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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Postwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informbiro_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informbiro_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Informbiro period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informbiro_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Tito_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Tito_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Post-Tito period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Tito_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Dissolution and war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1992_UN_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1992_UN_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Post-1992 UN membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1992_UN_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rights_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Women's rights policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Federal units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_and_river_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_and_river_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Maritime and river transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_and_river_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Urban </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Communications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Communications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Radio and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Graphic arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 Traditional music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 Classical music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.3 Popular music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rock_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.3.1 Rock music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Architectural heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_polo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_polo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Water polo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_polo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Handball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Individual sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 National anthem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" > 88 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية يوغوسلافيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية يوغوسلافيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Federal_Socialista_de_Yugoslavia" title="Republica Federal Socialista de Yugoslavia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Federal Socialista de Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sotsialistic%C3%A3_Federativ%C3%A3_ali_Iugoslavia" title="Republica Sotsialisticã Federativã ali Iugoslavia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Republica Sotsialisticã Federativã ali Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_Socialista_de_Yugoslavia" title="República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqoslaviya_Sosialist_Federativ_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Yuqoslaviya Sosialist Federativ Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuqoslaviya Sosialist Federativ Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یوقوسلاوی سوسیالیست فدراتیو جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوقوسلاوی سوسیالیست فدراتیو جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_Si%C4%81-ho%C4%93-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_Li%C3%A2n-pang_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Yugoslavia Siā-hoē-chú-gī Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yugoslavia Siā-hoē-chú-gī Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялістычная Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Югаславія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялістычная Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Югаславія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалистическа федеративна република Югославия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социалистическа федеративна република Югославия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Federativna_Republika_Jugoslavija" title="Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Socialista_de_Iugosl%C3%A0via" title="República Federal Socialista de Iugoslàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Federal Socialista de Iugoslàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistick%C3%A1_federativn%C3%AD_republika_Jugosl%C3%A1vie" title="Socialistická federativní republika Jugoslávie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Socialistická federativní republika Jugoslávie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiske_F%C3%B8derale_Republik_Jugoslavien" title="Socialistiske Føderale Republik Jugoslavien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialistiske Føderale Republik Jugoslavien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistische_F%C3%B6derative_Republik_Jugoslawien" title="Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialistische Föderative Republik Jugoslawien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_Federatiwna_Republika_Jugos%C5%82owja%C5%84ska" title="Socialistiska Federatiwna Republika Jugosłowjańska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Socialistiska Federatiwna Republika Jugosłowjańska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaavia_F%C3%B6deratiivne_Sotsialistlik_Vabariik" title="Jugoslaavia Föderatiivne Sotsialistlik Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jugoslaavia Föderatiivne Sotsialistlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σοσιαλιστική Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γιουγκοσλαβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοσιαλιστική Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γιουγκοσλαβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_Socialista_de_Yugoslavia" title="República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisma_federacia_respubliko_Jugoslavio" title="Socialisma federacia respubliko Jugoslavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialisma federacia respubliko Jugoslavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviako_Errepublika_Federal_Sozialista" title="Jugoslaviako Errepublika Federal Sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jugoslaviako Errepublika Federal Sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="جمهوری فدرال سوسیالیستی یوگسلاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری فدرال سوسیالیستی یوگسلاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialistiska_samveldisl%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Jugoslavia" title="Sosialistiska samveldislýðveldið Jugoslavia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sosialistiska samveldislýðveldið Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rative_socialiste_de_Yougoslavie" title="République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiche_Socialiste_Feder%C3%A2l_di_Jugoslavie" title="Republiche Socialiste Federâl di Jugoslavie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Republiche Socialiste Federâl di Jugoslavie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_Chonastagh_Hoshiallagh_yn_Yugoslaavey" title="Pobblaght Chonastagh Hoshiallagh yn Yugoslaavey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght Chonastagh Hoshiallagh yn Yugoslaavey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Socialista_de_Iugoslavia" title="República Federal Socialista de Iugoslavia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Federal Socialista de Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="유고슬라비아 사회주의 연방공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유고슬라비아 사회주의 연방공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարավսլավիայի Սոցիալիստական Ֆեդերատիվ Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավսլավիայի Սոցիալիստական Ֆեդերատիվ Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_Federatiwna_Republika_Juhos%C5%82owjanska" title="Socialistiska Federatiwna Republika Juhosłowjanska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Socialistiska Federatiwna Republika Juhosłowjanska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Federativna_Republika_Jugoslavija" title="Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Socialista_Federala_Yugoslavia" title="Republiko Socialista Federala Yugoslavia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Socialista Federala Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Federal_Sosialis_Yugoslavia" title="Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Социалистон Федеративон Республикæ Югослави – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Социалистон Федеративон Республикæ Югослави" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3s%C3%ADal%C3%ADska_sambandsl%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_J%C3%BAg%C3%B3slav%C3%ADa" title="Sósíalíska sambandslýðveldið Júgóslavía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sósíalíska sambandslýðveldið Júgóslavía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Socialista_Federale_di_Jugoslavia" title="Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="הרפובליקה הפדרלית הסוציאליסטית של יוגוסלביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הפדרלית הסוציאליסטית של יוגוסלביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалист Федератив Республика Югославия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Социалист Федератив Республика Югославия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="იუგოსლავიის სოციალისტური ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუგოსლავიის სოციალისტური ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Югославия Социалистік Федеративті Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Югославия Социалистік Федеративті Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສະຫະພັນສັງຄົມນິຍົມຂອງຢູໂກສະລາເວຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສະຫະພັນສັງຄົມນິຍົມຂອງຢູໂກສະລາເວຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Publica_Socialistica_Foederativa_Iugoslaviae" title="Res Publica Socialistica Foederativa Iugoslaviae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res Publica Socialistica Foederativa Iugoslaviae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidsl%C4%81vijas_Soci%C4%81listisk%C4%81_Federat%C4%ABv%C4%81_Republika" title="Dienvidslāvijas Sociālistiskā Federatīvā Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidslāvijas Sociālistiskā Federatīvā Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavijos_Socialistin%C4%97_Federacin%C4%97_Respublika" title="Jugoslavijos Socialistinė Federacinė Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jugoslavijos Socialistinė Federacinė Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iugoslavia" title="Iugoslavia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_Socialista_Federal_de_Iugoslavia" title="Republega Socialista Federal de Iugoslavia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega Socialista Federal de Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="युगोस्लाव्हियाचे साम्यवादी संघीय प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युगोस्लाव्हियाचे साम्यवादी संघीय प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جمهورية يوجوسلاڤيا الاشتراكيه الفيدراليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهورية يوجوسلاڤيا الاشتراكيه الفيدراليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Persekutuan_Sosialis_Yugoslavia" title="Republik Persekutuan Sosialis Yugoslavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Persekutuan Sosialis Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_S%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-l%C3%A1-h%C5%AD_Si%C3%A2-hu%C3%B4i-ci%C5%8D-ngi%C3%AA_Li%C3%A8ng-b%C4%83ng_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Nàng Sṳ̆-lá-hŭ Siâ-huôi-ciō-ngiê Lièng-băng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng Sṳ̆-lá-hŭ Siâ-huôi-ciō-ngiê Lièng-băng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Холбооны Бүгд Найрамдах Социалист Югослав Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Холбооны Бүгд Найрамдах Социалист Югослав Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ယူဂိုဆလားဗီးယားဆိုရှယ်လစ်ဖက်ဒရယ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူဂိုဆလားဗီးယားဆိုရှယ်လစ်ဖက်ဒရယ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistische_Federale_Republiek_Joegoslavi%C3%AB" title="Socialistische Federale Republiek Joegoslavië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Socialistische Federale Republiek Joegoslavië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ユーゴスラビア社会主義連邦共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーゴスラビア社会主義連邦共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Социалистийн Федеративан Республика Югослави – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Социалистийн Федеративан Республика Югослави" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaawien" title="Jugoslaawien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jugoslaawien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sosialistiske_f%C3%B8derale_republikken_Jugoslavia" title="Den sosialistiske føderale republikken Jugoslavia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den sosialistiske føderale republikken Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sosialistiske_f%C3%B8derale_republikken_Jugoslavia" title="Den sosialistiske føderale republikken Jugoslavia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den sosialistiske føderale republikken Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Socialista_Federala_de_Iogoslavia" title="Republica Socialista Federala de Iogoslavia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Socialista Federala de Iogoslavia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اشتراکی وفاقی جمہوریہ یوگوسلاویہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اشتراکی وفاقی جمہوریہ یوگوسلاویہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសហព័ន្ធសង្គមនិយមយូហ្គោស្លាវី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសហព័ន្ធសង្គមនិយមយូហ្គោស្លាវី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjalistyczna_Federacyjna_Republika_Jugos%C5%82awii" title="Socjalistyczna Federacyjna Republika Jugosławii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjalistyczna Federacyjna Republika Jugosławii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_da_Iugosl%C3%A1via" title="República Socialista Federativa da Iugoslávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Socialista Federativa da Iugoslávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Socialist%C4%83_Federativ%C4%83_Iugoslavia" title="Republica Socialistă Federativă Iugoslavia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Socialistă Federativă Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалистична Федеративна Република Югославия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Социалистична Федеративна Република Югославия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалистическая Федеративная Республика Югославия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическая Федеративная Республика Югославия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_o_Yugoslavie" title="Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Socialiste_Federative_e_Jugosllavis%C3%AB" title="Republika Socialiste Federative e Jugosllavisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Socialiste Federative e Jugosllavisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhosl%C3%A1via_(1943_%E2%80%93_1992)" title="Juhoslávia (1943 – 1992) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juhoslávia (1943 – 1992)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisti%C4%8Dna_federativna_republika_Jugoslavija" title="Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Federativna_Republika_Jugoslavija" title="Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavian_sosialistinen_liittotasavalta" title="Jugoslavian sosialistinen liittotasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jugoslavian sosialistinen liittotasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_federativa_republiken_Jugoslavien" title="Socialistiska federativa republiken Jugoslavien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialistiska federativa republiken Jugoslavien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalistang_Pederatibong_Republika_ng_Yugoslabya" title="Sosyalistang Pederatibong Republika ng Yugoslabya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sosyalistang Pederatibong Republika ng Yugoslabya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Югославия Социалистик Федератив Җөмһүрияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Югославия Социалистик Федератив Җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมยูโกสลาเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมยูโกสลาเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалисти Федеративии Югославия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалисти Федеративии Югославия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavya_Sosyalist_Federal_Cumhuriyeti" title="Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціалістична Федеративна Республіка Югославія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціалістична Федеративна Республіка Югославія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اشتراکی وفاقی جمہوریہ یوگوسلاویہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشتراکی وفاقی جمہوریہ یوگوسلاویہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Socia%C5%82ista_Federa%C5%82e_de_Jugosl%C3%A0via" title="Repùblega Sociałista Federałe de Jugoslàvia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Sociałista Federałe de Jugoslàvia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Li%C3%AAn_bang_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Nam_T%C6%B0" title="Cộng hòa Liên bang Xã hội chủ nghĩa Nam Tư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Liên bang Xã hội chủ nghĩa Nam Tư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_%C3%80pap%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_S%C3%B3s%C3%AD%C3%A1l%C3%ADst%C3%AC_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Yugoslafia" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àpapọ̀ Sósíálístì ilẹ̀ Yugoslafia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àpapọ̀ Sósíálístì ilẹ̀ Yugoslafia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&params=44_49_12_N_20_25_39_E_type:city">44°49′12″N 20°25′39″E / 44.82000°N 20.42750°E / 44.82000; 20.42750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European socialist state (1945–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the form of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1992. For the country as a whole, see <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(1945–1963) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:0.9;font-size:110%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a>)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; font-size: 80%;">Федеративна Народна Република Југославија (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>) Федеративна Народна Република Југославија (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>) Federativna ljudska republika Jugoslavija (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>) </div> </div> </li></ul> </div><hr />Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1963–1992) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:0.9;font-size:110%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a>)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; font-size: 80%;">Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>) Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>) Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>) </div> </div> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1945–1992</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1946-1992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Flag of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag</a> (1946–1992)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_(1963%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1963–1992) of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Emblem (1963–1992) of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="738" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a> (1963–1992)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "<a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a>" <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:100%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Bratstvo i jedinstvo (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a>)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Братство и јединство (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>)</li> <li>Bratstvo in enotnost (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</li> <li>Братство и единство (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>)</li></ul> </div> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">Hey, Slavs</a>" <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:100%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Hej, Slaveni<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a>)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Хеј, Слaвени (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>)</li> <li>Hej, Slovani (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</li> <li>Еј, Словени (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">Hey, Slavs</a>"</li></ul> </div></div></li></ul> </div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Yugoslavia_1956-1990.svg/500px-Yugoslavia_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Europe between 1955 and 1989, showing Yugoslavia highlighted in green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&params=44_49_12_N_20_25_39_E_type:city">44°49′12″N 20°25′39″E / 44.82000°N 20.42750°E / 44.82000; 20.42750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">None at the federal level<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1981)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (36.3%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> (19.7%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> (8.9%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> (7.8%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (7.7%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> (6.0%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> (5.4%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> (2.6%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> (1.9%)</li><li>Others (3.6%)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav</a> Yugoslavian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Yugoslavia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1945–1948: <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a> 1948–1971: <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> 1971–1990: <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> 1990–1992: <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Leader of the League of Communists</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1980 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1953 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ribar" title="Ivan Ribar">Ivan Ribar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1963 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia#Socialist_Federal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Federal Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_the_SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of the SFRY">Chamber of Republics</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_the_SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of the SFRY">Federal Chamber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">DF Yugoslavia</a> formed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1943</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• FPR Yugoslavia proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">Constitution</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">Second constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">Third constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 May 1980</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Croatia</a> declare independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Start of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Disintegrated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> is <a href="/wiki/1992_Constitution_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">proclaimed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Yugoslavia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">255,804 km2 (98,766 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1991 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,229,846</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1989 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$103.04 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$6,604</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1990 formula)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.913<a href="#cite_note-HDI-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a> (YUN)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_d">[d]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+38</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:YU" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:YU">YU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">.yu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/20px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/30px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg/40px-Free_Territory_Trieste_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="424" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_a">^</a> There was no <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> official language at the federal level,<a href="#cite_note-Hladczuk1992-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altman1978-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tulasiewicz1971-7">[7]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> functioned as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Yugoslavia, being the only language taught throughout the entire country. It was the official language of four federal republics out of six in total: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hladczuk1992-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altman1978-6">[6]</a> Fourteen languages were official in one or more federal units of Yugoslavia, including <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rock2019-8">[8]</a></li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b">^</a> "Hey, Slavs" as a national anthem was not constitutionally adopted until 1988, and named as the "temporary state anthem" until 1977. The song was a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> anthem of the <a href="/wiki/AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AVNOJ">AVNOJ</a> legislative body since 1943. There have been several attempts at promoting other, more specifically, Yugoslav songs to replace "Hey, Slavs" as the national anthem until the search was abandoned.</li><li value="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_c">^</a> Alternatively spelled as Hej, Sloveni / Хеј, Словени in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> variety of Serbo-Croatian.</li><li value="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_d">^</a> Code "YUF" used 1945–65, "YUD" used 1966–89, "YUN" used 1990–92.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), known from 1945 to 1963 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. It was established in 1945, following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and lasted until 1992, <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breaking up</a> as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Yugoslavia was bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the south. It was a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>, and had six constituent republics: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>. The country emerged as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> on 29 November 1943, during the second session of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a> midst <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a>. Recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> as the legal successor state to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, it was a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">provisionally governed state</a> formed to unite the Yugoslav resistance movement to the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Yugoslavia">occupation of Yugoslavia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Following the country's liberation, King <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Peter II</a> was deposed, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Yugoslavia">monarchical rule</a> was ended, and on 29 November 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed. Led by <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Communist_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist government">communist government</a> sided with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> but pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> following the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>; it became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and transitioned from a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism#In_practice" title="Market socialism">market-based socialism</a>. The country was renamed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963. After Tito died on 4 May 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav economy</a> began to collapse, which increased unemployment and inflation.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The economic crisis led to rising <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> and political dissidence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. With the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, efforts to transition into a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> failed; the two wealthiest republics, Croatia and Slovenia, seceded and gained some international recognition in 1991. The federation dissolved along the borders of federated republics, hastened by the start of the Yugoslav Wars, and formally broke up on 27 April 1992. Two republics, Serbia and Montenegro, remained within a reconstituted state known as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, or FR Yugoslavia, but this state was not recognized internationally as the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Succession_Issues_of_the_Former_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">sole successor state to SFR Yugoslavia</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a>" is now commonly used retrospectively. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The name <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">anglicised</a> transcription of Jugoslavija, is a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound word</a> made up of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jug#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:jug">jug</a> ('yug'; with the 'j' pronounced like an English 'y') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slavija#Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:slavija">slavija</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> word jug means 'south', while slavija ("Slavia") denotes a 'land of the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>'. Thus, a translation of Jugoslavija would be 'South-Slavia' or 'Land of the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>'. The federation's official name varied considerably between 1945 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a> Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 under the name <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. In January 1929, King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a> assumed dictatorship of the kingdom and renamed it the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, for the first time making "Yugoslavia"—which had been used colloquially for decades (even before the country was formed)—the state's official name.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a> After the Axis occupied the kingdom during World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a> (AVNOJ) announced in 1943 the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> (DF Yugoslavia or DFY) in the country's substantial resistance-controlled areas. The name deliberately left the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>-or-<a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> question open. In 1945, King <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Peter II</a> was officially deposed, with the state reorganized as a republic, and accordingly renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPR Yugoslavia or FPRY), with the constitution coming into force in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-constitution1946-12">[12]</a> In 1963, amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms, the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was introduced. The state is most commonly called by that name, which it held for the longest period. Of the three main Yugoslav languages, the Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian names for the state were identical, while Slovene slightly differed in capitalization and the spelling of the adjective Socialist. The names are as follows: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a>: Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[sot͡sijalǐstit͡ʃkaː fêderatiːʋnaː repǔblika juɡǒslaːʋija]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Macedonian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">[sɔt͡sijaˈlistit͡ʃka fɛdɛraˈtivna rɛˈpublika juɡɔˈsɫavija]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> <ul><li>Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Slovene pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[sɔtsijaˈlìːstitʃna fɛdɛraˈtíːwna rɛˈpùːblika juɡɔˈslàːʋija]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Due to the name's length, abbreviations were often used for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, though it was most commonly known simply as Yugoslavia. The most common abbreviation is SFRY, though "SFR Yugoslavia" was also used in an official capacity, particularly by the media. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg/220px-1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg/330px-1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg/440px-1941-1943_Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>Map of Yugoslavia with the division of the territory into national and occupation zones</figcaption></figure> On 6 April 1941, Yugoslavia was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded by the Axis powers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>; by 17 April 1941, the country was fully occupied and was soon carved up by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>. Yugoslav resistance was soon established in two forms, the Royal <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_in_the_Homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Army in the Homeland">Yugoslav Army in the Homeland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-13">[13]</a> The Partisan supreme commander was <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>. Under his command, the movement soon began establishing "liberated territories" that attracted the occupying forces' attention. Unlike the various nationalist militias operating in occupied Yugoslavia, the Partisans were a pan-Yugoslav movement promoting the "<a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">brotherhood and unity</a>" of Yugoslav nations and representing the Yugoslav political spectrum's republican, left-wing, and socialist elements. The coalition of political parties, factions, and prominent individuals behind the movement was the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Front_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Front (Yugoslavia)">People's Liberation Front</a> (Jedinstveni narodnooslobodilački front, JNOF), led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). The Front formed a representative political body, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_People%27s_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia</a> (AVNOJ, Antifašističko Veće Narodnog Oslobođenja Jugoslavije).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a> The AVNOJ met for the first time in Partisan-liberated <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a> on 26 November 1942 (<a href="/wiki/First_Session_of_the_AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="First Session of the AVNOJ">First Session of the AVNOJ</a>) and claimed the status of Yugoslavia's <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">deliberative assembly</a> (parliament).<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> In 1943, the Yugoslav Partisans began attracting serious attention from the Germans. In two major operations, <a href="/wiki/Case_White" title="Case White">Fall Weiss</a> (January to April 1943) and <a href="/wiki/Case_Black" title="Case Black">Fall Schwartz</a> (15 May to 16 June 1943), the Axis attempted to stamp out the Yugoslav resistance once and for all. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Neretva">Battle of the Neretva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sutjeska">Battle of the Sutjeska</a>, the 20,000-strong Partisan Main Operational Group engaged a force of around 150,000 combined Axis troops.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a> In both battles, despite heavy casualties, the Group evaded the trap and retreated to safety. The Partisans emerged stronger than before, occupying a more significant portion of Yugoslavia. The events greatly increased the Partisans' standing and granted them a favourable reputation among the Yugoslav populace, leading to increased recruitment. On 8 September 1943, <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Italy_and_Allied_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces">Fascist Italy capitulated</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, leaving their occupation zone in Yugoslavia open to the Partisans. Tito took advantage of this by briefly liberating the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> shore and its cities. This secured Italian weaponry and supplies for the Partisans, volunteers from the cities previously annexed by Italy, and Italian recruits crossing over to the Allies (the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Division">Garibaldi Division</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> After this favourable chain of events, the AVNOJ decided to meet for the second time, in Partisan-liberated <a href="/wiki/Jajce" title="Jajce">Jajce</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Session_of_the_AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Session of the AVNOJ">Second Session of the AVNOJ</a> lasted from 21 to 29 November 1943 (right before and during the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a>) and came to a number of conclusions. The most significant of these was the establishment of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, a state that would be a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of six equal South Slavic republics (as opposed to the allegedly <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> predominance in pre-war Yugoslavia). The council decided on a "neutral" name and deliberately left the question of "monarchy vs. republic" open, ruling that Peter II would be allowed to return from exile in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> only upon a favourable result of a pan-Yugoslav referendum on the question.