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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spoiler+%28media%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website_policies_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website_policies_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Website policies and features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Website_policies_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Psychological effect</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_effect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychological effect subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Positive effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Negative effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writers_and_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_and_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Writers and directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_and_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Film studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Film critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB" title="إفساد الحدث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفساد الحدث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiwiran" title="Wiwiran – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wiwiran" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtraci%C3%B3_(revelaci%C3%B3)" title="Filtració (revelació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filtració (revelació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(kultura)" title="Spoiler (kultura) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spoiler (kultura)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler" title="Spoiler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spoiler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(Medien)" title="Spoiler (Medien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spoiler (Medien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destripe" title="Destripe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destripe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malka%C5%9Da%C4%B5o" title="Malkaŝaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malkaŝaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler" title="Spoiler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Spoiler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="افشاساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افشاساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(m%C3%A9dia)" title="Spoiler (média) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spoiler (média)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC_(%EB%A7%A4%EC%B2%B4)" title="스포일러 (매체) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스포일러 (매체)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սփոյլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սփոյլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojler_(mediji)" title="Spojler (mediji) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spojler (mediji)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beberan" title="Beberan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beberan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guastator" title="Guastator – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guastator" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(cinema)" title="Spoiler (cinema) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spoiler (cinema)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="ספוילר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספוילר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(m%C3%A9dia)" title="Spoiler (média) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spoiler (média)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocoran_(media)" title="Bocoran (media) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bocoran (media)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(onthulling)" title="Spoiler (onthulling) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spoiler (onthulling)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC" title="ネタバレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネタバレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(medier)" title="Spoiler (medier) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spoiler (medier)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(media)" title="Spoiler (media) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spoiler (media)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(m%C3%ADdia)" title="Spoiler (mídia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spoiler (mídia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Спойлер (художественные произведения) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спойлер (художественные произведения)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(media)" title="Spoiler (media) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spoiler (media)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarnik" title="Kvarnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvarnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="سپۆیلەر (میدیا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپۆیلەر (میدیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Спојлер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спојлер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler" title="Spoiler – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spoiler" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juonipaljastus" title="Juonipaljastus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juonipaljastus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(fiktion)" title="Spoiler (fiktion) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spoiler (fiktion)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD)" title="สปอยเลอร์ (สื่อ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สปอยเลอร์ (สื่อ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(medya)" title="Spoiler (medya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spoiler (medya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Спойлер твору – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спойлер твору" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(medijas)" title="Spoiler (medijas) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Spoiler (medijas)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E9%80%8F" title="劇透 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劇透" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E9%80%8F" title="劇透 