Daosizm – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daosizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_gi%C3%A1o" title="Đạo giáo – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạo giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawoyisse" title="Tawoyisse – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tawoyisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taoismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="道教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დაოსიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დაოსიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="טאאיזם – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאאיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauhgyau" title="Dauhgyau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dauhgyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="道教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D-k%C3%A0u" title="Tō-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tō-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" 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artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Taoist_priest_-_Taishan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Taoist_priest_-_Taishan.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Monje taoista bat.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Taoismoa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera">txineraz</a>, 道教; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyinez</a>, dàojiào, literalki «bidearen irakaspena») <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laoziren</a> idazki batzuetatik sortutako mugimendu <a href="/wiki/Erlijio" title="Erlijio">erlijiosoa</a> da. Taoismoa txinatar jatorriko tradizio filosofiko eta espirituala da, taoismoarekin harmonian bizitzea azpimarratzen duena (bidea). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a> oinarrizko ideia da <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_filosofia" title="Txinatar filosofia">Txinako filosofiaren</a> parte diren eskola gehienetan; hala ere, taoismoarentzat gauza guztien errealitate gorena da, baita printzipio <a href="/wiki/Kosmogonia" title="Kosmogonia">kosmogoniko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia">ontologikoa</a> osatzen duen batasun absolutu eta aldi berean aldagarriaren printzipioa ere<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela, taoistentzat, taoa existitzen den guztiaren iturria da, patroia eta substantzia<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Txinera_klasiko" title="Txinera klasiko">txinera klasikoan</a>, 道德經) Tao Te King edo Tao Te Ching izenez ere ezaguna, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Lao-Tse</a> filosofoari (Lao Tzu, Lao Zi, Laozi edo Laocio<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> izenez ere ezagutua) egotzitako irakaspenak biltzen dituen liburua da. Eta halako pertsonalitatearen existentzia historikoa oraindik eztabaidatzen bada ere, liburua, tradizio taoistarako, giltzarritzat hartzen da. <i>Zhuangzi</i>rekin batera, tradizioaren funtsezko testuak dira<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Eta balio <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etiko</a> taoistak eskolen arabera aldatzen diren arren, normalean, <i>wu wei</i>a azpimarratzera jotzen du (ekintzarik eza edo intentziorik gabeko ekintza), naturaltasuna, sinpletasuna, berezkotasuna eta, batez ere, «Hiru Altxorrak»: 慈 «errukitasuna», 儉 «urritasuna», eta 不敢為天下先 «umiltasuna»; bien bitartean, gutxiago azpimarratzen ditu arauak eta errituak (konfuzianismoaren kontrakotasunean). </p><p>Taoisten helburu nagusia <a href="/wiki/Hilezkortasun" title="Hilezkortasun">hilezkortasuna</a> lortzea da, nahiz eta, batzuetan, hilezkortasuna ez den hitzez hitz ulertzen, baizik eta bizitza osoa bezala. Era berean, naturarekin harmonian bizi ziren pertsonak hilezkorrak zirela esaten zen. <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Lao-Tse</a> jainko taoistatzat hartua izan zen ―hilezkor― hilezkortasuna lortu zuten jeneral ospetsu eta jakintsuen heroi folklorikoen panteoi handiaren buru. Bestalde, hilezkortasuna lortzea kanpoko <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimiaren</a> (waidan) eta barneko alkimiaren (neidan) bidez, historikoki, helburu garrantzitsua izan zen taoista askorentzat<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taoismoaren lehen formak K.a. IV. mendean garatu ziren Naturalisten Eskolako teoria kosmologikoen eta I. Ching-aren eraginez. Naturalisten Eskola eta <a href="/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang">Yin eta yang</a> eta Bost Elementuak kontzeptuak sintetizatu zituen eskola filosofikoa izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sortzailea Zou Yan da. Taoismoaren lehen forma antolatua, Tianshi eskola («Zeruko Maisuak»), K.a. II. mendean sortu zen «Xuanxue» (ikaskuntza sakona, baita «neo-taoismoa» ere), <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuzianismoaren</a> eragina izan zuen mugimendu filosofiko garrantzitsu bat izan zen, <i>I. Ching</i>, <i> Dào Dé Jīng</i> eta <i>Zhuangzi</i>ren interpretazioan zentratu zena eta K.o. III. eta IV. mendeen artean loratu zena<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mugimendu horretako filosofo garrantzitsuenak izan ziren: <a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Yan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Yan (sortu gabe)">He Yan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Bi (sortu gabe)">Wang Bi</a>, Banbu basoko zazpi jakintsuak, <a href="/wiki/Gu_Hong" title="Gu Hong">Ge Hong</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Xiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Xiang (sortu gabe)">Guo