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> Among other decisions, the AVNOJ formed a provisional executive body, the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia">National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia</a> (NKOJ, Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja Jugoslavije), appointing Tito as prime minister. Having achieved success in the 1943 engagements, Tito was also granted the rank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal of Yugoslavia</a>. Favourable news also came from the Tehran Conference when the Allies concluded that the Partisans would be recognized as the Allied Yugoslav resistance movement and granted supplies and wartime support against the Axis occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> As the war turned decisively against the Axis in 1944, the Partisans continued to hold significant chunks of Yugoslav territory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] With the Allies in Italy, the Yugoslav islands of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> were a haven for the resistance. On 17 June 1944, the Partisan base on the island of <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Vis</a> housed a conference between Prime Minister Tito of the <a href="/wiki/NKOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="NKOJ">NKOJ</a> (representing the AVNOJ) and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ivan Šubašić">Ivan Šubašić</a> of the royalist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile" title="Yugoslav government-in-exile">Yugoslav government-in-exile</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-16">[16]</a> The conclusions, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tito-%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito-Šubašić Agreement">Tito-Šubašić Agreement</a>, granted the King's recognition to the AVNOJ and the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFY) and provided for the establishment of a joint Yugoslav coalition government headed by Tito with Šubašić as the foreign minister, with the AVNOJ confirmed as the provisional Yugoslav parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> Peter II's government-in-exile in London, partly due to pressure from the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-Walter_R._Roberts_1987._Pp._288-17">[17]</a> recognized the state in the agreement, signed by Šubašić and Tito on 17 June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_R._Roberts_1987._Pp._288-17">[17]</a> The DFY's legislature, after November 1944, was the Provisional Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Vojislav_Koštunica_1985._Pp._22-18">[18]</a> The Tito-Šubašić agreement of 1944 declared that the state was a pluralist democracy that guaranteed democratic liberties; personal freedom; <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">free press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sabrina_P._Ramet_2005._Pp._167-19">[19]</a> But by January 1945, Tito had shifted his government's emphasis away from pluralist democracy, claiming that though he accepted democracy, multiple parties were unnecessarily divisive amid Yugoslavia's war effort, and that the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Front_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Front (Yugoslavia)">People's Front</a> represented all the Yugoslav people.<a href="#cite_note-Sabrina_P._Ramet_2005._Pp._167-19">[19]</a> The People's Front coalition, headed by the KPJ and its general secretary Tito, was a major movement within the government. Other political movements that joined the government included the "Napred" movement represented by Milivoje Marković.<a href="#cite_note-Vojislav_Koštunica_1985._Pp._22-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Yugoslavia's capital, was <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">liberated</a> with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s help in October 1944, and the formation of a new Yugoslav government was postponed until 2 November 1944, when the Belgrade Agreement was signed. The agreements also provided for postwar elections to determine the state's future system of government and economy.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> By 1945, the Partisans were clearing out Axis forces and liberating the remaining parts of occupied territory. On 20 March, the Partisans launched their General Offensive in a drive to completely oust the Germans and the remaining collaborating forces.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a> By the end of April, the remaining northern parts of Yugoslavia were liberated, and Yugoslav troops occupied chunks of southern German (Austrian) territory and Italian territory around Trieste. Yugoslavia was now once more a fully intact state, with its borders closely resembling their pre-1941 form, and was envisioned by the Partisans as a "Democratic Federation", including six <a href="/wiki/Federated_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated states">federated states</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Federated_State_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated State of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federated State of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (FS Bosnia and Herzegovina), <a href="/wiki/Federated_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated State of Croatia">Federated State of Croatia</a> (FS Croatia), <a href="/wiki/Federated_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated State of Macedonia">Federated State of Macedonia</a> (FS Macedonia), <a href="/wiki/Federated_State_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated State of Montenegro">Federated State of Montenegro</a> (FS Montenegro), <a href="/wiki/Federated_State_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated State of Serbia">Federated State of Serbia</a> (FS Serbia), and <a href="/wiki/Federated_State_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated State of Slovenia">Federated State of Slovenia</a> (FS Slovenia).<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> But the nature of its government remained unclear, and Tito was reluctant to include the exiled King Peter II in post-war Yugoslavia, as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> demanded. In February 1945, Tito acknowledged the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> Council representing the King, but the council's first and only act was to proclaim a new government under Tito's premiership.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The nature of the state was still unclear immediately after the war, and on 26 June 1945, the government signed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> using only Yugoslavia as an official name, with no reference to either a kingdom or a republic.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Acting as head of state on 7 March, the King appointed to his Regency Council constitutional lawyers Srđan Budisavljević, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Mandi%C4%87" title="Ante Mandić">Ante Mandić</a>, and Dušan Sernec. In doing so, he empowered his council to form a common <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">temporary government</a> with NKOJ and accept Tito's nomination as prime minister of the first normal government. The Regency Council thus accepted Tito's nomination on 29 November 1945 when FPRY was declared. By this unconditional transfer of power, King Peter II <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a> to Tito.<a href="#cite_note-PeterIIabdicated-24">[24]</a> This date, when the second Yugoslavia was born under international law, was thereafter marked as Yugoslavia's national holiday <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day#29_November_in_Yugoslavia_(1945–2002)" title="Republic Day">Day of the Republic</a>, but after the Communists' switch to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, this holiday officially marked the 1943 Session of AVNOJ that coincidentally[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] fell on the same date.<a href="#cite_note-UiO-25">[25]</a> In the first months after the end of the war, the Partisans were very ruthless about executing those of collaboration along with anyone perceived to be their enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019161-26">[26]</a> An American OSS officer reported from Dubrovnik: "The inhabitants were living in a state of mortal terror...The Partisan attitude was that anybody who had stayed in town during the occupation and didn't work in the Partisan underground was ipso facto a collaborator. The dreaded secret police was going to work and people were being taken from their homes to the old castle and shot everyday".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019160-27">[27]</a> One witness reported in the early summer of 1945: "In Crnogrob there are mass graves. Trucks are bringing men with bound hands and feet every evening from the prison in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka" title="Škofja Loka">Škofja Loka</a> and no ever returns. Every evening one hears shots from Crnogrob".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019161-26">[26]</a> In July 1945, Tito ordered a stop to summary executions, but it was not until the fall of 1945 that the mass executions finally stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019161-26">[26]</a> In Kosovo, there was an uprising that was only put down in the summer of 1945 as many Albanians did not want to rejoin Yugoslavia, and much preferred to join Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019167-168-28">[28]</a> In attempt to settle the long-standing "Macedonian question", Tito declared the Macedonians to be one of the official nationalities of Yugoslavia and created a republic for Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019168-29">[29]</a> It was declared that Macedonians did not speak Bulgarian, but rather their own language, leading to the publication of several books meant to promote standard Macedonian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019167-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar period">edit</a>]</div> The first Yugoslav post-World War II elections were set for <a href="/wiki/1945_Yugoslav_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Yugoslav parliamentary election">11 November 1945</a>. By that time, the coalition of parties backing the Partisans, the People's Liberation Front (Jedinstveni narodnooslobodilački front, JNOF), had been renamed the People's Front (Narodni front, NOF). The People's Front was primarily led by the KPJ and represented by Tito. The reputation of both benefited greatly from their wartime exploits and decisive success, and they enjoyed genuine support among the populace. But the old pre-war political parties were also reestablished.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> As early as January 1945, while the enemy was still occupying the northwest, Tito commented: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I am not in principle against political parties because democracy also presupposes the freedom to express one's principles and one's ideas. But to create parties for the sake of parties, now, when all of us, as one, must direct all our strength in the direction of driving the occupying forces from our country, when the homeland has been razed to the ground when we have nothing but our awareness and our hands ... we have no time for that now. And here is a popular movement [the People's Front]. Everyone is welcome within it, both communists and those who were Democrats and radicals, etc., whatever they were called before. This movement is the force, the only force which can now lead our country out of this horror and misery and bring it to complete freedom.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marshal Josip Broz Tito, January 1945<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/220px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/330px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/440px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3927" /></a><figcaption>Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> led Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1980.</figcaption></figure> While the elections themselves were fairly conducted by a secret ballot, the campaign that preceded them was highly irregular.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> Opposition newspapers were banned on more than one occasion, and in Serbia, opposition leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Milan_Grol" title="Milan Grol">Milan Grol</a> received threats via the press. The opposition withdrew from the election in protest of the hostile atmosphere, which caused the three royalist representatives, Grol, Šubašić, and <a href="/wiki/Juraj_%C5%A0utej" title="Juraj Šutej">Juraj Šutej</a>, to secede from the provisional government. Indeed, voting was on a single list of People's Front candidates with provision for opposition votes to be cast in separate voting boxes, a procedure that made electors identifiable by <a href="/wiki/OZNA" title="OZNA">OZNA</a> agents.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The election results of 11 November 1945 were decisively in favour of the People's Front, which received an average of 85% of the vote in each <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> On 29 November, the second anniversary of the Second Session of the AVNOJ, the Constituent Assembly of Yugoslavia formally abolished the monarchy and declared the state a republic. The country's official name became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPR Yugoslavia, FPRY), and the six federated states became "People's Republics".<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Yugoslavia became a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> and was considered in its earliest years a model of Communist orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The principle concern of the new regime was rebuilding a country devastated by the war under the slogan "No rest while we're rebuilding!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019170-171-35">[35]</a> During the war, over a million people had been killed in Yugoslavia while 3.5 million people were homeless in 1945 and 289, 000 businesses had been completely wrecked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019171-36">[36]</a> One-third of Yugoslav industries had been destroyed in the war and every single mine in the country had been wrecked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019171-36">[36]</a> In 1944–1945, the Wehrmacht staged its standard "scorched earth" policy while retreating, and systematically destroyed bridges, railroads, telephone lines, electrical plants, roads, factories and mines, leaving Yugoslavia in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019171-36">[36]</a> The new regime mobilised thousands of people, especially young people, into work brigades that saw to rebuild the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019171-36">[36]</a> Between 1945 and 1953, Yugoslavia received a sum equal to $553.8 million US dollars to help rebuild from various sources, the largest of which was the United Nations for reconstruction as Yugoslavia received a sum equal to $419 million US dollars from the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019171-36">[36]</a> In 1947, Tito launched an ambitious Five-Year Plan, closely modelled after the First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union, that placed the first emphasis on investing in shipyards, machine manufacturing, and the electrical industry along with reopening the iron and coal mines with the aim of making Yugoslavia into a major producer of steel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019182-37">[37]</a> A major weakness for the old Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a lack of an arms industry, and Tito intended for Communist Yugoslavia to be self-sufficient in arms, leading for dozens upon of arms factories being opened in Bosnia and Serbia in the late 1940s-early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019182-183-38">[38]</a> By the mid-1950s, Tito had nearly achieved his aim of military autarky with virtually all the weapons being used by the Yugoslav People's Army being manufactured in Yugoslavia and the country later became a major exporter of arms to the Third World.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019183-39">[39]</a> Between 1947 and 1949, a third of the national income was invested in heavy industry and the number of Yugoslav workers increased fourfold to two million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019183-39">[39]</a> Between 1953 and 1960, Yugoslavia's industrial production increased by 13.83% annually, which gave Yugoslavia a higher rate of industrialization than Japan during the same decade, albeit Yugoslavia was starting from a much lower basis than Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019183-39">[39]</a> Between 1947-1957, the population of Belgrade and Sarajevo increased by 18%, the population of Skopje by 36% and Zenica, which had been chosen as a new industrial by 53%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019183-39">[39]</a> The post-war era saw the flight or expulsions of the Italian and German minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019166-40">[40]</a> Before the war, Yugoslavia had a population of half-million volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), of whom the majority fled to the Reich in 1944–1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019166-40">[40]</a> The volksdeutsche were favored during the occupation, and many had served in the SS Prinz Eugen division that had been used to hunt down partisans, making the volksdeutsche minority the object of much hatred and distrust from the new regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019166-40">[40]</a> Of the remaining 200, 000 volksdeutsche living in Yugoslavia in 1945, the entire community had all of its assets confiscated by the new regime (including those volksdeutsch who joined the Partisans) and the volksdeutsche were placed into camps prior to their expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019167-30">[30]</a> in Dalmatia and Istria, there were massacres known as the foibe massacres of Italians who were suspected of supporting the Fascist regime, and the remaining Italians all either fled or were expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019161-26">[26]</a> Women had played a prominent role in the Partisans with about 100, 000 women having served in the Partisans between 1941 and 1945 as messengers, saboteurs, commissars, nurses, doctors, and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019154-41">[41]</a> The female veterans insisted that they would expect equality in new Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019154-41">[41]</a> In 1945, women were given the right to vote and hold office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019164-42">[42]</a> The new regime favored giving Partisan veterans positions in the civil service, through this often caused problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019163-43">[43]</a> About two-thirds of the Communist party members in 1945 came from working class or peasant families, and many were barely literate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019163-43">[43]</a> In October 1945, the Ministry of Forestry issued a memo saying that food and cigarettes were not to be tossed out of windows; spitting in the hallways was not acceptable and there was a "purpose and a proper way to use toilets".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019164-42">[42]</a> The memory of the Second World War was ubiquitous in post-war Yugoslavia with most of the holidays such as Fighters' Day on 4 July and Army Day on 22 December having something to do with the war, and most of the local holidays likewise had something to do with the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019189-191-44">[44]</a> Over 200 feature films were released in post-war Yugoslavia about the Partisans, several of which became massive hits such as Walter Defends Sarajevo and Battle on the Neretva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019191-45">[45]</a> The Communist regime constructed a legend under which depicted almost all of the Yugoslav peoples rallyng under the leadership of Tito in the People's Liberation War as the war was called in Yugoslavia to resist the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019189-191-44">[44]</a> At least for a time, this legend served as an unifying factor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019189-191-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg/220px-Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg/330px-Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg/440px-Jugoslavija_turisti%C4%8Dka_mapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Tourist map of Yugoslavia (1954)</figcaption></figure> The Yugoslav government allied with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under Stalin and early in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> shot down two American airplanes flying in Yugoslav airspace, on 9 and 19 August 1946. These were the first aerial shootdowns of western aircraft during the Cold War and caused deep distrust of Tito in the United States and even calls for military intervention against Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The new Yugoslavia also closely followed the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet model">Soviet model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> in this period, some aspects of which achieved considerable success. In particular, the public works of the period organized by the government rebuilt and even improved Yugoslav infrastructure (in particular the road system) with little cost to the state. Tensions with the West were high as Yugoslavia joined the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a>, and the early phase of the Cold War began with Yugoslavia pursuing an aggressive foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a> Having liberated most of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, and with historic claims to both those regions, the Yugoslav government began diplomatic maneuvering to include them in Yugoslavia. The West opposed both these demands. The greatest point of contention was the port city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. The city and its hinterland were liberated mostly by the Partisans in 1945, but pressure from the western Allies forced them to withdraw to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Morgan_Line" title="Morgan Line">Morgan Line</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> was established and separated into Zones A and B, administered by the western Allies and Yugoslavia, respectively. Yugoslavia was initially backed by Stalin, but by 1947 he had begun to cool toward its ambitions. The crisis eventually dissolved as the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> started, with Zone A granted to Italy and Zone B to Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war</a> raged in Greece – Yugoslavia's southern neighbour – between Communists and the right-wing government, and the Yugoslav government was determined to bring about a Communist victory.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Yugoslavia dispatched significant assistance—arms and ammunition, supplies, and military experts on <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">partisan warfare</a> (such as General <a href="/wiki/Vlado_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Vlado Dapčević">Vladimir Dapčević</a>)—and even allowed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Greek Communist forces</a> to use Yugoslav territory as a safe haven. Although the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, and (Yugoslav-dominated) Albania had also granted military support, Yugoslav assistance was far more substantial. But this Yugoslav foreign adventure also came to an end with the Tito–Stalin split, as the Greek Communists, expecting Tito's overthrow, refused any assistance from his government. Without it, they were greatly disadvantaged, and were defeated in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> As Yugoslavia was the country's only Communist neighbour in the immediate postwar period, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a> was effectively a Yugoslav satellite. Neighboring Bulgaria was under increasing Yugoslav influence as well, and talks began to negotiate the political unification of Albania and Bulgaria with Yugoslavia. The major point of contention was that Yugoslavia wanted to absorb the two and transform them into additional <a href="/wiki/Federated_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated republics">federated republics</a>. Albania was in no position to object, but the Bulgarian view was that a new <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a> would see Bulgaria and Yugoslavia as a whole uniting on equal terms. As these negotiations began, Yugoslav representatives <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a> were summoned to Moscow alongside a Bulgarian delegation, where Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> attempted to browbeat them into accepting Soviet control over the merger between the countries, and generally tried to force them into subordination.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> The Soviets did not express a specific view on Yugoslav-Bulgarian unification but wanted to ensure Moscow approved every decision by both parties. The Bulgarians did not object, but the Yugoslav delegation withdrew from the Moscow meeting. Recognizing the level of Bulgarian subordination to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Yugoslavia withdrew from the unification talks and shelved plans for the annexation of Albania in anticipation of a confrontation with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> From the beginning, the foreign policy of the Yugoslav government under Tito assigned high importance to developing strong diplomatic relations with other nations, including those outside the Balkans and Europe. Yugoslavia quickly established formal relations with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> following their independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empires</a>. Official relations between Yugoslavia and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> were established with the Soviet Union's permission. Simultaneously, Yugoslavia maintained close contacts with the Chinese Communist Party and supported its cause in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informbiro_period">Informbiro period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Informbiro period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito–Stalin Split">Tito–Stalin Split</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelia-Finland</a> (1940–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasia</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Allied and satellite states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (1978–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a> (1979–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Cold War events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fall</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tito–Stalin, or Yugoslav–Soviet split, took place in the spring and early summer of 1948. Its title pertains to Tito, at the time the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Prime Minister">Yugoslav Prime Minister</a> (President of the Federal Assembly), and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. In the West, Tito was thought of as a loyal Communist leader, second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. However, having largely liberated itself with only limited Red Army support,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a> Yugoslavia steered an independent course and was constantly experiencing tensions with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav government considered themselves allies of Moscow, while Moscow considered Yugoslavia a satellite and often treated it as such. Previous tensions erupted over a number of issues, but after the Moscow meeting, an open confrontation was beginning.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Next came an exchange of letters directly between the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU), and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). In the first CPSU letter of 27 March 1948, the Soviets accused the Yugoslavs of denigrating Soviet socialism via statements such as "socialism in the Soviet Union has ceased to be revolutionary". It also claimed that the KPJ was not "democratic enough", and that it was not acting as a vanguard that would lead the country to socialism. The Soviets said that they "could not consider such a Communist party organization to be Marxist-Leninist, Bolshevik". The letter also named a number of high-ranking officials as "dubious Marxists" (<a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kidri%C4%8D" title="Boris Kidrič">Boris Kidrič</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Vukmanovi%C4%87-Tempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo">Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo</a>) inviting Tito to purge them, and thus cause a rift in his own party. Communist officials <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Hebrang_(father)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrija Hebrang (father)">Andrija Hebrang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sreten_%C5%BDujovi%C4%87" title="Sreten Žujović">Sreten Žujović</a> supported the Soviet view.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Tito, however, saw through it, refused to compromise his own party, and soon responded with his own letter. The KPJ response on 13 April 1948 was a strong denial of the Soviet accusations, both defending the revolutionary nature of the party and re-asserting its high opinion of the Soviet Union. However, the KPJ noted also that "no matter how much each of us loves the land of socialism, the Soviet Union, he can in no case love his own country less".<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> In a speech, the Yugoslav Prime Minister stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We are not going to pay the balance on others' accounts, we are not going to serve as pocket money in anyone's currency exchange, we are not going to allow ourselves to become entangled in political spheres of interest. Why should it be held against our peoples that they want to be completely independent? And why should autonomy be restricted, or the subject of dispute? We will not be dependent on anyone ever again!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The 31-page-long Soviet answer of 4 May 1948 admonished the KPJ for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse it of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had "saved them from destruction" (an implausible statement, as Tito's partisans had successfully campaigned against Axis forces for four years before the appearance of the Red Army there).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> This time, the Soviets named Tito and Edvard Kardelj as the principal "heretics", while defending Hebrang and Žujović. The letter suggested that the Yugoslavs bring their "case" before the Cominform. The KPJ responded by expelling Hebrang and Žujović from the party, and by answering the Soviets on 17 May 1948 with a letter which sharply criticized Soviet attempts to devalue the successes of the Yugoslav resistance movement.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> On 19 May 1948, a correspondence by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a> informed Tito that the Cominform (Informbiro in <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>), would be holding a session on 28 June 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> almost completely dedicated to the "Yugoslav issue". The Cominform was an association of Communist parties that was the primary Soviet tool for controlling the political developments in the Eastern Bloc. The date of the meeting, 28 June, was carefully chosen by the Soviets as the triple anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kosovo Field">Battle of Kosovo Field</a> (1389), the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Ferdinand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> (1914), and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">Vidovdan Constitution</a> (1921).<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Tito, personally invited, refused to attend under a dubious excuse of illness. When an official invitation arrived on 19 June 1948, Tito again refused. On the first day of the meeting, 28 June, the Cominform adopted the prepared text of a resolution, known in Yugoslavia as the "Resolution of the Informbiro" (Rezolucija Informbiroa). In it, the other Cominform (Informbiro) members expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the KPJ. The resolution warned Yugoslavia that it was on the path back to bourgeois capitalism due to its nationalist, independence-minded positions, and accused the party itself of "<a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> This was followed by the severing of relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, beginning the period of Soviet–Yugoslav conflict between 1948 and 1955 known as the <a href="/wiki/Informbiro_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Informbiro Period">Informbiro Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> After the break with the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia found itself economically and politically isolated as the country's Eastern Bloc-oriented economy began to falter. At the same time, Stalinist Yugoslavs, known in Yugoslavia as "cominformists", began fomenting civil and military unrest. A number of cominformist rebellions and military insurrections took place, along with acts of sabotage. However, the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav security service</a> (UDBA) led by Aleksandar Ranković, was quick and efficient in cracking down on insurgent activity. Much of the Yugoslav Communist Party membership was loyal to the Soviet Union and between 1948 and 1955 over 55, 600 party members were expelled as "Cominformists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019178-48">[48]</a> The two most prominent pro-Soviet members to be expelled were the Croat Andrija Hebrang and the Serb Sreten Žujoviĉ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019178-48">[48]</a> Invasion appeared imminent, as Soviet military units massed along the border with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Army" title="Hungarian People's Army">Hungarian People's Army</a> was quickly increased in size from 2 to 15 divisions. The UDBA began arresting alleged Cominformists even under suspicion of being pro-Soviet. However, from the start of the crisis, Tito began making overtures to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the West. Consequently, Stalin's plans were thwarted as Yugoslavia began shifting its alignment. About approximately 16, 000 people were convicted of being "Cominformists" and/or of being "suspicious" and sent to the concentration camp on the island of Goli Otok to be "reeducated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019178-48">[48]</a> Most of those convicted of being "Cominformists" and sent to Goli Otok were party members who fought with the Partisans during the Second World War, and were for this reason treated in an especially harsh manner for siding with Stalin against Tito.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019178-48">[48]</a> However, Tito's defiant stance against the Soviet Union won him much popular respect that lasted for decades with a librarian from Zagreb saying in the early 1970s: "I don't like him, but I guess we all respect him for having stood up to the Russians and having kept us out of their clutches".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019178-48">[48]</a> The West welcomed the Yugoslav-Soviet rift and, in 1949 commenced a flow of economic aid, assisted in averting famine in 1950, and covered much of Yugoslavia's <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> for the next decade. The United States began shipping weapons to Yugoslavia in 1951. Tito, however, was wary of becoming too dependent on the West as well, and military security arrangements concluded in 1953 as Yugoslavia refused to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and began developing a significant military industry of its own.<a href="#cite_note-W0088977-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-W00996675-50">[50]</a> With the American response in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> serving as an example of the West's commitment, Stalin began backing down from war with Yugoslavia. The Truman administration misunderstood the Tito-Stalin split as a sign that Yugoslavia would ally with the West, and it took some time for those in positions in power in Washington to understand that Tito wanted Yugoslavia to be neutral in the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019178-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-aligned_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-aligned movement">Non-aligned movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">Socialist self-management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg/220px-Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg/330px-Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg/440px-Jugoslavia_milk_cards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Ration_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration stamp">ration stamps</a> for <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tito56789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tito56789.jpg/220px-Tito56789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tito56789.jpg/330px-Tito56789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tito56789.jpg/440px-Tito56789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Tito in 1973</figcaption></figure> Yugoslavia began a number of fundamental reforms in the early 1950s, bringing about change in three major directions: rapid <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of the country's political system, the institution of a new, unique economic system, and a diplomatic policy of non-alignment. <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a>, the chief ideologue of the Communist regime, in a 1949 article "On People's Democracy", harshly criticised the Stalinist regimes in the Soviet Union for becoming a bureaucratic dictatorship that had merged party and state into one, and had elevated itself over Soviet society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019179-51">[51]</a> Taking a phrase from Frederich Engels, Kardeji called for a "withering state", arguing that ordinary people should placed in charge of their workplaces into to create the sort of society that Karl Marx and Engels had envisioned in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019179-51">[51]</a> In 1950, Kardeji along with <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1a_Pijade" title="Moša Pijade">Moša Pijade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kidri%C4%8D" title="Boris Kidrič">Boris Kidrič</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bakari%C4%87" title="Vladimir Bakarić">Vladimir Bakarić</a> drafted the "Basic Law on the Mangement of State Economic Enterprises" that called for councils elected by the workers to manage businesses along with a decentralisation of state management of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019179-51">[51]</a> Yugoslavia refused to take part in the Communist <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and instead took a neutral stance in the Cold War, becoming a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> along with countries like India, Egypt and Indonesia, and pursuing centre-left influences that promoted a non-confrontational policy towards the United States. The country distanced itself from the Soviets in 1948 and started to build its own way to socialism under the strong political leadership of Tito, sometimes informally called "<a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a>". Tito reveled in the role of a world leader, and between 1944 and 1980 made 169 official visits to 92 nations, and in the process he met 175 heads of state along with 110 prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019188-52">[52]</a> These frequent visits abroad served an important propaganda function, namely to show that Tito as one of the leaders of the non-aligned movement was an important world leader because Yugoslavia was an important nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019188-52">[52]</a> The economic reforms began with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> in June 1950. In this system, profits were shared among the workers themselves as <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> controlled production and the profits. An industrial sector began to emerge thanks to the government's implementation of industrial and infrastructure development programs.