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劇透" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q77852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(media)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Information on crucial plot elements</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spoiler alert" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_Alert_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spoiler Alert (disambiguation)">Spoiler Alert (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>spoiler</b> is an element of a disseminated summary or description of a media <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> that reveals significant <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> elements, with the implication that the experience of discovering the plot naturally, as the creator intended it, has been robbed ("spoiled") of its full effect. Typically, the conclusion of a plot, including the <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">climax</a> and ending, is regarded as highly susceptible to spoilers. <a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twists</a> are also prone to spoilers. Any narrative medium can produce spoilers, although they are usually associated with movies and television shows. Some people attempt to avoid being "spoiled" while others seek out spoilers to learn as much as possible about a narrative before experiencing it. Spoilers have become more common in the present day with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, which provides an outlet for people to spread spoilers. </p><p>There are three types of spoilers: short spoilers, long spoilers, and thematic spoilers. Short spoilers reveal the plot ending in a very brief and less detailed manner, without any summary or explanation of themes in the story, typically spanning one to three sentences. Long spoilers usually provide more context and range between two and five sentences. They provide a summary and reveal the ending of a story. Lastly, thematic spoilers reveal a story's unifying theme as well as providing a synopsis of the plot and revealing the ending. They range from three to six sentences in length. The general consensus is that there are only negative effects of spoilers. However, research shows that it is short and long spoilers that can cause negative effects, while thematic spoilers generally have a positive effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Oad_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first print use of the term <i>spoiler</i> with its modern meaning was in the April 1971 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)" title="National Lampoon (magazine)">National Lampoon</a></i>, in which the article "Spoilers," by <a href="/wiki/Doug_Kenney" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Kenney">Doug Kenney</a>, revealed the endings of famous films and novels. Kenney wrote, "Spoilers! What are they? Simply the trick ending to every mystery novel and movie you're ever liable to see. Saves time and money!"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term first appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in 1979 before becoming common in <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet newsgroups</a> by the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Netiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Netiquette">netiquette</a>, spoilers should be preceded by a warning of some kind.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, these warnings are omitted, accidentally or deliberately, resulting in unwitting readers having <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> programs, and other works that they were looking forward to experiencing spoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Website_policies_and_features">Website policies and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Website policies and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoiler" title="Wikipedia:Spoiler">Wikipedia:Spoiler</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spoiler_(media)" title="Special:EditPage/Spoiler (media)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> discloses spoilers in its articles without giving advance warning. <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Prichard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathew Prichard">Mathew Prichard</a> criticized Wikipedia for presenting spoilers for <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">his grandmother</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mousetrap" title="The Mousetrap">The Mousetrap</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jarecki" title="Andrew Jarecki">Andrew Jarecki</a> argued that Wikipedia should have spoiler alerts; the ending of <i><a href="/wiki/Catfish_(film)" title="Catfish (film)">Catfish</a></i>, a documentary he had produced, was posted on Wikipedia before its theatrical release because the film was shown at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Sundance_Film_Festival" title="2010 Sundance Film Festival">2010 Sundance Film Festival</a>. Jay Walsh, a <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> spokesperson, said that Wikipedia is meant to be an exhaustive knowledge source and thus must contain spoilers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain websites employ spoiler formatting, allowing certain details to be hidden inline with text, which the user may reveal by mousing over, highlighting or clicking the text. Websites that make use of <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a> formatting, such as <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, have allows for syntax extensions such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-markdown mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">||spoiler||</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">>!spoiler!<</code>; websites which use a rich-text editor allow for inline formatting in this style.