Xiang</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pentsalariek, hala nola He Yan eta Wang Bi, Taoaren izate sakona hartu zuten ardatz, hobetoen adierazten zuen terminoa «Wu» (ezer ez, ez izan, negatibotasuna) zela ikusi baitzuten<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste eskola batzuk ospea lortu zuten Txinako historian, hala nola Shangqing eskola, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="Tang dinastia">Tang dinastian</a> (618-907); Lingbao eskola, <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song dinastian</a> (960-1279), eta Quanzhen eskola, XIII-XIV. mendeetan garatu zena, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastian</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Geroago, taoismoa <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuzianismoarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismoarekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_erlijio_tradizional" title="Txinatar erlijio tradizional">Txinako erlijio tradizionalarekin</a> nahastu zen. XVII. mendean <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanera</a> eraman zen erlijio taoistaren forma zehatza tradizio horren tipikoa da. Gaur egungo praktikaren ezaugarririk bereizgarriena arbasoen gurtzea da. </p><p>Kontzeptu taoistek eragina izan zuten <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_medikuntza_tradizionala" title="Txinatar medikuntza tradizionala">txinatar medikuntza tradizionalean</a> eta hainbat diziplinatan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Tai_ji" title="Tai ji">taichi chuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">chi-kung</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Borroka-arte" title="Borroka-arte">arte martzialen</a> hainbat formatan. Txinako budismoaren eragina ere jasan zuten ondorengo tradizio taoistek<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taoismoaren_oinarriak">Taoismoaren oinarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Taoismoaren oinarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Taoismoaren oinarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dao-character.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dao-character.svg/220px-Dao-character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dao-character.svg/330px-Dao-character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dao-character.svg/440px-Dao-character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="61" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">dào</a></i> hitzaren sinograma, literalki «bidea».</figcaption></figure> <p>Taoismoak bi indarren existentzia ezartzen du: bata pasiboa, bestea aktiboa. <a href="/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang">Yin eta yang</a>, itxuraz, elkarren aurka daude, nahiz, egia esan, aldi berean, elkarren artean osatzen dira; hau da, erabateko mendekotasuna dute elkarrenganako, eta bat eginda funtzionatzen dute. «Yin»a (indar pasiboa/sotila, femeninoa, hezea...) eta «yang»a (indar aktiboa/zehatza, maskulinoa, lehorra...) dira, naturaren dinamismoa irudikatzen dute, agerian dauden edo existitzen diren gauza guztien jatorria. Ez nahasi «ongi versus gaizki» bezalako mutur kontrajarri eta bateraezinen dualtasunarekin. (Ikus <a href="/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang">yin eta yang</a>). </p><p>Taoari buruz dagoen esanahirik zaharrenak honela dio: «Yi yin, yi yang, zhè wei tao», hau da, «yin itxura bat, yang itxura bat, hori da tao-a». </p><p>Kontzepzio hori hitzen esanahitik abiatuta adieraz daiteke: literalki, <i>yang</i> «mendiaren hegal argitsua (eguzkitsua)» esan nahi du, eta <i>yin</i> «mendiaren hegal iluna (iluna)»; uler bedi mendia batasun-sinbolotzat. Horrela, itxuraz elkarren kontrakoak diren bi indar ordezkatzen dituzten arren, izatea bakar baten parte dira; tradizio batzuetan sinesmen erlijiosoen bidez ere agertzen dira, hala nola Hiru Puruen bidez. </p><p>Bi indar horien arteko berdintasunak haien adierazpenen berdintasuna dakar, abstraktuki hartuta. Horregatik, taoistak ez du bizitza heriotza baino goragokotzat jotzen, ez dio eraikuntzari suntsipenaren gainetik nagusitasunik ematen, ez sufrimenduaren gaineko atseginari, ez negatiboaren gaineko positiboari, ez ezeztapenaren gaineko baieztapenari. </p><p>Eguneroko gauza hutsalek guk ematen diogun baino esanahi askoz sakonagoa dute. </p><p>Bestalde, Tao-a ezin da «indar bateratzaile» gisa definitu, nahiz eta hori izan bere adierazpenetako bat, Tao-a, berez, definiezina, deskribaezina da, eta giza pentsamenduak, lortu ezina. <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i>ek irakasten dizun lehen gauza da<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Izenda daitekeen Taoa, ez da betiereko Taoa. Izenda daitekeen izena, ez da betiereko izena. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Beraz, Tao betiereko transzendentea, neurtezina eta deskribaezina den arren, aniztasunari aurrea hartzen dio; barnebiltzen du, eta dena sostengatzen du; halaber, immanentea da, eta gauza iraunkor guztien aniztasunean presente dago<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Taoak bata sortzen du, <p>Batak bia sortzen du, </p><p>Biak hirua sortzen du, </p><p>qta hiruak Hamar Mila Gauzak sortzen du. </p><p>Hamar Mila Gauzak Yin-era daramate, eta Yang-a besarkatzen dute. </p><p>Indar horiek konbinatuz lortzen dute harmonia. </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Beraz, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Lao-Tse-k</a> Taoren bi alderdi bereizten ditu; alde batetik Betiereko eta deskribaezin Taoa dago, eta, bestetik, Tao, ez-iraunkorra eta existentzia gisa adierazitakoa. Betiereko Taoaz ezin da hitz egin, haren izate ezagutezina baita eta giza ulermena gainditzen baitu, baina Taoaz agerpen edo existentzia gisa, berriz, hitz egin daiteke, eta hortik