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Exports of industrial products, led by <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy machinery">heavy machinery</a>, transportation machines (especially in the shipbuilding industry), and <a href="/wiki/Military_technology_and_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military technology and equipment">military technology and equipment</a> rose by a yearly increase of 11%. All in all, the annual growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) through to the early 1980s averaged 6.1%.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> Political liberalization began with the reduction of the massive state (and party) bureaucratic apparatus, a process described as the "whittling down of the state" by Boris Kidrič, President of the Yugoslav Economic Council (economics minister). On 2 November 1952, the Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia introduced the "Basic Law", which emphasized the "personal freedom and rights of man" and the freedom of "free associations of working people". The Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) changed its name at this time to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (LCY/SKJ), becoming a federation of six republican Communist parties. The result was a regime that was somewhat more humane than other Communist states. However, the LCY retained absolute power; as in all Communist regimes, the legislature did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by the LCY's Politburo. The UDBA, while operating with considerably more restraint than its counterparts in the rest of Eastern Europe, was nonetheless a feared tool of government control. UDBA was particularly notorious for assassinating suspected "enemies of the state" who lived in exile overseas.<a href="#cite_note-schindler-53">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The media remained under restrictions that were somewhat onerous by Western standards, but still had somewhat more latitude than their counterparts in other Communist countries. Nationalist groups were a particular target of the authorities, with numerous arrests and prison sentences handed down over the years for separatist activities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dissent from a radical faction within the party led by Milovan Đilas, advocating the near-complete annihilation of the state apparatus, was at this time put down by Tito's intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> The post-war period saw a rapid urbanization with some 5.5 million people leaving the countryside for the cities between 1945 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019195-54">[54]</a> By 1969, the population of Belgrade passed the one million mark for the first time; that year, it was estimated that two of three Belgradians had been born in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019195-54">[54]</a> In the late 1950s, the car manufacturer Zastava in <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a> began the production under license from Fiat of a small car, known officially as the Fiat 600 and unofficially as the fiċo that become ubiquitous in Yugoslavia for decades afterward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019209-55">[55]</a> By 1968, about 8% of the Yugoslav population owned a car, and the majority were the fiċo, which became a symbol of Yugoslavia itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019209-55">[55]</a> In 1947, it was estimated that that one radio set was shared by an average of 70 people; by 1965, the typical radio set was shared by an average of 7 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019195-54">[54]</a> Increased literacy led to a massive demand for books with an average of 13, 000 books being published annually in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019195-54">[54]</a> In 1945, one out of ever two Yugoslavs were illiterate; by 1961 the illiteracy rate had fallen to 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019206-56">[56]</a> By 1953, 71% of all Yugoslav children finished elementary school and by 1981 97% of all Yugoslav children finished school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019206-56">[56]</a> In 1945, Yugoslavia had three universities and two institutions of higher learning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> By 1965, Yugoslavia had 158 universities and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> With the exceptions of the Soviet Union, Sweden, and the Netherlands, no European country had quite as many university students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> By 1960, about 500, 000 Yugoslavs were attending university and by 1970 the number had reached 650, 000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> The composition of the Communist Party/League of Communists changed during the post-war decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> Of the 12, 000 people who were party members in 1941, only 3, 000 survived World War Two with the rest all being killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> After 1945, the party took in a massive number of new members, the majority of whom came from either a peasant or working-class background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> In 1945, every second party member had a peasant background, every third member had a working-class background and every tenth member had a white collar background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> By 1966, the membership of the League of Communists was mostly made up of people from a middle-class background with 39% of all league members having a white collar job while league members with a peasant background made up 7% of the membership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> By the early 1960s, the so-called "socialist bourgeoise" had emerged as the dominant class both politically and economically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> The typical "socialist bourgeoise" was someone with a university education who held a management job; or worked as an engineer or some other technical skilled trade; or was a member of the new capitalist class, usually a restaurant owner or someone who became rich as a result of the tourism trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-57">[57]</a> By the mid-1960s, the League of Communists had by large and ceased to be an ideological party committed to Marxism, and instead become just a vehicle for social advancement of ambitious careerists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019207-208-58">[58]</a> League members were more interested in obtaining status symbols such as luxury cars, large houses, expensive clothing and the vikendica (weekend cottage) than in creating a Marxist society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019208-59">[59]</a> One League member told a Western journalist in 1965: "We go to Trieste about twice a year to buy clothing and cosmetics. Italian clothing is really not much than ours, but we want something others don't have, even if it costs us a lot of money".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019208-59">[59]</a> In 1962, a group of dissenting Marxist intellectuals founded the journal Praxis, which was discreetly critical of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019218-219-60">[60]</a> The major theme of the Praxis group was "alienation" and "humanity" with the argument that people were becoming more "alienated" from society and the solution was they proposed was freedom of speech, multiparty democracy, and more decentralization of the federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019219-61">[61]</a> Increased prosperity led to higher television ownership. In 1960, there were 30, 000 television sets in operation in all of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019198-62">[62]</a> By 1964, there were 440, 000 television sets in operation in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019198-62">[62]</a> The greater number of people who owned televisions led to the end of the traditional evening get-together known as the sijelo that once formed the focus of social life in Yugoslavia as people were too busy watching television in the evening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019198-62">[62]</a> Censorship was less extreme than elsewhere in Eastern Europe in the 1960s, not the less because the authorities could only prosecute a journalist after an article had been published, not just for writing an article as was the case in the rest of Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019198-199-63">[63]</a> Likewise, censorship was generally only enforced by the republics rather than by the federal government, so it was quite common for an article to be banned in one republic while being allowed in other republics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019198-199-63">[63]</a> Starting in the early 1960s, Yugoslavs were permitted to travel to Western Europe without visas, and by the early 1960s, an average of 300, 000 Yugoslavs visited Western Europe as tourists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019199-64">[64]</a> During the same period, it became common for Yugoslavs to go to Western Europe, especially West Germany, to work abroad as "guest workers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019199-64">[64]</a> By 1971, about 775, 000 people (about 3.8% of the total Yugoslav population) were living abroad as "guest workers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019199-64">[64]</a> The remittances sent home by the "guest workers" led to a significant rise in the standard of living, and by the 1960s it became common for those whose family members were working abroad to own a car and electrical appliances such as a refrigerator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019199-64">[64]</a> The socialist regime championed women's rights and allowed equal legal rights to both legitimate and illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019204-65">[65]</a> Abortion and birth control were both legal in Yugoslavia, which led to a rapid decline in population growth in 1960s-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019204-65">[65]</a> Between 1948 and 1981, the population growth rate fell from 14.7% in 1947 to 7.4% in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019201-66">[66]</a> In particular, the Communist regime attacked what it considered to be sexist traditions in the Muslim communities, banning polygamy, women being veiled and the "sale" of girls who were married off to the man best able to afford the bride-price.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019205-67">[67]</a> An young Bosnian Muslim women stated: "Things used to be very different. Girls were not free...Today a girl can chose whom she wants to be with and where she wants to go...When I cut off my braids and got a permanent wave there was a lot of disapproval and gossip. I was one of the first girls in the village to stop wearing dimija [harem pants] and put on a dress...And today almost every girl has modern cloths in addition to her dimija".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019205-67">[67]</a> The Partisan movement in the World War Two was very puritanical, which was carried on into the late 1940s and 1950s, but starting in the 1960s the regime embraced the values of the "permissive society" and the "sexual revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019206-56">[56]</a> In the 1960s, pornographic magazines were permitted and the Yugoslav newspapers devoted much coverage to gossip about the sex lives of celebrities, through not senior members of the League of Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019206-56">[56]</a> Likewise, the regime sought to encourage women to work and by 1964 about 29% of all Yugoslav women were working.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019205-67">[67]</a> The female labor participation varied sharply from region to region. In Slovenia, 42% of all women were working in 1964 while in Kosovo region only 18% of women worked in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019205-67">[67]</a> Western music was allowed in Yugoslavia, and music by groups popular in the West such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones was frequently played on Yugoslav radio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019211-68">[68]</a> Officially, Yugoslavia was neutral in the Cold War, but in a cultural sense, Yugoslavia belonged to the West as Western films, TV shows and music were all very popular in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019211-68">[68]</a> Because of the low value of the dinar, Western films were often shot in Yugoslavia in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019211-68">[68]</a> In the arts, a genre known as the "black wave" emerged in the 1960s that saw novels, plays and films that depicted modern Yugoslavia as corrupt and dehumanizing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019219-61">[61]</a> Several "black wave" works such as the novel Dad su cvetale tikve (When Pumpkins Blossomed) by Dragolav Milailović about his imprisonment at the Goli Otok camp in the early 1950s were banned, but others such as the novel Memoari Pere Bogaljia (Memoirs of Pera the Cripple) by Slobadan Selenić which depicted the League of Communist members as vulgar, corrupt and self-serving were awarded first prize at the Belgrade literary festival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019219-61">[61]</a> In the early 1960s concern over problems such as the building of economically irrational "political" factories and inflation led a group within the Communist leadership to advocate greater decentralization.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> These liberals were opposed by a group around Aleksandar Ranković.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Ranković as secret police chief was known as an advocate of an repressive line, especially against the Albanians of Kosovo, and tended to favor Serbs over the other peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019217-71">[71]</a> In 1966 the liberals (the most important being Edvard Kardelj, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bakari%C4%87" title="Vladimir Bakarić">Vladimir Bakarić</a> of Croatia and <a href="/wiki/Petar_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Petar Stambolić">Petar Stambolić</a> of Serbia) gained the support of Tito. At a party meeting in <a href="/wiki/Brijuni" title="Brijuni">Brijuni</a>, Ranković faced a fully prepared dossier of accusations and a denunciation from Tito that he had formed a clique with the intention of taking power. That year (1966), more than 3,700 Yugoslavs fled to Trieste<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> with the intention to seek political asylum in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Ranković was forced to resign all party posts and some of his supporters were expelled from the party.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Throughout the 1950s and '60s, the economic development and liberalization continued at a rapid pace.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a> The introduction of further reforms introduced a variant of <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a>, which now entailed a policy of open borders. In 1965, most of the state controls on production, pricing and wages were ended and allowed small businesses to open, albeit with the proviso that no small enterprise could employ more than five people at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019214-74">[74]</a> Many of the older Communist leaders were uncomfortable with the "socialist market economy" that was being created, and were forced by Tito to take early retirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019215-75">[75]</a> With heavy federal investment, tourism in <a href="/wiki/SR_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Croatia">SR Croatia</a> was revived, expanded, and transformed into a major source of income. In particular, the 745-mile coastline of Dalmatia and Istria with its bright, sunny weather, beaches and more 1, 000 islands, and Italianate architecture became extremely popular with tourists in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019200-76">[76]</a> In 1965, three million foreign tourists visited Dalmatia and by 1970 4.75 million foreign tourists came to visit Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019200-76">[76]</a> Some of the other tourists came from Czechoslovakia and Hungary, but the majority came from Western Europe, especially from Italy, Austria and West Germany as the low value of the dinar made vacationing in Yugoslavia extremely cheap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019200-76">[76]</a> By 1969, the federal government made $275 million US dollars from tourism, which comprised some 10% of all revenue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019201-66">[66]</a> Dalmatia and Istria, which had once been poor regions, were almost overnight transformed into wealthy areas as about 30% of all people in Istria and Dalmatia were employed in the tourism industry by the end of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019201-66">[66]</a> With these successful measures, the Yugoslav economy achieved relative self-sufficiency and traded extensively with both the West and the East. By the early 1960s, foreign observers noted that the country was "booming", and that all the while the Yugoslav citizens enjoyed far greater liberties than the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc states.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Literacy was increased dramatically and reached 91%, medical care was free on all levels, and life expectancy was 72 years.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia_as_history-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_three_Yugoslavias-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_and_World_Bank_reforms-78">[78]</a> The German historian Marie-Janine Calic noted that the 1960s are remembered as the time of the "economic miracle" when living standards were rising for most Yugoslavs and the prosperity had "a politically pacifying and socially integrating effect".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019210-79">[79]</a> Some of the republics become more wealthier than others. In 1965, Slovenia had an index value of 177.3% of Yugoslavia's per capital income, followed by Croatia at 120.7%, and Serbia at 94.9% while Bosnia-Herzegovina had 69.1% and the poorest region being Kosovo at 38.6%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019216-80">[80]</a> At least part of the reason for the regional differences was Tito's policy until 1965 of keeping the prices of raw materials and agricultural goods artificially low, which hurt the poorer republics in the south as most people there were employed in either agriculture or mining while Slovenia and Croatia were more industrialised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019216-80">[80]</a> To address the regional disparity, Tito created a regional development fund in 1965 intended to help the poorer republics of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia along with the Kosovo region of Serbia "catch up" with the richer republics to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019217-71">[71]</a> In 1965, the Bosnian Muslims were upgraded to a sixth nationality, defined somewhat paradoxically as an ethnic rather than a religious group, and the 1971 census for the first time included the category "Muslim an ethnic sense".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019227-81">[81]</a> The recognition of Bosnian Muslims as an ethnicity allowed for greater Muslim involvement in the politics of Bosnia with the numbers of Muslims on the Bosnian Central Committee raising from 19% of the membership in 1965 to 33% in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019228-82">[82]</a> However, the recognition of Bosnian Muslims as an official nationality led to sharp disputes about whatever Bosnia-Herzegovina was the republic of the Muslims or if the Muslims were one of the three nations of Bosnia alongside the Serbs and the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019228-82">[82]</a> The Croats and the Serbs tended to favor the "three nations" theory of Bosnia while the Muslims argued that the Serbs and the Croats already had their own republics and Bosnia was the special homeland of the Serbo-Croatian speaking Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019228-82">[82]</a> On 2 June 1968, <a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">student demonstrations</a> led to wider mass youth protests in capital cities across Yugoslavia. They were gradually stopped a week later by Tito on 9 June during his televised speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019221-83">[83]</a> The student demonstrations of 1968 were an important turning point in Yugoslav history as for the first street protests had forced a change in policy, and in the coming decades, successive leaders within the League of Communists were to mobilize street protests as a way of forcing change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019221-83">[83]</a> In August 1968, Tito was opposed to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019221-222-84">[84]</a> The invasion of Czechoslovakia badly frightened Tito, whom believed that Yugoslavia would also soon be invaded by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019222-85">[85]</a> In 1968–1969, Tito embarked upon major military reforms with the aim of preparing for the expected Soviet invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019222-85">[85]</a> Tito decided that the Yugoslav People's Army would stage a fighting retreat into the interior of the country and then revert over to guerrilla warfare, a doctrine Tito called "all-people's defense".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019222-85">[85]</a> As part of the planned guerrilla war, Tito sought to enroll as much of the population into the military as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019222-85">[85]</a> The defense forces in 1969 were reorganized with 250, 000 professional soldiers of the People's Army along with 250, 000 reservists forming the core of the military and the territorial defense forces of the six republics, which collectively made up another 900, 000 men to serve as a nucleus of a guerilla force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019222-85">[85]</a> In the process, much of the population was armed and Tito in effect by creating the territorial defense forces on the republic level gave each republic its own army, which was later to play a major role in the break-up of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019222-85">[85]</a> In October–November 1968, a series of riots erupted in Yugoslav Macedonia and the Kosovo region by Albanians who demanded that the regions where Albanians were a majority be turned into a new republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019232-86">[86]</a> Some of the more radical Albanians called for the session of Kosovo and the Albanian regions of Macedonia to join Albania to form a greater Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019232-86">[86]</a> Tito rejected the demand for a 7th republic with an Albanian majority, but did grant demands for greater Albanian participation in public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019232-86">[86]</a> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina_(1969%E2%80%931999)" title="University of Pristina (1969–1999)">University of Pristina</a> was opened, becoming the first Albanian language university in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019232-86">[86]</a> Likewise, Tito allowed for a greater number of Albanians to be recruited into the League of Communists and into the government, which in turn caused complaints from the Serbs that the Albanians were dominating the political life of Kosovo at their expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019233-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TitoCarter19783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/TitoCarter19783.jpg/250px-TitoCarter19783.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/TitoCarter19783.jpg/375px-TitoCarter19783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/TitoCarter19783.jpg/500px-TitoCarter19783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>U.S.–Yugoslavia summit, 1978</figcaption></figure> In 1971 the leadership of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, notably <a href="/wiki/Miko_Tripalo" title="Miko Tripalo">Miko Tripalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savka_Dab%C4%8Devi%C4%87-Ku%C4%8Dar" title="Savka Dabčević-Kučar">Savka Dabčević-Kučar</a>, allied with nationalist non-party groups, began a movement to increase the powers of the individual federated republics. The movement was referred to as MASPOK, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of masovni pokret meaning mass movement, and led to the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Tito responded to the incident by purging the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">League of Communists of Croatia</a>, while Yugoslav authorities arrested large numbers of the Croatian protesters. To avert ethnically driven protests in the future, Tito began to initiate some of the reforms demanded by the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Time_1971-89">[89]</a> At this time, <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>-sympathizers outside Yugoslavia tried through terrorism and guerrilla actions to create a separatist momentum,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but they were unsuccessful, sometimes even gaining the animosity of fellow Roman Catholic Croatian Yugoslavs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> From 1971 on, the republics had control over their economic plans. This led to a wave of investment, which in turn was accompanied by a growing level of debt and a growing trend of imports not covered by exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović2009224-92">[92]</a> After the "Croatian Spring", Tito turned towards a more repressive leadership style, bringing in a new law in 1973 that restricted media freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019242-243-93">[93]</a> By 1975, Yugoslavia had 4, 000 political prisoners, a figure that was only exceeded in Europe by Albania and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019243-94">[94]</a> The journal Praxis, which was the main organ of criticism of the regime was shut down while a number of the "Black Wave" films were banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019243-94">[94]</a> The 1973-1974 oil shock badly hurt the Yugoslav economy as Yugoslavia had no oil of its own while the global recession sharply decreased the demand for raw materials and manufactured goods from Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019240-241-95">[95]</a> To compensate, Yugoslavia went on a spree of borrowing money, creating an illusion of prosperity as the 1970s saw the greatest period of construction as thousands of new hotels, sports arenas, libraries, and streets were built that decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic20192241-96">[96]</a> The average annual economic rate after the 1973-1974 oil shock crisis was 8%, but the growth was largely fueled with money borrowed from the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019241-97">[97]</a> Many of the demands made in the Croatian Spring movement in 1971, such as giving more autonomy to the individual republics, became reality with the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a>. While the constitution gave the republics more autonomy, it also awarded a similar status to two autonomous provinces within Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, a largely ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanian</a> populated region, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, a region with Serb majority but large numbers of ethnic minorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Vojvodina">Hungarians</a>. These reforms satisfied most of the republics, especially Croatia and the Albanians of Kosovo and the minorities of Vojvodina. But the 1974 constitution deeply aggravated Serbian Communist officials and Serbs themselves who distrusted the motives of the proponents of the reforms. Many Serbs saw the reforms as concessions to Croatian and Albanian nationalists, as no similar autonomous provinces were made to represent the large numbers of Serbs of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. Serb nationalists were frustrated over Tito's support for the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> as independent nationalities, as Serbian nationalists had claimed that there was no ethnic or cultural difference separating these two nations from the Serbs that could verify that such nationalities truly existed. Tito maintained a busy, active travelling schedule despite his advancing age. His 85th birthday in May 1977 was marked by huge celebrations. That year, he visited <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a>, the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and finally China, where the post-Mao leadership finally made peace with him after more than 20 years of denouncing the SFRY as "revisionists in the pay of capitalism". This was followed by a tour of France, Portugal, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> after which the president's doctors advised him to rest. In August 1978, Chinese leader <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> visited Belgrade, reciprocating Tito's China trip the year before. This event was sharply criticized in the Soviet press, especially as Tito used it as an excuse to indirectly attack Moscow's ally <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for "promoting divisiveness in the Non-Aligned Movement". When China <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">launched a military campaign against Vietnam</a> the following February, Yugoslavia openly took Beijing's side in the dispute. The effect was a rather adverse decline in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union-Yugoslavia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union-Yugoslavia relations">Soviet Union-Yugoslavia relations</a>. During this time, Yugoslavia's first <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1ko_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Krško Nuclear Power Plant">nuclear reactor</a> was under construction in <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1ko" title="Krško">Krško</a>, built by US-based <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse</a>. The project ultimately took until 1980 to complete because of disputes with the United States about certain guarantees that Belgrade had to sign off on before it could receive nuclear materials (which included the promise that they would not be sold to third parties or used for anything but peaceful purposes). In 1979, seven selection criteria comprising <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_National_Park" title="Plitvice Lakes National Park">Plitvice Lakes National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stari_Ras" title="Stari Ras">Stari Ras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sopo%C4%87ani" title="Sopoćani">Sopoćani</a> were designated as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, making it the first inscription of cultural and natural landmarks in Yugoslavia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Tito_period">Post-Tito period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Tito period">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_100_000a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dinar_100_000a.JPG/180px-Dinar_100_000a.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dinar_100_000a.JPG/270px-Dinar_100_000a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dinar_100_000a.JPG/360px-Dinar_100_000a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>100,000 dinar banknote from 1989.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10-dinara-1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/10-dinara-1990.jpg/180px-10-dinara-1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/10-dinara-1990.jpg/270px-10-dinara-1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/10-dinara-1990.jpg/360px-10-dinara-1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Banknote of 10 dinars from 1990 after the denomination of dinar</figcaption></figure> Tito died on 4 May 1980 due to complications after surgery. While it had been known for some time that the 87-year-old president's health had been failing, his death nonetheless came as a shock to the country. This was because Tito was looked upon as the country's hero in World War II and had been the country's dominant figure and identity for over three decades. His loss marked a significant alteration, and it was reported that many Yugoslavs openly mourned his death. In the Split soccer stadium, Serbs and Croats visited the coffin among other spontaneous outpourings of grief, and a funeral was organized by the League of Communists with hundreds of world leaders in attendance (See <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Tito's state funeral</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> After Tito's death in 1980, a new <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">collective presidency</a> of the Communist leadership from each republic was adopted. At the time of Tito's death the Federal government was headed by <a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C4%90uranovi%C4%87" title="Veselin Đuranović">Veselin Đuranović</a> (who had held the post since 1977). He had come into conflict with the leaders of the republics, arguing that Yugoslavia needed to economize due to the growing problem of foreign debt. Đuranović argued that a devaluation was needed which Tito refused to countenance for reasons of national prestige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović2009-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</ref> Post-Tito Yugoslavia faced significant fiscal debt in the 1980s, but its good relations with the United States led to an American-led group of organizations called the "Friends of Yugoslavia" to endorse and achieve significant debt relief for Yugoslavia in 1983 and 1984, though economic problems would continue until the state's dissolution in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Yugoslavia was the host nation of the <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984 Winter Olympics</a> in Sarajevo. For Yugoslavia, the games demonstrated Tito's continued vision of <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Brotherhood and Unity">Brotherhood and Unity</a>, as the multiple nationalities of Yugoslavia remained united in one team, and Yugoslavia became the second Communist state to hold the Olympic Games (the Soviet Union held them in <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>). However, Yugoslavia's games had Western countries participating, while the Soviet Union's Olympics were boycotted by some. In the late 1980s, the Yugoslav government began to deviate from communism as it attempted to transform to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> under the leadership of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a>, who advocated <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a> tactics to privatize sections of the Yugoslav economy. Marković was popular, as he was seen as the most capable politician to be able to transform the country to a liberalized democratic federation, though he later lost his popularity, mainly due to rising unemployment. His work was left incomplete as Yugoslavia broke apart in the 1990s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_and_war">Dissolution and war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dissolution and war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div> Tensions between the republics and nations of Yugoslavia intensified from the 1970s to the 1980s. The causes for the collapse of the country have been associated with nationalism, ethnic conflict, economic difficulty, frustration with government bureaucracy, the influence of important figures in the country, and international politics. Ideology, and particularly nationalism, has been seen by many as the primary source of the break up of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200919-101">[101]</a> Since the 1970s, Yugoslavia's Communist regime became severely splintered into a liberal-decentralist nationalist faction led by Croatia and Slovenia that supported a decentralized federation with greater local autonomy, versus a conservative-centralist nationalist faction led by Serbia that supported a centralized federation to secure the interests of Serbia and Serbs across Yugoslavia – as they were the largest ethnic group in the country as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> From 1967 to 1972 in Croatia and <a href="/wiki/1968_protests_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 protests in Kosovo">1968</a> and <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a>, nationalist doctrines and actions caused ethnic tensions that destabilized the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200919-101">[101]</a> The suppression of nationalists by the state is believed to have had the effect of identifying nationalism as the primary alternative to communism itself and made it a strong underground movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200921-103">[103]</a> In the early 1980s, protests became more open, leading to more political trials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> In 1981, a group of Croat nationalists led by a former general, <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, were convicted of separatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> Tuđman was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for essentially telling a journalist in 1977 that the estimated death toll at the Jasenovac death camp had been exaggerated as a part to "defame" the Croat nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> In Sarajevo, a group of Muslim intellectuals led by <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a>, were convicted in 1983 of promoting Islamism and given short prison sentences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> In 1984, the police stormed a gathering of the Flying University (a series of lectures by prominent dissidents) in Belgrade to stop a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> The trial of Djilas and the five others generated much sympathy for the defendants who argued for their right to free speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> The liberal Serbian intelligentsia rallied in favor of the defendants and later in 1984 the Committee for the Defense of Freedom of Thought and Expression was established which called for multi-party democracy, the end of censorship, and an independent judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010256-105">[105]</a> Alongside these manifestations of dissent was an increased nationalist tendency in the republics. In 1982, the journalist-novelist <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Drašković">Vuk Drašković</a>, published his historical novel, Nož (The Knife), which was banned for its depiction of Bosnian Muslims as the vicious killers of Serbs. in World War Two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Dobrica Ćosić</a>, one of Serbia's most popular writers, published several historical novels in the early 1980s, which depicted the Serbs as victims of the other peoples of Yugoslavia, which were reflections of a more nationalistic tendency in the Serb