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, the common method for obscuring spoiler information is to precede it with many blank lines known as 'spoiler space' – traditionally enough to push the information in question on to the next screen of a 25-line <a href="/wiki/Dumb_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumb terminal">terminal</a>. A simple cipher called <a href="/wiki/ROT13" title="ROT13">ROT13</a> is also used in newsgroups to obscure spoilers, but is rarely used for this purpose elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most discussion websites provide a means of <a href="/wiki/Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">tagging</a> certain threads as containing spoilers for those who wish to discuss a fictional work in depth, including the outcomes of events and the handling of the narrative resolution. <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a> allow posts to be given <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtags</a>, allowing users to avoid certain spoiler discussions by making use of a <a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">blacklist</a>. Due to the ad-lib methodology of tagging, however, this is imperfect and open to false positives and false negatives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have felt compelled to avoid participating on public websites altogether, set up "closed" websites to exclude those who are sensitive about spoilers, or decided they had to unilaterally blog at the expense of public exchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_effect">Psychological effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychological effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_effects">Positive effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Positive effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, Nicholas Christenfeld and Jonathan Leavitt of UC San Diego did a psychological experiment testing whether spoilers diminish enjoyment of fiction. They gave subjects short stories with twist endings to read, giving some of the subjects information about the twist in advance. For nearly every story, subjects who had the story "spoiled" enjoyed the story more than the subjects who did not know the ending in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spoiling of <a href="/wiki/James_Holzhauer" title="James Holzhauer">James Holzhauer</a>'s loss on <i><a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a></i>, which was reported upon by both print and Internet sources hours before it aired on most of the show's stations, had a somewhat unexpectedly positive impact on that episode's ratings. Instead of ruining the outcome, the spoilers had teased just enough to encourage viewers to tune in to see how the previously dominant Holzhauer was beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jeopardy!</i> does not contractually require its audience members to remain silent in regard to spoilers; members have generally followed the <a href="/wiki/Honor_system" title="Honor system">honor system</a> in not leaking spoilers before episodes air.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many avoid spoilers to prevent the possibility of decreased enjoyment, research does suggest that spoilers can increase enjoyment for viewers under certain criteria. One is mood management, in which spoilers can function as "non cognitive desensitization strategy and a cognitive coping strategy." Instead of spoilers inducing positive feelings, those who engage with spoilers may so as a protective measure. They can insulate viewers from negative feelings by giving a sense of preparedness or time for viewers to process such information before they actually view it. Those who report that spoilers have increased enjoyment for them while engaging in media typically either actively seek this information as a division to ease anxiety or happen across a favorable spoiler.<sup id="cite_ref-Perks_and_McElrath-Hart_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perks_and_McElrath-Hart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who enjoy spoilers, or feel that spoilers increase their enjoyment while viewing, entail different criteria of focus and for assessment. Another criterion in assessing how spoilers may enhance enjoyment for viewers is curiosity. Viewers may feel anxiety-ridden or impatient is the face of cliffhangers or potential plot twists, in which seeing spoilers were ways to overcome these "gaps" in viewership.<sup id="cite_ref-Perks_and_McElrath-Hart_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perks_and_McElrath-Hart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of media conglomeration, spoilers are becoming harder to avoid for viewers. In this way, viewers who state they embrace spoilers find enjoyment, find normalcy in spoilers, and now focus on the aesthetic elements rather than the overall plot.<sup id="cite_ref-Perks_and_McElrath-Hart_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perks_and_McElrath-Hart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing the end of a TV show, book, movie, etc., is perceived by viewers who embrace spoilers as only a marginal component for their enjoyment. Viewers may know the ending, but not the process in which the ways things occur or how they specifically happen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_effects">Negative effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Negative effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many feel spoilers irrevocably diminish suspense, speculation, shock value, and the unique experience of organically discovering a narrative. The unpredictable journey is damaged if outcomes are known ahead of time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to Christenfeld and Leavitt, in 2015, Benjamin Johnson and Judith Rosenbaum conducted an experiment to examine the impact of spoiler reveals on enjoyment. However, instead of short spoilers, the subjects were presented with thematic spoilers. To assess the enjoyment, Johnson and Rosenbaum employed a multi-item measure, utilizing a 12-item enjoyment questionnaire, in contrast to Christenfeld's and Leavitt's use of a single-item measure of enjoyment. Their research revealed that, when exposed to thematic spoilers, more subjects reported findings of the stories to be less enjoyable due to their revealing nature. When confronted with a spoiler, it reduces one's ability to individually process and hinders their critical thinking skills about a given story. Therefore, spoilers may then diminish the motivation necessary to experience a work at all if the resolution has been revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Oad_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oad-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, research conducted by Dr. Kevin Autry, Dr. William H. Levine and Michelle Betzer found that enjoyment was reduced when spoilers were introduced, particularly within <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a>. Their experiment had differed from Christenfeld and Leavitt's in that it featured even shorter spoilers and focused mainly on the story's end and its twist.