The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)

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style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/GettyImages-1243260561-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1703&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I) <span class="subhead">An agreement between the United Nations and Ukraine can pave the way</span></h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p><p class="date">September 20, 2022</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-83117" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-83117" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-83117" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/atrocities-mass-atrocities/" rel="tag">atrocities/mass atrocities</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crime-of-aggression/" rel="tag">Crime of Aggression</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crimes-against-humanity/" rel="tag">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/genocide/" rel="tag">genocide</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-courts/" rel="tag">International Courts</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-court/" rel="tag">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-law/" rel="tag">International Law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/prosecuting-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/" rel="tag">Prosecuting the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Series)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia/" rel="tag">Russia</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/translation-available/" rel="tag">Translation Available</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-aggression-against-ukraine/" rel="tag">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/un-charter/" rel="tag">UN Charter</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations-general-assembly/" rel="tag">United Nations General Assembly</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/war-crimes/" rel="tag">War Crimes</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p><p class="date">September 20, 2022</p></div><p><em>Ця стаття також доступна українською мовою <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83195/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine-ua/">тут</a>.</em></p> <p>[Editor’s Note: This article is part of a Just Security series, Prosecuting the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine. All articles in the series can be found <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/prosecuting-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">here</a>.]</p> <p>The last two weeks have brought promising <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/09/12/world/ukraine-russia-war">news</a> that the Ukrainian effort to turn back the Russian army is, miraculously, beginning to succeed. The possible shift in the war brings renewed urgency to a conversation that <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-05-19/crime-search-court">began</a> shortly after the war started — how to bring accountability for the crime of aggression committed in launching the war in February 2022 and in continuing to pursue the military campaign in clear violation of the prohibition of the use of force in <a href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text">Article 2(4)</a> of the United Nations Charter.</p> <p>This article is the first in a series based on a meeting held in the summer of 2022 at the Yale Club in New York City that aimed to generate a detailed and concrete proposal for a tribunal to try the crime of aggression in Ukraine. The <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/UNSC-Letter-12-August-2022.pdf">Chair’s summary</a> provides an overview of the meeting – which was hosted by the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the U.N. and the Permanent Mission of Latvia to the U.N. and attended by representatives of the Government of Ukraine as well as a number of other U.N. Member States, academics, and members of civil society.</p> <p>In this series, several of the meeting participants elaborate how the Government of Ukraine and the United Nations could work together to create a tribunal. I begin this series by exploring the case for creating an international tribunal and specifically for doing so through an agreement with the United Nations, acting on the recommendation of the General Assembly. In the next three articles, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/reisingercoraciniastrid/">Astrid Reisinger Coracini</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/trahanjennifer/">Jennifer Trahan</a>, and former U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schefferdavid/">David J. Scheffer</a> will discuss the features of a potential tribunal. Together, these articles offer a template that could form the foundation for a new international tribunal. Finally, Claus Kreß, special advisor to the ICC prosecutor on the crime of aggression, writing in his personal capacity, will conclude the series.</p> <h4 style="text-align: center;">The Importance of Prosecuting the Crime of Aggression</h4> <p>The stakes of the current conflict are extraordinarily high. When Russia <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/ukraine-russia-war-timeline.html">launched its war</a> against Ukraine in February 2022, it began the largest cross-border land war in Europe since World War II. This follows on the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/world/europe/ukraine.html">illegal annexation</a> of Crimea by Russia in 2014, the first conquest of territory in Europe since World War II. These acts stand as a blatant challenge to the global prohibition on the use of force and territorial conquest.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text">United Nations Charter</a> that was created at the close of World War II to maintain and sustain international peace places the prohibition on the use of force at its core. Article 2(4) provides: “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” While this prohibition on war has certainly not been perfectly observed, it has contributed to an extraordinary reduction of interstate wars in the postwar era and has made the conquest of territory, which was once common, exceedingly <a href="http://theinternationalistsbook.com/data.html">rare</a>. It has enabled trade and growth throughout the globe without fear that the gains will simply become <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/02/opinion/sunday/outlawing-war-kellogg-briand.html">spoils in war</a>. And it has allowed small States that would once have had to fear for their existence to instead survive unmolested. This is no small reason that the number of independent sovereign States has grown roughly <a href="http://theinternationalistsbook.com/data.html">threefold</a> from the end of the war to today.</p> <p>Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, aided by Belarus, does not just represent the blatant violation of a rule of international law; it represents a threat to the foundational principle that underpins the modern legal order. This is why the global response to the war has been so <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62002218">robust</a>, with States coalescing together to provide arms and other supplies to Ukraine. And it is why that effort must be followed by the criminal prosecution of those most responsible for the crime of aggression.