intelligentsia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> In 1984, a prominent Bosnian Serb sociologist <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> based in Sarajevo was convicted for his pamphlet Odgovori na anketu-intervju: Šta da se radi? (What is to be done?) were he called for reducing the number of republics from six to four, and in particular stated that Bosnia-Herzegovina had no right to exist as a republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">[104]</a> Between 1976 and 1981, Yugoslavia took on foreign debts worth $21 billion US dollars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019252-107">[107]</a> The early 1980s were a time of high interest rates, which made servicing these debts especially onerous for Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010252-108">[108]</a> By 1984, the number of unemployed people reached one million with the burden falling especially hard on young people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> The unemployment rate for people under the age of 24 in 1984 of 60% as many firms refused to hire anyone in order to protect the older workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> Starting in 1983, strikes began common all across Yugoslavia with the common compliant being that wages had failed to keep up with inflation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> Yugoslavia was forced to turn to the IMF for a bail-out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> In turn, the IMF charged that Yugoslavia was too decentralized and wanted the federal government to take over many of the economic powers that devolved down to the republics in the 1960s-1970s in order to better repay its debts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> In particular, almost all of the powers of taxation rested with the republics along much of the power to regulate foreign trade and the power to impose internal tariffs on goods from other republics, a situation that the IMF considered to be unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> The wealthier republics such as Slovenia and Croatia resisted the efforts of the federal government to take on more economic powers, arguing that the wealth of their republics belonged to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> All of the republics were supposed to turn over 10% of their annual income to a common development fund that was used for all of Yugoslavia; both Croatia and Slovenia stopped contributing to the fund under their grounds that the their wealth belonged to their republics, an action that sparked much anger in the poorer republics such as Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro and Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> The Slovenes and Croats argued that too many infrastructure projects in the poorer republics were marred by mismanagement and corruption, and they did not wish to see their wealth "squandered" on the corruption of others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> By contrast, people in the poorer republics, above all in Serbia, charged that the Slovenes and Croats were being selfish and greedy in refusing to extend a helping hand to the other republics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">[109]</a> Adding to the mood of crisis was the revelations of widespread corruption, which discredited the League of Communists as not only incompetent, but also greedy and venal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019263-110">[110]</a> The most infamous scandal was the 1987 collapse of the food company Agrokomerc based in Velika Kladŝa in Bosnia, which involved fraud running to the sum of hundreds of millions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019263-110">[110]</a> The company's director <a href="/wiki/Fikret_Abdi%C4%87" title="Fikret Abdić">Fikret Abdić</a> had engaged in a classic Ponzi scheme of raising capital by issuing promissory notes without coverage and found himself issuing more and more notes to pay off his earlier creditors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019263-110">[110]</a> A number of leading politicians not only in Bosnia, but in the other republics were implicated in the Agrokomerc scandal as it emerged Abdić had many friends in high places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019263-264-111">[111]</a>The economic crisis caused a mood of widespread fear and uncertainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010268-112">[112]</a> In a poll in 1985 revealed that 31% of Yugoslavs felt "anxious" and "worried" about their future; another 19% believed that the economic situation would only get worse; and 10% supported the idea of a "strong man" leader who would use "strong hand" methods to resolve the economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010268-112">[112]</a> The metaphors used by people to describe the economic crisis suggested a mood of hopelessness and despair with people seeing themselves as the victims of forces beyond their own control such as "the hell of inflation", the "cancerous tumor" of unemployment, and a "biblical flood" of misery and suffering about to overwhelm Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010269-113">[113]</a> Much of the music sung by rock and punk bands in Yugoslavia with names such as Electric Orgasm, Videosex, The Lunatics, and 4R (an abbreviation for the Fourth Reich) featured nihilistic lyrics full of rage and despair with the common theme being that there was no hope for a better future for Yugoslavia, which in turn reflected the widespread mood of hopelessness amongst the youth people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010283-114">[114]</a> A major factor in Yugoslav life was the return to religiosity in a country that had very secular for decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019269-115">[115]</a> In a 1967 poll, a third of Yugoslavs had identified as religious and in a 1987 poll over half of Yugoslavs identified as religious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019269-115">[115]</a> In Croatia, there was a notable increase in the number of people attending Catholic masses all through the 1970s and even more so in the 1980s alongside a tendency to identify Catholicism with Croat nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019269-115">[115]</a> In 1981, a group of Catholic Bosnian Croat children claimed to have seen a vision of the Virgin Mary in the Bosnian town of <a href="/wiki/Medjugorje" title="Medjugorje">Medjugorje</a>, a claim which was widely accepted despite being denounced by the Catholic bishop of Mostar as a fraud that served "a spectacle for tourists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019270-116">[116]</a> In the 1980s, Medjugorje became a popular Catholic pilgrimage center, attracting thousands of pilgrims every year, who made often made a point of claiming parts of or sometimes all of Bosnia-Herzegovina for Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019270-116">[116]</a> In Serbia, the Orthodox Church likewise became a major player in public life with a significant increase in the number of people attending church services in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic1971271-117">[117]</a> A major new theological faculty being founded in Belgrade in 1984 to handle the increased number of young men studying to be priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic20192711-118">[118]</a> In 1985 construction started on the huge cathedral of Saint Sava in Belgrade that was intended to serve as a symbol of the dominant role in Serbian life sought by the Orthodox Church as the cathedral of Saint Sava was meant to dominate the Belgrade skyline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019271-119">[119]</a> Increasing, the Orthodox Church came to once again identify itself with Serbian nationalism in much the same way that the Catholic church was identified with Croat nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019271-119">[119]</a> Likewise, after decades of being secular, Islam started to play a more prominent role in the lives of Bosnian Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019271-119">[119]</a> In the years after World War Two, there hardly any mosques built in Bosnia, but between 1969 and 1980 there were 800 new mosques built in Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019271-119">[119]</a> The governments of Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Iran had thousands of copies of the Koran translated into Serbo-Croatian to be handed out for free in Yugoslavia, funded the training of Ulama (Islamic clergy) at madrassas; and financed much of the building of new mosques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019272-120">[120]</a> However, the type of Islam practiced by the ulama trained in the Middle East was a harsh, puritanical and strict version of Islam that was contrary to the easy-going, tolerant ethos of many Bosnian Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019272-120">[120]</a> In 1990, 69% of Bosnian Muslims stated that they did not attend regularly services at their mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019272-120">[120]</a> The return to religiosity in the 1980s was largely a reaction to the economic crisis, which caused many people much stress, and discredited Communism as a system of belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019269-115">[115]</a> In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dedijer" title="Vladimir Dedijer">Vladimir Dedijer</a> published a biography of Tito, Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita which was somewhat critical as Dedijer portrayed Tito as a vain, narcissistic leader who lived in ostentatious luxury, and whose leadership style was more like that of a king than of a Communist leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019273-121">[121]</a> Dedijer's book, while being overall positive in its assessment of Tito, caused a sensation as being the first book in Yugoslavia that ever said anything negative about Tito, which marked the beginning of the end of the Tito cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019273-121">[121]</a> An especially striking historical revisionist work was <a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C4%90ureti%C4%87" title="Veselin Đuretić">Veselin Đuretić</a>'s 1985 book, Saveznici i Jugoslovenska ratna drama (The Allies and the Yugoslav War Drama), which for the first time ever presented the Chetniks in a favorable light, and portrayed the Partisans in a negative light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> The standard line in Yugoslav histography up until 1985 was that the Partisans were the heroes of the war who liberated Yugoslavia from Nazi Germany while the Chetniks were collaborators and war criminals, which Đuretić reversed in his book by claiming that the Americans and the British had "betrayed" the Chetniks in 1943 by switching their support for the Partisans who did not represent Serbia's interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> Đuretić even tried to rehabilitate the Nazi collaborator General <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> as a great Serbian patriot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> Saveznici i Jugoslovenska ratna drama was promptly banned shortly being published in November 1985 and Đuretić expelled from the League of Communists, but his book was notable for being the first nationalistic history book published in Yugoslavia, and caused much controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> A veritable sub-genre of literature and films had emerged in the 1980s concerned the Goli Otok camp, which in turn was used to present Tito as a tyrant who had imprisoned his fellow Communists in a barbaric concentration camp merely for the suspicion of being loyal to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> Some of the best known examples were the 1982 novel Tren 2 by Antoniji Isaković and the 1985 film When Father was away on business by Emir Kusturica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">[106]</a> In the late 1980s, the Belgrade elite was faced with a strong opposition force of massive protests by Kosovo Serbs and Montenegrins as well as public demands for political reforms by the critical intelligentsia of Serbia and Slovenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200921-103">[103]</a> In economics, since the late 1970s a widening gap of economic resources between the developed and underdeveloped regions of Yugoslavia severely deteriorated the federation's unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200915-122">[122]</a> The most developed republics, Croatia and Slovenia, rejected attempts to limit their autonomy as provided in the 1974 Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200915-122">[122]</a> Public opinion in Slovenia in 1987 saw better economic opportunity in independence from Yugoslavia than within it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200915-122">[122]</a> There were also places that saw no economic benefit from being in Yugoslavia; for example, the autonomous province of Kosovo was poorly developed, and per capita GDP fell from 47 percent of the Yugoslav average in the immediate post-war period to 27 percent by the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200915–16-123">[123]</a> However, economic issues have not been demonstrated to be the sole determining factor in the break up, as Yugoslavia in this period was the most prosperous Communist state in Eastern Europe, and the country in fact disintegrated during a period of economic recovery after the implementation of the economic reforms of Ante Marković's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200916-124">[124]</a> Furthermore, during the break up of Yugoslavia, the leaders of Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, all declined an unofficial offer by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> to provide substantial economic support to them in exchange for a political compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200916-124">[124]</a> However, the issue of economic inequality between the republics, autonomous provinces, and nations of Yugoslavia resulted in tensions with claims of disadvantage and accusations of privileges against others by these groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200916-124">[124]</a> Political protests in Serbia and Slovenia, which later developed into ethnic-driven conflict, began in the late 1980s as protests against the alleged injustice and bureaucratization of the political elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200918-125">[125]</a> Members of the political elite managed to redirect these protests against "others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200916-124">[124]</a> Serb demonstrators were worried about the disintegration of the country and alleged that "the others" (Croats, Slovenes, and international institutions) were deemed responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200918-125">[125]</a> The Slovene intellectual elite argued that "the others" (Serbs) were responsible for "Greater Serbian expansionist designs", for economic exploitation of Slovenia, and for the suppression of Slovene national identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200918-125">[125]</a> These redirection actions of the popular protests allowed the authorities of Serbia and Slovenia to survive at the cost of undermining the unity of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200918-125">[125]</a> Other republics such as Bosnia & Herzegovina and Croatia refused to follow these tactics taken by Serbia and Slovenia, later resulting in the defeat of the respective League of Communists of each republic to nationalist political forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200918-125">[125]</a> From the point of view of international politics, it has been argued that the end of the Cold War contributed to the break up of Yugoslavia because Yugoslavia lost its strategic international political importance as an intermediary between the Eastern and Western blocs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200926-126">[126]</a> As a consequence, Yugoslavia lost the economic and political support provided by the West, and increased pressure from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) to reform its institutions made it impossible for the Yugoslav reformist elite to respond to rising social disorder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200926-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of communism">collapse of communism</a> throughout Eastern Europe in 1989 and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 undermined the country's ideological basis and encouraged anti-communist and nationalist forces in the Western-oriented republics of Croatia and Slovenia to increase their demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200926-126">[126]</a> A major negative factor that held together Yugoslavia was the fear of the Soviet Union would take advantage of a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019286-127">[127]</a> With Soviet influence on the wane in Eastern Europe, the fear of the Soviet Union ceased to be a factor in Yugoslav politics by the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019286-127">[127]</a> Nationalist sentiment among ethnic Serbs rose dramatically following the ratification of the 1974 Constitution, which reduced the powers of <a href="/wiki/SR_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Serbia">SR Serbia</a> over its autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/SAP_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Kosovo">SAP Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAP_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Vojvodina">SAP Vojvodina</a>. In Serbia, this caused increasing xenophobia against Albanians. In Kosovo (administered mostly by ethnic Albanian Communists), the Serbian minority increasingly put forth complaints of mistreatment and abuse by the Albanian majority. Feelings were further inflamed in 1986, when the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) published the <a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In it, Serbian writers and historians voiced "various currents of Serb nationalist resentment."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The SKJ was at the time united in condemning the memorandum, and continued to follow its anti-nationalist policy.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a> In 1987, Serbian Communist official <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> was sent to bring calm to an ethnically driven protest by Serbs against the Albanian administration of SAP Kosovo. Milošević had been, up to this point, a hard-line Communist who had decried all forms of nationalism as treachery, such as condemning the SANU Memorandum as "nothing else but the darkest nationalism".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> However, Kosovo's autonomy had always been an unpopular policy in Serbia, and he took advantage of the situation and made a departure from traditional Communist neutrality on the issue of Kosovo. Milošević assured Serbs that their mistreatment by ethnic Albanians would be stopped.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> He then began a campaign against the ruling Communist elite of SR Serbia, demanding reductions in the autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina. These actions made him popular amongst Serbs and aided his rise to power in Serbia. Milošević and his allies took on an aggressive nationalist agenda of reviving SR Serbia within Yugoslavia, promising reforms and protection of all Serbs. Milošević proceeded to take control of the governments of Vojvodina, Kosovo, and the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic of Montenegro</a> in what was dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Bureaucratic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution">Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution</a>" by the Serbian media. Both the SAPs possessed a vote on the Yugoslav Presidency in accordance to the 1974 constitution, and together with Montenegro and his own Serbia, Milošević now directly controlled four out of eight votes in the collective head-of-state by January 1990. This only caused further resentment among the governments of Croatia and Slovenia, along with the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo (<a href="/wiki/SR_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Bosnia and Herzegovina">SR Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/SR_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Macedonia">SR Macedonia</a> remained relatively neutral).<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a> Fed up by Milošević's manipulation of the assembly, first the delegations of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">League of Communists of Slovenia</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">League of Communists of Croatia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ivica_Ra%C4%8Dan" title="Ivica Račan">Ivica Račan</a>, walked out during the extraordinary <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (January 1990), effectively dissolving the all-Yugoslav party. Along with external pressure, this caused the adoption of multi-party systems in all of the republics at the start of 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019286-287-135">[135]</a> When the individual republics organized their multi-party elections in 1990, the ex-Communists mostly failed to win re-election. In Croatia and Slovenia, nationalist parties won their respective elections. On 8 April 1990 the first multiparty elections in Slovenia (and Yugoslavia) since the Second World War were held. Demos coalition won the elections and formed a government which started to implement electoral reform programs. In Croatia, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a> (HDZ) won the election promising to "defend Croatia from Milošević" which caused alarm among Croatia's large Serbian minority.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a> Franjo Tudjman had in close contact with right-wing Croat émigré groups in the United States and Canada since 1987, who donated very generously to his 1990 campaign in return for him adopting their ideology as his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019288-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a>, for their part, were wary of HDZ leader <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>'s nationalist government and in 1990, Serb nationalists in the southern Croatian town of <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a> organized and formed a separatist entity known as the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a>, which demanded to remain in union with the rest of the Serb populations if Croatia decided to secede. The government of Serbia endorsed the Croatian Serbs' rebellion, claiming that for Serbs, rule under Tuđman's government would be equivalent to the World War II fascist <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH) which committed genocide against Serbs during World War II. Milošević used this to rally Serbs against the Croatian government and Serbian newspapers joined in the warmongering.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Serbia had by now printed $1.8 billion worth of new money without any backing of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav central bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A sign of social decay in late 1980s-early 1990s Yugoslavia was the rise of a violent football hooligan subculture known as dizelaši (after the Diesel clothing brand) who militantly supported their favorite football clubs, and often rioted when their club played against a club from another republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019282-283-139">[139]</a> One journalist wrote about the dizelaši: "The guys who belong to this, let's say 'movement' wear streetwear from the clothing brands Diesel and Nike, usually track pants. They are bald and look like bodybuilders. And it is very popular to run around packing heat [carry a gun]...The women fulfill the other half of the heterosexual code: sexiness, short skirts, bare midriff".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019282-140">[140]</a> The dizelaši were very nationalistic and waved about posters of their favorite saints and politicians at football games and depending upon what republic they were from sang Chetnik songs or gave the Ustasha fascist salute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019282-140">[140]</a> When not engaging in drug-fueled and alcohol-fueled mayhem at football games, the dizelaši worked as enforcers for organized crime groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019283-141">[141]</a> The most infamous of the dizelaši was the gangster Zeljko Raznatovic, better known as Arkan, who served as the president of the fan club for Red Star Belgrade football team.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019283-141">[141]</a> On 13 May 1990, there was especially violent rioting at a football game played between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade teams as rival dizelaši fought each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019283-141">[141]</a> The German historian Marie-Jannine Calic noted that most of the volunteers for the various paramilitary groups on all sides who committed the worse atrocities in the early 1990s came from the dizelaši sub-culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019283-141">[141]</a> Alongside the aggression displayed by football hooligans was a veritable war of words between Croat and Serb historians over the precise number of people who had killed at the Jasenovac death camp between 1941 and 1945 with Croat historians pushing for lower figures while Serb historians pushed for higher figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019275-142">[142]</a> The future president of Croatia, Franjo Tudjman, in a 1989 essay entitled "Fallacies of Historical Realities" greatly downplayed the number of people killed at Jasenovac; claimed that overall only 60, 000 people had been killed by the Ustaše; and further maintained that most of the guards at Jasenovac were Jews, writing "A Jew is a Jew...egoism, cleverness, unreliability, greed, treachery and acting as an informant" were what he considered to be typical Jewish traits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019275-142">[142]</a> In a 1990 essay, Tudjan stated "the NDH was also the expression of the historical drive of the Croat people for an independent state", a statement which seemed to imply that the genocide committed by the Ustasha was less important compared to creating a Croat state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019275-142">[142]</a> On the other side, the Serb historian <a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Kresti%C4%87" title="Vasilije Krestić">Vasilije Krestić</a> wrote in his essay "On the Genesis of Genocide of Serbs in the NDH" that genocidal thinking was an integral aspect of Croat national character while another Serb historian Radomir Bulatović claimed in a 1990 essay that 1.1 million people had been killed at Jasenovac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019275-142">[142]</a> Calic wrote that both the Serb and Croat historians were wrong as the generally accepted figure is that 83, 000 people were killed at Jasenovac and another 120, 000 people were killed elsewhere by the Ustaše.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019275-142">[142]</a> These disputes were the subject of immense media coverage as Yugoslavs became obsessed with their history, especially the history of the Second World War, in the late 1980s-early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019273-277-143">[143]</a> Calic wrote that the main theme of the politics of "victimology" as each ethnic group sought to portray itself as exclusively victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019276-277-144">[144]</a> In Croatia, to counter the memory of Jasenovac-which for Serbs had become an iconic symbol of Serb victimization at the hands of the Ustaše-the Croats came to focus upon the Bleiburg massacre of 1945 as a symbol of not only Croat victimization at the hands of the Communists, but specifically of Serb Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019276-277-144">[144]</a> The Bleiburg massacre was very misleadingly presented as an act of genocide against Croats, which ignored the fact that many of the executioners were Croat Communists serving in the Partisans and those executed were killed for their politics rather than their ethnicity and religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019276-277-144">[144]</a> Calic argued against the popular image in the West of peoples of Yugoslavia of being locked into savage ancient hatreds with the implication that the break-up of Yugoslavia and the resulting wars were merely "normal" behavior for these people, but rather argued that politicians, journalists, writers, and historians had quite consciously chose to present a version of history that presented one's own ethnic group as uniquely pure and moral alongside a narrative of endless victimization at the hands of the other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019277-278-145">[145]</a> In Serbia, Milošević played up the theme of Serbs as a "heavenly people" who had been persecuted by the Albanians and Bosnian Muslims during the Ottoman era, followed up by the Croats in the Second World War, as a source of political legitimacy as he portrayed himself as the defender of the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019277-279-146">[146]</a> In Croatia, Tudjman presented a similar theme as he presented the story of Croatia as one of endless victimization at the hands of the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019276-147">[147]</a> In Bosnia, Alija Izebegoviċ, who had emerged as the most important Bosnian Muslim politician by 1990 likewise presented the story of Bosnian Muslims as one of victimization at the hands of the Croats and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019288-136">[136]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenian independence referendum</a>, held on 23 December 1990, a vast majority of residents voted for independence. 88.5% of all electors (94.8% of those participating) voted for independence – which was declared on 25 June 1991.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Both Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence on 25 June 1991. On the morning of 26 June, units of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a>'s 13th Corps left their barracks in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Croatia, to move towards Slovenia's borders with Italy. The move immediately led to a strong reaction from local Slovenians, who organized spontaneous barricades and demonstrations against the YPA's actions. There was, as yet, no fighting, and both sides appeared to have an unofficial policy of not being the first to open fire. By this time, the Slovenian government had already put into action its plan to seize control of both the international <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Airport" title="Ljubljana Airport">Ljubljana Airport</a> and the Slovenia's border posts on borders with Italy, Austria and Hungary. The personnel manning the border posts were, in most cases, already Slovenians, so the Slovenian take-over mostly simply amounted to changing of uniforms and insignia, without any fighting. By taking control of the borders, the Slovenians were able to establish defensive positions against an expected YPA attack. This meant that the YPA would have to fire the first shot. It was fired on 27 June at 14:30 in <a href="/wiki/Diva%C4%8Da" title="Divača">Divača</a> by an officer of YPA. The conflict spread into the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a>, with many soldiers wounded and killed, in which the YPA was ineffective. Many unmotivated soldiers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian or Macedonian nationality deserted or quietly rebelled against some (Serbian) officers who wanted to intensify the conflict. It also marked the end of the YPA, which was until then composed by members of all Yugoslav nations. After that, the YPA consisted mainly of men of Serbian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On 7 July 1991, whilst supportive of their respective rights to national self-determination, the European Community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their independence with the <a href="/wiki/Brijuni_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Brijuni Agreement">Brijuni Agreement</a> (recognized by representatives of all republics).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia. Negotiations to restore the Yugoslav federation with diplomat Lord <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Peter Carington</a> and members of the European Community were all but ended. Carington's plan realized that Yugoslavia was in a state of dissolution and decided that each republic must accept the inevitable independence of the others, along with a promise to Serbian President Milošević that the European Community would ensure that Serbs outside of Serbia would be protected. Milošević refused to agree to the plan, as he claimed that the European Community had no right to dissolve Yugoslavia and that the plan was not in the interests of Serbs as it would divide the Serb people into four republics (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, and Croatia). Carington responded by putting the issue to a vote in which all the other republics, including Montenegro under <a href="/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87" title="Momir Bulatović">Momir Bulatović</a>, initially agreed to the plan that would dissolve Yugoslavia. However, after intense pressure from Serbia on Montenegro's president, Montenegro changed its position to oppose the dissolution of Yugoslavia. With the <a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a> of late March/early April 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> broke out between the Croatian government and the rebel ethnic Serbs of the SAO Krajina (heavily backed by the by-now Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army). On 1 April 1991, the SAO Krajina declared that it would secede from Croatia. Immediately after Croatia's declaration of independence, Croatian Serbs also formed the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a>. These three regions would combine into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK) on 19 December 1991. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and ethnic hatred in the collapse of Yugoslavia became clear during the war in Croatia. Propaganda by Croatian and Serbian sides spread fear, claiming that the other side would engage in oppression against them and would exaggerate death tolls to increase support from their populations.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In the beginning months of the war, the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army and navy deliberately shelled civilian areas of Split and Dubrovnik, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as nearby Croat villages.<a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-152">[152]</a> Yugoslav media claimed that the actions were done due to what they claimed was a presence of fascist Ustaše forces and international terrorists in the city.<a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-152">[152]</a> UN investigations found that no such forces were in Dubrovnik at the time.<a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-152">[152]</a> Croatian military presence increased later on. Montenegrin Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a>, at the time an ally of Milošević, appealed to Montenegrin nationalism, promising that the capture of Dubrovnik would allow the expansion of Montenegro into the city which he claimed was historically part of Montenegro, and denounced the present borders of Montenegro as being "drawn by the old and poorly educated Bolshevik cartographers".<a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vukovar_water_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vukovar_water_tank.jpg/170px-Vukovar_water_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vukovar_water_tank.jpg/255px-Vukovar_water_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vukovar_water_tank.jpg/340px-Vukovar_water_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_water_tower" title="Vukovar water tower">Vukovar water tower</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vukovar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Vukovar">Siege of Vukovar</a> in eastern Croatia, 1991. The tower came to symbolize the town's resistance to Serb forces.</figcaption></figure> At the same time, the Serbian government contradicted its Montenegrin allies through claims by the Serbian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Zelenovi%C4%87" title="Dragutin Zelenović">Dragutin Zelenović</a>, who contended that Dubrovnik was historically Serbian, not Montenegrin.<a href="#cite_note-Time_1971-89">[89]</a> The international media gave immense attention to the bombardment of Dubrovnik and claimed this was evidence of Milošević pursuing the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a> as Yugoslavia collapsed, presumably with the aid of the subordinate Montenegrin leadership of Bulatović and Serb nationalists in Montenegro to foster Montenegrin support for the retaking of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-152">[152]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>, ethnic tensions between Croats and Serbs exploded into violence when the Yugoslav army <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vukovar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Vukovar">entered the town</a> in November 1991. The Yugoslav army and Serbian paramilitaries devastated the town in urban warfare and the destruction of Croatian property. Serb paramilitaries committed atrocities against Croats, killing over 200, and displacing others to add to those who fled the town in the Vukovar massacre.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> With Bosnia's demographic structure comprising a mixed population of <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, Serbs and Croats, the ownership of large areas of Bosnia was in dispute. From 1991 to 1992, the situation in the multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina grew tense. Its parliament was fragmented on ethnic lines into a plurality Bosniak faction and minority Serb and Croat factions. In 1991, the controversial nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> of the largest Serb faction in the parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Serb_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Serb Democratic Party</a>, gave a grave and direct warning to the Bosnian parliament should it decide to separate, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This, what you are doing, is not good. This is the path that you want to take Bosnia and Herzegovina on, the same highway of hell and death that Slovenia and Croatia went on. Don't think that you won't take Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and the Muslim people maybe into extinction. Because the Muslim people cannot defend themselves if there is war here.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Radovan Karadžić, 14 October 1991.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/170px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/255px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/340px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The parliament building of <a href="/wiki/SR_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> burning amid the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a></figcaption></figure> In the meantime, behind the scenes, negotiations began between Milošević and Tuđman to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina into Serb and Croat administered territories to attempt to avert war between Bosnian Croats and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Bosnian Serbs held the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">November 1991 referendum</a> which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favor of staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro. In public, pro-state media in Serbia claimed to Bosnians that Bosnia and Herzegovina could be included a new voluntary union within a new Yugoslavia based on democratic government, but this was not taken seriously by Bosnia and Herzegovina's government.