eraikitzen da taoismo filosofikoa. Hala ere, Taoren bi alderdiak bereizezinak dira; errealitate bera dira<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td> <p>Izendaezina zeruaren eta lurraren hasiera da. </p><p>Aipagarria dena Hamar Mila Gauzen ama da. </p><p>Desirarik gabe, Misterioa ikus daiteke; </p><p>Desioekin haren adierazpenak ikus daitezke. </p><p>Biak iturri beretik sortzen dira, baina errealitate bererako izen ezberdinak dituzte. </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Betiereko «zerbait» horrentzat ez dago izenik, izenak esperientzietatik baitatoz; azkenik, eta deskribatua edo adierazia izan beharrez, existentzian agertzen da, eta tao deitu zitzaion, zeinak helmugara daraman «bide» edo «bidezidor» (zuzena edo bertutetsua) esan nahi duen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Lao-Tsek</a> taoaren alderdi transzendenteaz hitz egiten duenean, zerbait konkretuaren ideia eman dezakeen orotatik urruntzen saiatzen da. Nahiago du munduari dagokion guztiaren plano desberdin batean kokatu. Izan ere, osotasuna ager dadin taoa espazio hutsa bezala da. «Zeruaren eta Lurraren aurretik existitzen zen» esaten du, eta, hain zuzen ere, ez dago esaterik nondik datorren. Sorkuntzaren ama, eta izaki guztien iturri da<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Modu nahasi eta misteriotsuan egina den zerbait, <p>Zerua eta Lurra baino lehenago jaioa. </p><p>Isiltasunean eta hutsean Bakarrik eta aldaezina. Beti presente eta mugimenduan. </p><p>Agian, Hamar Mila Gauzen ama da. Ez dakit haren izena. Deitu ieazaiozu Tao. Hitz hoberik ezean, Handia deitzen diot. </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Taoa ez da aldi baterakoa edo mugatua ere; behatze saiatzean, ez da ikusten; ez da entzuten, eta ez da sentitzen. Sorkuntzaren iturri primario kosmikoa da. Guztion hasiera da, <a href="/wiki/Zeru" title="Zeru">Zeruaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> erroa (gauza guztien ama). Baina definitzen, begiratzen edo entzuten saiatzen bagara, ezinezkoa litzateke: taoa ez-izatera itzultzen da, non azalezina den, eskuraezina eta betierekoa. </p><p>Zerupean dauden gauza guztiek badenaz gozatzen dute; badena ez denetik sortzen da, eta ez-izatera itzultzen da, zeinarekin beti loturik dagoen. </p><p>Ez-izatearen taoa fenomenoen munduan dagoen guztia mugitzen duen indarra da, funtzioa, den guztiaren efektua: ez-izatean oinarritzen da. </p><p>Izakien mundua ez-izatearen izenarekin izenda daiteke, eta fenomenoen mundua, berriz, izatearen izenarekin. Ezberdintasunak izenetan daude, bataren izena izatea baita eta bestearena, berriz, ez-izatea, baina, izenak ezberdinak diren arren, egitate bakarra da: misterioa, zeinaren sakonetik mirari guztiak sortzen baitira. </p><p>Munduaren nahastetik betierekora daraman bidea aurkitzean, taoaren bidean gaude. </p><p>Taoismoak legearen kontzeptua baztertzen du, eta ordenaren kontzeptuarekin ordezkatzen du. Hau da, gauzak modu jakin batean dira etengabe mugitzen ari den unibertsoan duten kokapenak portaera horretara behartzen dituen natura ematen dielako. Horrela azaltzen du K.a. II. mendeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Zhongshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Zhongshu (sortu gabe)">Dong Zhongshu</a> filosofo txinatarrak: </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Lurrera ura botatzen denean, hark alde lehorrak saihesten ditu, eta bustita daudenetara joaten da. Sutan bi enbor jartzen badira, hark bustia saihesten du, eta lehorra pizten du. Gauza guztiek errefusatzen dute desberdina dena, eta berdina dena jarraitzen dute. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Era berean, gauza ederrek beste gauza batzuei deitzen diete ederren klasean; higuingarriek, beste batzuei higuingarrien klasean. Hori klase bereko gauzak bat datozen modu osagarritik dator. Gauzak elkarri deitzen diote, gauza bera gauza berarekin; herensuge bat euria ekarriz, haizemaile bat beroa kenduz, armada bat egon den lekua sasiz betez... Gauza eder eta higuingarriek jatorri bat dute. Patua eraikitzen dutela uste bada, jatorria non dagoen inork ez dakielako da. Ez dago gertaerarik bere hasierarako aurreko zerbaiten mende ez dagoenik, eta horri erantzuten dio kategoria berekoa delako, eta horregatik mugitzen da. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG/220px-The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG/330px-The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG/440px-The_Immortal_Soul_of_the_Taoist_Adept.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Jarraitzaile taoistaren arima hilezkorra.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tao da ordena naturalari ematen zaion izen globala. Taoaren helburua da gizakiari naturan integratzen irakastea, ibiltzen irakastea, bere baitan bateratasunean eta harmonian integratzen irakastea. Taoa ez da sortzailea, munduan ezer ez delako sortzen, mundua era ez da sortzen. Natura eta harmonia horrekin bat egiten irakastea, norberaren gorputzean bizi-erritmoak esperimentatu ahal izateko. Erritmo horiek dituzten ariketa batzuen bidez, giza gorputza sintonizatzen da, eta, horrela, lasaitasun mentala eta <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> fisikoa irabazten dira. </p><p>K.a. IV. mendearen hasieran, txinatar filosofoek <a href="/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang">yin eta yang-ari</a> buruz idazten zuten naturarekin lotutako terminoetan. </p><p>Taoaren perspektibatik begiratuz, gauza guztiak goratzen, handi bihurtzen eta gero bere sustraira itzultzen diren ikusten da. Bizitzea eta hiltzea sartu eta ateratzea besterik ez da<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup>. Gogamenaren indarrek ez dute botererik tao jarraitzen duenarengan. Ez-izatearen bideak lasaitasunera eta behaketara darama, eta anizkunetik «bat»era darama. Bide hori egin ahal izateko, barne prestaketa behar da. Praktika espiritualaren<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup>, jarraikitasunaren, barne biltzearen eta isiltasunaren bidez erlaxazio-egoerara iristen da<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup>, zeina hain lasaia izan behar duen ezen barneko izaeraren (arima) behatze aukera eman behar duen<sup class="Template-Fact" title="erreferentzia behar da pasarte honetan" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a></sup>, eta horrela lortzen da ikusezina dena ikustea, entzunezina dena entzutea eta eskuraezina dena sentitzea. </p><p>Pentsamendu taoistaren historia adierazgarria honako hau litzateke: (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huston_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huston Smith (sortu gabe)">Huston Smith-en</a> <i>Munduko erlijioak</i> liburutik egokitua). </p><p>Nekazari baten zaldiak ihes egin zuen. Auzokoaren errukiaren aurrean, nekazariak esan zion: «Nork daki ona edo txarra den?». Eta arrazoi zuen, zeren, biharamunean, zaldia adiskidetutako zaldi basatiekin itzuli baitzen. Auzokoa berriro agertu zen, oraingoan zerutik eroritako opariagatik zoriontzeko, baina nekazariak errepikatu zion: «Nork daki ona edo txarra den?». Eta berriro ere arrazoia izan zuen, zeren, biharamunean, bere semea zaldi basati haietako batera igotzen saiatu, eta erori egin zen, hanka bat hautsiz. Auzokoak berriz ere atsekabea agertu zion, eta berriro jaso zuen aurreko galdera: «Nork daki ona edo txarra den?». Eta nekazariak arrazoi izan zuen laugarren aldiz, zeren, biharamunean, soldadu batzuk agertu ziren semea errekrutatzera, baina, zaurituta zegoenez, salbuetsi egin zuten. </p><p>Amoraltasun edo moralkeria latitudinario batetik urrun, taoismoak harmonia goresten du, hor oreka dago, erlatibitateen gaineko osotasuna. </p><p>Etika hori artean islatzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinara</a> iritsi zenean, budismoaren eta taoismoaren arteko harremanak, beste ondorio batzuen artean, Chan eskola erlijioso eta filosofiko budista eragin zuen. (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito">sanskritoko</a> «dhyana» hitzaren <a href="/wiki/Sinizazio" title="Sinizazio">sinizazioa</a> eta «<a href="/wiki/Meditazio" title="Meditazio">meditazioa</a>» esan nahi duena) Horrek, <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniara</a> igarotzean, <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zena</a> sortu zuen. </p><p>Taoismoak ezagutza-arlo askotan eragin zuen, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntzan</a> eta meditazio-eskola batzuetan, baita <a href="/wiki/Borroka-arte" title="Borroka-arte">borroka-arteetan</a> ere. Taoismoaren eta <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantraren</a> ikusmolde batzuetan antzekotasuna dago, bereziki mundua <a href="/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema">ekosistema</a> ikuspegian, eta ekintza sexualaren barruan argitze bidetzat hartzea. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_An&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin An (sortu gabe)">Lin An</a> taoista handiak honela definitzen du zoriontasunaren bidea: </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Pertsona gehienek <p>zein huts eta gaizki sentitzen diren gauzak </p><p>bere bihotza gozatzeko erabiltzen dutelako, </p><p>bihotza gauzez gozatzeko </p><p>erabili ordez. </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table><p>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taoismoak hiru indar daudela zehazten du: baikorra, ezkorra eta baketzailea. Indar baikorra eta indar ezkorra elkarren aurka daude; hau da, bakoitzak bere aldetik independenteki jokatzen du. <i><a href="/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang">Yin eta yang</a></i> izena dute, hurrenez hurren. Hirugarren indarra <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao"><i>tao</i>a</a> da, eta batera ditu <i>yin</i> eta <i>yang</i>a. Esaera zahar batek dio: «<i>yin</i> alde bat eta <i>yang</i> alde bat, hori da <i>tao</i>a». Bi kontrako aldeek, <i>yin</i> eta <i>yang</i>ek, indar berbera dute; horregatik, <a href="/wiki/Heriotza" title="Heriotza">heriotza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bizitza_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bizitza (argipena)">bizitza</a>, ez dago bata bestearen gainetik. <i>Tao</i>a, berriz, pentsamendu gizatiarra heldu ezin daitekeen zerbait da. </p><p>Intuizio, sentsibilitate, naturaltasuna eta bizitza gisa ere ezagutzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> txinatar kulturako filosofo aipagarriena izan zela esaten da. <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i> liburua idatzi zuen, pentsamendu taoistaren liburu nagusia. <i>Tao</i>k <a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indar</a> bat, edo hobeki esanda, <a href="/wiki/Mundu" title="Mundu">munduaren</a> ordena deskribatzen du. Kontraesan indar bat da, eta unibertsoko gauza guztiak azaltzen ditu. </p><p><i>Tao</i> hitz txinatarra (道) «bidea» dela esan ohi da, nahiz eta filosofian eta herriko erlijio txinatarretan ezin konta ahala ñabardura izan. </p><p>Taoismo filosofikoa Laoziren idazkietatik eta <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi" title="Zhuangzi">Zhuangzi</a></i> testutik aurrera garatu zen. <a href="/wiki/Elezahar" title="Elezahar">Elezahar</a> txinatarraren arabera, Laozi K.a. VI. mendean bizi izan zen, eta, beraz, tradizionalki esan izan da <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i> mende horretan idatzi zuela, nahiz eta gaurko ikerketa batzuen arabera, nahiko beranduago izan zen. </p><p>Taoisten funtsezko helburua hilezkortasunera heltzea izan arren, batzuetan, hori ez da hitzez hitz ulertzen, baizik eta osotasuneko bizitza luze gisa. Era berean, esaten zen naturarekiko harmonian bizi ziren pertsonak hilezkorrak zirela. <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> jainko taoista bihurtu zuten ―hilezkorra―, folkloreko heroi, jeneral ospetsu eta jakintsuz osatutako panteoi itzel bati hasiera emanik, denak ere hilezkortasunera heldu zirenak. Hala ere, taoismoaren forma zaharra korronte filosofikoa zen, eta ez erlijiosoa: pentsalari zaharrek «hilezkortasuna», inguruarekin bat, norberak bere burua gainditze moduan interpretatzen zuten, eta horrek esan nahi du norberaren eta inguruaren aurrerabidea bilatu behar direla. </p><p>Geroago, taoismoa <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuzianismotik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismotik</a> eta herri-erlijiotik hartutako elementuekin nahasi zen. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanera</a> duela 300 bat urte eraman zen erlijio taoistaren era zehatza, izan ere, tradizio horren erakusgarri tipikoa da. Gaurko praktikaren ezaugarririk bereizgarriena arbasoen benerazioa da. </p> <ul><li>K.a. IV-II. mendeak: alkimian, txinatar medikuntza tradizionalean, magian eta igartzean eragiten du, eta; beraz, herri-kultu bihurtzen da. Gerora, <a href="/wiki/Borroka-arte" title="Borroka-arte">borroka-arteetan</a> eragin zuen, osasunari eta borrokari aplikatutako «<a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">txi</a>» kontzeptuekin, eta, hala, <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> taoistaren hainbat estilo sortu ziren (batez ere, <a href="/wiki/Wudang_mendiak" title="Wudang mendiak">Wudang mendian</a>), bai eta <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">chi kung</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tai_ji" title="Tai ji">taichi</a> diziplinak ere.</li> <li>K.o. II. mendea: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Daoling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Daoling (sortu gabe)">Zhang Daoling</a> <a href="/wiki/Apaiz" title="Apaiz">apaiz</a> inperiala da taoismoaren lehen aita santua da, erlijioari dagokionez; <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_erlijio_tradizional" title="Txinatar erlijio tradizional">txinatar erlijio tradizionala</a> taoismoarekin batzen du, gurtza erlijioso inperiala berritzeko eta bere taoismo teista forma gurtza-doktrina gisa ezartzeko; interpretazio erlijioso hori <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozik</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi" title="Zhuangzi">Zhuangzik</a> proposatzen zuten jatorrizko ideologia taoista erabat filosofikoaren aurkakotzat hartzen dute batzuek.</li> <li>1927: Txinako gobernuak aitasantutza inperiala ezeztatzen du.</li> <li>Hilezkortasuna hitzematen du zentzu erlijiosoan, betiko bizitzako forma gisa, baina, zentzu filosofikoan, autogainditzearen kontzeptu ontologiko bultzatzaileren alegoria gisa.</li> <li>Funtsezko oharra: Hilezkortasunera heltzea, bizi-iraupen osorik, naturarekin harmonian bizi diren pertsonak hilezkorrak dira.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> hilezkor taoista gisa jainkotzen dute (heroi folklorikoak, jeneral ospetsu eta jakintsuak). Jainkoen ideia hori taoismo erlijiosoaren jarraitzaileek bakarrik hartu zuten; taoismo filosofikoak, berriz, arbuiatu egin zituen.</li> <li>Konfuzianismoaren elementuekin, budismoarekin eta sineste lokalekin nahastu zen (Taiwan duela 300 urte), Laoziren <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i>-eko jatorrizko kontzeptuekin bateragarria ez den batura erlijiosoa eratuz.</li> <li>Berria: Arbasoen gurtza, taoismo erlijiosoak soilik onartzen du, baina taoismo filosofikoak ez du bereganatzen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang Zi">Zhuang Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lie_Zi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lie Zi (sortu gabe)">Lie Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ying_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ying Yang (sortu gabe)">Ying Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Wei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Wei (sortu gabe)">Wu Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo">Anarkismoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"Lexus Diccionario enciclopédico Color" <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9972062501" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9972-0625-01</a>-3 pág. 883, 1.ª columna</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPollard,_Elizabeth,Tignor,_Robert_L.,Adelman,_Jeremy.Aron,_Stephen.">Pollard, Elizabeth,; Tignor, Robert L.,; Adelman, Jeremy.; Aron, Stephen.; Brown, Peter, 1935-; Elman, Benjamin A., 1946-; Kotkin, Stephen.; Liu, Xinru. <i>et al</i>.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890068060"><i>Worlds together, worlds apart. </i></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0393937690" title="Berezi:BookSources/0393937690">0393937690</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/890068060">.890068060</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTs'un-YanCreel">Ts'un-Yan; Creel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2757965"><i>What Is Taoism? And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History.. </i></a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2757965">10.2307/2757965</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0030-851X">0030-851X</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAnderson">Anderson. <i>Las religiones del mundo. </i> Mundo Hispano</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, Livia, ed. <i>Daoism Handbook</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2000). p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Henri Maspero, <i>Taoism and Chinese Religion</i>, translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. (University of Massachusetts Press, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607826/Zou-Yan">"Zou Yan"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ISSN 2161-0002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/">http://www.iep.utm.edu/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>(Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLao_Tse">Lao Tse. <i>Tao Te Ching. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLao_Tse">Lao Tse. <i>Tao Te Ching. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLao_Tse">Lao Tse. <i>Tao Te Ching. </i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLao_Tse">Lao Tse. <i>Tao Te Ching. </i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFElorduy,_Carmelo1983"><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Elorduy" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelo Elorduy">Elorduy, Carmelo</a>.  (1983). <i>El libro de los cambios (I Ching). </i> Primera versión directa del chino al español. Madrid: Editora Nacional <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-276-0643-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-276-0643-2">978-84-276-0643-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLao-Tse2006_(4._edizioa,_2018)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao-Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao-Tse (sortu gabe)">Lao-Tse</a>.  (2006 (4. edizioa, 2018)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trotta.es/static/pdf/indice_nttVUlk.pdf"><i>Tao Te Ching: Los libros del Tao. </i></a> Traducción directa del chino por <a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B1aki_Preciado_Idoeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iñaki Preciado Idoeta (sortu gabe)">Iñaki Preciado Idoeta</a>. Barne biltzen ditu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Textos_de_Guodian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Textos de Guodian (sortu gabe)">Textos de Guodian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Textos_de_Mawangdui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Textos de Mawangdui (sortu gabe)">Mawangdui</a> eta bertsio berantiarrak. Argitalpen berrikusia, aldatua eta zabaldua. Madrid: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editorial_Trotta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editorial Trotta (sortu gabe)">Editorial Trotta</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8164-835-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8164-835-5">978-84-8164-835-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>Tao te king. </i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Wilhelm (sortu gabe)">Richard Wilhelmen</a> edizioa. Barcelona: Sirio <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7808-625-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7808-625-2">978-84-7808-625-2</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siruela.com/archivos/fragmentos/TaoteKing.pdf"><i>Libro del curso y de la virtud. </i></a> Ed. txineratik zuzenean itzulia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Su%C3%A1rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne-Hélène Suárez (sortu gabe)">Anne-Hélène Suárez</a> Girard. Hitzaurrea: François Jullien. Madrid: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediciones_Siruela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ediciones Siruela (sortu gabe)">Ediciones Siruela</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7844-427-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7844-427-4">978-84-7844-427-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>Tao Te Ching. </i> Carmelo Elorduyk itzulia. Txineratik gaztelaniarako lehen zuzeneko bertsioa. Barcelona: Orbis <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7530-461-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7530-461-8">978-84-7530-461-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLie_Yukou1987_(4._edizioa_2008)."><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lie_Yukou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lie Yukou (sortu gabe)">Lie Yukou</a>.  (1987 (4. edizioa 2008).). <i>Lie Zi. El libro de la perfecta vacuidad. </i> txineratik zuzenean itzulia, Iñaki Preciado Idoetaren sarrera eta oharrak. Barcelona: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editorial_Kair%C3%B3s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editorial Kairós (sortu gabe)">Editorial Kairós</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7245-336-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7245-336-4">978-84-7245-336-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaspero,_Henry2000">Maspero, Henry.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eltaoismoylasrel0000masp"><i>El taoísmo y las religiones chinas. </i></a> Madrid: Trotta <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-8164-308-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-8164-308-4">84-8164-308-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSun_Tzu2001_[7._edizioa_2010]">Sun Tzu.  (2001 [7. edizioa 2010]). <i>El arte de la guerra. </i> antzinako txineratik zuzenean itzulia, Albert Galvany, Yijing-en bigarren zuzeneko itzulpen osoaren egilekidea txineratik gaztelaniara. Madrid: Trotta <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8164-492-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8164-492-0">978-84-8164-492-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVila,_Jordi_&_Galvany,_Albery2006_[2._edizioa]">Vila, Jordi & Galvany, Albery.  (2006 [2. edizioa]). <i>Yijing. El libro de los cambios. Wang Bi-ren iruzkinarekin. </i> Gaztelaniara itzultzen den txineraren zuzeneko lehen bertsioa. Vilaür: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediciones_Atalanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ediciones Atalanta (sortu gabe)">Ediciones Atalanta</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-934625-9-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-934625-9-4">84-934625-9-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWatts,_Alan2006_(9._edizioa)."><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Watts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Watts (sortu gabe)">Watts, Alan</a>.  (2006 (9. edizioa).). <i>El camino del tao. </i> Barcelona: Kairós <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7245-082-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7245-082-0">978-84-7245-082-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWilhelm,_R1960/2007_[32._edizioa]"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Wilhelm (sortu gabe)">Wilhelm, R</a>.  (1960/2007 [32. edizioa]). <i>I Ching. El libro de las mutaciones. </i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" title="Carl Gustav Jung">C. G. Jung</a> hitzaurrea. Barcelona: Editorial Edhasa <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-350-1902-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-350-1902-0">84-350-1902-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZhuangzi1996_(3._edizioa_2007)"><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi" title="Zhuangzi">Zhuangzi</a>.  (1996 (3. edizioa 2007)). <i>Zhuang Zi. «Maestro Chuang Tsé». </i> Iñaki Preciado Idoetaren txineraren itzulpena. Barcelona: Kairós <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7245-335-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7245-335-7">978-84-7245-335-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <i>Los capítulos interiores de Zhuang Zi. </i> Hasierako zazpi kapituluen gaztelaniazko lehen bertsioa, eta, ustez, benetakoak diren bakarrak. Pilar González España y Jean Claude Pastor-Ferrer-en txineraren zuzeneko itzulpena. Madrid: Trotta <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-8164-239-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-8164-239-8">84-8164-239-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBarrett2006">Barrett, Rick.  (2006). <i>Taijiquan: Through the Western Gate. </i> Blue Snake Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-58394-139-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-58394-139-8">1-58394-139-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBertschinger2011">Bertschinger, Richard.  (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretofeverabizena0000bert"><i>The Secret of Everabizenaing Life: The izena translation of the ancient Chinese text on immortality. </i></a> Singing Dragon <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84819-048-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84819-048-1">978-1-84819-048-1</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCarrZhang2004">Carr, David T.; Zhang, Canhui.  (2004). <i>Space, Time, and Culture. </i> Springer <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-4020-2823-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-4020-2823-7">1-4020-2823-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChang1985">Chang, Stephen T..  (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattao0000chan"><i>The Great Tao. </i></a> Tao Longevity LLC <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-942196-01-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-942196-01-5">0-942196-01-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJones2004">Jones, Richard H..  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticismmoralit0000jone"><i>Mysticism and Morality: a new look at old questions. </i></a> Lexington Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7391-0784-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7391-0784-4">0-7391-0784-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKeller2003">Keller, Catherine.  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faceofdeeptheolo0000kell"><i>The Face of the Deep: A Theology of Becoming. </i></a> Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-415-25648-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-415-25648-8">0-415-25648-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKlaus2009">Klaus, Hilmar.  (2009). <i>The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi – Taodejing. </i> Aachen: Hochschulverlag <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-8107-0055-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-8107-0055-1">978-3-8107-0055-1</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKohn1993">Kohn, Livia.  (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taoistexperience0000kohn"><i>The Taoist Experience: An Anthology. </i></a> Albany: SUNY Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7914-1579-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7914-1579-5">978-0-7914-1579-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKomjathy2013">Komjathy, Louis.  (2013). <i>The Taoist Tradition: An Introduction. </i> London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1441168733" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1441168733">978-1441168733</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKomjathy2014">Komjathy, Louis.  (2014). <i>Taoism: A Guide for the Perplexed. </i> London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1441148155" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1441148155">978-1441148155</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMair1983">Mair, Victor H.  (1983). <i>Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu. </i> Hawaii <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-88706-967-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-88706-967-3">0-88706-967-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMartin2005">Martin, William.  