</p> <p>The crime of aggression was first prosecuted in an international court in the wake of World War II in what would become known as the International Military Tribunal at <a href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/nuremberg-trials">Nuremberg</a>. The allies <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/count1.asp">charged</a> 24 German political, military, and economic leaders with advanced planning of an aggressive war “in violation of the terms of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928” — the <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp">treaty</a> that first outlawed war and thereby set the stage for Article 2(4) of the U.N. Charter. In its <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/09-30-46.asp">judgment</a>, the Nuremberg court declared, “To initiate a war of aggression . . . is not only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole.”</p> <p>That powerful sentence captured an essential fact about the crime of aggression — in war, the crime of aggression is the international crime from which all others flow. Were it not for the illegal aggression against Ukraine, there would be no <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/09/01/we-had-no-choice/filtration-and-crime-forcibly-transferring-ukrainian-civilians">crimes against humanity</a>, no <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/08/the-prosecution-of-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine">war crimes</a>, and no <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/27/europe/russia-ukraine-genocide-warning-intl/index.html">genocide</a>. It is, moreover, an attack not just on the country that suffers the physical attack, but an attack on the international community as a whole. This is why establishing a forum to punish such crimes is so essential.</p> <p>And yet there is no international court with jurisdiction over the crime of aggression against Ukraine. Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus are not parties to the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a>, which created the International Criminal Court (ICC) and gives it jurisdiction. Normally that would mean that the ICC would not have jurisdiction over the events taking place in Ukraine. However, Ukraine submitted to the jurisdiction of the court<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/997/declarationRecognitionJuristiction09-04-2014.pdf"> in 2014</a> and extended that submission indefinitely <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/iccdocs/other/Ukraine_Art_12-3_declaration_08092015.pdf">in 2015</a>. Based on these submissions, the court can hear cases of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes committed in Ukraine and the prosecutor <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-qc-situation-ukraine-receipt-referrals-39-states">has begun</a> investigations of those crimes. Yet, due to a political compromise, the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/16/1/1/4924915">crime of aggression is different</a>: unlike the other three crimes in the Rome Statute, the crime of aggression may not be prosecuted against nationals of non-state parties – including Russia and Belarus. While there are proposals to amend that provision, any amendment is likely to take at least a year if it happens at all. And even if made, the revision would most likely apply prospectively, not retroactively. Thus, international accountability for the crime of aggression against Ukraine almost certainly requires creating a new international tribunal.</p> <h4 style="text-align: center;">The Case for Creating the Tribunal through an Agreement Between Ukraine and the United Nations</h4> <p>The Yale Club meeting offered a proposal for creating a tribunal to try the crime of aggression through an agreement between Ukraine and the United Nations, on the recommendation of the General Assembly.</p> <p>This is far from the only proposal to create a tribunal to try the crime of aggression in Ukraine. One of the earliest, from former U.K. Prime Minister Gordon Brown, <a href="https://gordonandsarahbrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Combined-Statement-and-Declaration.pdf">called for</a> the creation of a special tribunal that nations could join in a kind of ad hoc legal “coalition of the willing.” Philippe Sands has been <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/07/17/1111933475/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-has-brought-up-an-old-question">working with</a> European lawmakers to create a tribunal in Europe. Just recently, the Council of Europe adopted a <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/no-impunity-for-russian-aggression-against-ukraine">decision</a> endorsing accountability for the crime of aggression. The Public International Law & Policy Group (PILPG) has proposed a <a href="https://www.publicinternationallawandpolicygroup.org/draft-law-ukrainian-high-war-crimes-court">draft law</a> for a Ukrainian High War Crimes Court, a specialized court within the domestic Ukrainian judicial system, to prosecute atrocity crimes — including the crime of aggression — not prosecuted at the ICC. The Open Society Justice Initiative has <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81411/osji-model-indictment-for-the-crime-of-aggression-committed-against-ukraine/">drafted</a> a model indictment that could be used in a number of fora. And there is a <a href="https://uba.ua/eng/news/9360/">proposal</a> similar to the Yale Club’s from the Ukraine Task Force of the Global Accountability Network that proposes a U.N. General Assembly resolution and a statute for a special tribunal formed by the U.N. and Ukraine.</p> <p>There are several essential features of a new tribunal that some, but not all, of these existing proposals share with the Yale Club proposal. Here I review the elements of a tribunal that many of those who took part in the Yale Club discussion consider essential features of a new tribunal.</p> <h4 style="text-align: center;">Three Essential Features of a New Tribunal</h4> <p><em>Feature 1: The tribunal should be international. </em></p> <p>Most of the proposals mentioned above call for an international tribunal, rather than a domestic one, a key distinction for several reasons. The first is symbolic and expressive: Russia’s war of aggression has harmed not just Ukraine but the international community as a whole. The second is practical: there are immunities that would likely interfere with domestic prosecution of a small number of Russian and Belarusian officials, including President Vladimir Putin, that would not apply in an international court. Hence, even though Ukrainian law (and other States’ domestic law) permits prosecution for the crime of aggression in a domestic court, cases against those most responsible for the war would be difficult, if not impossible, to pursue successfully without violating key international legal rules on immunity. (For more on immunity, see Claus Kreß’s <a href="https://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/8-kress">Occasional Paper on ICC Appeals Chamber’s Judgment of 6 May 2019 in the Jordan Referral re Al-Bashir Appeal</a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rome-Statute-International-Criminal-Court/dp/1509944052">Commentary on personal immunity</a> (beginning on page 2626). Jennifer Trahan’s article in this series will address immunity issues more fully).