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serb assembly proclaimed a separate Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the soon-to-be <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>), and proceeded to form Serbian autonomous regions (SARs) throughout the state. The Serbian referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia and the creation of Serbian autonomous regions (SARs) were proclaimed unconstitutional by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The <a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">independence referendum</a> sponsored by the Bosnian government was held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. That referendum was in turn declared contrary to the Bosnian and federal constitution by the Federal Constitution Court and the newly established Bosnian Serb government; it was also largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. According to the official results, the turnout was 63.4%, and 99.7% of the voters voted for independence.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> It was unclear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied. Following the separation of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 April 1992, the SFR Yugoslavia had, de facto, dissolved into five successor states: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (later renamed "<a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>"). The <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Commission">Badinter Commission</a> later (1991–1993) noted that Yugoslavia disintegrated into several independent states, so it is not possible to talk about the secession of Slovenia and Croatia from Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia:_a_concise_history-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1992_UN_membership">Post-1992 UN membership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-1992 UN membership">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_777" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 777">United Nations Security Council Resolution 777</a></div> In September 1992, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (consisting of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Montenegro</a>) failed to achieve <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> recognition as the continuation of the Socialist Federal Republic in the United Nations. It was separately recognised as a successor alongside Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. Before 2000, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia declined to re-apply for membership in the United Nations and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a> allowed the mission from the SFRY to continue to operate and accredited representatives of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the SFRY mission, continuing work in various United Nations organs.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> It was only after the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a>, that the government of FR Yugoslavia applied for UN membership in 2000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constitution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg/220px-Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg/330px-Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg/440px-Novi_Beograd_-_The_SIV_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Serbia" title="Palace of Serbia">SIV 1</a>, the Federal Executive Council</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav Constitution</a> was adopted in <a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a> and amended in <a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The League of Communists of Yugoslavia won the first elections, and remained in power throughout the state's existence. It was composed of individual Communist parties from each constituent republic. The party would reform its political positions through party congresses in which delegates from each republic were represented and voted on changes to party policy, the last of which was held in 1990. Yugoslavia's parliament was known as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_the_SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of the SFRY">Federal Assembly</a> which was housed in the building which currently houses Serbia's parliament. The Federal Assembly was composed entirely of Communist members. The primary political leader of the state was Josip Broz Tito, but there were several other important politicians, particularly after Tito's death. In 1974, Tito was elected President-for-life of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> After Tito's death in 1980, the single position of president was divided into a collective Presidency, where representatives of each republic would essentially form a committee where the concerns of each republic would be addressed and from it, collective federal policy goals and objectives would be implemented. The head of the collective presidency was rotated between representatives of the republics. The collective presidency was considered the head of state of Yugoslavia. The collective presidency was ended in 1991, as Yugoslavia fell apart. In 1974, major reforms to Yugoslavia's constitution occurred. Among the changes was the controversial internal division of Serbia, which created two autonomous provinces within it, Vojvodina and Kosovo. Each of these autonomous provinces had voting power equal to that of the republics, and were represented in the Serbian assembly.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights_policy">Women's rights policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Women's rights policy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946 Yugoslav Constitution</a> aimed to unify family law throughout Yugoslavia and to overcome discriminatory provisions, particularly concerning economic rights, inheritance, child custody and the birth of 'illegitimate' children. Article 24 of the Constitution affirmed the equality of women in society, stating that: "Women have equal rights with men in all areas of state, economic and socio-political life."<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> At the end of the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia">Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia</a> (AFŽ), an organization founded during the Resistance to involve women in politics, was tasked with implementing a socialist policy for the emancipation of women, targeting in particular the most backward rural areas. AFŽ activists were immediately confronted with the gap between officially proclaimed rights and women's daily lives. The reports drawn up by local AFŽ sections in the late 1940s and 1950s testify to the extent of patriarchal domination, physical exploitation and poor access to education faced by the majority of women, particularly in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> AFŽ also led a campaign against the full veil, which covered the whole body and face, until it was banned in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> By the 1970s, thirty years after women's rights were enshrined in the Yugoslav Constitution, the country had undergone a rapid process of modernisation and urbanisation. Women's literacy and access to the labour market had reached unprecedented levels, and inequalities in women's rights had been considerably reduced compared to the inter-war period. Yet full equality was far from being achieved.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_units">Federal units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Federal units">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia</a></div> Internally, the Yugoslav federation was divided into six <a href="/wiki/Constituent_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent states">constituent states</a>. Their formation was initiated during the war years, and finalized in 1944–1946. They were initially designated as federated states, but after the adoption of the first federal Constitution, on 31 January 1946, they were officially named <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="People's republics">people's republics</a> (1946–1963), and later <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republics">socialist republics</a> (from 1963 forward). They were constitutionally defined as mutually equal in rights and duties within the federation. Initially, there were initiatives to create several <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous units</a> within some federal units, but that was enforced only in Serbia, where two autonomous units (Vojvodina and Kosovo) were created (1945).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetranović2002-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović2009-99">[99]</a> In alphabetical order, the republics and provinces were: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Republics and autonomous provinces of Yugoslavia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Name</a></th> <th scope="col">Capital</th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Flag</a></th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms">Coat of Arms</a></th> <th scope="col">Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1946%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <th rowspan="6" style="width:4em; background:#fff;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_(1946-1990)_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg/400px-Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg/600px-Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg/800px-Yugoslavia_%281946-1990%29_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1057" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:29px; top:46px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">SR Slovenia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:109px; top:69px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:144px; top:146px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">SR Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:212px; top:213px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">SR Montenegro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:304px; top:289px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">SR Macedonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:165px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">SAP Vojvodina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:284px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">SAP Kosovo</a></div> </div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(1947%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_(1946%E2%80%932009).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Macedonia_%281946%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic of Montenegro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Titograd">Titograd</a> (now Podgorica) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_(1945%E2%80%931993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281945%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a></dd></dl> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Priština</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd></dl> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1946%E2%80%931993),_Flag_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_(1947%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovenia_(1945%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations of Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Curtain_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Iron_Curtain_map.svg/220px-Iron_Curtain_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Iron_Curtain_map.svg/330px-Iron_Curtain_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Iron_Curtain_map.svg/440px-Iron_Curtain_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Yugoslavia (green) between power blocs (blue: <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Alliance">NATO</a>, red: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>)</figcaption></figure> Under Tito, Yugoslavia adopted a policy of nonalignment in the Cold War. It developed close relations with developing countries by having a leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as maintaining cordial relations with the United States and Western European countries. Stalin considered Tito a traitor and openly offered condemnation towards him. Yugoslavia provided major assistance to anti-colonialist movements in the Third World. The Yugoslav delegation was the first to bring the demands of the Algerian <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> to the United Nations. In January 1958, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> boarded the Slovenija cargo ship off <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, whose holds were filled with weapons for the insurgents. Diplomat Danilo Milic explained that "Tito and the leading nucleus of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia really saw in the Third World's liberation struggles a replica of their own struggle against the fascist occupants. They vibrated to the rhythm of the advances or setbacks of the FLN or <a href="/wiki/Vietcong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietcong">Vietcong</a>."<a href="#cite_note-mo-164">[164]</a> Thousands of Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Military_advisor" title="Military advisor">military advisors</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> after its decolonisation and as the French government tried to destabilise the country. Tito also covertly helped left-wing nationalist movements to destabilize the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonial empire">Portuguese colonial empire</a>. Tito saw the murder of <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> by Belgian-backed <a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katangan separatists</a> in 1961 as the "greatest crime in contemporary history". Yugoslavia's military academies trained left-wing activists from both <a href="/wiki/Swapo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swapo">Swapo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a> as part of Tito's efforts to destabilize <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">South Africa under apartheid</a>. In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence service">intelligence services</a> of South Africa and Argentina plotted to return the favor by covertly bringing 1,500 anti-communist urban guerrillas to Yugoslavia. The operation was aimed at overthrowing Tito and was planned during the Olympic Games period so that the Soviets would be too busy to react. The operation was finally abandoned due to Tito's death and the Yugoslav armed forces raising their alert level.<a href="#cite_note-mo-164">[164]</a> After World War II, Yugoslavia became a leader in international tourism among socialist states, motivated by both ideological and financial purposes. In the 1960s, many foreigners were able to get a visa on arrival and, later onward, were issued a tourist card for short stays. Numerous reciprocal agreements for abolishing visas were implemented with other countries (mainly Western European), through the decade. For the International Year of Tourism in 1967 Yugoslavia suspended visa requirements for all countries it had diplomatic relations with.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In the same year, Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>. His plan called for Arab countries to recognize the State of Israel in exchange for Israel returning territories it had gained.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The Arab countries rejected his land for peace concept.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, that same year, Yugoslavia no longer recognized Israel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1968, following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, Tito added an additional defense line to Yugoslavia's borders with the Warsaw Pact countries.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Later in 1968, Tito then offered Czechoslovak leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> that he would fly to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviet Union which was occupying <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Yugoslavia had mixed relations towards <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>. Initially Yugoslav-Albanian relations were forthcoming, as Albania adopted a common market with Yugoslavia and required the teaching of Serbo-Croatian to students in high schools.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At this time, the concept of creating a <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a> was being discussed between Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Albania at this time was heavily dependent on economic support of Yugoslavia to fund its initially weak infrastructure. Trouble between Yugoslavia and Albania began when Albanians began to complain that Yugoslavia was paying too little for Albania's natural resources.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Afterward, relations between Yugoslavia and Albania worsened. From 1948 onward, the Soviet Union backed Albania in opposition to Yugoslavia. On the issue of Albanian-populated Kosovo, Yugoslavia and Albania both attempted to neutralize the threat of nationalist conflict, Hoxha opposed <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a>, as he officially believed in the <a href="/wiki/World_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="World communist">world communist</a> ideal of international brotherhood of all people, though on a few occasions in the 1980s he made inflammatory speeches in support of Albanians in Kosovo against the Yugoslav government, when public sentiment in Albania was firmly in support of Kosovo's Albanians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg/220px-G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg/330px-G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg/440px-G-4_SOKO_Super_Galeb_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2884" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soko_G-4_Super_Galeb" title="Soko G-4 Super Galeb">Soko G-4 Super Galeb</a> aircraft</figcaption></figure> The armed forces of SFR Yugoslavia consisted of the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija, JNA), Territorial Defense (TO), Civil Defense (CZ) and <a href="/wiki/Militia_(Yugoslavia)" title="Militia (Yugoslavia)">Milicija</a> (police) in wartime. Socialist Yugoslavia maintained a strong military force. The JNA was the main organization of the military forces, and was composed of the ground army, navy and aviation. Militarily, Yugoslavia had a policy of self-sufficiency. Due to its policy of neutrality and non-alignment, efforts were made to develop the country's military industry to provide the military with all its needs, and even for export. Most of its military equipment and pieces were domestically produced, while some was imported both from the East and the West. The regular army mostly originated from the Yugoslav Partisans of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-170">[170]</a> Yugoslavia had a thriving <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a> and exported to nations, primarily those who were <a href="/wiki/Non-aligned_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-aligned movement">non-aligned</a> as well as others like <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-170">[170]</a> Yugoslav companies like <a href="/wiki/Zastava_Arms" title="Zastava Arms">Zastava Arms</a> produced Soviet-designed weaponry under license as well as creating weaponry from scratch, ranging from police pistols to airplanes. <a href="/wiki/SOKO" title="SOKO">SOKO</a> was an example of a successful military aircraft design by Yugoslavia before the Yugoslav wars. Beside the federal army, each of the republics had their own respective Territorial Defense Forces.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-170">[170]</a> They were a national guard of sorts, established in the frame of a new <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a> called "General Popular Defense" as an answer to the brutal end of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Niebhur-171">[171]</a> It was organized on republic, autonomous province, municipality and local community levels. Given that its role was mainly defense, it had no formal officer training regime, no offensive capabilities and little military training.<a href="#cite_note-Niebhur-171">[171]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia splintered</a>, the army factionalized along ethnic lines, and by 1991–92 Serbs made up almost the entire army as the separating states formed their own. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg/220px-YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg/330px-YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg/440px-YUD_1000_1981_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A 1000 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">dinar</a> banknote, which for a long time had the highest value in the country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG/220px-Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG/330px-Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG/440px-Zastava_101_1100_1978_im_Museum_Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zastava_Skala" title="Zastava Skala">Zastava 101</a></figcaption></figure> Despite their common origins, the socialist economy of Yugoslavia was much different from the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">economy of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Economies of the Eastern Bloc">economies of the Eastern Bloc</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav%E2%80%93Soviet_break-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav–Soviet break-up">Yugoslav–Soviet break-up</a> of 1948. Though they were <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a>, Yugoslav companies were nominally collectively managed by the employees themselves through <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, albeit with state oversight dictating wage bills and the hiring and firing of managers.<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty-172">[172]</a> The occupation and liberation struggle in World War II left Yugoslavia's infrastructure devastated. Even the most developed parts of the country were largely rural, and the little industry the country had was largely damaged or destroyed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unemployment was a chronic problem for Yugoslavia:<a href="#cite_note-Boduszynski-173">[173]</a> the unemployment rates were amongst the highest in Europe during its existence and they did not reach critical levels before the 1980s only due to the safety valve provided by sending one million guest workers yearly to advanced industrialized countries in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boduszynski2-174">[174]</a> The departure of Yugoslavs seeking work began in the 1950s, when individuals began slipping across the border illegally. In the mid-1960s, Yugoslavia lifted emigration restrictions and the number of emigrants increased rapidly, especially to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. By the early 1970s, 20% of the country's labor force or 1.1 million workers were employed abroad.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> This was also a source of capital and foreign currency for Yugoslavia. Due to Yugoslavia's neutrality and its leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement, Yugoslav companies exported to both Western and Eastern markets. Yugoslav companies carried out construction of numerous major infrastructural and industrial projects in Africa, Europe and Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1970s, the economy was reorganized according to Edvard Kardelj's theory of associated labor, in which the right to decision-making and a share in profits of worker-run <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> is based on the investment of labour. All companies were transformed into organizations of associated labor. The smallest, basic organizations of associated labor, roughly corresponded to a small company or a department in a large company. These were organized into enterprises which in turn associated into composite organizations of associated labor, which could be large companies or even whole-industry branches in a certain area. Most executive decision-making was based in <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">enterprises</a>, so that these continued to <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">compete</a> to an extent, even when they were part of a same composite organization. In practice, the appointment of managers and the strategic policies of composite organizations were, depending on their size and importance, often subject to political and personal influence-peddling. In order to give all employees, the same access to decision-making, the basic organisations of associated labor were also applied to public services, including health and education. The basic organizations were usually made up of no more than a few dozen people and had their own <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' councils">workers' councils</a>, whose assent was needed for strategic decisions and appointment of managers in enterprises or public institutions. The results of these reforms however were not satisfactory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] There have been rampant wage-price inflations, substantial rundown of capital plant and consumer shortages, while the income gap between the poorer Southern and the relatively affluent Northern regions of the country remained.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-176">[176]</a> The self-management system stimulated the inflationary economy that was needed to support it. Large state-owned enterprises operated as monopolists with unrestricted access to capital that was shared according to political criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Boduszynski2-174">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oil_crisis_of_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil crisis of 1973">oil crisis of 1973</a> magnified the economic problems, which the government tried to solve with extensive foreign borrowing. Although such actions resulted in a reasonable rate of growth for a few years (GNP grew at 5.1% yearly), such growth was unsustainable since the rate of foreign borrowing grew at an annual rate of 20%.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> After the relatively prosperous 1970s, living conditions deteriorated in Yugoslavia in the 1980s, and were reflected in soaring unemployment rates and inflation. In the late 1980s, the unemployment rate in Yugoslavia was over 17%, with another 20% <a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">underemployed</a>; with 60% of the unemployed under the age of 25. Real net personal income declined by 19.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Boduszynski-173">[173]</a> The nominal GDP per capita of Yugoslavia at current prices in US dollars was at $3,549 in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The central government tried to reform the self-management system and create an open market economy with considerable state ownership of major industrial factories, but <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> in major plants and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">hyperinflation held back progress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a> and consequent loss of market, as well as mismanagement and/or non-transparent privatization, brought further economic trouble for all the former republics of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Yugoslav currency was the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a>. Various economic indicators around 1990 were:<a href="#cite_note-factbook-176">[176]</a> <dl><dd>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,700% (1989 est.)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>GNP: $129.5 billion, per capita $5,464; real growth rate – 1.0% (1989 est.)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities—raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%; partners—EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Imports: $13.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities—raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%; partners—EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%</dd></dl> <dl><dd>External debt: $17.0 billion, medium and long term (1989)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 87,100 million kWh produced, 3,650 kWh per capita (1989)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JAT_DC-10-30_(6068614970).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JAT_DC-10-30_%286068614970%29.jpg/220px-JAT_DC-10-30_%286068614970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JAT_DC-10-30_%286068614970%29.jpg/330px-JAT_DC-10-30_%286068614970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JAT_DC-10-30_%286068614970%29.jpg/440px-JAT_DC-10-30_%286068614970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>JAT <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney Airport</a>, 1985, with classic livery</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of airlines of Yugoslavia">List of airlines of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Air transport in Yugoslavia">Air transport in Yugoslavia</a></div> In the interwar period, air transport in Yugoslavia was organised by the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Aeroput" title="Aeroput">Aeroput</a> company, but its post-war operations were suspended due to nationalization and near-total fleet destruction during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> The first plan for the post-war public air transport reconstruction was introduced by the Commission for the Economic Reconstruction on 28 December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> The plan envisaged a national network which would include <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Titograd">Titograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraljevo" title="Kraljevo">Kraljevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borovo,_Croatia" title="Borovo, Croatia">Borovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> Initial charter public flights were organised by military planes, while the first regular international line after the war was introduced on 6 October 1945 between Belgrade and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> The initial public fleet consisted of four old German planes (<a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a>) and four Tukans purchased in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1945–46.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> In August 1945 Yugoslavia received 11 Soviet <a href="/wiki/Lisunov_Li-2" title="Lisunov Li-2">Lisunov Li-2</a> planes, but their usage was quickly discontinued in international transport, and partially discontinued in domestic transport, due to concerns over inadequate safety.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> Yugoslavia therefore initiated purchase of 10 American excess and therefore cheap <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">C-47</a> planes in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> However, as Yugoslavia at the time was still a close Soviet ally, the US rejected the proposal pushing Yugoslavia to purchase three <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3s</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> which would be the basic type of planes in Yugoslav public fleet all up until 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> The Yugoslav national public air transport company <a href="/wiki/JAT_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="JAT Airways">JAT Airways</a> was established in April 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Istorija_dvadesetog_veka_avio-179">[179]</a> While being a Communist country, after the Tito–Stalin split Yugoslavia initiated a period of military neutrality and non-alignment. Its airlines were supplied by both the East and the West. JAT Yugoslav Airlines became the flag carrier by absorbing the previous company Aeroput. During its existence it grew to become one of the leading airlines in Europe both by fleet and destinations. Its fleet included most of the Western-built aircraft, and destinations included five continents. By the 1970s more airlines were created, namely <a href="/wiki/Aviogenex" title="Aviogenex">Aviogenex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adria_Airways" title="Adria Airways">Adria Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_Adria_Airways" title="Pan Adria Airways">Pan Adria Airways</a>, mostly focused in the growing tourist industry. The capital <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Nikola_Tesla_Airport" title="Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport">Belgrade Airport</a> became the regional hub offering flights, either by the national airline JAT, or by other airlines, to all important destinations worldwide. Aside from Belgrade, most international flights would include a stop in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Airport" title="Zagreb Airport">Zagreb Airport</a>, the second national airport in terms of passenger and cargo capacity; the two became the sole international hubs. All secondary airports such as the ones in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Airport">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Skopje Airport">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split_Airport" title="Split Airport">Split</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Airport" title="Ljubljana Airport">Ljubljana</a> were directly linked to international flights through either Belgrade or Zagreb, while a number of tourism-oriented destinations were developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Airport" title="Dubrovnik Airport">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijeka_Airport" title="Rijeka Airport">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Airport">Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivat_Airport" title="Tivat Airport">Tivat</a> and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg/170px-Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg/255px-Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg/340px-Pruga_Samac-Sarajevo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A poster addressing young people at <a href="/wiki/Youth_work_actions" title="Youth work actions">Youth work actions</a> during the construction of the Šamac-Sarajevo railway</figcaption></figure> The railway system in Yugoslavia was operated by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Yugoslav Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Middleton-180">[180]</a> Much of the infrastructure was inherited from the pre-WWII period, and the SFRY period was marked by the extension and electrification of the rails.<a href="#cite_note-David-181">[181]</a> Electric and diesel locomotives were introduced in number from the 1960s onwards. Much of the early rolling stock were European produced, while with time were being replaced with domestically built locomotives, mostly from <a href="/wiki/KON%C4%8CAR_Group" title="KONČAR Group">Rade Končar</a> and carriages, mostly from GOŠA. The main two projects during SFRY period were electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Zagreb%E2%80%93Belgrade_railway" title="Zagreb–Belgrade railway">Zagreb–Belgrade railway</a>, and the building of the highly challenging <a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Bar_railway" title="Belgrade–Bar railway">Belgrade–Bar railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-David-181">[181]</a> Yugoslav railways operated a number of international services, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> The core of the road network in Yugoslavia was the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_Unity_Highway" title="Brotherhood and Unity Highway">Brotherhood and Unity Highway</a> which was a highway that stretched over 1,182 km (734 mi),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESić199023-182">[182]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> border at <a href="/wiki/Rate%C4%8De" title="Rateče">Rateče</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kranjska_Gora" title="Kranjska Gora">Kranjska Gora</a> in the northwest via <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Belgrade and <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gevgelija" title="Gevgelija">Gevgelija</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> border in the southeast. It was the main modern highway in the country, connecting four constituent republics. It was the pioneer highway in Central-Eastern Europe, and the main link between Central and Western Europe with South-Eastern Europe and Middle East. Construction began on the initiative of President Tito. The first section between Zagreb and Belgrade was built with the effort of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> and volunteer <a href="/wiki/Youth_work_actions" title="Youth work actions">Youth Work Actions</a> and was opened in 1950. The section between Ljubljana and Zagreb was built by 54,000 volunteers in less than eight months in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_and_river_transportation">Maritime and river transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Maritime and river transportation">edit</a>]</div> With its extensive coast in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, Yugoslavia included several large ports such as Split, Rijeka, Zadar or Pula.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Ferries providing passenger service were established linking Yugoslav ports with several ports in Italy and Greece. Regarding rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> was navigable throughout its entire course in Yugoslavia, linking the ports of Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Vukovar with Central Europe and the Black sea. Long stretches of rivers <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> were also navigable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban">Urban</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Urban">edit</a>]</div> Accompanying the high urban growth, urban transportation in Yugoslavia was significantly developed in all republic capitals and major cities. Urban bus networks existed in all cities, while many also included trolleybuses and trams. Despite having been planned for decades, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Metro" title="Belgrade Metro">Belgrade Metro</a> never materialised, and Belgrade became the only major capital in Europe not to have metro.