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_and_directors">Writers and directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writers and directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end credits to <a href="/wiki/Henri-Georges_Clouzot" title="Henri-Georges Clouzot">Henri-Georges Clouzot</a>'s 1955 film <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Diaboliques_(film)" title="Les Diaboliques (film)">Les Diaboliques</a></i> includes a card with an early anti-spoiler message from the director:<sup id="cite_ref-gferraratcm_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gferraratcm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Ne soyez pas DIABOLIQUES!<br /> Ne détruisez pas l'intérêt que pourraient prendre vos amis à ce film.<br /> Ne leur racontez pas ce que vous avez vu.<br /> Merci pour eux.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Don't be DIABOLICAL!<br /> Do not destroy the interest that your friends may have in this movie.<br /> Do not tell them what you have seen.<br /> Thank you, on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-gferraratcm_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gferraratcm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> asked audiences not to reveal the ending of his 1960 thriller <i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i>, saying "Please don't give away the ending, it's the only one we have."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In an interview about his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)" title="The Dark Tower (series)">Dark Tower</a></i> series (appearing in issue #4 of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comic" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvel Comic">Marvel Comic</a> adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gunslinger_Born" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gunslinger Born">The Gunslinger Born</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> was asked if there are spoilers in the first few novels that would ruin someone's experience of the comic. "There are no spoilers!", King replied, "You might as well say 'I'm never gonna watch <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">Wizard of Oz</a></i> again because I know how it comes out'". Later, in 2014, King was widely criticized for revelling in <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Rose" title="The Lion and the Rose">a major character's demise</a> in <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, only moments after the episode's airing, thus revealing a plot twist for non-live and offshore audiences. King responded by commenting the end of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>, and the death of the eponymous protagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He echoed the incident in a talk with the author and screenplay writer of the scene, <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> in 2016, summing it up as "You can't spoil a book!", followed by impromptu plot revelations for seminal works, including <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Gun_Theater" title="Under the Gun Theater">Under the Gun Theater</a> created <i>Swarm of Spoilers</i>, a parody show based on <a href="/wiki/George_R.R._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="George R.R. Martin">George R.R. Martin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> series. The comedic play recapped the previous four seasons of the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> television show. Kevin Mullaney, who directed <i>Swarm of Spoilers</i>, stated: "I'm somebody who's very sensitive about spoilers, so I wanted to make sure it was very clear from the title," though he went on to say, "There's actually this theory about spoilers that we think that they hurt the enjoyment of shows, and I definitely feel that way sometimes, but I think there's been studies that show the other side: that when we know the ending of a story that we haven't read before, it actually enhances the story, so I don't know if it would actually hurt anyone to come see it [<i>Swarm of Spoilers</i>]." The final production included 45 of the series' characters, and was played by an 18-person <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redeye_Purdom_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redeye_Purdom-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_studios">Film studios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some producers actively plant bogus information in order to misdirect fans. The director of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_Salvation" title="Terminator Salvation">Terminator Salvation</a></i> orchestrated a "disinformation campaign" where false spoilers were distributed about the film, to mask any true rumors about its plot.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market campaigns for Marvel Studios' <i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War" title="Avengers: Infinity War">Avengers: Infinity War</a></i> and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a></i> extensively promoted the maintenance of secrecy regarding the films' plots, with the latter's social media campaign including a <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> (#DontSpoilTheEndgame), a signed letter from the <a href="/wiki/Russo_brothers" title="Russo brothers">Russo brothers</a> and a video featuring the film's ensemble cast demanding that earlier viewers of the film refrain from spoiling the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_critics">Film critics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Ebert_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roger_Ebert_cropped.jpg/220px-Roger_Ebert_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roger_Ebert_cropped.jpg/330px-Roger_Ebert_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Roger_Ebert_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i> film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> wrote an article entitled "Critics have no right to play spoiler" which contained spoilers and spoiler warnings.<sup id="cite_ref-CST01_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CST01-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebert wrote: </p> <dl><dd>"The characters in movies do not always do what we would do. Sometimes they make choices that offend us. That is their right. It is our right to disagree with them. It is not our right, however, to destroy for others the experience of being as surprised by those choices as we were. A few years ago, I began to notice "spoiler warnings" on Web-based movie reviews -- a shorthand way of informing the reader that a key plot point was about to be revealed. Having heard from more than a few readers accusing me of telling too much of the story, I began using such warnings in my reviews."