</p> <p>The third reason, and perhaps the most important though the least understood, is Ukrainian law, specifically the Ukrainian Constitution. As Ukrainian lawyer Alexander Komarov and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80958/ukraines-constitutional-constraints-how-to-achieve-accountability-for-the-crime-of-aggression/">I wrote</a> several months ago, Article 125 of the <a href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/44a280124.pdf">Ukrainian Constitution</a> states that, “The establishment of extraordinary and special courts shall not be permitted.” We explained that this prohibition requires that any new tribunal must be international. The tribunal should also be explicitly auxiliary, not complementary, to the domestic courts (to avoid conflict with Article 124 of the Ukrainian Constitution). Indeed, no matter which proposal moves forward, the world must not encourage casual disregard for the constraints of the Ukrainian Constitution, particularly at this moment of extraordinary transformation for Ukraine.</p> <p><em>Feature 2: The tribunal should be created through an agreement between Ukraine and the United Nations, on the recommendation of the General Assembly. </em></p> <p>Proceeding through the U.N. General Assembly would make good on a promise that <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114632">140 States</a> implied when they voted in favor of a <a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N22/272/27/PDF/N2227227.pdf?OpenElement">Resolution</a> deploring the “aggression” by Russia “in violation of Article 2(4) of the Charter.” Only five States, including Russia, voted against it. Proceeding through the General Assembly, rather than an ad hoc coalition of States or a European institution, would allow States from around the world to participate in and reaffirm the foundational norm that Russia has violated. This would send a powerful message that the crime of aggression is a crime whether committed in Europe or elsewhere. Indeed, a key purpose for prosecuting the crime of aggression is to repair an international system that Russia has now damaged and to signal to all countries that they must not follow in Russia’s footsteps. That repair is limited indeed if it applies to Europe alone.</p> <p>There are precedents, most notably the <a href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/Agreement_between_UN_and_RGC.pdf">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a> (created pursuant to the recommendation of the General Assembly) and the<a href="http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/scsl-agreement.pdf"> Special Court for Sierra Leone</a> (created pursuant to the recommendation of the Security Council, not acting under its <a href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-7">Chapter VII</a> authority to address threats to peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression). While the General Assembly does not have the power to impose a tribunal on Ukraine (because it lacks such enforcement powers, which reside in the Security Council), it can authorize the Secretary General to work with Ukraine to establish a tribunal to which Kyiv voluntarily consents through an international agreement.</p> <p>There is yet another reason to conclude the tribunal as an agreement between Ukraine and the United Nations: As Kamorav and I have <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81063/the-best-path-for-accountability-for-the-crime-of-aggression-under-ukrainian-and-international-law/">explained</a>, the <a href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/1906-15#Text">Law of Ukraine</a> on International Treaties provides that a treaty between Ukraine and the U.N. might be made subject to ratification by the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine and thus become “part of the national legislation of Ukraine.” It would also be possible for the President to seek an ex ante determination by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine that the agreement is consistent with the Constitution, thus putting any constitutional doubts to rest.</p> <p><em>Feature 3: The tribunal should be limited in scope</em></p> <p>Any new international tribunal must be narrowly focused on the key violations that fundamentally challenge the international legal order that will likely otherwise go unpunished. This means that crimes that can be prosecuted in the ICC or in domestic courts should not be within the jurisdiction of a new international tribunal. Rather, the tribunal should be narrowly focused on the crime of aggression alone — and it should focus only on those in leadership positions. To this end, the new tribunal should adopt the definition of the crime of aggression in the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf">Rome Statute</a>, which limits the scope of the prosecutable offenses to “manifest” violations of the United Nations Charter and to crimes committed by those in a leadership role, specifically “the planning, preparation, initiation or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State.”</p> <p>Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has put the international legal order in peril. A tribunal with these features would help to repair the damage by reinforcing for the world the foundational importance of the prohibition on use of force.</p> <h6><em>Image: Attendees of a General Assembly meeting stand in silence during a tribute to Britain’s Queen Elizabeth, at the United Nations headquarters in New York on September 15, 2022. (Photo by Ed JONES / AFP) (Photo by ED JONES/AFP via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/atrocities-mass-atrocities/" rel="tag">atrocities/mass atrocities</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crime-of-aggression/" rel="tag">Crime of Aggression</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/crimes-against-humanity/" rel="tag">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/genocide/" rel="tag">genocide</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-courts/" rel="tag">International Courts</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-court/" rel="tag">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-law/" rel="tag">International Law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/prosecuting-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/" rel="tag">Prosecuting the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Series)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia/" rel="tag">Russia</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/translation-available/" rel="tag">Translation Available</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-aggression-against-ukraine/" rel="tag">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/un-charter/" rel="tag">UN Charter</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations-general-assembly/" rel="tag">United Nations General Assembly</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/war-crimes/" rel="tag">War Crimes</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. 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Hathaway (<a href="https://twitter.com/oonahathaway/">@oonahathaway</a>) (@oonahathaway@mstdn.social) is Executive Editor at Just Security. 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The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)