<a href="#cite_note-vreme0797-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Instead, Belgrade city authorities opted for the development of urban rail transport, <a href="/wiki/Beovoz" title="Beovoz">Beovoz</a>, and an extensive tram, bus and trolley network. Besides capital Belgrade, other cities developed tram networks as well. The urban rail transport infrastructure in Yugoslavia consisted of: <ul><li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Sarajevo" title="Trams in Sarajevo">Trams in Sarajevo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb tram system">Zagreb tram system</a><a href="#cite_note-TE-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Osijek tram system">Osijek tram system</a><a href="#cite_note-TE-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubrovnik tram">Dubrovnik tram system</a> up to 1970<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Rijeka" title="Trams in Rijeka">Rijeka tram system</a> up to 1952<a href="#cite_note-TE-187">[187]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serbia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade tram system">Belgrade tram system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš tram system">Niš tram system</a> up to 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi Sad tram system">Novi Sad tram system</a> up to 1958<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subotica_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Subotica tram system">Subotica tram system</a> up to 1974<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slovenia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana tram system">Ljubljana tram system</a> up to 1958<a href="#cite_note-JHL-HH-191">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Piran tram system">Piran tram system</a> up to 1953</li></ul></li></ul> In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, there were also the <a href="/wiki/Opatija_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Opatija tram">Opatija tram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Pula" title="Trams in Pula">trams in Pula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> province, after 1947 (de facto 1945) ceded to Yugoslavia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radio and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></div> One of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a>, known as JRT, was the national <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> system in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> It consisted of eight subnational radio and television broadcast centers with each one headquartered in one of the six constituent republics and two autonomous provinces.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Each television center created its own programming independently, and some of them operated several channels. This subnational broadcasting centers became public broadcasters of the newly independent states, with altered names, after the break-up of Yugoslavia. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">Zagreb Radio</a> started broadcasting on 15 May 1926, and was the first public broadcasting facility in Southeast Europe.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> On the 30th anniversary of the establishment of Zagreb Radio station, on 15 May 1956, the first television programme was broadcast. This was the first TV station in Yugoslavia and would later become a color station in 1972. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">RT Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija" title="Radiotelevizija Slovenija">RT Ljubljana</a> started broadcasting its television programmes two years later, in 1958. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfrj.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sfrj.png/300px-Sfrj.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sfrj.png/450px-Sfrj.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sfrj.png/600px-Sfrj.png 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>General map of Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure> Like the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that preceded it, the SFRY bordered Italy and Austria to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the east, Greece to the south, Albania to the southwest, and the Adriatic Sea to the west. During the socialist period it was common for history and geography teachers to teach their students that Yugoslavia was surrounded with "BRIGAMA", a Serbo-Croatian word meaning worries that was also an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> of the initials of all the countries Yugoslavia bordered with, transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> principle used for both easy learning and ironic reminder of the difficult relations Yugoslav people had with its neighbors in the past.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The most significant change to the borders of the SFRY occurred in 1954, when the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a>. The Yugoslav Zone B that was under military occupation by the Yugoslav People's Army since 1945, which covered 515.5 square kilometres (199.0 sq mi), became part of the SFRY. In 1991, the SFRY's territory disintegrated as the independent states of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from it, though the Yugoslav military controlled parts of Croatia and Bosnia prior to the state's dissolution. By 1992, only the republics of Serbia and Montenegro remained committed to a union, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FRY) in that year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of SFR Yugoslavia">Demographics of SFR Yugoslavia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Balkans">Demographics of the Balkans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg/220px-Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg/330px-Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg/440px-Yugoslavia_ethnic_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map (1991)</figcaption></figure> The SFRY recognised "nations" (narodi) and "nationalities" (narodnosti) separately;<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> the former included the constituent South Slavic peoples (<a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, Macedonians, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a> (from 1971), Serbs and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>), while the latter included other Slavic and non-Slavic ethnic groups. In total, about 26 known sizeable ethnic groups were known to live in Yugoslavia. There was also a <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav</a> ethnic designation, for the people who wanted to identify with the entire country, including people who were born to parents in mixed marriages.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> The population of Yugoslavia spoke mainly three languages: Serbo-Croatian, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies-198">[198]</a> Serbo-Croatian was spoken by the populations in the federated republics of SR Serbia, SR Croatia, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina and SR Montenegro – a total of 17 million people by the late 1980s. Slovene was spoken by approximately 2 million inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/SR_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Slovenia">SR Slovenia</a>, while Macedonian was spoken by 1.8 million inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">SR Macedonia</a>. National minorities used their own languages as well, with 506,000 speaking <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> (primarily in SAP Vojvodina), and 2,000,000 persons speaking <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> in SR Serbia (primarily in SAP Kosovo), SR Macedonia and SR Montenegro. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (primarily in SAP Vojvodina), and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (primarily in Istria and parts of Dalmatia) were also spoken to a lesser extent.<a href="#cite_note-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies-198">[198]</a> The Yugoslav Albanians, almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Ghegs</a>, chose to use the unified standard language of Albania predominantly based on <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a> (a different dialect), for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlowitch2002-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pipa1978-200">[200]</a> The three main languages all belong to the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> language group and are thus similar, allowing most people from different areas to understand each other. Intellectuals were mostly acquainted with all three languages, while people of more modest means from SR Slovenia and SR Macedonia were provided an opportunity to learn Serbo-Croatian during the compulsory service in the federal military. Serbo-Croatian itself is made-up of three dialects, <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a>, with Shtokavian used as the standard official dialect of the language. Official Serbo-Croatian (Shtokavian), was divided into two similar variants, the Croatian (Western) variant and Serbian (Eastern) variant, with minor <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian_and_Serbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian">differences</a> telling the two apart.<a href="#cite_note-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies-198">[198]</a> Two alphabets used in Yugoslavia were: the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. Both alphabets were modified for use by Serbo-Croatian in the 19th century, thus the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet is more closely known as <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a>, while Cyrillic is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. Serbo-Croatian uses both alphabets, Slovene uses only the Latin alphabet, and Macedonian uses only the Cyrillic alphabet. Bosnian and Croatian variants of the language used exclusively Latin, while the Serbian variant used both Latin and Cyrillic.<a href="#cite_note-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Emigration">edit</a>]</div> The small or negative population growth in the former Yugoslavia reflected a high level of <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>. Even before the breakup of the country, during the 1960s and 1970s, Yugoslavia was one of the most important "sending societies" of international migration. An important receiving society was <a href="/wiki/Immigration_from_the_former_Yugoslavia_to_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration from the former Yugoslavia to Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, target of an estimated total of 500,000 migrants, who now account for more than 6% of total Swiss population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the early 1970s, more than one million Yugoslav citizens lived abroad, two-thirds of which were in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, where they were known as <a href="/wiki/Gastarbeiter" title="Gastarbeiter">Gastarbeiters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Significant numbers emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> as well. Emigration of Yugoslav workers was legalised in 1963, as Yugoslavia experienced an <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a>, a high rate of unemployment and a growing debt in <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> through the two years prior, although another factor for the decision were the already widespread illegal crossings of Yugoslavs looking for work abroad as 'tourists' throughout the second half of 1950s. Yugoslav leadership would remain dedicated to strengthening and protecting rights of its workers abroad, through <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionists</a> and '<a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social workers</a>' who among regular workers were responsible for offering them <a href="/wiki/Legal_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal support">legal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Period of the existence of the SFR Yugoslavia was marked by significant development in the field of education.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> The immediate period after the World War II was marked by the organization of widespread <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> (analfabetism) courses which resulted in decrease in the number of <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> citizens (particularly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">women</a> who constituted 70% of students) from 4,408,471 (44.6% of population above 10 years in 1931) to 3,162,941 (25.4% of population above 10 years in 1948), 3,066,165 (21% in 1961), 2,549.571 (15.1% in 1971), and 1,780.902 (9,5% in 1981) and with continuous increasing average age among illiterate population.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> In 1946 there were 10,666 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary schools">elementary schools</a> with 1.441.679 students and 23.270 teachers while the number of elementary school students peaked in 1975/76 academic year with 2,856,453 students.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> The country introduced universal eight year elementary public education in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> Between 1946 and 1987 the number of <a href="/wiki/High_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="High schools">high schools</a> in Yugoslavia rose from 959 to 1248 with 6.6% of population with high school diploma in 1953 and 25.5% in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> Only 0.6% of population held <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> degree in 1953 with number rising to 1.3% in 1961, 2.8% in 1971 and 5.6% in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> While economy and <a href="/wiki/Job_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Job market">job market</a> of the interwar kingdom was unable to absorb significantly smaller numbers of qualified workers, post-war Yugoslav economy was despite improvements continually faced with a lack of qualified workforce.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Zagreb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/University_of_Zagreb.jpg/220px-University_of_Zagreb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/University_of_Zagreb.jpg/330px-University_of_Zagreb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/University_of_Zagreb.jpg/440px-University_of_Zagreb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The main building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a> and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law,_University_of_Zagreb" title="Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb">Faculty of Law</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgradelawschool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Belgradelawschool.jpg/220px-Belgradelawschool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Belgradelawschool.jpg/330px-Belgradelawschool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Belgradelawschool.jpg/440px-Belgradelawschool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Belgrade Faculty of Law">Belgrade Law School</a> building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg/220px-Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg/330px-Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg/440px-Univerza_Ljubljana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The main building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana" title="University of Ljubljana">University of Ljubljana</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a> (founded 1669), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a> (founded 1808) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana" title="University of Ljubljana">University of Ljubljana</a> (founded 1919) already existed before the creation of Socialist Yugoslavia. Between 1945 and 1992 numerous universities were established throughout the country:<a href="#cite_note-uniej-204">[204]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo" title="University of Sarajevo">University of Sarajevo</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">University of Skopje</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Novi_Sad" title="University of Novi Sad">University of Novi Sad</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="University of Niš">University of Niš</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina_(1969%E2%80%931999)" title="University of Pristina (1969–1999)">University of Pristina</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arts_in_Belgrade" title="University of Arts in Belgrade">University of Arts in Belgrade</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rijeka" title="University of Rijeka">University of Rijeka</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Split" title="University of Split">University of Split</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montenegro" title="University of Montenegro">University of Titograd</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Banja_Luka" title="University of Banja Luka">University of Banja Luka</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maribor" title="University of Maribor">University of Maribor</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Osijek" title="University of Osijek">University of Osijek</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kragujevac" title="University of Kragujevac">University of Kragujevac</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tuzla" title="University of Tuzla">University of Tuzla</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mostar" title="University of Mostar">University of Mostar</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bitola" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bitola">University of Bitola</a> (1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the collapse of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Yugoslavia had a modern multicultural society. Characteristic attention was based on the concept of brotherhood and unity and the memory of the Communist Yugoslav Partisans' victory against fascists and nationalists as the rebirth of the Yugoslav people, although all forms of art flourished freely unlike in other socialist countries. In the SFRY the history of Yugoslavia during World War II was omnipresent, and was portrayed as a struggle not only between Yugoslavia and the Axis Powers, but as a struggle between good and evil within Yugoslavia with the multiethnic Yugoslav Partisans were represented as the "good" Yugoslavs fighting against manipulated "evil" Yugoslavs – the Croatian Ustaše and Serbian <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The SFRY was presented to its people as the leader of the non-aligned movement and that the SFRY was dedicated to creating a just, harmonious, <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> world.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Artists from different ethnicities in the country were popular amongst other ethnicities, and the film industry in Yugoslavia avoided nationalist overtones until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Unlike in other socialist societies, Yugoslavia was considered tolerant to a popular and classical art as long as it was not overly critical of the ruling regime, which made Yugoslavia appear to be a free country despite its one-party regime structure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Writers_of_Yugoslavia" title="Association of Writers of Yugoslavia">Association of Writers of Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Kragujevic,_Ivo_Andric,_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/S._Kragujevic%2C_Ivo_Andric%2C_1961.jpg/200px-S._Kragujevic%2C_Ivo_Andric%2C_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/S._Kragujevic%2C_Ivo_Andric%2C_1961.jpg/300px-S._Kragujevic%2C_Ivo_Andric%2C_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/S._Kragujevic%2C_Ivo_Andric%2C_1961.jpg/400px-S._Kragujevic%2C_Ivo_Andric%2C_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a>, awarded the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a></figcaption></figure> Significant number of Yugoslav writers supported Yugoslav Partisans efforts during the World War II with some of the most prominent of them being <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nazor" title="Vladimir Nazor">Vladimir Nazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oton_%C5%BDupan%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Oton Župančič">Oton Župančič</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matej_Bor" title="Matej Bor">Matej Bor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Do_Racin" title="Kočo Racin">Kočo Racin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajuh">Kajuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goran_Kova%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Goran Kovačić">Ivan Goran Kovačić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skender_Kulenovi%C4%87" title="Skender Kulenović">Skender Kulenović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Branko_%C4%86opi%C4%87" title="Branko Ćopić">Branko Ćopić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a> was a dominant style in the first couple of years after the war yet much more pluralistic attitude developed later.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon-208">[208]</a> Throughout the period Yugoslav literature was approached as an umbrella term for various local literatures with their own characteristics and inner diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon-208">[208]</a> The most important international breakthrough for the Yugoslav literature was 1961 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> laureate award to <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon-208">[208]</a> Other prominent Yugoslav writers of the era were <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a>, <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%A1a_Selimovi%C4%87" title="Meša Selimović">Meša Selimović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mak_Dizdar" title="Mak Dizdar">Mak Dizdar</a> and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_arts">Graphic arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Graphic arts">edit</a>]</div> Notable painters included: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Andrejevi%C4%87_Kun" title="Đorđe Andrejević Kun">Đorđe Andrejević Kun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petar_Lubarda" title="Petar Lubarda">Petar Lubarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersad_Berber" title="Mersad Berber">Mersad Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mili%C4%87_od_Ma%C4%8Dve" title="Milić od Mačve">Milić od Mačve</a> and others. Prominent sculptor was <a href="/wiki/Antun_Augustin%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Antun Augustinčić">Antun Augustinčić</a> who made a monument standing in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">United Nations Headquarters</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav cinema">Yugoslav cinema</a> featured notable actors such as <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Stojkovi%C4%87" title="Danilo Stojković">Danilo Stojković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Nadarevi%C4%87" title="Mustafa Nadarević">Mustafa Nadarević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bata_%C5%BDivojinovi%C4%87" title="Bata Živojinović">Bata Živojinović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Dragan Nikolić">Dragan Nikolić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Ljubiša Samardžić">Ljubiša Samardžić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Dvornik" title="Boris Dvornik">Boris Dvornik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milena_Dravi%C4%87" title="Milena Dravić">Milena Dravić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bekim_Fehmiu" title="Bekim Fehmiu">Bekim Fehmiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rade_%C5%A0erbed%C5%BEija" title="Rade Šerbedžija">Rade Šerbedžija</a>, among many others.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Film directors included: <a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Makavejev" title="Dušan Makavejev">Dušan Makavejev</a>, Duša Počkaj, <a href="/wiki/Goran_Markovi%C4%87_(film_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goran Marković (film director)">Goran Marković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordan_Zafranovi%C4%87" title="Lordan Zafranović">Lordan Zafranović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goran_Paskaljevi%C4%87" title="Goran Paskaljević">Goran Paskaljević</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivojin_Pavlovi%C4%87" title="Živojin Pavlović">Živojin Pavlović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hajrudin_Krvavac" title="Hajrudin Krvavac">Hajrudin Krvavac</a>. Many Yugoslav films featured eminent foreign actors such as <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Bondarchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Nero" title="Franco Nero">Franco Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Neretva">The Battle of Neretva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sutjeska_(film)" title="Battle of Sutjeska (film)">Sutjeska</a>. Also, many foreign films were shot on locations in Yugoslavia including domestic crews, such as <a href="/wiki/Kelly%27s_Heroes" title="Kelly's Heroes">Kelly's Heroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force_10_from_Navarone_(film)" title="Force 10 from Navarone (film)">Force 10 from Navarone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armour_of_God_(film)" title="Armour of God (film)">Armour of God</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Sobibor" title="Escape from Sobibor">Escape from Sobibor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Traditional music">edit</a>]</div> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> artists were the <a href="/wiki/Tanec" title="Tanec">Tanec</a> ensemble, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a> performer <a href="/wiki/Esma_Red%C5%BEepova" title="Esma Redžepova">Esma Redžepova</a> and others. A very popular genre in Yugoslavia, also exported to other neighboring countries, and also popular among the Yugoslav emigration worldwide, was the <a href="/wiki/Narodna_muzika" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna muzika">Narodna muzika</a>. The Slovenian most popular folk music was played by Avsenik brothers (Ansambel bratov Avsenik) and Lojze Slak.The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_music" title="Serbian folk music">folk music</a> emerged in force during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1980s and 1990s the so-called novokomponovana muzika style appeared and gave place to controversial <a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">turbo-folk</a> style. <a href="/wiki/Lepa_Brena" title="Lepa Brena">Lepa Brena</a> in the 1980s become the most popular singer of the Yugoslavia, and a top-selling female recording artist with more than 40 million records sold.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Folk performers enjoyed great popularity and became constant presence in the tabloids and media. Yugoslav music scene in its diverse genres became known internationally, from traditional folklore music being appreciated worldwide, through rock-pop music being appreciated in Eastern, and lesser extent, Western Europe, to turbo-folk music being widely exported to neighboring countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Classical music">edit</a>]</div> The pianist <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pogoreli%C4%87" title="Ivo Pogorelić">Ivo Pogorelić</a> and the violinist <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Milenkovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Milenković">Stefan Milenković</a> were internationally acclaimed classical music performers, while <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Gotovac" title="Jakov Gotovac">Jakov Gotovac</a> was a prominent composer and a conductor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Popular music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Popular music in Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg/220px-Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg/330px-Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg/440px-Jugoton_Yugoslavia_Vinilo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jugoton" title="Jugoton">Jugoton</a> was the largest Yugoslav record label.</figcaption></figure> Yugoslavia had a moderately high degree of artistic and musical freedom, owing in part to the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>, which saw the country pursue positive relations with many countries outside the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019478-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 862  Popular music in Yugoslavia had a diverse array of stylistic influences from throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-:0-217">[217]</a> Western-influenced <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> was socially accepted, more so than in Eastern Bloc countries, and was well-covered in the media, which included numerous concerts, music magazines, radio and TV shows. Aspiring artists could travel to the capitalist countries of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and bring back musical instruments and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-217">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg/220px-Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg/330px-Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg/440px-Koncert_orkestra_Nikice_Kalodjere_s_pevci_v_Mariboru_-_Gabi_Novak_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabi_Novak" title="Gabi Novak">Gabi Novak</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Yugoslavia was among the least developed countries in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 861  Apart from a small urban elite, much of the population was illiterate, lacked access to musical training, instruments, and radios.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 861  The country also suffered from among the highest degree of losses in Europe from World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 861  During the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a> actively promoted socialist realism through agitprop, including music.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 865  Many party leaders disparaged Western-style popular music such as jazz, with such music often being stigmatized or censored.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 866  However, due to their geography, the Socialist Republics of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> had high exposure to popular music from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> during this time.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 864–865  In lieu of it, music imported from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was commonplace, but Communist Party officials were wary of that too, and many felt belittled by Soviet officials.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 866–867  In 1948, Yugoslavia was expelled from <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 862  Upon this expulsion, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia no longer felt the need to engage in <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a>-styled cultural policies which suppressed non-propagandist popular music.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 862  However, throughout the 1950s, some Party officials remained antagonistic towards music from Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 868–869  As the country sought to foster more relationships outside of the Eastern Bloc, Yugoslavia opened up more and more through the late 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 862  During the 1950s, Yugoslavia welcomed and hosted many famous international stars.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 862  Yugoslavia's economy grew rapidly during the 1950s, enabling more resources to be allocated to consumer goods, including music.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 870  The number of radios in the country increased dramatically, as did the production of <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 870  While still tolerant of foreign music, the country's political leaders also sought to develop popular music which they felt embodied Yugoslavia's own national identity,<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 862  and many continued to perceive American cultural influence as politically propagandistic.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 863  In the 1950s, domestic popular music festivals and artists' associations were being established and promoted.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 868, 871  Many popular Yugoslav artists emerged during this time, including notable names such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Marjanovi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Marjanović">Đorđe Marjanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabi_Novak" title="Gabi Novak">Gabi Novak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majda_Sepe" title="Majda Sepe">Majda Sepe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zdenka_Vu%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87" title="Zdenka Vučković">Zdenka Vučković</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vice_Vukov" title="Vice Vukov">Vice Vukov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 871  During this time, the country had a heightened cultural exchange with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which led to the emergence of a local genre of music which fused traditional Mexican elements, known as <a href="/wiki/Yu-Mex" title="Yu-Mex">Yu-Mex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-217">[217]</a> The ascendance of Yugoslav popular music became embraced by the state, which would actively promote it abroad.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 871  Yugoslavia entered into the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1961">1961</a>, becoming the only self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a>, and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> country to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[218]</a>: 871–872  Yugoslavia won the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1989">1989 Eurovision Song Contest</a> following the performance of the song "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Me_(Riva_song)" title="Rock Me (Riva song)">Rock Me</a>" by the Croatian pop band <a href="/wiki/Riva_(band)" title="Riva (band)">Riva</a>, marking the country's only first place in the competition prior to its breakup. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rock_music">Rock music</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Rock music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bijelo_dugme_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bijelo_dugme_%281986%29.jpg/220px-Bijelo_dugme_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bijelo_dugme_%281986%29.jpg/330px-Bijelo_dugme_%281986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bijelo_dugme_%281986%29.jpg/440px-Bijelo_dugme_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5398" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme" title="Bijelo Dugme">Bijelo Dugme</a> in 1986; the group is generally considered the most popular band to exist on the Yugoslav rock scene.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular music in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav rock scene</a>, which emerged in the late 1950s, generally followed Western European and American trends with influences from local traditional music and poetic tradition. During the 1960s, rock music saw little criticism coming from communist authorities, and much more from conservative cultural circles.<a href="#cite_note-vučetić209-210-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-istorija75-79-220">[220]</a> By the end of the decade, Yugoslav rock scene was well-covered in the media, with a number of festivals, music magazines, and radio and TV shows dedicated to the new music.