</dd></dl> <p>Ebert used two spoiler warnings in the article, saying "If you have not yet seen <i><a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a></i> and know nothing about the plot, read no further" and later said, "Now yet another spoiler warning, because I am going to become more explicit." Ebert discussed six films in the article and mentioned how many critics handled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_Game" title="The Crying Game">The Crying Game</a></i> and also noted a detail about the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i>. Ebert also mentioned two films alongside <i><a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CST01_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CST01-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ebert additionally criticized two commentators, <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Medved" title="Michael Medved">Michael Medved</a> (the latter of whom had "for a long time been a political commentator, not a movie critic"), for deliberately revealing the ending of the movie due to a moral disagreement with the lead character's life decision. "[S]hould no movie be allowed to consider [the moral issue]?" Ebert asked. "The <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">America</a> was wisely designed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">religions</a> from dictating the personal choices of those who do not share the same beliefs."<sup id="cite_ref-CST01_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CST01-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an art exhibition at the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey (Mexico), artist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Garc%C3%ADa_Torres" title="Mario García Torres">Mario García Torres</a> presented a series of works titled <i>Ruining Paintings</i>, in which spoilers of various films were written on large color canvases.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">Film criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">Film trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaser_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaser campaign">Teaser trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_Shield" title="Spoiler Shield">Spoiler Shield</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oad-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oad_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oad_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOad2016" class="citation web cs1">Oad, Sussana (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psycuht">"The Effect of Spoiler Types on Enjoyment"</a>. <i>ScholarWorks@UARK</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Diabolique+%281955%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle%2F73044%2FDiabolique%2Farticles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpoiler+%28media%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepopcorn.fr/test-blu-ray-les-diaboliques-realise-par-henri-georges-clouzot/">"Test Blu-ray / Les Diaboliques, réalisé par Henri-Georges Clouzot – Homepopcorn.fr"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on January 16, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Hart, Hugh (January 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/01/new-lost-season">"Spoiler Wars Heat Up as <i>Lost</i> Returns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Spoiler+Wars+Heat+Up+as+Lost+Returns&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fnew-lost-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpoiler+%28media%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall_Trammell2019" class="citation web cs1">Kendall Trammell (16 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/16/entertainment/avengers-endgame-russo-brothers-trnd/index.html">"The 'Avengers: Endgame' directors kindly ask fans not to ruin the movie's ending"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+%27Avengers%3A+Endgame%27+directors+kindly+ask+fans+not+to+ruin+the+movie%27s+ending&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.au=Kendall+Trammell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F04%2F16%2Fentertainment%2Favengers-endgame-russo-brothers-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpoiler+%28media%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CST01-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CST01_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CST01_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CST01_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Ebert2005" class="citation web cs1">Roger Ebert (2005-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120160348/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20050129%2FCOMMENTARY%2F501290301">"Critics have no right to play spoiler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050129/COMMENTARY/501290301">the original</a> on 2013-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critics+have+no+right+to+play+spoiler&rft.pub=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.date=2005-01-29&rft.au=Roger+Ebert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20050129%2FCOMMENTARY%2F501290301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpoiler+%28media%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marco.org.mx/en/la_poetica_del_regreso_de_mario_garcia_torres">"The poetics of the return in MARCO"</a>. <i>MARCO</i>. Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey. March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MARCO&rft.atitle=The+poetics+of+the+return+in+MARCO&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marco.org.mx%2Fen%2Fla_poetica_del_regreso_de_mario_garcia_torres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpoiler+%28media%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2008/03/spoilers_the_official_vulture.html">Spoilers: The Official Vulture Statutes of Limitations</a>" at <i><a href="/wiki/Vulture_(website)" title="Vulture (website)">Vulture</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spoiler.io">Spoiler.io</a>, a random-spoiler website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoviespoiler.com">The Movie Spoiler</a>, a movie-description website</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&oldid=1258480571">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spoiler_(media)&oldid=1258480571</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment" title="Category:Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media" title="Category:Mass media">Mass media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secrecy" title="Category:Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2023">Articles needing additional references from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 23:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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