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathandpracticeu0000mart"><i>A Path And A Practice: Using Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as a Guide to an Awakened Spiritual Life. </i></a> Marlowe & Company <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-56924-390-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-56924-390-5">1-56924-390-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPasLeung1998">Pas, Julian F.; Leung, Man Kam.  (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000pasj"><i>Historical Dictionary of Taoism. </i></a> Scarecrow Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8108-3369-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8108-3369-7">0-8108-3369-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRobinet1993">Robinet, Isabelle.  (1993). <i>Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity. </i> Albany: SUNY Press</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSaso1990">Saso, Michael R..  (1990). <i>Taoism and the Rite of Cosmic Renewal. </i> (2.. argitaraldia) Pullman: Washington State University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87422-054-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87422-054-4">978-0-87422-054-4</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSivin1968">Sivin, Nathan.  (1968). <i>Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies. </i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-12150-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-12150-8">978-0-674-12150-8</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSommer1995">Sommer, Deborah.  (1995). <i>Chinese Religion: An Anthology of Sources. </i> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-508895-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-508895-3">978-0-19-508895-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTian2005">Tian, Chenshan.  (2005). <i>Chinese Dialectics: From Yijing To Marxism. </i> Lanham: Lexington Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7391-0922-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7391-0922-7">0-7391-0922-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWelchSeidel1979">Welch, H.; Seidel, A..  (1979). <i>Facets of Taoism. </i> New Haven: Yale University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-300-01695-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-300-01695-6">0-300-01695-6</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZhuangzi2018">Zhuangzi.  (2018). Kalinke, Viktor ed. <i>Gesamttext und Materialien. </i> Leipzig: Leipziger Literaturverlag <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-86660-222-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-86660-222-9">978-3-86660-222-9</a>.</span>.—pinyin transkripzioarekin, lerroarteko itzulpenarekin eta itzulpen literarioarekin, Zhuangzi liburuko hiztegi oso bat du, eta Lao Tzu-rekiko komunztadura.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoismoaren_interpretazio_liburu_herrikoiak,_akademikoak_ez_direnak"><span id="Taoismoaren_interpretazio_liburu_herrikoiak.2C_akademikoak_ez_direnak"></span>Taoismoaren interpretazio liburu herrikoiak, akademikoak ez direnak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Taoismoaren interpretazio liburu herrikoiak, akademikoak ez direnak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Taoismoaren interpretazio liburu herrikoiak, akademikoak ez direnak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDyer2007">Dyer, Wayne.  (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changeyourthough00dyer_0"><i>Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life: Living the Wisdom of the Tao. </i></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hay_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hay House (sortu gabe)">Hay House</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4019-1750-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4019-1750-0">978-1-4019-1750-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGerstner2009">Gerstner, Ansgar.  (2009). <i>The Tao of Business. </i> Earnshaw Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-988-18-1547-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-988-18-1547-7">978-988-18-1547-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoodspeed1983">Goodspeed, Bennett W..  (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taojonesaverages00goodrich"><i>The Tao Jones Averages: A Guide to Whole-Brained Investing. </i></a> E.P. Dutton <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780525242017" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780525242017">9780525242017</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHoff1983">Hoff, Benjamin.  (1983). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tao_of_Pooh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tao of Pooh (sortu gabe)">The Tao of Pooh</a>. </i> Penguin <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-14-006747-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-14-006747-7">978-0-14-006747-7</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWilde1995">Wilde, Stuart.  (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infiniteself33st00wild"><i>Infinite Self: 33 Steps to Reclaiming Your Inner Power. </i></a> Hay House <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-56170-349-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-56170-349-4">978-1-56170-349-4</a>.</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoismo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taoism">Taoism</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q9598%22">Q9598</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span 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