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> During the 1970s, rock music was accepted by the Yugoslav public as the music of the Yugoslav youth and an artistic form, with a number of bands enjoying large mainstream popularity and attention of the media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019481-487-222">[222]</a> In the 1970s, first voices critical of the Yugoslav social reality emerged on the Yugoslav rock scene; the critical voices escalated after Tito's death in 1980, with growing liberalization and new tendencies in arts and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014238–239-223">[223]</a> Working with relative creative liberty, both mainstream and underground rock acts, although generally not questioning the socialist system, the rule of the League of Communists or the authority of president Tito, recorded songs that depicted negative aspects of Yugoslav socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014238–269-224">[224]</a> The 1960s bands like <a href="/wiki/Bijele_Strijele" title="Bijele Strijele">Bijele Strijele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iskre" title="Iskre">Iskre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roboti_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roboti (band) (page does not exist)">Roboti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siluete" title="Siluete">Siluete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crveni_Koralji" title="Crveni Koralji">Crveni Koralji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elipse" title="Elipse">Elipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zlatni_De%C4%8Daci" title="Zlatni Dečaci">Zlatni Dečaci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crni_Biseri" title="Crni Biseri">Crni Biseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjalice" title="Sanjalice">Sanjalice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kameleoni" title="Kameleoni">Kameleoni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mi (band) (page does not exist)">Mi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bele_Vrane" title="Bele Vrane">Bele Vrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grupa_220" title="Grupa 220">Grupa 220</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeteoci" title="Žeteoci">Žeteoci</a> initially performed mostly covers of international <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_%26_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm & blues">rhythm & blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> hits, introducing their own songs into their repertoire in the second half of the decade, achieving large popularity among the country's youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019478–479-225">[225]</a> At the end of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz rock">jazz rock</a> was introduced to the scene through the works of bands like <a href="/wiki/Indexi" title="Indexi">Indexi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korni_Grupa" title="Korni Grupa">Korni Grupa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019481–482-226">[226]</a> Progressive and jazz rock would dominate the Yugoslav rock scene throughout the 1970s, with bands like Indexi, Korni Grupa, <a href="/wiki/YU_Grupa" title="YU Grupa">YU Grupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smak" title="Smak">Smak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(Yugoslav_band)" title="Time (Yugoslav band)">Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_Ma%C5%A1ina" title="Pop Mašina">Pop Mašina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drugi_Na%C4%8Din" title="Drugi Način">Drugi Način</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%A1ka_Industrija" title="Teška Industrija">Teška Industrija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leb_i_Sol" class="mw-redirect" title="Leb i Sol">Leb i Sol</a>, <a href="/wiki/September_(band)" title="September (band)">September</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tako_(band)" title="Tako (band)">Tako</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igra_Staklenih_Perli" title="Igra Staklenih Perli">Igra Staklenih Perli</a> enjoying large popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019481–487-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014160–183-228">[228]</a> Some of the progressive and jazz rock bands incorporated elements of Balkan traditional music into their work; <a href="/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme" title="Bijelo Dugme">Bijelo Dugme</a>, formed in 1974, led by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87" title="Goran Bregović">Goran Bregović</a> and fronted by singer <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek" title="Željko Bebek">Željko Bebek</a>, gained massive popularity with their <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>-influenced progressive and <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019483-229">[229]</a> During the decade, the scene also saw the appearance of prominent singer-songwriters like <a href="/wiki/Drago_Mlinarec_(musician)" title="Drago Mlinarec (musician)">Drago Mlinarec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadranka_Stojakovi%C4%87" title="Jadranka Stojaković">Jadranka Stojaković</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bala%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Balašević">Đorđe Balašević</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrej_%C5%A0ifrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrej Šifrer (page does not exist)">Andrej Šifrer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miladin_%C5%A0obi%C4%87" title="Miladin Šobić">Miladin Šobić</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019481–482-226">[226]</a> popular solo singers, like <a href="/wiki/Josipa_Lisac" title="Josipa Lisac">Josipa Lisac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zdravko_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Zdravko Čolić">Zdravko Čolić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sla%C4%91ana_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slađana Milošević">Slađana Milošević</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014186–234-230">[230]</a> vibrant acoustic rock scene, with acts like <a href="/wiki/Vlada_i_Bajka" title="Vlada i Bajka">Vlada i Bajka</a>, <a href="/wiki/S_Vremena_Na_Vreme" title="S Vremena Na Vreme">S Vremena Na Vreme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suncokret" title="Suncokret">Suncokret</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019483-229">[229]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant-garde rock">avant-garde rock</a> acts like <a href="/wiki/Buldo%C5%BEer" title="Buldožer">Buldožer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laboratorija_Zvuka" title="Laboratorija Zvuka">Laboratorija Zvuka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014155–234-231">[231]</a> The second half of the decade brought the appearance of popular hard rock and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> acts <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_Skloni%C5%A1te" title="Atomsko Sklonište">Atomsko Sklonište</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generacija_5" title="Generacija 5">Generacija 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divlje_Jagode" title="Divlje Jagode">Divlje Jagode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatreni_Poljubac" title="Vatreni Poljubac">Vatreni Poljubac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riblja_%C4%8Corba" title="Riblja Čorba">Riblja Čorba</a>, the latter achieving huge popularity owing to provocative social- and political-related lyrics of their frontman <a href="/wiki/Bora_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Bora Đorđević">Bora Đorđević</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019487-232">[232]</a> The late 1970s brought the emergence of the closely associated <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">new wave scenes</a>. The scenes reached their peak in the early 1980s, with acts like <a href="/wiki/Paraf" title="Paraf">Paraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azra_(band)" title="Azra (band)">Azra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankrti" title="Pankrti">Pankrti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prljavo_Kazali%C5%A1te" class="mw-redirect" title="Prljavo Kazalište">Prljavo Kazalište</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_(band)" title="Film (band)">Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pekin%C5%A1ka_Patka" title="Pekinška Patka">Pekinška Patka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haustor" title="Haustor">Haustor</a>, <a href="/wiki/La%C4%8Dni_Franz" title="Lačni Franz">Lačni Franz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idoli" title="Idoli">Idoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_Orgazam" title="Električni Orgazam">Električni Orgazam</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arlo_Akrobata" title="Šarlo Akrobata">Šarlo Akrobata</a>, <a href="/wiki/U_%C5%A0kripcu" title="U Škripcu">U Škripcu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piloti_(band)" title="Piloti (band)">Piloti</a> and others recording songs which were critical of the Yugoslav social reality, experimenting and conjoining with other art forms, with some veteran acts, like Bijelo Dugme, Buldožer and <a href="/wiki/Parni_Valjak" title="Parni Valjak">Parni Valjak</a>, joining in on the new, exuberant scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014238–269-224">[224]</a> By 1983, the scene saw its decline, with some artists, like Prljavo Kazalište, Film, Električni Orgazam and Piloti, turning towards more commercial rock and pop rock sound, while others continued with artistic and experimental approach in newly-formed bands like <a href="/wiki/Disciplina_Ki%C4%8Dme" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciplina Kičme">Disciplina Kičme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekatarina_Velika" title="Ekatarina Velika">Ekatarina Velika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014346–353-233">[233]</a> By the mid-1980s, the Yugoslav rock scene was noted as one of the richest and most vibrant rock scene in Europe. Yugoslavia was one of seven non-<a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking countries</a> that took part in the <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> initiative, contributing with the all-star charity single "<a href="/wiki/Za_milion_godina" class="mw-redirect" title="Za milion godina">Za milion godina</a>" and the corresponding concert held on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Stadium" title="Red Star Stadium">Red Star Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rockovnik-234">[234]</a> During the 1980s, Yugoslav scene spawned its own authentic movements, like <a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a>, in which pivotal role was played by the provocative <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a> band <a href="/wiki/Laibach" title="Laibach">Laibach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014392-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Primitives" class="mw-redirect" title="New Primitives">New Primitives</a>, with the bands <a href="/wiki/Zabranjeno_Pu%C5%A1enje" title="Zabranjeno Pušenje">Zabranjeno Pušenje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elvis_J._Kurtovi%C4%87_%26_His_Meteors" title="Elvis J. Kurtović & His Meteors">Elvis J. Kurtović & His Meteors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014312–319-236">[236]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Partisans" title="New Partisans">New Partisans</a>, with the bands Bijelo Dugme, <a href="/wiki/Plavi_Orkestar" title="Plavi Orkestar">Plavi Orkestar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(Yugoslav_band)" title="Merlin (Yugoslav band)">Merlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014378-385-237">[237]</a> During the decade, large album sales and sold-out concerts in sport arenas were enjoyed by mainstream rock and pop rock acts like Bijelo Dugme, Riblja Čorba, Parni Valjak, Plavi Orkestar, <a href="/wiki/Bajaga_i_Instruktori" title="Bajaga i Instruktori">Bajaga i Instruktori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galija" title="Galija">Galija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_(band)" title="Aerodrom (band)">Aerodrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mandi%C4%87" title="Oliver Mandić">Oliver Mandić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zana_(band)" title="Zana (band)">Zana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poslednja_Igra_Leptira" title="Poslednja Igra Leptira">Poslednja Igra Leptira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenia_(band)" title="Xenia (band)">Xenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebi_Dol" title="Bebi Dol">Bebi Dol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentino_(band)" title="Valentino (band)">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90avoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Đavoli">Đavoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crvena_Jabuka" title="Crvena Jabuka">Crvena Jabuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/Laki_Pingvini" title="Laki Pingvini">Laki Pingvini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_%26_Denis" title="Denis & Denis">Denis & Denis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videosex" title="Videosex">Videosex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">art pop</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/Boa_(Croatian_band)" title="Boa (Croatian band)">Boa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(band)" title="Dorian Gray (band)">Dorian Gray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">funk rock</a> acts like <a href="/wiki/Oktobar_1864" title="Oktobar 1864">Oktobar 1864</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dino_Dvornik" title="Dino Dvornik">Dino Dvornik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanjatović2019487–497-238">[238]</a> Large popularity was also enjoyed by hard rock and <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> acts like Divlje Jagode, <a href="/wiki/Kerber_(band)" title="Kerber (band)">Kerber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmi_Putnik" title="Osmi Putnik">Osmi Putnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktorija_(singer)" title="Viktorija (singer)">Viktorija</a>, punk rock bands like <a href="/wiki/KUD_Idijoti" title="KUD Idijoti">KUD Idijoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partibrejkers" title="Partibrejkers">Partibrejkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psihomodo_Pop" title="Psihomodo Pop">Psihomodo Pop</a>, but also by <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative</a> and avant-garde acts like Laibach, Ekatarina Velika and <a href="/wiki/Rambo_Amadeus" title="Rambo Amadeus">Rambo Amadeus</a>. During the decade, a strong <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground</a> scene also developed, with acts like <a href="/wiki/Mizar_(band)" title="Mizar (band)">Mizar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satan_Panonski" title="Satan Panonski">Satan Panonski</a> developing a strong <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvačković2014346–373-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_heritage">Architectural heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Architectural heritage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture of Yugoslavia</a></div> Although Yugoslav cities and towns architecturally resembled and followed the styles of Central and Southeastern Europe, what became most characteristic of the SFRY period was the creation of a modernist or brutalist style architecture buildings and neighborhoods. Yugoslav cities expanded greatly during this period and the government often opted for the creation of modernist planned neighborhoods to accommodate the growing working middle-class. Such typical examples are the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Beograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi Beograd">Novi Beograd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novi_Zagreb" title="Novi Zagreb">Novi Zagreb</a> neighborhoods in two major cities. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_World_War_II_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav World War II monuments and memorials">Yugoslav World War II monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Heroes_of_Yugoslavia_monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Heroes of Yugoslavia monuments">People's Heroes of Yugoslavia monuments</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> FPR/SFR Yugoslavia developed a strong athletic sports community, notably in team sports such as association football, basketball, handball, water polo, and volleyball. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">Football in Yugoslavia</a></div> The country's biggest footballing achievement came on the club level with <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade" title="Red Star Belgrade">Red Star Belgrade</a> winning the <a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_European_Cup" title="1990–91 European Cup">1990–91 European Cup</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille" title="Olympique de Marseille">Olympique de Marseille</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1991_European_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 European Cup Final">final</a> played on 29 May 1991.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Later that year, they became world club champions by beating <a href="/wiki/Colo-Colo" title="Colo-Colo">Colo-Colo</a> 3–0 in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Intercontinental_Cup" title="1991 Intercontinental Cup">Intercontinental Cup</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Previously, Red Star had reached the <a href="/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_UEFA_Cup" title="1978–79 UEFA Cup">1978–79 UEFA Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/Two-legged_tie" title="Two-legged tie">two-legged</a> <a href="/wiki/1979_UEFA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 UEFA Cup Final">final</a>, while their Belgrade <a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Diti_derbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Večiti derbi">cross-town rivals</a> <a href="/wiki/FK_Partizan" title="FK Partizan">Partizan</a> had been the <a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_European_Cup" title="1965–66 European Cup">1965–66 European Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/1966_European_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 European Cup Final">finalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/GNK_Dinamo_Zagreb" title="GNK Dinamo Zagreb">Dinamo Zagreb</a> <a href="/wiki/1967_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final">won</a> the <a href="/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup" title="1966–67 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup">1966–67 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/NK_%C4%8Celik_Zenica" title="NK Čelik Zenica">Čelik Zenica</a> (twice), Red Star Belgrade, <a href="/wiki/FK_Vojvodina" title="FK Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Partizan, <a href="/wiki/NK_Iskra_Bugojno" title="NK Iskra Bugojno">Iskra Bugojno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka" title="FK Borac Banja Luka">Borac Banja Luka</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Mitropa_Cup" title="Mitropa Cup">Mitropa Cup</a>; while <a href="/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar" title="FK Velež Mostar">Velež Mostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/HNK_Rijeka" title="HNK Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Dinamo Zagreb, and <a href="/wiki/FK_Radni%C4%8Dki_Ni%C5%A1" title="FK Radnički Niš">Radnički Niš</a>, each won the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Cup" title="Balkans Cup">Balkans Cup</a>. On the national team level, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team" title="Yugoslavia national football team">FPR/SFR Yugoslavia</a> qualified for seven <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>, the best result coming in <a href="/wiki/1962_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1962 FIFA World Cup">1962</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> with a 4th-place finish (equalizing the Kingdom of Yugoslavia achievement from <a href="/wiki/1930_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1930 FIFA World Cup">1930</a>).<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> The country also played in four <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA European Football Championship">European Championships</a>. The best results came in 1960 and 1968 when the team lost in the finals—in <a href="/wiki/1960_European_Nations%27_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 European Nations' Cup Final">1960</a> to Soviet Union and in <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1968_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Euro 1968 Final">1968</a> to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Yugoslavia was also the first non-Western European country to host a European Championship, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1976" title="UEFA Euro 1976">UEFA Euro 1976</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_Olympic_football_team" title="Yugoslavia Olympic football team">Yugoslav Olympic team</a> won gold at the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Olympics</a> in Rome, having previously won silver at the three preceding Olympic Games —<a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a> in Helsinki, and <a href="/wiki/Association_football_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a> in Melbourne. The team additionally won bronze in <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a> in Los Angeles. In the youth category, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_under-20_football_team" title="Yugoslavia national under-20 football team">Yugoslavia under-20 team</a> qualified for just two <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Youth_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Youth Championship">FIFA World Youth Championships</a>, but won in <a href="/wiki/1987_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship" title="1987 FIFA World Youth Championship">1987</a> in Chile while the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_under-21_football_team" title="Yugoslavia national under-21 football team">Yugoslav under-21 team</a> qualified for four <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-21_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship">UEFA European Under-21 Football Championships</a> winning the inaugural edition in <a href="/wiki/1978_UEFA_European_Under-21_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship">1978</a> and coming runners-up in <a href="/wiki/1990_UEFA_European_Under-21_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship">1990</a>. On the individual player front, Yugoslavia produced some notable performers on the world stage; such as <a href="/wiki/Rajko_Miti%C4%87" title="Rajko Mitić">Rajko Mitić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Bobek" title="Stjepan Bobek">Stjepan Bobek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vukas" title="Bernard Vukas">Bernard Vukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Beara" title="Vladimir Beara">Vladimir Beara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_%C5%A0ekularac" title="Dragoslav Šekularac">Dragoslav Šekularac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Gali%C4%87" title="Milan Galić">Milan Galić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Skoblar" title="Josip Skoblar">Josip Skoblar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_%C4%86urkovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Ćurković">Ivan Ćurković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velibor_Vasovi%C4%87" title="Velibor Vasović">Velibor Vasović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragan_D%C5%BEaji%C4%87" title="Dragan Džajić">Dragan Džajić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safet_Su%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Safet Sušić">Safet Sušić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Stojkovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Stojković">Dragan Stojković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dejan_Savi%C4%87evi%C4%87" title="Dejan Savićević">Dejan Savićević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darko_Pan%C4%8Dev" title="Darko Pančev">Darko Pančev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Prosine%C4%8Dki" title="Robert Prosinečki">Robert Prosinečki</a>, and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> Unlike football which inherited a lot of its infrastructure and know-how from the pre-World War II Kingdom of Yugoslavia, basketball had very little prior heritage. The sport was thus nurtured and developed from scratch within the Communist Yugoslavia through individual enthusiasts such as <a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Popovi%C4%87" title="Nebojša Popović">Nebojša Popović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borislav_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Borislav Stanković">Bora Stanković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radomir_%C5%A0aper" title="Radomir Šaper">Radomir Šaper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Nikolić">Aca Nikolić</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranko_%C5%BDeravica" title="Ranko Žeravica">Ranko Žeravica</a>. Though a member of <a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a> since 1936, the national team did not qualify for a major competition until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1948, the country's umbrella basketball association, <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Federation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav Basketball Federation</a> (KSJ), was established. Following its major competition debut at <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1947" title="EuroBasket 1947">EuroBasket 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavia national basketball team">Yugoslav national team</a> did not take long to become a contender on world stage with the first medal, a silver, coming at <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1961" title="EuroBasket 1961">EuroBasket 1961</a>. The country's most notable results were winning three <a href="/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA World Championship">FIBA World Championships</a> (in <a href="/wiki/1970_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1970 FIBA World Championship">1970</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/1978_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1978 FIBA World Championship">1978</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> and <a href="/wiki/1990_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1990 FIBA World Championship">1990</a>),<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Olympics</a> in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> in addition to five <a href="/wiki/Eurobasket" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurobasket">European Championships</a> (three of them consecutively <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1973" title="EuroBasket 1973">1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1975" title="EuroBasket 1975">1975</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1977" title="EuroBasket 1977">1977</a>, followed by two more consecutive ones in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1989" title="EuroBasket 1989">1989</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1991" title="EuroBasket 1991">1991</a>).<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> As a result of the 1970 FIBA World Championship win, basketball experienced a significant surge of popularity throughout the country, leading to the authorities initiating construction of a number of indoor sporting facilities. Some of the arenas built during this period include: Zagreb's <a href="/wiki/Dom_Sportova" title="Dom Sportova">Dom Sportova</a> (1972), Belgrade's <a href="/wiki/Hala_Pionir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Pionir">Hala Pionir</a> (1973), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sportska_dvorana_Baldekin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sportska dvorana Baldekin (page does not exist)">Baldekin Sports Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Dvorana_Mladosti" title="Dvorana Mladosti">Dvorana Mladosti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Hala_Pinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Pinki">Hala Pinki</a> in the Belgrade municipality of <a href="/wiki/Zemun" title="Zemun">Zemun</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_Sports_Center" title="Čair Sports Center">Čair Sports Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> (1974), Kragujevac's <a href="/wiki/Hala_Jezero" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Jezero">Hala Jezero</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Mora%C4%8Da_Sports_Center" title="Morača Sports Center">Morača Sports Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Titograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Titograd">Titograd</a> (1978), and the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Gripe" title="Arena Gripe">Gripe Sports Centre</a> in Split (1979). Simultaneously, on the club level, a multi-tier league system was established in 1945 with the <a href="/wiki/First_Federal_Basketball_League" title="First Federal Basketball League">First Federal League</a> at the top of the pyramid. Initially played outdoors—on concrete and clay surfaces—and contested from early spring until mid autumn within the same calendar year due to weather constraints, <a href="/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Yugoslav_First_Basketball_League" title="1967–68 Yugoslav First Basketball League">league games began to be played indoors</a> from October 1967 despite the country still lacking appropriate infrastructure. Initially played in makeshift fair halls and industrial warehouses, club basketball in Yugoslavia experienced a significant organizational upgrade following the 1970 FIBA World Championship win with the country's Communist authorities authorizing construction of dozens of indoor sporting arenas around the country so that many clubs found permanent homes. Yugoslav clubs won the <a href="/wiki/Euroleague" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">European Champion's Cup</a>, the continent's premiere basketball club competition, on seven occasions—<a href="/wiki/KK_Bosna" class="mw-redirect" title="KK Bosna">KK Bosna</a> in <a href="/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup" title="1978–79 FIBA European Champions Cup">1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/KK_Cibona" title="KK Cibona">KK Cibona</a> in <a href="/wiki/1985_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final" title="1985 FIBA European Champions Cup Final">1985</a> and <a href="/wiki/1986_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final" title="1986 FIBA European Champions Cup Final">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/KK_Split" title="KK Split">Jugoplastika Split</a> in <a href="/wiki/1989_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final_Four" title="1989 FIBA European Champions Cup Final Four">1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final_Four" title="1990 FIBA European Champions Cup Final Four">1990</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1991_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_Final_Four" title="1991 FIBA European Champions Cup Final Four">1991</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KK_Partizan" title="KK Partizan">KK Partizan</a> in <a href="/wiki/1992_FIBA_European_League_Final_Four" title="1992 FIBA European League Final Four">1992</a>. Notable players included <a href="/wiki/Radivoj_Kora%C4%87" title="Radivoj Korać">Radivoj Korać</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Daneu" title="Ivo Daneu">Ivo Daneu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Krešimir Ćosić">Krešimir Ćosić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Slavni%C4%87" title="Zoran Slavnić">Zoran Slavnić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Dalipagi%C4%87" title="Dražen Dalipagić">Dražen Dalipagić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Ki%C4%87anovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Kićanović">Dragan Kićanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Deliba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mirza Delibašić">Mirza Delibašić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Dražen Petrović">Dražen Petrović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlade_Divac" title="Vlade Divac">Vlade Divac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dino_Ra%C4%91a" title="Dino Rađa">Dino Rađa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Kuko%C4%8D" title="Toni Kukoč">Toni Kukoč</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDarko_Paspalj" title="Žarko Paspalj">Žarko Paspalj</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_polo">Water polo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Water polo">edit</a>]</div> Water polo is another sport with a strong heritage in the era that predates the creation of Communist Yugoslavia. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, the Yugoslav national team had always been a contender, but never quite managed to make the final step. It was in the 1968 Olympics that the generation led by <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Sandi%C4%87" title="Mirko Sandić">Mirko Sandić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozren_Bona%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ozren Bonačić">Ozren Bonačić</a> finally got the gold, beating Soviet Union after extra time.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The country won two more Olympic golds – in 1984 and 1988. It also won two World Championship titles – in 1986 and 1991, the latter coming without Croatian players who by that time had already left the national team. The team won only one European Championship title, in 1991. The 1980s and early 1990s were the golden age for Yugoslav water polo during which players such as <a href="/wiki/Igor_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Igor Milanović">Igor Milanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perica_Buki%C4%87" title="Perica Bukić">Perica Bukić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C4%90uho" title="Veselin Đuho">Veselin Đuho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deni_Lu%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Deni Lušić">Deni Lušić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubravko_%C5%A0imenc" title="Dubravko Šimenc">Dubravko Šimenc</a>, Milorad Krivokapić, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_%C5%A0o%C5%A1tar" title="Aleksandar Šoštar">Aleksandar Šoštar</a> and others established themselves as among the best in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handball">Handball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Handball">edit</a>]</div> Yugoslavia won two Olympic gold medals – <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Handball at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a> in Munich (handball returned as an Olympic sport following a 36-year absence) and <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a> in Los Angeles. The country also won the <a href="/wiki/World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Men's Handball Championship">World Championships</a> title in <a href="/wiki/1986_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1986 World Men's Handball Championship">1986</a>. SFR Yugoslavia never got to compete at the <a href="/wiki/European_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="European Men's Handball Championship">European Championship</a> because the competition got established in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Veselin_Vujovi%C4%87" title="Veselin Vujović">Veselin Vujović</a> was voted <a href="/wiki/IHF_World_Player_of_the_Year" title="IHF World Player of the Year">World Player of the Year</a> in 1988 (first time the vote was held) by <a href="/wiki/International_Handball_Federation" title="International Handball Federation">IHF</a>. Other notable players over the years included <a href="/wiki/Abaz_Arslanagi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaz Arslanagić">Abaz Arslanagić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87_(handballer)" title="Zoran Živković (handballer)">Zoran "Tuta" Živković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branislav_Pokrajac" title="Branislav Pokrajac">Branislav Pokrajac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zlatan_Arnautovi%C4%87" title="Zlatan Arnautović">Zlatan Arnautović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Ba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mirko Bašić">Mirko Bašić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jovica_Elezovi%C4%87" title="Jovica Elezović">Jovica Elezović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mile_Isakovi%C4%87" title="Mile Isaković">Mile Isaković</a>, etc. On the women's side, the game also yielded some notable results – the women's team won Olympic gold in <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a> while it also won <a href="/wiki/World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Women's Handball Championship">World Championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1973_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1973 World Women's Handball Championship">1973</a>. Just like Veselin Vujović in 1988 on the men's side, <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Kiti%C4%87" title="Svetlana Kitić">Svetlana Kitić</a> was voted the World Player of the Year for the same year. There was great enthusiasm in Yugoslavia when Sarajevo was selected as the site of the <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 Winter Olympic Games">1984 Winter Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_sports">Individual sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Individual sports">edit</a>]</div> FPR/SFR Yugoslavia also managed to produce a multitude of successful athletes in individual disciplines. Tennis had always been a popular and well-followed sport in the country. Still, due to lack of financial means for tennis infrastructure and support of individual athletes, the participation rates among the Yugoslav youngsters for tennis were always low compared to other sports. All this meant that talented players determined to make it to pro level mostly had to rely on their own families rather than the country's tennis federation. Yugoslav players still managed to produce some notable results, mostly in the women's game. In <a href="/wiki/1977_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 French Open – Women's Singles">1977</a>, the country got its first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> champion when clay court specialist <a href="/wiki/Mima_Jau%C5%A1ovec" title="Mima Jaušovec">Mima Jaušovec</a> won at <a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">Roland Garros</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/Floren%C8%9Ba_Mihai" title="Florența Mihai">Florența Mihai</a>; Jaušovec reached two more French Open finals (in <a href="/wiki/1978_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 French Open – Women's Singles">1978</a> and <a href="/wiki/1983_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 French Open – Women's Singles">1983</a>), but lost both of them.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> It was with the rise of teenage phenom <a href="/wiki/Monica_Seles" title="Monica Seles">Monica Seles</a> during the early 1990s that the country became a powerhouse in female tennis: she won five Grand slam events under the flag of SFR Yugoslavia – two French Opens, two Australian Opens, and one US Open. She went on to win three more Grand Slam titles under the flag of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) as well as yet one more Grand Slam after immigration to the United States. In men's tennis, Yugoslavia never produced a Grand Slam champion, though it had two finalists. In <a href="/wiki/1970_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 French Open – Men's Singles">1970</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Franulovi%C4%87" title="Željko Franulović">Željko Franulović</a> reached the French Open final, losing to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kode%C5%A1" title="Jan Kodeš">Jan Kodeš</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Three years later, in <a href="/wiki/1973_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 French Open – Men's Singles">1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pili%C4%87" title="Nikola Pilić">Nikola Pilić</a> also reached the French Open final, but lost it to <a href="/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase" title="Ilie Năstase">Ilie Năstase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Skiers have been very successful in World Cup competitions and the Olympics (Bojan Križaj, Jure Franko, Boris Strel, Mateja Svet). Winter-spots had a special boost during the 1984 Winter Olympics held in Sarajevo. Gymnast <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Cerar" title="Miroslav Cerar">Miroslav Cerar</a> won a number of accolades, including two Olympic gold medals during the early 1960s. During the 1970s a pair of Yugoslav boxers, heavyweight <a href="/wiki/Mate_Parlov" title="Mate Parlov">Mate Parlov</a> and welterweight <a href="/wiki/Marijan_Bene%C5%A1" title="Marijan Beneš">Marijan Beneš</a>, won multiple championships. During the late 1970s and into the 1980s, their results were matched by heavyweight <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Ka%C4%8Dar" title="Slobodan Kačar">Slobodan Kačar</a>. For many years, Yugoslavia was considered[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] the second strongest chess nation in the world after the Soviet Union. Arguably the biggest name in Yugoslav chess was <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87" title="Svetozar Gligorić">Svetozar Gligorić</a>, who played in three <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournaments</a> between 1953 and 1968 and in 1958 won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Badge">Golden Badge</a> as the best athlete in Yugoslavia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_anthem">National anthem</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: National anthem">edit</a>]</div> The national anthem of Yugoslavia was the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavic</a> anthem "<a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">Hej, Sloveni</a>" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> Hey, Slavs). First aired and sung on World War II-era sessions of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">AVNOJ</a>, it first served as a de facto state anthem of Yugoslavia during <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">its provisional establishment</a> in 1943. It was always intended to serve as a temporary anthem until a more Yugoslav-themed replacement was found, which never happened; as a result, it was constitutionally recognized in 1988 (and as temporary in 1977), after 43 years of continued de facto 'temporary' usage and only years prior to <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">the breakup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The Yugoslav anthem was inherited by its successor state union of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> and likewise was never replaced during its existence despite similar expectations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Former Yugoslavia" redirects here. For a later former country that was also referred to as Yugoslavia, see <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. For a country that used to be called the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, see <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/300px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/450px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/600px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>2008 map of the former Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure> The present-day states which succeeded Yugoslavia are still today sometimes collectively referred to as the former Yugoslavia (or shortened as Ex-Yu or similar). These countries are, listed chronologically: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (since 25 June 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (since 25 June 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (since 25 September 1991; <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">formerly</a> Macedonia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (since 3 March 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Montenegro</a>; 1992–2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (since 3 June 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (since 5 June 2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (since <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">17 February 2008</a>; independence <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">disputed</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> In 2001, former constituent republics reached the partially implemented <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Succession_Issues_of_the_Former_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> that became effective on 2 June 2004.<a href="#cite_note-NN_2/2004_(17.3.2004.)-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC.SR-261">[261]</a> All of the successor states are or were candidates for <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> membership, with Slovenia and Croatia being the two who have already joined the union. <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Slovenia_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Slovenia to the European Union">Slovenia joined in 2004</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Croatia_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Croatia to the European Union">Croatia followed in 2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a> are official candidates. <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> has submitted an application and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo</a> has not submitted an application but is recognized as a potential candidate for a possible <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">future enlargement of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Enlargement-262">[262]</a> All states of the former Yugoslavia, with the exception of Kosovo, have subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a> with the EU. <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo</a> is a deployment of EU police and civilian resources to Kosovo in an attempt to restore <a href="/wiki/Kosovo#Law" title="Kosovo">rule of law</a> and combat the widespread <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kosovo" title="Crime in Kosovo">organized crime</a>. The successor states of Yugoslavia continue to have a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of countries by population growth rate">population growth rate</a> that is close to zero or negative. This is mostly due to emigration, which intensified during and after the Yugoslav Wars, during the 1990s to 2000s, but also due to low birth rates. More than 2.5 million refugees were created by the fighting in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo</a>, which led to a massive surge in North American immigration. Close to 120,000 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">refugees from the former Yugoslavia</a> were registered in the United States from 1991 to 2002, and 67,000 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">migrants from the former Yugoslavia</a> were registered in Canada between 1991 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-emigration1-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-emigration2-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-emigration3-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-emigration4-266">[266]</a> Net population growth over the two decades between 1991 and 2011 was thus practically zero (below 0.1% p.a. on average). Broken down by territory:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>1991</th> <th>2011</th> <th>Growth rate p.a. (<a href="/wiki/CAGR" class="mw-redirect" title="CAGR">CAGR</a>)</th> <th>Growth rate (2011 est.) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>4,377,000</td> <td>3,688,865<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></td> <td>–0.9%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>4,784,000</td> <td>4,288,000</td> <td>−0.6%</td> <td>−0.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>2,034,000</td> <td>2,077,000</td> <td>+0.1%</td> <td>+0.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td>615,000</td> <td>662,000</td> <td>+0.4%</td> <td>−0.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>9,778,991</td> <td>7,310,000<a href="#cite_note-268">[a]</a></td> <td>−1.5%</td> <td>−0.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>1,913,000</td> <td>2,000,000</td> <td>+0.2%</td> <td>−0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>23,229,846<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a></td> <td>21,115,000</td> <td>−0.5%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">Source: The <a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> estimates for the successor states, as of July 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit">[update]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Remembrance of the time of the joint state and its perceived positive attributes, such as the social stability, the possibility to travel freely, the level of education and the welfare system, is typically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> People who identify with the former Yugoslav state may self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>. The social, linguistic, economic and cultural ties between former Yugoslav countries are sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Yugosphere" title="Yugosphere">Yugosphere</a>".<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Excluding Kosovo. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzayna" class="citation book cs1">Szayna, Thomas S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231230/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1188/MR1188.annex1.pdf">"Annex: Demographic Characteristics of Yugoslavia in the Late 1980s"</a> (PDF). Identifying Potential Ethnic Conflict: Application of a Process Model. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1188/MR1188.annex1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex%3A+Demographic+Characteristics+of+Yugoslavia+in+the+Late+1980s&rft.btitle=Identifying+Potential+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+Application+of+a+Process+Model&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fmonograph_reports%2FMR1188%2FMR1188.annex1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvramović2007">Avramović 2007</a>, p. 599, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Serbia.1.pdf">Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAvramović2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKideckelHalpern2000">Kideckel & Halpern 2000</a>, p. 165, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEBkON-ySQUC&pg=PA165">Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKideckelHalpern2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-4"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">"Human Development Report 1990"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">HDRO (Human Development Report Office)</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 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Pp. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200921-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJović200921_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJović200921_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJović2009">Jović 2009</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010255-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010255_104-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2010">Calic 2010</a>, p. 255. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalic2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010256-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010256_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2010">Calic 2010</a>, p. 256. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalic2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019274-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019274_106-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2019">Calic 2019</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019252-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019252_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2019">Calic 2019</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010252-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010252_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2010">Calic 2010</a>, p. 252. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalic2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010253-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010253_109-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2010">Calic 2010</a>, p. 253. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalic2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019263-110">^ <a 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title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2010283-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2010283_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2010">Calic 2010</a>, p. 283. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalic2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019269-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019269_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019269_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019269_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019269_115-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2019">Calic 2019</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019270-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019270_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019270_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalic2019">Calic 2019</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic1971271-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic1971271_117-0">^</a> <a 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Istorija dvadesetog veka. 38 (2): 173–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29362%2Fist20veka.2020.2.kuk.173-186">10.29362/ist20veka.2020.2.kuk.173-186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225507234">225507234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istorija+dvadesetog+veka&rft.atitle=Po%C4%8Deci+vazdu%C5%A1nog+saobra%C4%87aja+u+posleratnoj+Jugoslaviji+1945-1947&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29362%2Fist20veka.2020.2.kuk.173-186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225507234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kukobat&rft.aufirst=Ilija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29362%252Fist20veka.2020.2.kuk.173-186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middleton-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Middleton_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2012" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, William D. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96543-3"><bdi>978-0-275-96543-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%2C+Press%2C+and+Politics+of+Croatia&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96543-3&rft.aulast=Malovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rft.au=Selnow%2C+Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Cbu97w3w9YC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/418/Rije%C4%8D%20u%20koju%20stane%20re%C4%8Denica/">Riječ u koju stane rečenica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121132528/http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/418/Rije%C4%8D%20u%20koju%20stane%20re%C4%8Denica/">Archived</a> 21 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Krešimir Bagič, <a href="/wiki/Matica_hrvatska" title="Matica hrvatska">Matica hrvatska</a>, retrieved 7-10-2015 (in Croatian) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJović2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jović, Dejan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/674">"Fear of becoming minority as a motivator of conflict in the former Yugoslavia"</a>. Balkanologie. 1–2 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.674">10.4000/balkanologie.674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Fear+of+becoming+minority+as+a+motivator+of+conflict+in+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.volume=1-2&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.674&rft.aulast=Jovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbalkanologie%2F674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1992" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1992). Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962-1991. Indiana University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253347947" title="Special:BookSources/9780253347947"><bdi>9780253347947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Federalism+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1962-1991&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780253347947&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies_198-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institutions_of_Advanced_Societies_198-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1999" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Arnold M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9isLX6inKX0C&pg=PA3">Institutions of Advanced Societies</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0168-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0168-2"><bdi>0-8166-0168-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217033712/http://www.google.com/books?hl=ro&lr=&id=9isLX6inKX0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+of+Advanced+Societies&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8166-0168-2&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Arnold+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9isLX6inKX0C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlowitch2002-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavlowitch2002_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevan_K._Pavlowitch2002" class="citation book cs1">Stevan K. Pavlowitch (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3Wt46vBv8C&pg=PA164">Serbia: The History Behind the Name</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-476-6"><bdi>978-1-85065-476-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508070950/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3Wt46vBv8C&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2013. <q>..an official language along with Serbo-Croat, but it was Albania's official unified standard language rather than the Gheg</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+Behind+the+Name&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-476-6&rft.au=Stevan+K.+Pavlowitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_3Wt46vBv8C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipa1978-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Pipa1978_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArshi_Pipa1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arshi_Pipa" title="Arshi Pipa">Arshi Pipa</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pECAAAAAIAAJ">Albanian literature: social perspectives</a>. R. Trofenik. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87828-106-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87828-106-1"><bdi>978-3-87828-106-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627142744/http://books.google.com/books?id=pECAAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2013. <q>Although the Albanian population in Yugoslavia is almost exclusively Gheg, the Albanian writers there have chosen, for sheer political reasons, to write in Tosk</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+literature%3A+social+perspectives&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=R.+Trofenik&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-87828-106-1&rft.au=Arshi+Pipa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpECAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunnbauer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brunnbauer, Ulf (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jmh/5/3/article-p413_413.xml?language=en">"Yugoslav Gastarbeiter and the Ambivalence of Socialism"</a>. 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International Migration Institute. v1.3. June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421220531/https://www.migrationinstitute.org/files/data/demig-policy-database_yugoslavia_version-1-3.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Migration+Institute&rft.atitle=DEMIG+POLICY+-+Yugoslavia%3A+Determinants+of+International+Migration+%28DEMIG%29+POLICY&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinstitute.org%2Ffiles%2Fdata%2Fdemig-policy-database_yugoslavia_version-1-3.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslavija_u_istorijskoj_perspektivi-Jančeva&Litovski_203-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrđan_Milošević2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sr%C4%91an_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srđan Milošević (page does not exist)">Srđan Milošević</a> (2017). "Od stagnacije do revolucije: Društvo Jugoslavije 1918−1991" [From Stagnation to Revolution: Yugoslav Society 1918−1991]. In <a href="/wiki/Latinka_Perovi%C4%87" title="Latinka Perović">Latinka Perović</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drago_Roksandi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drago Roksandić (page does not exist)">Drago Roksandić</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mitja_Velikonja" title="Mitja Velikonja">Mitja Velikonja</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hoepken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Hoepken (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Hoepken</a>; <a href="/wiki/Florian_Bieber" title="Florian Bieber">Florian Bieber</a> (eds.). 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Ausg., Band 6, Artikel Jugoslavija, Abschnitt Nauka, S. 510 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Flere, Sergej. "The Broken Covenant of Tito's People: The Problem of Civil Religion in Communist Yugoslavia". East European Politics & Societies, vol. 21, no. 4, November 2007. Sage, California: SAGE Publications. P. 685 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Flere, Sergej. P. 685 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Lampe, John R. 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Beograd: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Philology" title="University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology">University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6153-254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6153-254-2"><bdi>978-86-6153-254-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715121241/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXINvgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poglavlja+iz+slovena%C4%8Dke+kulture&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Belgrade+Faculty+of+Philology&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-86-6153-254-2&rft.aulast=%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXINvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NN_2/2004_(17.3.2004.)-260"><a href="#cite_ref-NN_2/2004_(17.3.2004.)_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/full/2004_03_2_20.html">"Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora o pitanjima sukcesije"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narodne_novine" title="Narodne novine">Narodne novine</a>. 8 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002111909/https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/full/2004_03_2_20.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odluka+o+progla%C5%A1enju+Zakona+o+potvr%C4%91ivanju+Ugovora+o+pitanjima+sukcesije&rft.pub=Narodne+novine&rft.date=2004-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnarodne-novine.nn.hr%2Fclanci%2Fmedunarodni%2Ffull%2F2004_03_2_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC.SR-261"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC.SR_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemanja_Mitrović2021" class="citation web cs1">Nemanja Mitrović (29 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-57649968">"Pravo, Jugoslavija i imovina: Dokle se stiglo sa sukcesijom 20 godina od potpisivanja sporazuma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002120453/https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/balkan-57649968">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pravo%2C+Jugoslavija+i+imovina%3A+Dokle+se+stiglo+sa+sukcesijom+20+godina+od+potpisivanja+sporazuma&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.au=Nemanja+Mitrovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fserbian%2Flat%2Fbalkan-57649968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa_Enlargement-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Europa_Enlargement_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm">"European Commission – Enlargement – Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries"</a>. Europa web portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826005112/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+Enlargement+%E2%80%93+Candidate+and+Potential+Candidate+Countries&rft.pub=Europa+web+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenlargement%2Fcountries%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emigration1-263"><a href="#cite_ref-emigration1_263-0">^</a> Carl-Ulrik Schierp, 'Former Yugoslavia: Long Waves of International Migration' in: ed. R. Cohen, The Cambridge survey of world migration, Cambridge University Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44405-7">978-0-521-44405-7</a>, 285–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-emigration2-264"><a href="#cite_ref-emigration2_264-0">^</a> Nancy Honovich, Immigration from the Former Yugoslavia: Changing face of North America, Mason Crest Publishers, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-emigration3-265"><a href="#cite_ref-emigration3_265-0">^</a> Dominique M. Gross, Immigration to Switzerland, the case of the former Republic of Yugoslavia, World Bank Publications, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-emigration4-266"><a href="#cite_ref-emigration4_266-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://immigration-online.org/320-yugoslav-immigration.html">Yugoslav immigration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211103218/http://immigration-online.org/320-yugoslav-immigration.html">Archived</a> 11 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Encyclopedia of Immigration). </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BA">Population of BiH in 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220151816/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BA">Archived</a> 20 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, data.worldbank.org </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> The last Yugoslav census in 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft2009" class="citation news cs1">Bancroft, Claire (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/787/">"Yugonostalgia: The Pain of the Present"</a>. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. No. 787. <a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095930/https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/787/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Study+Project+%28ISP%29+Collection&rft.atitle=Yugonostalgia%3A+The+Pain+of+the+Present&rft.issue=787&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.sit.edu%2Fisp_collection%2F787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/14258861">"Former Yugoslavia patches itself together: Entering the Yugosphere"</a>. The Economist. 20 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104213011/http://www.economist.com/node/14258861">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Former+Yugoslavia+patches+itself+together%3A+Entering+the+Yugosphere&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F14258861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjubica_Spaskovska2009" class="citation web cs1">Ljubica Spaskovska (28 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118193603/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ecclblog/blogentry.aspx?blogentryref=7915">"The 'Yugo-sphere'"</a>. The University of Edinburgh School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ecclblog/blogentry.aspx?blogentryref=7915">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Yugo-sphere%27&rft.pub=The+University+of+Edinburgh+School+of+Law&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.au=Ljubica+Spaskovska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ed.ac.uk%2Fecclblog%2Fblogentry.aspx%3Fblogentryref%3D7915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokovoyIrvineLilly1997" class="citation book cs1">Bokovoy, Melissa K.; Irvine, Jill A.; Lilly, Carol S., eds. 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Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Society+Relations+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1945-1992&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12690-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfbI4e1q1yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalic2019" class="citation book cs1">Calic, Marie-Janine (2019). A History of Yugoslavia. West Lafayette: Purdue University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-838-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-838-3"><bdi>978-1-55753-838-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=West+Lafayette&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-838-3&rft.aulast=Calic&rft.aufirst=Marie-Janine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimić2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ljubodrag_Dimi%C4%87" title="Ljubodrag Dimić">Dimić, Ljubodrag</a> (2005). 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Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology+and+culture+in+Yugoslavia+%281945%E2%80%931955%29&rft.btitle=Velike+sile+i+male+dr%C5%BEave+u+hladnom+ratu+1945%E2%80%931955%3A+Slu%C4%8Daj+Jugoslavije&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.pub=Filozofski+fakultet&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dimi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubodrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F316519979%2FVelike-sile-i-male-dr%25C5%25BEave-u-Hladnom-ratu-1945-1955-Slu%25C4%258Daj-Jugoslavije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimić2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ljubodrag_Dimi%C4%87" title="Ljubodrag Dimić">Dimić, Ljubodrag</a> (2012). "Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav policy and the formation of the concept of European security, 1968–1975". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo-iCMAqjIsC">From Helsinki to Belgrade: the First CSCE follow-up meeting and the crisis of détente</a>. Bonn: Bonn University Press. pp. 59–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-938-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-938-3"><bdi>978-3-89971-938-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408034846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo-iCMAqjIsC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josip+Broz+Tito%2C+Yugoslav+policy+and+the+formation+of+the+concept+of+European+security%2C+1968%E2%80%931975&rft.btitle=From+Helsinki+to+Belgrade%3A+the+First+CSCE+follow-up+meeting+and+the+crisis+of+d%C3%A9tente&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Bonn+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-938-3&rft.aulast=Dimi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubodrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVo-iCMAqjIsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimić2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ljubodrag_Dimi%C4%87" title="Ljubodrag Dimić">Dimić, Ljubodrag</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf">"Yugoslavia and Security in Europe during the 1960s (Views, Attitudes, Initiatives)"</a> (PDF). Токови историје (3): 9–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430162639/http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+and+Security+in+Europe+during+the+1960s+%28Views%2C+Attitudes%2C+Initiatives%29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Dimi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubodrag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftokovi.istorije.rs%2Fcir%2Fuploaded%2F3%25202016%2FDimic%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvačković2014" class="citation book cs1">Ivačković, Ivan (2014). Kako smo propevali: Jugoslavija i njena muzika. Belgrade: Laguna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kako+smo+propevali%3A+Jugoslavija+i+njena+muzika&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Laguna&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Iva%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanjatović2019" class="citation book cs1">Janjatović, Petar (2019). ""Zvučno ogledalo: Mali revijar ex YU roka"". In Asante, Ernesto (ed.). Rok legende. Data Status. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788674786000" title="Special:BookSources/9788674786000"><bdi>9788674786000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Zvu%C4%8Dno+ogledalo%3A+Mali+revijar+ex+YU+roka%22&rft.btitle=Rok+legende&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Data+Status&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788674786000&rft.aulast=Janjatovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Petar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Jovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Jović">Jović, Dejan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC">Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away</a>. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+State+that+Withered+Away&rft.place=West+Lafayette&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-495-8&rft.aulast=Jovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo03enYpbqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC">Serbia: The History behind the Name</a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-477-3"><bdi>978-1-85065-477-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132943/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+behind+the+Name&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-477-3&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-RuLDaNwbMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetranović2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Petranovi%C4%87" title="Branko Petranović">Petranović, Branko</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoVpAAAAMAAJ">The Yugoslav Experience of Serbian National Integration</a>. Boulder: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-484-6"><bdi>978-0-88033-484-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408034730/https://books.google.com/books?id=SoVpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Experience+of+Serbian+National+Integration&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-484-6&rft.aulast=Petranovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="external text" href="http://www.spokesmanbooks.com/Spokesman/PDF/117Jakopovich.pdf">Yugoslavia's Self-Management by Daniel Jakopovich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110192905/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/ESAU/esau-46.pdf">"Yugoslavia: the outworn structure" (CIA) Report from November 1970</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection">CWIHP at the Wilson Center for Scholars: Primary Document Collection on Yugoslavia in the Cold War</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslavia_articles272" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li>Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">1945–1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Ground</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">1945–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li>Air Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">1945–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ranks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks">1945–1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene (Slovenian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem (1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood139" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>until 1918 </th> <th style="width:12%"><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">1918– 1929</a> </th> <th style="width:13%">1929– 1945 </th> <th style="width:8%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">1941– 1945</a> </th> <th style="width:3%">1945– 1946 </th> <th style="width:19%">1946– 1963 </th> <th style="width:32%">1963– 1992 </th> <th style="width:13%"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">1992– 2003</a> </th> <th style="width:3%">2003– 2006 </th> <th style="width:3%">2006– 2008 </th> <th>since 2008 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%"><div>Part of <div><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> including the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a></div><div>See also:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> (1868–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a> (1815–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1878–1918)</div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="12" style="background:#e6e7e8; font-size:85%"><div><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs"><img alt="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> (1918) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (1918–1929) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> (1929–1943)</div> <div>See also:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a> (1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> (1918–1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924) (1924–1945)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Zadar#Italy_(1918–1947)" title="Zadar">Italian province of Zadar</a> (1920–1947)</div> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2">Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and Hungarya </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="12" style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia"><img alt="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> (1943–1945) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-war_period">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1945–1963) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Reform">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1963–1992)<div style="font-size:85%"> Consisted of the Socialist Republics of:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (1945–1991) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> (1945–1991) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1945–1992)</div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> (1945–1992) (included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">autonomous provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (1945–1992) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (1945–1991)<div style="font-size:85%"> See also:</div><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)h</div> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#f4c2c2"><div><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. Parts annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međimurje">Međimurje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>.</div> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a>b <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Croatia" title="Central Croatia">Croatia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>c <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Consists of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (since 1995), <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (since 1995), and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District" title="Brčko District">Brčko District</a> (since 2000).</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> </td> <td style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%">Part of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> region of Hungary </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Autonomous Banat</a>d <div style="font-size:85%">(part of the German <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a>)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> (1992–2006) and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a> (1992–2006)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Included the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and, under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">of Serbia</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Includes the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1882–1918) </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> (1941–1944) e </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </td> <td style="background:#eef">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1912–1918) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2">Mostly annexed by <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a> (1941–1944) <div style="font-size:85%">along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a> (1910–1918)<div style="font-size:85%">Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Protectorate of Montenegro</a>f (1941–1944) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="background:#eef">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1912–1918) </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2">Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> (1941–1944) </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a>g </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" class="plainlist" style="background:none; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; font-size:85%"> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>.</li> <li>b See also: <a href="/wiki/SAO_Kninska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO Kninska Krajina">SAO Kninska Krajina</a> (1990) → <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> (1990–1991); and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a> (1990–1991), <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> (1990–1991) and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (1990–1995), all replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium</a> (1996–1998).</li> <li>c See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Autonomous Oblasts">Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs)</a> of <a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> (1991–1992), which all combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–1995).</li> <li>d <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li>e See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a>.</li> <li>f Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li>g North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia because of a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li> <li>h Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republics_and_autonomous_provinces_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia*233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_subjects_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Federal subjects of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_subjects_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Federal subjects of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_subjects_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal subjects of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republics_and_autonomous_provinces_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia*233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Federal_units">Republics and autonomous provinces of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>*</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* in order of population and territory size</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Pact Logo"><img alt="Warsaw Pact Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/90px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslavia</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya" title="Socialism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania (to 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata942" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122601075">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151848213">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDqcH8dPf8jPt4BhC84q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028966-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79097346">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550341305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027256308">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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